MEMORY

Memory
Interfacing
COMPUTER
MEMORY
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEMORY
Primary memory includes ROM and RAM, and is located on
the computer motherboard, enabling the CPU to read data
from primary memory very quickly. It is used to store data
that the CPU needs imminently so that it does not have to wait
for it to be delivered.
Secondary memory by contrast, is usually physically located
within a separate storage device, such as a hard disk drive or
solid state drive (SSD), which is connected to the computer
system either directly or over a network. The cost per gigabyte
of secondary memory is much lower, but the read and write
speeds are significantly slower.
READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
-NON-VOLATILE MEMORY
MROM - Masked ROMs are very first ROMs with
hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed
set of data or instructions. These kind of ROMs are
known as masked ROMs, which are inexpensive.
PROM - stands for Programmable Read-Only
Memory, and it is different from true ROM in that
while a ROM is programmed (i.e. has data written to
it) during the manufacturing process, a PROM is
manufactured in an empty state and then
programmed later using a PROM programmer or
burner. PROM is also called one-time programmable
(OTP) devices
READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
-NON-VOLATILE MEMORY
EPROM - stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory, and as the name suggests, data stored in an
EPROM can be erased and the EPROM reprogrammed.
Erasing an EPROM involves removing it from the computer
and exposing it to ultraviolet light before re-burning it.
EEPROM - stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory, and the distinction between EPROM
and EEPROM is that the latter can be erased and written to
by the computer system it is installed in. In that sense
EEPROM is not strictly read-only. However in many cases
the write process is slow, so it is normally only done to
update program code such as firmware or BIOS code on an
occasional basis. Flash Drive, SDD are EEPROM but used as
secondary memory
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
-VOLATILE MEMORY
DRAM: DRAM stands for Dynamic RAM, and it is the most common type of RAM
used in computers. The oldest type is known as single data rate (SDR) DRAM,
but newer computers use faster dual data rate (DDR) DRAM. DDR comes in
several versions including DDR2 , DDR3, and DDR4, which offer better
performance and are more energy efficient than DDR. However different versions
are incompatible, so it is not possible to mix DDR2 with DDR3 DRAM in a
computer system. DRAM consists of a transistor and a capacitor in each cell.
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
-VOLATILE MEMORY
SRAM: SRAM stands for Static RAM, and it is a particular type of RAM which is
faster than DRAM, but more expensive and bulker, having six transistors in each
cell. For those reasons SRAM is generally only used as a data cache within a
CPU itself or as RAM in very high-end server systems. A small SRAM cache of the
most imminently-needed data can result in significant speed improvements in a
system.
MEMORY INTERFACING
27XXX EPROM U7

U6 12 13
U4 U5 11 A0 D0 14
10 11 10 A1 D1 15
10 11 10 11 9 A0 O0 12 9 A2 D2 17
9 A0 D0 12 9 A0 D0 12 A1 O1 A3 D3
A1 D1 A1 D1 8 13 8 18
8 13 8 13 7 A2 O2 15 7 A4 D4 19
7 A2 D2 15 7 A2 D2 15 A3 O3 A5 D5
A3 D3 A3 D3 6 16 6 20
6 16 6 16 5 A4 O4 17 5 A6 D6 21
5 A4 D4 17 5 A4 D4 17 A5 O5 A7 D7
A5 D5 A5 D5 4 18 27
4 18 4 18 3 A6 O6 19 26 A8
3 A6 D6 19 3 A6 D6 19 A7 O7 A9
A7 D7 A7 D7 25 23
25 25 24 A8 25 A10
24 A8 24 A8 A9 A11
A9 A9 21 4
21 21 23 A10 28 A12
23 A10 23 A10 A11 A13
A11 A11 2 29
2 2 26 A12 3 A14
26 A12 26 A12 A13 A15
A13 A13 27 2
27 1 A14 A16
22 A14 A15
OE 24
27 22 22 31 OE
20 PGM 20 OE OE/V PP PGM
CE CE 20 22
CE CE
1 1 28 1
VPP VPP VCC VPP

27128 27256 27512 27010

128 kbit 256 kbit 512 kbit 1024 kbit
16 kbyte 32 kbyte 64 kbyte 128 kbyte
MEMORY INTERFACING
ADDRESS DECODING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VonvAGVpUE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1q0-LcPrFw
INTERFACING TYPICAL RAM IC
INTERFACING 2732 EPROM
EXAMPLE -1
Consider a system in which the full memory space 64kb is
utilized for EPROM memory. Interface the EPROM with 8085
processor.
EXAMPLE - 2
Consider a system in which the available 64kb memory space
is equally divided between EPROM and RAM. Interface the
EPROM and RAM with 8085 processor.
EXAMPLE - 3
Consider a system in which 32kb memory space is
implemented using four numbers of 8kb memory. Interface
the EPROM and RAM with 8085 processor.
EXAMPLE - 3
Consider a system in which the 64kb memory space is
implemented using eight numbers of 8kb memory. Interface
the EPROM and RAM with 8085 processor..