Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Pangasinan Division II
MANAOAG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Manaoag, Pangasinan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

NAME: ______________________________________________________ DATE: __________________

STRAND/SECTION: ________________________ SCORE: _________________

UCSP
Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Second Quarter
Module 1 – Week 1

STATE AND NON-STATE

INSTITUTIONS

1
Learning Module No. 1
Most Essential Learning Competencies: Explain the forms and functions
of state and non-state institutions
Objectives: After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Differentiate functions of non-state institutions in society;
2. Enumerate non-state institutions, and
3. Discuss authority and legitimacy
_________________________________________________________________
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
Defined as the system of norms, values and roles responsible for
maintaining social order in the society.

ASPECTS IN MAINTAINING SOCIAL ORDER

A. CREATING FORMAL NORMS – laws that guide our behavior
▪ Constitutional laws – emerge in the constitution, the
written plan of government.
▪ Statutory laws – laws that have been enacted by a
legislative body of the government like Congress and City
councils. (ex. Curfew hour)
▪ Common laws – these are considered to be unwritten laws
built over a centuries on local custom and precedent.
- part of a tradition of a country; they are not
permanent; they change depending on new judicial
interpretations.
B. APPLYING SANCTIONS
▪ this will be apply to those who fail to follow or obey certain
norms.
▪ Ex. If you violate traffic law, you will be fined but if you kill
any person you will be jailed.
C. SETTLING DISPUTES AMONG INDIVIDUALS
▪ If you believe that your friend gets money from your bag,
you can sue her in court. A judge will decide on the validity
of the case. If you are right then your friend will be jailed.
Other types may include inheritances, divorce etc.
D. SETTLING DISPUTES BETWEEN NATIONS
▪ This is done to evade wars between nations.
▪ Ex. The Philippines and China on the islands of West
Philippine Sea because the two countries fail to settle the
problem between themselves.
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
A. BANDS
▪ Small and oftentimes nomadic group that is connected by
family ties and is politically independent.
▪ Moving from place to place, usually in search of food and most
often made up of hunter-gatherers.
▪ No leadership
2
 B. TRIBES
▪ It is somewhat more complex than a band.
▪ They have village headmen who perform leadership roles but
have limited authority
C. CHIEFDOMS
▪ These are similar to bands and tribes but differ in having more
or less permanent, full time leader with real authority to make
major decisions for their societies.
D. STATES
▪ First appeared in societies with large-scale intensive
agriculture.
▪ They began as chiefdoms and then evolved into more
centralized, authoritarian kingdoms when their populations
grew into tens of thousands of people.

AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

AUTHORITY
o Denotes a specific position in an established government
o MAX WEBER – proposed a theory of authority that included
three types in which he pioneered a path toward understanding
how authority is legitimated as a belief system.
LEGITIMATION
o LEGITIMACY – is the popular acceptance of an authority, usually a
governing law or a regime; it is a system of government.
o A basic condition for governing, without which a government will
suffer legislative deadlock and collapse
o Is a value whereby something or someone is recognized and
accepted as right and proper
Types of Legitimacy
1. Traditional Legitimacy
2. Charismatic Legitimacy
3. Rational-legal Legitimacy
FORMS OF LEGITIMATE GOVERNMENT
Communism – It derives from having won a civil war, a revolution or
having won an election; thus, the actions of the Communist
government are legitimate, authorized by the people.
Constitutionalism – It establishes the law as supreme over the private
will by integrating nationalism, democracy and limited government.
- They abide to the law codified in the political constitution.
Democracy – Legally accountable to its people
Fascism – Is headed by a dictator in which the government controls
the lives of the people and opposition is not permitted.
Monarchy – A variant form of monarchic political legitimacy which
combines traditional authority and legal-rational authority which
maintains nationalist unity and democratic administration.
3
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
Provide the distribution of goods and services to the members of the
society.
The five parts of economic system are production system, service
system, distribution system, consumers system and a system of
exchange
The most important function of it is the production and distribution
of goods and services.
1. Reciprocity (Cultural anthropology)
o Refers to the non-market exchange of goods or labor ranging from
direct barter (immediate exchange) to forms of gift exchange
where a return is eventually expected (delayed exchange) of
birthday gifts.
o Basis of most non-market exchange.
2. Transfer
o Change of ownership of an asset or a movement of funds and/or
assets from one account to another.
3. Redistribution
o A system of economic exchange involving the centralized
collection of goods from members of a group followed by the
distribution of those goods among those members.
o Form of reciprocity
4. Transaction
o The exchange of goods and services through a market
o Its set of market transactions taking place in the economy is
most important in terms of measuring gross domestic product
(GDP).
5. Markets and State Market
o An actual or nominal place where forces of demand and supply
operate and where buyers and sellers interact (directly or through
intermediaries) to trade goods, services or contracts or
instruments, for money or barter.

NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS

BANK is a place where people deposit or save their money with
corresponding interest on a given period of time. It lends money both to
the public and private organizations. The government borrows money
from the bank to finance its projects while private organizations and
individuals borrow money to finance their business and other personal
needs. Example includes Banco de Oro, Bank of the Philippine Islands,
Metrobank, Rural Banks, etc.
CORPORATION is a company or group of people authorized to act as a
single entity and recognized as such in law. Usually, corporations
operate as stock corporations where ownership is through stockholders
who own particular shares in the company. Examples are San Miguel
Corporation and Jollibee Foods Corporation.
4
 COOPERATIVE OR COOP refers to an autonomous association whose
membership is voluntary toward the attainment of common economic,
social and cultural needs or aspirations. A cooperative is owned by its
members. Examples are credit cooperative, consumer cooperative,
electric cooperative, housing cooperative, worker’s cooperative,
agricultural cooperative, general cooperative.
TRADE UNION OR LABOR UNION is an organization of workers whose
main objective is to protect the welfare of its members. Its purpose is to
collectively negotiate employers for better compensation benefits, safety
standards in the workplace, just to name a few. In the Philippines, these
national federations are Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP)
and the Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU).
TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS are involved in social advocacy
to promote principled causes, ideas and values. Their goal is to give the
powerless a voice in the domestic and international law-making body.
Common social advocacies include human rights, consumer rights,
women’s rights, environmental issues, and international peace. In the
Philippines, Human Rights Watch is very active in human rights and
peace issues.
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES are committed/dedicated to distributing aid.
These agencies are present in developing countries challenged by security
conflict, food shortage, climate change, financial instability and others.
GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONS operate in the development of entire
countries. They are the funders and donors. They operate by giving loans
or grants to other countries to be used for development. In the onslaught
of covid-19, the Philippines was granted a loan by the World Bank to be
used for financial assistance to many of the Filipinos who are affected by
the pandemic. Below are the most well-known organizations in the world.
✓ World Bank (WB)
✓ International Monetary Bank (IMB)
✓ Asian Development Bank (ADB)
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS are organizations with international
membership, scope or presence. The two (2) main types are the following:
✓ International Non-governmental Organizations (INGO) – non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate
internationally, example, International Committee of the Red
Cross.
✓ International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) – these are
organizations that are made up primarily of member states,
example, the United Nations (UN).

REFERENCE
▪ Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery
Mode/Quarter 2 – Module 4: Nonstate Institutions, First Edition, 2020) Printed in the
Philippines by Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

5
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Pangasinan Division II
MANAOAG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Manaoag, Pangasinan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

NAME: ______________________________________________________ DATE: __________________

STRAND/SECTION: ________________________ SCORE: _________________

UCSP
Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Second Quarter
Module 2 - Week 2

EDUCATION IN THE
SOCIETY
7
Learning Module No. 2
Most Essential Learning Competencies: Examine the functions and
importance of Education in the society
Objectives: After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Evaluate how functions of education affect the lives of people in the
society; and
2. Promote primary education as a human right
_________________________________________________________________
EDUCATION
Is the social institution that formally socializes members of the society.
It also refers to the process through which skills, knowledge, and
values are transmitted from the teachers to the learners.
TYPES OF EDUCATION
A. FORMAL EDUCATION
▪ Usually takes placed in a classroom setting and provided by
trained teaching and non-teaching staff.
B. ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
▪ First part of the educational system, and it includes the first
six years of compulsory education from grades 1 to 6.
C. SECONDARY EDUCATION
▪ Is continuing basic education from the elementary level to four
years of Junior High School and two years of Senior High
School.
D. TERTIARY EDUCATION
▪ Is offered by private and public colleges and universities. Most
higher education institutions offer 4-year degree programs
with 2 semesters per year.
E. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
▪ Accredited institutions offer technical and vocational
education. Programs vary in duration from a few weeks to two
years.
F. SPECIAL EDUCATION (SPED)
▪ Refers to the education of persons who are physically,
mentally, emotionally, socially or culturally different from so-
called “normal” individuals, such that they require
modification of school practices to develop their potential.
G. NONFORMAL EDUCATION
▪ Is an organized educational activity that takes placed outside a
formal set up. It has no age-limit, even adults can take part in
a nonformal education program. One example for this is the
Alternative Learning System (ALS) of the Department of
Education.
H. INFORMAL EDUCATION
▪ Is a lifelong process of learning by which every person acquires
and accumulates knowledge, skills, attitude from daily
experiences at home, at work, at play, and from life itself.
8
FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN THE SOCIETY
✓ Give training in specific skills, or the basic general education
literacy
✓ Prepare individuals for job
✓ Preserving culture from generation to generation
✓ Encouraging democratic participation through verbal skills
✓ Develop the person’s ability to think logically
✓ Enriching life by enabling the students to expand his/her
intellectual and aesthetic horizons
✓ Improving personal adjustment through personal counselling
✓ Improving the health of the nation’s youth
✓ Producing nationalistic citizens
✓ Build personal character

The TWO most important goals of education for the individual and
society are:
Productive Citizenry
Self-Actualization – refers to a desire of self-fulfillment.

PRIMARY EDUCATION AS A RIGHT

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) states that
everyone has the right to education. Education has to be FREE and
compulsory at least in the primary level, higher education and
technical-vocational education should be made generally available.
In the statement of United Nations Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO), education is a fundamental human
right and essential for the exercise of all other human rights. It
promotes individual freedom and empowerment and yields important
development benefits.
Education is a powerful tool by which economically and socially
marginalized adults and children can lift themselves out of poverty
and participate fully as citizens. Hence, in the Philippines, primary
education is considered a right of a child. It is enshrine in the 1987
Philippine Constitution.

REFERENCE
▪ Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery
Mode/Quarter 2 – Module 4: Nonstate Institutions, First Edition, 2020) Printed in the
Philippines by Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

9
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Pangasinan Division II
MANAOAG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Manaoag, Pangasinan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

NAME: ______________________________________________________ DATE: __________________

STRAND/SECTION: ________________________ SCORE: _________________

UCSP
Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Second Quarter
Module 3 – Week 3

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL

STRATIFICATION
11
Learning Module No. 3
Most Essential Learning Competencies: Examine the concept,
characteristics and forms of stratification systems using sociological
perspectives.
Objectives: After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Examine stratification from the functionalist and conflict
perspectives.
_________________________________________________________________
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
STRATIFICATION
Differentiation is the method of
relating people in terms of certain
social characteristics and then
classifying them into social categories
based on their characteristics; it does
not involve ranking. For example, we
may differentiate people according to
sex, age, occupation, education, etc.
We then place them in a particular
social category.
The layering of these categories
into higher and lower position of
prestige or respect is called social Image: https://bit.ly/2Mz7b0Q
stratification.

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
is a society’s categorization of people into socioeconomic strata/layer,
based on their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or
derived power (social and political).
STRATIFICATION –describes the way in which different groups of
people are placed within society.
STATUS
It is the individual’s position in the social structure.
The higher or lower positions that come about through
social stratification is called statuses.
For example: some people are high government officials while
others are salesmen, utility workers, etc. Statuses do not relate to the
individual themselves but rather to the position into which they have been
placed.

SOCIAL DESIRABLES
Any rational individual will always aspire for things that give wealth,
power, and prestige. The ability of an individual to realize such aspiration is
constrained by situations where one is born into.
12
Ascribed statuses
Are assigned or given by the society or group on the basis of some
fixed category.
Class into which one is born.
Examples: sex, family background, ethnicity, etc.
Achieved statuses
Are earned or required by means of talent and effort making-capacity
of an individual.
Examples: honours received in school, good job, award for winning a
competition, etc.

DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL STATUS

▪ Occupational and Income Scale
▪ Education
▪ House Type
▪ Dwelling Area
Prestige and Esteem
PRESTIGE refers to the evaluation of status. You have prestige
according to your status. For example, being a senior student, you
have the prestige of a senior student at your school. The prestige does
not apply directly to you as a person, but rather to the social category
to which you belong (senior class).
ESTEEM refers to the assessment of our role behaviour. The measure
of esteem we have depends on how well we carry out our role. If you
perform well, get an outstanding rating, you get and have a high
esteem.

POLITICAL STRATIFICATION
is the extent to which inequalities are encapsulated in, or influenced
by political structures and processes regarding influence, power and
authority.

SOCIAL MOBILITY SYSTEM/STRUCTURE

Social mobility is the act of moving from one social status to another.

Open class system

means that individuals can change their social class in the society.
People are free to gain a different level of education or employment
than their parents. They can also socialize with members of other
classes, which allow people to move from one class to another.
Caste and closed-class system
people can do little or nothing to change their social standing. People
are born into their social standing and will remain in it. People are
assigned occupations regardless of their talents, interests, or potential.

13
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
Horizontal Mobility is the movement of a person within a social class
level. For example, a factory worker who finds a new job as a
construction worker.
Vertical Mobility is the movement of a person between social class
levels or another class. For example, a factory worker who enrols in
college and becomes a businessman.

REFERENCES
Antonio P. Contreras, Arleigh Ross D. Dela Cruz, Dennis S. Erasga, Cecile C. Fadrigon,
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House,
Inc., 2016, 249-250.

Ederlina D. Baleña, Dolores M. Lucero, Arnel M. Peralta, Understanding Culture, Society,

and Politics for Senior High School, Quezon City: Educational Resources Corporation,
2016, 147-151.

14
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Pangasinan Division II
MANAOAG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Manaoag, Pangasinan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

NAME: ______________________________________________________ DATE: __________________

STRAND/SECTION: ________________________ SCORE: _________________

UCSP
Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Second Quarter
Module 4 – Week 4-5

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL

INEQUALITIES
16
Learning Module No. 4-5
Most Essential Learning Competencies:
1. Explain government programs and initiatives in addressing social
inequalities e.g. local, national, global
2. Suggest ways to address social inequalities (local, national and
global)
Objectives: After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Identify characteristics of the systems of stratification; and
2. Suggest ways to address global inequalities.
_________________________________________________________________
SOCIAL INEQUAITY
◼ It is the existence of uneven
opportunities and rewards for a
diverse social positions or statuses
within a group or society. It happens
when resources, in whatever nature,
are distributed unevenly in most
societies.
◼ Social inequalities are correlated also
to gender inequality (women and
LGBT), ethnic minorities, racial Image: https://bit.ly/3cOzGSM
inequality and persons with disabilities, etc.

A. GENDER AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION

Has been a subject in inequality. Traditionally, women were
regarded as placed in the lower social status in the society
compared to men. Men were accorded to have more social and
political rights. In these modern societies, though there are already
many women representations in the civil society, the culture of
stereotyping is still evident. They are also subjected to abuse and
violence.
the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) community whose
gender preferences are subject to discrimination in the society also
experiences a similar situation.
B. ETHNIC MINORITIES
As we usually call them taga-bukid (from the hinterlands), are also
subject to social discrimination – the cultural marginalization that
they experience from the dominant majority.
They are also victims of stereotyping, abuse and violence.
C. PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES (PWD)
Also called as differently-abled persons are also victims of
inequality and deprived of the opportunities in the society especially
in the employment sector due to their physical impairments.

17
 D. MINORITIES IN THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Members of the society that have more power than others are called
dominant members. Dominant members set the standards in the
society.
They enjoy more privileges such as better houses, better schools,
and higher income. On the other hand, those who are barred from
such privileges and opportunities are called the minorities.
They are usually denied by the equal treatment of the majorities or
dominant.
E. DISCRIMINATION AND PREJUDICE
Discrimination happens when minorities are being deprived of equal
treatment and are kept in a lower status by the dominant members
of the society and the resistance of equality.
Closely linked to discrimination is prejudice. Prejudice can be either
positive or negative but most of the times it connotes negativity.
Prejudice defined as a negative attitude toward the members of a
particular group. A prejudgement of others allows us to brand or
label them in various negative ways.
Discrimination is an act while prejudice is an attitude.
F. STEREOTYPING
Refers to our tendency to picture all members of a particular
category as having the same qualities. Usually, stereotyping is a
result of over generalization.
G. Ethnocentrism
It is the belief that our nation, race, or group is the best or superior
than others.
H. SCAPEGOATING
This is a situation when people encounter problems that they do not
know how to solve it. Often, they feel frustrated and eventually it
leads to aggression.
When it happens, people usually look someone or something else to
be blamed for their own troubles or problems.
I. RACISM
It is the belief that one’s own race is superior and has the right to
control or direct others.

There are ways to address this social inequality issues. First, there
should be enough laws to protect these vulnerable groups in the society. If
laws are already made available, execution of these laws should be
strengthened.
Another way is to promote programs and projects from the government
and non-government organizations for these groups. Educate the public, in
whatever avenue, to address the culture of social inequality.

18
 GLOBAL INEQUAITY
Inequality does not only exist
in our community, in our society,
in our country but also among
countries. There are countries,
which are economically matured
and more powerful than other
countries and ends up to become
influential in the global community.
This leads to a condition of global
inequality where developing
countries end up being controlled
and influenced by the developed countries.
The case of the Philippines and the United States is a good example of
this, where, culturally, economically, and politically, the Philippines is
perceived to be under the strong influence of the United States due to the
colonization in the past.

Inequality can also be an outcome of the relative strength of a state as

compared with another in terms of strategic importance or development
assistance. Countries with many resources tend to have more power.
Countries that send official development assistance (ODA) in the form of
loans and grants are in the position to dictate their policy conditions.

Military strength is also a source of inequality where countries with

superior military competence are able to bully the weaker ones, just in the
issue of West Philippine Sea between China and the Philippines.

Global inequality can also be manifested through transnational

business corporations and organizations that operate globally. These private
corporations have enormous power to influence the economy of the
countries where they have investments.

REFERENCES
Antonio P. Contreras, Arleigh Ross D. Dela Cruz, Dennis S. Erasga, Cecile C. Fadrigon,
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2016,
249-250.
Ederlina D. Baleña, Dolores M. Lucero, Arnel M. Peralta, Understanding Culture, Society, and
Politics for Senior High School, Quezon City: Educational Resources Corporation, 2016, 147-151.
"Chapter 10. Global Inequality – Introduction to Sociology – 1st Canadian Edition." BC Open
Textbooks – Open Textbooks Adapted and Created by BC Faculty. Last modified November 6,
2014. https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter10-global-inequality/.
"9.1 The Nature and Extent of Global Stratification – Sociology." Open Textbooks · University of
Minnesota Libraries. Last modified April 8, 2016.
https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/9-1-the-nature-and-extent-of-global-
stratification/.
19
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Pangasinan Division II
MANAOAG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Manaoag, Pangasinan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

NAME: ______________________________________________________ DATE: __________________

STRAND/SECTION: ________________________ SCORE: _________________

UCSP
Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Second Quarter
Module 6 – Week 6

CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND

POLITICAL CHANGES

22
Learning Module No. 6
Most Essential Learning Competencies:
1. Examine human responses to emerging challenges in
contemporary societies.
Objectives: After going through this module, you are expected to:
3. Identify new challenges faced by human populations in
contemporary societies
_________________________________________________________________
Change
◼ Any shift in various aspects of the
society means change. Social
Change refers to the significant
modification or alteration in the
lifestyle of a society, including
culture. Social change also
means any significant shift or
modification in the lifestyle of the
society that affects the major
portion of the population that
brings about pattern of
behaviour. Cultural, religious, Image: https://bit.ly/2UAHr8F

economic, scientific, or technological forces may bring it about.

◼ “Staying at home and the “new normal” because of covid-19 are the best
examples for this. Any change of what we perceived as a normal thing in
our lives, may it be intentional or not, may lead to social change.
◼ Cultural Change refers to changes made in cultural elements, both
material and non-material.
◼ Political Change is when there is a significant disruption in a
government that leads to new or modified leadership or policies.

CAUSES OF SOCIAL CHANGE

TECHNOLOGY
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
POPULATION
ENVIRONMENT
MODERNIZATION

SOURCES OF CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGE

INNOVATION
◼ It is the use of new techniques to achieve desired ends. It also refers to
changing or creating more effective processes and ideas. This is the
process of translating a new idea into something that can create value.

23
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
◼ This is the spread of culture including aspects such as clothing and
food, from one group to another, typically because of making contact
with a new group for the first time. When one culture begins to adopt
elements (clothing, food, religion, costume, song, dance, language, etc.)
of another culture, then cultural diffusion happens. Filipinos
experience cultural diffusion when KPOP was first introduced in the
Philippines. The concept of KPOP music and K drama was new to us at
that time.
ACCULTURATION
◼ It is a process where a minority (small group of people) adopts the
cultural aspects of the majority (large group of people) without losing
its own traditions and customs. Looking back to our previous example
about KPOP, many Filipino millennial begin to speak and dress like
their KPOP idol but they can still retain their Filipino culture.
ASSIMILATION
◼ Assimilation is a process whereby people of a culture learn to adapt to
the ways of the majority culture. There is a loss of the minority’s own
culture as more value is given to the cultural aspects of the majority.

24
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Pangasinan Division II
MANAOAG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Manaoag, Pangasinan
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

NAME: ______________________________________________________ DATE: __________________

STRAND/SECTION: ________________________ SCORE: _________________

UCSP
Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Second Quarter
Module 7 – Week 7

NEW CHALLENGES TO HUMAN

ADAPTATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE

26
Learning Module No. 7
Most Essential Learning Competencies:
1. Examine human responses to emerging challenges in
contemporary societies.
Objectives: After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Describe how human societies adapt to new challenges in the
physical, social, and cultural environment;
2. Develop a plan of action for community-based response to change;
and
3. Advocate how human societies should adapt to such changes
_________________________________________________________________

GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Humans are generally adaptive
to changes in the environment. If
people perceive relevant changes in
the environment they are in, they
readily adapt their behavior to meet
these new challenges for their own
benefit. Changes are inevitable. They
bring a host of problems, and as
humans, we are challenged to
respond to these problems not only
individually but collectively.

Many researchers on global warming and climate change focus mostly

on what it will bring to the future. Climate change serves as a new challenge
to humans today. The changing climatic conditions that we experience tell
us that there is an existing environmental problem that needs to be
addressed immediately so that it will not give too much negative impact to
human beings in the future. Everyone must do something and act on global
warming and climate change to ensure the survival of human species.
Today, different programs are being implemented worldwide to prevent
further global warming and avoid climate change. Despite of this, its effect
will definitely last many years from now. Therefore, adaptation to the
resulting changes in climate change is necessary. The goal of adaptation to
climate change is to increase the ability of our environmental, social, and
economic system to cope with the problem.

TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION AND OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS

Aside from human adaptation to changes in environment, people on
earth are also facing adaptation challenges borne by the need for mobility;
people are changing residences rapidly.

27
 MIGRATION is defined as the process of geographic mobility, or the
change of residence of a person from one community to another with the
intention of settling temporarily or permanently. There are three types of
migration – international migration is the permanent transfer from one
country to another. A change of residence within a country is called
internal migration. Circular migration is a temporary movement of a
person.
TRANSNATIONAL MIGRANTS
OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKER

RESPONDING TO SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL CHANGE

▪ Inclusive citizenship
▪ Participatory governance
▪ New media
▪ Social networking
▪ Social movement
▪ Environmentalism

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Pangasinan Division II
MANAOAG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Manaoag, Pangasinan

NAME: _______________________________________ DATE SUBMITTED: __________________

GRADE & SECTION: ______________________________ SCORE: _____________________

ACTIVITY 1: ESSAY
Direction: What have you understood about the Overseas Filipino
Workers being labelled as “Bagong Bayani ng Bayan”. Please
share your thoughts below.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

28