After successful completion of this lesson,

students should be able to:

1. ascertain the legal considerations relative to first aid execution;

2. identify the health precautionary measures before, during and after
rendering first aid; and
3. identify the step-by-step process in performing emergency actions.
 WHAT IS FIRST AID?
First aid refers to medical attention that is usually administered immediately
after the injury occurs and at the location where it occurred. It often
consists of a one-time, short-term treatment and requires little technology
or training to administer.

First aid can include cleaning minor cuts, scrapes, or scratches; treating a
minor burn; applying bandages and dressings; the use of non-prescription
medicine; draining blisters; removing debris from the eyes; performing
massage; and drinking fluids to relieve heat stress.

Source: https://www.osha.gov/medical-first-aid/recognition
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
1. Preserve life
2. Prevent further harm and complications
3. Seek immediate medical help
4. Provide reassurance
FIRST AID PROVIDER
First Aid Provider is someone trained in the delivery of initial emergency
procedures, using limited equipment to perform a primary assesment
and intervention until Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel
arrive.

Source: https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA3317first-aid.pdf
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A
FIRST AID PROVIDER
1. Bridge that fills the gap between the patient and the physician.

2. Ensure safety for him/herself and that of bystanders.

3. Summon advanced medical care as needed.

4. Provide needed care for the patient.

5. Record all findings and care given to the victim.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
FIRST AIDER
G Gentle - should not cause pain

R Resourceful - should make the best use of things at hand

O Observant - should notice all signs

T Tactful - should not alarm the victim

E Empathetic - showing an ability to understand the feelings of another

R Respectable - should maintain a professional and caring attitude.

Scene Safety
• Your safety is your number 1 priority
• Begin protecting yourself at dispatch and en route to the
scene.
• Typically, the way you enter an area is the way you will
leave.
Scene Hazards
• Hazardous materials
-identify what you can from a distance
-Do not enter unless safe to do so

• Electricity
-do not touch downed power lines
-lightning strikes
 Scene Hazards
• Fire
• Fire hazards include smoke, oxygen deficiency, high temperatures.
• Use proper protection.
• Vehicle collisions
• Involve many factors
• Unstable vehicles
• Traffic
• Sharp objects
• Downed power lines
• Use protective gear
• OCCASIONALLY, YOU WILL NOT BE ABLE TO ENTER A
SCENE SAFELY.
• If the scene is unsafe, make it safe.
• If this is not possible, do not enter.
• Request law enforcement or other assistance.
• Beware of scenes with potential for violence.
HINDRANCES IN GIVING
FIRST AID
1.Unfavorable Surroundings

2.The Presence Of Crowds

3.Pressure From The Patient`s Relatives

∙ CONSENT
∙ DUTY TO ACT
∙ STANDARD OF CARE
∙ NEGLIGENCE LEGAL
∙ ABANDONMENT CONCERNS
∙ CONFIDENTIALITY
∙ RECORDING
LEGAL CONCERNS

•ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 12 NO. 4 OF ACT NO. 3815 OF THE

PHILIPPINE REVISED PENAL CODE BOOK ONE: “ANY PERSON WHO,
WHILE PERFORMING A LAWFUL ACT WITH DUE CARE, CAUSES AN
INJURY BY MERE ACCIDENT WITHOUT FAULT OR INTENTION OF
CAUSING IT” IS EXEMPT FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY.
•ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 275 NOS. 1 &2 OF ACT NO. 3815 OF THE PHILIPPINE
REVISED PENAL CODE BOOK TWO: “ABANDONMENT OF PERSON IN DANGER AND
ABANDONMENT OF ONE’S OWN VICTIM,”
• 1. ANYONE WHO SHALL FAIL TO RENDER ASSISTANCE TO ANY PERSON WHOM
HE SHALL IN AN UNINHABITED PLACE WOUNDED OR IN DANGER OF DYING,
WHEN HE CAN RENDER SUCH ASSISTANCE WITHOUT DETRIMENT TO HIMSELF,
UNLESS SUCH OMISSION SHALL CONSTITUTE A MORE SERIOUS OFFENSE.
• 2. ANYONE WHO SHALL FAIL TO HELP OR RENDER ASSISTANCE TO ANOTHER
WHOM HE HAS ACCIDENTALLY WOUNDED OR INJURED.
 LEGAL CONCERNS

∙ CONSENT
•EXPRESSED CONSENT
•MUST BE OBTAINED FROM EVERY
CONSCIOUS, MENTALLY COMPETENT
PERSON
•TELL YOUR NAME, EXPLAIN WHAT YOU
ARE DOING AND WHAT WILL YOU DO
(Treatment, Risks & Benefits)
•IMPLIED CONSENT- DEPENDS ON FACTS & CIRCUMSTANCES
OF THE SITUATION
•UNCONSCIOUS VICTIM IN V/A
•INTOXICATED PATIENT
•VERY YOUNG OR VERY OLD
•MENTALLY INCOMPETENT ADULTS
•THERE IS LANGUAGE BARRIER
 Right to Refuse Treatment
• Conscious, alert adults with decision-making capacity:
• Have the right to refuse treatment
• Can withdraw from treatment at any time
• Even if the result is death or serious injury
• Before you leave a scene where a patient, parent, or caregiver has refused care:
• Encourage them again to allow care.
• Ask them to sign a refusal of care form.
• Document all refusals.
• A witness is valuable in these situations.
 LEGAL CONCERNS
∙ DUTY TO ACT
• INDIVIDUAL’S RESPONSIBILITY TO
PROVIDE PATIENT CARE
• RESPONSIBILITY TO PROVIDE CARE COMES
FROM EITHER STATUTE OR FUNCTION.
• LEGAL DUTY TO ACT BEGINS ONCE AN
AMBULANCE RESPONDS TO A CALL OR
TREATMENT IS INITIATED
• NO LEGAL DUTY TO ACT WHEN OFF DUTY
 LEGAL CONCERNS
• STANDARD OF CARE
• STANDARD IMPOSED BY LOCAL CUSTOM
OFTEN BASED ON LOCALLY ACCEPTED
PROTOCOLS
• PROFESSIONAL OR INSTITUTIONAL
STANDARDS
• SPECIFIC RULES AND PROCEDURES OF
YOUR SERVICE OR ORGANIZATION
• SCOPE OF CARE
• ACTIONS THAT ARE LEGALLY ALLOWED
WHEN PROVIDING PATIENT CARE.
LEGAL CONCERNS

• NEGLIGENCE- Failure to provide the

expected standard of care, causing injury or
death of the patient.
• Negligence determination:
• Duty- responsibility to act reasonably based on standard of care
• Breach of duty- failure to act within expected and reasonable
standard of care
• Damages- physical or psychological harm created in a noticeable
way
• Cause- existence of reasonable cause and effect
*all four (4) must exist for negligence to apply
LEGAL CONCERNS

• ABANDONMENT
• TERMINATION OF CARE WITHOUT PATIENT’S
CONSENT
• TERMINATION OF CARE WITHOUT
PROVISIONS FOR CONTINUED CARE
• CARE CANNOT STOP UNLESS SOMEONE OF
EQUAL OR HIGHER TRAINING TAKES OVER
 LEGAL CONCERNS
• CONFIDENTIALITY
• INFORMATION RECEIVED FROM OR ABOUT A PATIENT IS
CONSIDERED CONFIDENTIAL
• DISCLOSING INFORMATION WITHOUT PERMISSION IS
CONSIDERED A BREACH OF CONFIDENTIALITY
• GENERALLY, INFORMATION CAN ONLY BE DISCLOSED IF
THE PATIENT SIGNS A WRITTEN RELEASE.
 LEGAL CONCERNS
• RECORDING
• COMPLETE DOCUMENTATION IS A SAFEGUARD
AGAINST LEGAL COMPLICATIONS
• IF AN ACTION OR PROCEDURE IS NOT RECORDED,
COURTS ASSUME IT WAS NOT PERFORMED
• AN INCOMPLETE OR UNTIDY REPORT IS
CONSIDERED EVIDENCE OF INCOMPLETE OR
INEXPERT CARE
WORK SAFETY AND WELLNESS
Workforce Safety and Wellness

To take care of others, we must take care of

ourselves.
Infectious Diseases
• Infectious disease is caused by organisms within the
body.
• Communicable Disease can spread and can be
transmitted from one person to another or one species
to another.
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES
1. Direct Contact

Occurs when a person touches an infected person`s bodily fluids.

2. Indirect Contact
Occurs when a person touches objects that have been contaminated by blood or
infected person`s bodily fluids.
3. Airborne/Inhalation
Occurs when the person inhales infected droplets as an infected person coughs
or sneezes.
4. Vector/Animal Bite
Occurs when an animal such as a dog or an insect, such as tick, transmits a pathogen into
the body through a bite.
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS

Assume all human blood and

bodily fluids infectious.
PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT DISEASE
TRANSMISSION
Basic Precautions and Practices

1. PERSONAL HYGIENE
2. USE OF APPROPRIATE PPE
3. PROPER CLEANING OF EQUIPMENT AND VEHICLE
Proper Hand Hygiene

• Simplest yet most effective way to control disease transmission.

• Wash hands before and after patient contact.
• If there is no running water, use waterless handwashing
substitute.
Body Substance Isolation Precaution
Are precautions taken to isolate or prevent
risk of exposure from any other type of
bodily substance.
Establishing an Infection Control
Routine

• Infection control should be part of your daily routine.

• Clean the ambulance after each run and on a daily
basis.
• Cleaning should be done at the hospital whenever
possible.
EMERGENCY ACTION
PRINCIPLES
I. SCENE SIZE-UP
II. PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
III. SECONDARY ASSESSMENT
 I. SCENE SIZE-UP
1.SCENE SAFETY
2.KNOWING WHAT HAPPENED
∙ CAUSE OF INJURY
∙ NATURE OF ILLNESS
3.ROLE OF BYSTANDER
4.NUMBER OF CASUALTIES
5.ASKING PERMISSION OR CONSENT
 II. PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
2. Activate Medical Help- Ask someone to call for
CAN BE DONE WITH THE local emergency number and get an Automated
PATIENT IN THE POSITION IN External Defibrillator (AED)
WHICH YOU FIND HIM OR
HER; AND BEGINS WITH
CHECKING THE PATIENT’S
RESPONSIVENESS.
1. ASSESSING
RESPONSIVENESS OR
LEVEL OF
CONSCIOUSNESS (LOC)
∙ A- ALERT
∙ V- RESPONSIVE TO VOICE
∙ P- RESPONSIVE TO PAIN
∙ U- UNRESPONSIVE/
UNCONSCIOUS
 II. PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
3. AIRWAY- AN OPEN AIRWAY ALLOWS AIR TO ENTER LUNGS FOR THE
PERSON TO BREATHE. IF THE AIRWAY IS BLOCKED, THE PERSON CANNOT
BREATHE.
4. BREATHING- WHILE MAINTAINING AN OPEN AIRWAY, QUICKLY CHECK
AN UNCONSCIOUS PERSON FOR BREATHING BY DOING THE LOOK, LISTEN
AND FEEL (LLF) TECHNIQUE FOR NO MORE THAN 10 SECONDS.
5. CIRCULATION
∙ PULSE- CHECK FOR DEFINITIVE PULSE AT CAROTID AREA FOR ADULT OR
CHILD, WHILE BRACHIAL PULSE FOR INFANT (APPLICABLE FOR
PROFESSIONAL RESCUERS AND HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS).
∙ BLEEDING- QUICKLY LOOK FOR SEVERE BLEEDING BY LOOKING OVER
THE PERSON’S BODY FROM HEAD TO TOE FOR SIGNALS SUCH AS
BLOOD-SOAKED CLOTHING OR BLOOD SPURTING OUT OF A WOUND.
∙ SHOCK- IF LEFT UNTREATED, SHOCK CAN LEAD TO DEATH. ALWAYS
LOOK FOR THE SIGNALS OF SHOCK WHENEVER YOU ARE GIVING CARE.
∙ SKIN COLOR, TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE- ASSESSMENT OF SKIN
TEMPERATURE, COLOR, AND CONDITION CAN TELL YOU MORE ABOUT
THE PATIENT'S CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
 III. SECONDARY ASSESSMENT
SECONDARY ASSESSMENT- IF YOU
DETERMINE THAT AN INJURED OR
ILL PERSON IS NOT IN AN
IMMEDIATELY LIFE-THREATENING
CONDITION, YOU CAN BEGIN TO
CHECK FOR OTHER CONDITIONS
THAT MAY NEED CARE.
∙ INTERVIEWING THE PERSON AND
BYSTANDERS
∙ CHECKING THE PERSONS FROM
HEAD TO TOE
∙ OBTAIN VITAL SIGNS
•TO GAIN ESSENTIAL INFORMATION ABOUT
THE PATIENT’S MEDICAL HISTORY, ASK THE
PATIENT QUESTIONS BASED ON THE
SAMPLE APPROACH:
•S- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
•A- ALLERGIES
• M- MEDICATIONS
• P- PERTINENT PAST MEDICAL HISTORY
• L- LAST INTAKE AND OUTPUT
• E- EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE INJURY OR
ILLNESS
VITAL SIGNS- VITAL SIGNS ARE THE SIGNS OF LIFE THAT INDICATE
THE STATUS OF THE BODY’S VITAL FUNCTIONS.

1. BODY TEMPERATURE
2. PULSE RATE/ HEART RATE
3. RESPIRATORY RATE
4. BLOOD PRESSURE
*Pain
*Oxygen Saturation
• BODY TEMPERATURE- The balance between the heat produced by
the body and the heat lost from the body
• NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE: (STANDARD) 36.5- 37.5 C or 97.7-
99.0 F
• PULSE- wave of blood created by contraction of left ventricle of the
heart. It is a pressure wave occurs as each heart beat causes a surge in
the blood circulating through the arteries.
Age Normal Pulse Rate

Newborn- 1 month 120-160 beats/min

Infant 100- 120beats/ min

Child 80-100 beats/ min
Adult 60-100 beats/min
• RESPIRATION- The act of breathing
• Carbon dioxide is the primary chemical stimulus of breathing; when
carbon dioxide level in the blood is high, there is stimulation for
breathing
Age Normal Respiratory Rate
Newborn- 1 month 30-60 breaths/min
Infant 20-40 breaths/ min
Child 15-25 breaths/ min
Adult 12-20 breaths/min
 • BLOOD PRESSURE
• BP is a measure of the pressure exerted by the
blood through the arteries
• Force of the blood against arterial walls
• Measured in millimeters in Mercury (mmHg)
CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
Category Systolic BP Diastolic BP
Normal < 120 mm Hg < 80 mm Hg
Prehypertension 120- 139 mm Hg 80- 89 mm Hg
Hypertension, stage 1 140- 159 mm Hg 90- 99 mm Hg
Hypertension, stage 2 > 160 mm Hg > 100 mm Hg
• OXYGEN SATURATION
• refers to the percentage of oxygen in a person’s
blood. Medical professionals often use a device called
a pulse oximeter for either a quick test or continuous
monitoring. The device can attach to the person’s
fingertip.
• A healthy oxygen saturation level ranges between
95% and 100%. If a person’s levels drop below this
range, they may experience symptoms associated with
a lack of oxygen, such as trouble breathing and
confusion
• Normal: 95%–100%
• Mild hypoxia: 91%– 94%
• Significant or moderate hypoxia: 86%– 90%
• Severe hypoxia: 85% or less
THANK YOU!