Plant Biotechnology
Presented by: MD Hridoy Zaman ( 19336007 )
-Section 01
INTRODUCTION
Plant biotechnology is a set of techniques
used to adapt plants for specific needs or
opportunities. Plant biotechnology (PBT)
encompasses a multitude of scientific tools
and techniques for screening and genetic
manipulation of plants to develop beneficial or
useful plant/plant products. It is the application
of scientific methods to manipulate the living
cells of a plant for practical uses. Plant
biotechnology is the application of information
that has been derived from the study of life
sciences in order to create numerous
technological advancements in plant species.
Plant biotechnology has diversified
substantially in recent times and is being
utilized in numerous unique ways. It is
founded on the principles of cellular
totipotency and genetic transformation. It is a
vast field that entails producing new products
in a faster way, deviating from the
conventional way of doing the same.
ABSTRACT
The human race has been involved in plant
biotechnology for several thousand years now.
It began when we first planted seeds to
harvest plants and selected the most desirable
breeds to further propagate a given species.
Our role in the selective evolution of plants
was our first step towards developing plant
biotechnology. The second major development
in this field occurred during the 1800’s when
the knowledge base available to the life
sciences was dramatically improved. This
includes the work of Gregor Mendel from the
1860’s who conducted experiments that
helped to form the basis of genetics.
OBJECTIVES
• Improving the genetic makeup of the crop
plants
• Increasing yield and quality
• Heat and drought resistance
• Resistance to phytopathogens, herbicide
and insect resistance
• Increasing biomass for biofuel production
• Enhancing the nutritional quality of the
crops
• Raising plants with desired characteristics
• Reducing environmental impacts of crop
production
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METHODS AND HIGHLIGHTS
Tissue and Cell Culture (In Vitro culture):
This technique helps in maintaining plant
tissues for prolonged periods on an artificial
culture/basal medium. Small group of cells is
isolated and inoculated on a culture medium
comprising carbohydrate source, vitamins,
minerals and defined nitrogenous sources
under sterilized lab conditions.
Recombinant DNA:
DNA recombination is insertion of DNA from
one genome into DNA of another genome. It is
a novel approach for recombination between
unrelated organisms. Under natural
conditions, recombination is only feasible
between closely related species and has a
minimal impact on the diversification of
genetic information. Three components are
involved in genetic engineering and these are:
i.Source of ‘foreign’
gene DNA sequence
containing desired
trait.
ii. A vector that
carries the gene.
iii. A means of
introducing the
vector into the host plant.
Micro-Propagation:
Technique of micro-propagation is profusely
used to raise large scale plant species. Here
excised meristem is used and cultured in
basal medium with nutrients, hormones and
carbohydrate and nitrogen sources in an
aseptic surroundings at low temperature.
Transgenic (Genetically Modified
Organism):
Genetically engineered organisms are referred
to as transgenic or Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMO). In other words, a genotype
developed by the process of genetic
engineering is called transgenic. It may be a
plant, an animal or microbes such as fungi,
bacteria and viruses. Thus transgenic plants
or Genetically Modified Plants (GM Plants) are
those plants which are developed by the
techniques of genetic engineering.
: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemi
BREAKTHROUGHS AND RESULTS
The modern day methods of plant
biotechnology involves the use of our
understanding of plant genetics in order to
modify the inherent structure of crops. This is
known as genetic engineering and it results in
the creation of genetically modified organisms
or GMOs.
Genetic engineering allows researchers to
introduce desirable genes into the biological
structure of plants in order to boost their
performance and/or resistance. This involves
using material from outside their breeding
boundaries and even outside the plant
kingdom altogether.
Plant Biotechnology Applications
The following are some of the broad
applications of plant biotechnology that are
being currently explored today
Economic Applications: Plant biotechnology
can be used to greatly improve the income
and earnings of farmers around the world. It
allows for the economic improvement of
existing products, and makes produce more
alluring to consumers as they can have
improved nutritional values.
Nutritional Applications: Plants that are
developed using the principles of
biotechnology are capable of possessing
higher nutritional value than their organic
peers. This can be utilized to boost the
nutritional deficiencies seen in various parts of
the world, especially in developing nations. An
example of this is the creation of a new strain
of rice known as “golden rice”.
Novel Applications: Plant biotechnology can
be used to create novel products and strains
that are currently not available in the market.
The technology can be implemented in the
production of various products such as
vaccines,plastics,antibodies, pharmaceuticals,
and human blood proteins.
SHORTCOMINGS AND SETBACKS
• Allergens and Toxins
• Antibiotic Resistance
• Potential of ‘super weeds’
• Gene Escape
• Effect on ‘non-target species’
• Insecticide Resistance
• Loss of Biodiversity in Organisms
• Food Labels
• Suicide Seeds
The fine line that divides traditional methods
from plant biotechnology is the use of genetic
engineering in which scientific tools and
practices are utilized to genetically modify
living organisms with recombinant DNA to
enhance desired traits.
Let’s just say it is more invasive when
compared to the traditional selective plant
breeding practiced by farmers. But it is a
necessary evil we have to bear if we are to
counter the rising food demand.
CONCLUSION
All living beings on our planet evolve using
one of two methods — natural selection or
artificial selection. The former process is
executed by nature itself, while the latter is
executed with the help of nature’s most novel
creation — human beings. We are currently
reshaping the natural world based on our
whims and fancies, and this is a complex path
to tackle.
There are
some dire
implications
of consuming
certain genetically
modified foods, but others are seen to be
perfectly safe.
We are still on the path of fully understanding
the science of plant biotechnology. If we ever
perfect this science, it can be utilized in ways
that are nothing short of being purely
miraculous. This is why we must continue to
invest in this branch of science with our
intellect and our patience.
REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
https://www.biologydiscussion.com/biotechnol
ogy/plant-biotechnology/plant-biotechnology-
methods-and-success/40386
https://www.etipbioenergy.eu/value-
chains/feedstocks/plant-biotechnology
https://stories.pinduoduo-global.com/agritech-
hub/what-is-plant-biotechnology
https://nifa.usda.gov/plant-biotechnology/
stry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/plant-
biotechnology