Concrete Structures II

Master in Civil Engineering

2016 / 2017

Concrete Structures II
Class 11: Deformations calculation and control

José Camara; João Almeida e António Costa

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 Concrete Structures II

Structural deformations control limits

Deformations need to be limited in structural floor systems due to aesthetic, cracking
in nonstructural elements and functional reasons.
Norma Razão para a limitação Deformação considerada Deformação limite
Deformação total
Aparência a t g + ψ2 q L/250
NP EN 1992-1
(ações quase-permanentes)
e
Deformação incremental
ABNT-NBR6118 Danos em elementos não
a t g + ψ2 q − a 0 pp + par. L/500*
estruturais
(ações quase-permanentes)

Aparência Deformação total L/240

ACI-435
Danos em elementos não
Deformação incremental L/480
estruturais
Deformação total
Aparência a t g + ψ1 q L/400
(combinação frequente de ações)
REBAP
Deformação total L/400
Danos em elementos não
a t g + ψ1 q +
estruturais
(combinação frequente de ações) a t <1,5 cm

Experience has shown that controlling the incremental deformation

to 1/500 of the span is approximately equivalent to limiting the total
deformation to 1/400. This shows that this limitation is clearly more
demanding than the general criteria of 1/250.
The limit values presented in codes are of the same order of magnitude and take into consideration
the total deformation or the deformation increment after the brick walls construction.

In general the limits are defined in relation to the span and not as an absolute value. More specific
values for special floor utilizations can be seen at ISO 4356.

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Structural concrete behaviour on bending

In general, due to the great variation of the extensions along the tension tie of a
reinforced concrete beam, the deformation is usually measured in medium terms, after
cracking.
So a certain beam element is considered divided in two parts, state I (non cracked)
and State II (no concrete in tension).
Then, the weight of each state is given by the load level (relation between the applied
M and the cracking moment, Mcr). The  coefficient was calibrated based on
experimental laboratory tests.

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Structural concrete behaviour on bending

Moment/medium curvature relation, M/1/Rm, can be defined for short or long term
loading by taking Ec or Ec,equiv = Ec/(1+) ;  - creep coefficient
1 1 1
= 1−ζ ∙ +ζ∙
The coefficients: rm rI rII

1 - is for usual steel bars 1.0 2

ζ = 1 − β1 ∙ β2 ∙ Mr M
2 – 1.0 for first loading or 0.5 for repeated or long term loading.

In the long term

relations, the effect of
shrinkage is considered
as well

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Structural bending deformations

A beam with moments higher than the cracking moments will have bigger curvatures
with direct implications on the global deformation.
The deformation can be obtained by integration:
––
L 11 M L
 1 1 – 2
ante  a =
a =  r M dx =  (1 - ) r +  r  M dx = 
dx τ = 1 − β1 ∙ β2 ∙ Mcr M
L0 m 0 I II

1
If we take a medium moment, M, for the cracked zone:
Mcr
M
M = MD Mcr   = 1 - 1 2 = Constant along the beam
MD
p
MD – Moment at determinant section

Then, as que coeficient τ is constant , we have:

L 1 –
 a = (1 – )  L 1 –
 r M dx +   r M dx  a = (1 - ) aI +  aII
M Mcr
0 I 0 II

Mcr
M = MD Mcr   = 1 - 1 2 =
MD
1
r
This is the bilinear method studied
in the Reiforcement Concrete I

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Structural bending deformations

The deformations of state I and II can be writhen in function of the elastic deformation
and we obtain the formula fo the Global Coefficient Method: 𝐚 = 𝑲 × 𝐚𝐜
𝐄𝐜 × 𝐈𝐜 𝐄𝐜 × 𝐈𝐜
M dx  a = (1 - ) aI +  aII 𝐚= 𝟏−𝛇 ∙ +𝛇∙ ∙ 𝐚𝐜
𝐄𝐜 × 𝐈𝐈 𝐄𝐜 × 𝐈𝐈𝐈
Mcr
D Mcr   = 1 - 1 2 = = 𝟏 − 𝛇 ∙ 𝒌𝟏 + 𝛇 ∙ 𝒌𝟐 × 𝐚𝐜 = 𝐊 × 𝐚𝐜
MD

For short term loading

𝐚𝟎 = 𝟏 − 𝛇 ∙ 𝐊 𝟎𝟏 + 𝛇 ∙ 𝐊 𝟎𝟐 × 𝐚𝐜 = 𝑲 × 𝐚𝐜
𝐄𝐜 × 𝐈𝐜 𝐄𝐜 × 𝐈𝐜
𝑲𝟎𝟏 = 𝑲𝟎𝟐 =
𝐄𝐜 × 𝐈𝐈 𝐄𝐜 × 𝐈I𝐈

For long term loading

𝐚𝒕 = 𝟏 − 𝛇 ∙ 𝒌𝟏 + 𝛇 ∙ 𝒌𝟐 × 𝐚𝐜 = 𝑲 × 𝐚𝐜
𝐄𝐜 × 𝐈𝐜 𝐄𝐜 × 𝐈𝐜
𝒌𝒕𝟏 = 𝒌𝒕𝟐 =
𝐄𝐜,𝒆𝒇𝒇 × 𝐈𝐈,𝒆𝒇𝒇 𝐄𝐜,𝒆𝒇𝒇 × 𝐈I𝐈,𝒆𝒇𝒇

𝐄𝐜
With 𝑬𝒄,𝒆𝒇𝒇 = and 𝑰𝒆𝒇𝒇
𝟏+𝝋

evaluated with 𝑬𝒄,𝒆𝒇𝒇

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Structural bending deformations

Based on an equivalente procedure, CEB manual has presented the following type of
graphs for K evaluation
For short time and first loading:
3
h
a0 = k 0 ∙ ∙ ac = 𝐾0 ∙ ac
d

From the graph

For long term loading:

3
h
at = k t ∙ 𝜂 ∙ ∙ ac = 𝐾𝑡 ∙ ac
d

Compression reinforcement effect

From the graph

10 7,8
Example for a slab: 𝑡 = 0,20m; ∅ ;𝜌 = =
0,10 16∙100
0,5% = 0,005; 𝛼 ∙ 𝜌 = 0,035;
𝑀𝑐𝑟 20 3
If ; = 0,8 ⇒ 𝑘𝑡 = 3,8 ⇒ 𝐾𝑡 = ∙ 𝑘𝑡 = 7,5
𝑀𝐷 16

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Effects of compression reinforcement and of concrete

shrinkage h
3
at = k t ∙ 𝜂 ∙ ∙ ac = 𝐾𝑡 ∙ ac
d
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒:
𝜌`
If 𝛼 ∙ 𝜌 = 0,035; = 0,5 ⇒ 𝜂 = 0,92
𝜌
K t = 0,92 ∙ 7,5 = 7,0

𝐿 ∙ 𝜀𝑐𝑠
acs = 𝑘 ∙
30 ∙ 10−5

Example of a simple supported slab:

𝛼 ∙ 𝜌 = 0,035;
𝜌`
= 0,5
𝜌
𝑙
L= 6,00; ℎ = 0,24 ⇒ = 25
ℎ
𝜆 = 1,0 ∙ 25 = 25
⇒ K= 1/1500
1
acs = 1500 ∙ 600 = 0,40cm (considering 𝜀𝑐𝑠 =30 ∙ 10−5

𝑰𝒕`𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆

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Global coefficient method for other structural systems

If the structure is not simple supported, the cofficient K has to be obtained in diferent sections and, when
necessary, some weighting should be adopted.

We propose the following criteria based on analitical studies:

K= K 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑚

K= K 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡

K𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 +2∙K𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
K= The deformation depends on, an equivalent
3 basis, of the span and support regions. That is why
the redistribution of moments and reinforcement quantities
for ultimate state does not affect deformability.
K𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 +2∙K𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛+ K𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡
K=
4

The ACI proposes for the deformation calculation a similar procedure based on na equivalent inertia:
3 3
Mr Mr Concerning the weighting of the span and support regions
Ie = ∙ II + 1 − ∙ III ≤ Ic
Ma Ma the proposal is of the same type.

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