-

iNCOVACC

● Incovacc is the world’s first intranasal vaccine to be approved as

a booster dose.

● iNCOVACC, co-developed by Bharat Biotech and the U.S.-based

Washington University, was approved in November for ‘restricted
emergency use’ for those aged 18 or older.

● The nasal vaccine is approved both as a primary dose and a

heterologous booster.

● Unlike Covaxin, which is an inactivated coronavirus injected along

with an adjuvant, iNCOVACC is an adenovirus-vectored vaccine
with a “prefusion stabilised spike protein”, which is more like the
technology employed in the Covishield vaccines
 ⑨

0
 S

0
-

Developed by Word
C
Unversity
Malaria vaccine

● RTS,S/AS01 is an injectable vaccine targeting P. falciparum, the

most prevalent malaria strain in Africa.

● Trade name - Mosquirix

● It was developed by British drugmaker GlaxoSmithKline in 1987.

● It is the first and only vaccine to show partial protection in young

children.

● The vaccine's effectiveness at preventing severe cases of malaria

in children is only around 30%, but it is the only approved vaccine.
World Malaria Report 2022

● Annual report released by World Health Organisation (WHO)

Key highlights of the report:

● The upward trend continued but at a slower rate — 247

million cases in 2021, compared to 245 million cases in 2020
and 232 million in 2019.

● Despite continued impact of COVID-19, malaria cases and

deaths remained stable in 2021.

● India accounted for 79% of cases and about 83% of all

malaria deaths in WHO South-East Asia Region
 Vector Diseases
Pathogen
Virus
Andes
Chikungunya
1. -

Virus
Dengue
-

Fever
Virus
RiftValley
-
Fever

Virus
-

Yellow Fever

Virus
·
Zike
Parasite
·

Lymphatic Filesiasis

Materia Parasite
2.
Anopheles
~

Fibriasis Parasite
-

Lymphatic
3. Culex
-

Japanese encephalitis Virus

Parasite
R
-

Lymphatic Filariasis

Virus
-
West Nike Fever
The Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Consortium (INSACOG)

- Jointly established by MoFgHW, DBT, CSIR and ICMR

-To assess SARS-CoV-2 variants from lndian patients

-To correlate whole genomics sequencing (WGS) data with

clinical/epidemiological data for advance preparedness for public
health interventions.

-Consortium of 58 laboratories
ex
Viral spillover refers to the transmission of a pathogen
from one species to another.

This can happen naturally through close contact between

different animal populations, or through human activity
such as hunting, deforestation, or the global trade of
wildlife.

also
·

change
climate
⑧

HIN1
za virus

·
H3N2

O a subtype of the influenza A virus. Influenza A

viruses are named based on two proteins on the
surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and
neuraminidase (N).
O
The H protein is responsible for the virus's ability
to bind to and infect host cells, while the N
protein helps the virus to spread and exit from
⑰
infected cells.

R There are 18 H-subtypes and 11 N-subtypes.

· 130
subtypes of Auflenca
Virus
S

40
Pauka Probe
-

break the record

-
will

for
NASAof Melios B

flyby
closest

solar wine,
study
-

corona
⑧
 Aditya-L1
-

spacecraft mission to. Study sun. corona.

-
to be launched in
mid 2023

India's first solar mission.

-

-placed in
largrangian point. ⑪
Role
--

study upper
solar
Atmosphere
-coronal mass ejection
ionised
-physics of plasma
 POINT.
LAGRANGE

⑧ At Lagrange points, the gravitational pull of two large

masses precisely equals the centripetal force required for a
small object to move with them. These points in space can
be used by spacecraft to reduce fuel consumption needed to
remain in position.

· s such points
James Webb.
 O

0 O 0

⑥
 Solar kind
Solar wind is a stream of charged particles (mostly
protons and electrons) that are constantly blowing
outward from the sun in all directions.

It originates in the sun's corona, which is the outermost

layer of its atmosphere.

Solar wind is relatively constant in speed and density,

although it can vary depending on the activity of the sun.

⑪
 CNE

Coronal mass ejections, on the other hand, are massive

eruptions of plasma and magnetic fields from the sun's
corona.

These eruptions can release billions of tons of material into

space at speeds of up to several million miles per hour.

CMEs are often associated with solar flares, which are

sudden bursts of energy and radiation from the sun.
effect
-

Power
outage
-

-communication sat

GPS
-

Astronaut
weather
Space
-
 0

e
chay =
⑲5
 solar cycle
The solar cycle is a periodic variation in the sun's activity that
occurs over an 11-year cycle on average.

It is characterized by changes in the number of sunspots,

solar flares, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that occur on
the surface of the sun.

⑱ cme
During the solar cycle, the sun goes through periods of
high
-
and low activity.

At the beginning of the cycle, the sun is relatively calm

with few sunspots and little solar flare or CME activity.

As the cycle progresses, the number of sunspots and the

frequency of solar flares and CMEs increases, reaching a
peak known as solar maximum.
During periods of high solar activity, the increased output of
charged particles and radiation from the sun can cause
geomagnetic storms, which can disrupt power grids, satellite
and communication systems, and even pose a risk to astronauts
in space
 spot. 49
sun

Sunspots are dark, cooler regions on the surface of the

sun that are caused by intense magnetic activity.

They are usually found in pairs or groups and are

associated with the emergence of magnetic fields from the
sun's interior.

During periods of high solar activity, such as solar

maximum, sunspots are more numerous and more likely
to produce solar flares and CMEs.