2025 os +S7lS 20 OfL| BOAT 248] 113 Yo} 9494(Bagaseuoie2 op 3 01 = 457 1% 20= OL 29|41 At é ee 2 a ag PE sm art:208 gp neers Al > se-eue wort anino: our ae zap ate abe we ase, 01 aorsnuccarar 02 20204 64 204 che Bol Salon 7H alae zie? <> c Dear Mr. Stevens, This is the chief editor of Novel Flash Fiction. As you were informed by our staff last. week, your short story will be published in the December issue of Novel Flash Fiction. We thought hearing how you came up with your story would be meaningful to our readers. We ‘would thus like to ask if you could give a speech about your writing process. This speech is expected to last for about an hour, and it will take place at Star Bookstore downtown, You can choose a specific date and time depending on your schedule. If you have any questions, please contact us by e-mail at editors@nff.com. ‘We look forward to hearing how you wrote your story. Sincerely, Susanna Martinez 144 2a)0] Bal ge 1250) elated 08 Hay AtaHSFeAT 21s] a7I9] 471758 west 2218 Hgol ae Go| Ales ots) HHH 4801 C81 BS 2pstA 2 sem roraeeian can 23 a1 CHS BOW Walt PAShe MS HS AB AS? Learning a certain concept such as “molecules” requires more than just a single exposure to the idea, Ifa student is going to remember a science concept, he or she should experience it multiple times and in various contexts. That is one of the strengths of the learning cycle: the students have direct experience with the concept, then they talk about it, and then they have even more direct experience. Reading, watching videos, and listening to others’ thoughts contribute to a more solid understanding of the concept. This suggests more than repetition. Bach event allows the student to examine the concept from a different perspective. Ultimately this will lead to a substantive, useful understanding of the complexities and nuances of the concept. © Ba ASE ABS CHa AOS onal wt Bator ch ous aHsi71 Teka 27171 AagstofoF BIC oan a 1 78S Sale BATE Ct one WHE OF A BOS 7EZAIOF ICL Begio} it} eB aleaor sy03 oro 7228 CHS 29] 22S 7 Ae tS? (B wenauor2 0603 04 20218 4248 48 Bo MROE 7H alae ze? ‘A question can be raised about the basic notion that sensitivity to problems is critical in setting the creative process in motion, It is no doubt true that many people are motivated to carry out ereative activities because of problems they sense in their personal or professional environments. However, there is historical evidence that the creative process can be set in motion without necessity, even in the domain of invention, As one example, consider the invention of the airplane. At the end of the nineteenth century a number of research projects ‘were underway whose purpose was the invention of a flying machine. Atthat time, there was no need for such a machine; only gradually, after the Wright brothers were successful in inventing the airplane, did the broader implications of that invention become apparent. So the driving force behind the invention of the airplane seems not to have been necessity ‘There was no need to fly; people simply wanted to. slat wae ails @ War BolY walE a8 B+ 2710 O}LIC. cite Be] HAI ) BAL ata S22 RAlO| HB aIzysOLA USEC. Boia HESS O71 Had AAI] BO] WesICy 01 So}84 212 ofc) Moral philosophy textbooks often proclaim that, we can discern if a claim is ethical by attending to the use of the words “is” and “ought.” On this fou ought to keep your is ethical. “An atom is small,” because it uses “is,” is nonethical. Yet, despite being commonly invoked, this is-ought testis seriously deficient. Some is-statements have cthical content and some ought-statements do not. For example, consider the claims “Murder is wrong” and “Friendship is good.” These claims obviously have ethical content. Whatever the is-ought test is suggestion, the claim “ promises,” because it uses “ought, tracking, these claims clearly fall on the ought side of that divide. Yet they both use “is.” Similarly, consider the claim “The train ought to arrive in an hour.” This statement is clearly nonethical, the use of “ought” notwithstanding. There is an important distinction between ethical and nonethical claims. But we can’t simply rely on “is” and “ought it, Instead we need to attend to the substance of the ” to make claim, invoke: 2A tRet Mutually Exclusive Relationship Between “Is” and ‘Ought” @ Sounds Unethical to You? Check Your Moral Standard First © What Determines Ethicalty of a Claim, Word Choice or Content? @ How We Can Get to Harmony of Linguistic Forms and Functions © To Use “Is” or “Ought,” That Is the Key to Ethical Statements! ewoweay 3(Bavasyoss osee 05 20228h85 6412941 Hg Bol we ees, ome Bel 22: “Most historians of science point to the need fora reliable calendar to regulate agricultural activity as the motivation for learning about what we now eal astronomy, the study of stars and planets, Early astronomy provided information about when to plant crops and gave humans @ thei irs formal method of recording the passage oftime. Stonchenge, the 4,000-yearold ring of stones in southern Britain, @ is perhaps the best-known monument to the discovery of egulavty and predictability inthe world we inhabit. The great markers of Stonehenge point to the spats onthe horizon © where the sun rises at the slstices and equinoxes — the dates we sill use to mark the beginnings of the seasons. The stones may even have @ been used to predict eclipses. The existence of Stonehenge, ‘built by people without verting, boars silent tetiaony bois the regularity of nature and tothe ability ofthe human mind to sec behind immediate appearances and deeper meanings in evens, disco “monument 783 #8 ssinge 4848) 64 testimony” A. sie zor yzetnn 2am 23 dog 06 2022487813084 Hg Bol Ue alee S, SoH eatol elo] aiatsa ener In poorer countries many years of fast growth may be necessary to bring living standards up to acceptable levels. But growth is the means to achieve desired goals, not the @ end in itself. In the richer world the whole idea of growth — at least as conventionally measured — may need to be @ maintained. In economies where services dominate, goods and services tailored to our ndividual needs will be what determine the advance of our societies. These could be anything from genome-specific medicines to personalized care or tailored suits. ‘That is different from more and more stuff, an arms race of growth. Instead, it means improvements in @ quality, something that GDP is ill equipped to measure. Some fifty years ago one US economist contrasted what he called the “cowboy” economy, bent on production, exploitation of resources, and pollution, with the “spaceman” economy, in which quality and complexity replaced “throughput” as the measure of success. The © move from manufacturing to services and from analog to digital is the shift from cowboy to spaceman, But we are still measuring the size of the lasso. ‘ rouphpe a ubeO Ba ass: 0) ge 870 rao07 of vizlON Bojet ate 7eat Atala 227 = 2018 3813241 CB wunauors 080 08 Chg ¥lRiol-Soj2r ate aeatataiet ze? meseausre Sculpture in a public place is the emotional and aesthetic focal point of the elements in the surrounding environment. Any environment is unique with the diversity of its component elements, the connections between them and their appearance as a complete structure. This preliminary structural analysis and acquaintance with the site chosen for the sculpture is compulsory before working on its design; it is a requirement for : The proper understanding of the spatial characteristics of the elements, making up the whole multitude, as well as of the structural links between the constituent elements of this specific microcosm are preconditions for satisfactory design and an adequate sculptural solution. Contrary to the mechanical adding of one more element to the multitude, it is better to “weave” something more into the context of the existing structure. + petiminary: HE) $6 miercoem: ABADI Although a balance or harmony between partners clearly develops over time in a relationship, it is also a factor in initial atraction and interest in a partner. That is, to the extent that two people shave similar verbal and nonverbal habits in a first meeting, they will be more comfortable with one another. For example, fast-paced individuals talk and move quickly and are more expressive, whercas slow-paced individuals have a different tempo and are less expressive. Initial interactions between people at opposite ends of such a continuum may be more difficult than those between similar types. In the ease of contrasting styles, individuals may be less interested in pursuing a relationship than if they were similar in interaction styles. Individuals with similar styles, however, are more comfortable and find that they just seem to “click” with one another. Thus, may provide a selection Filter for the initiation of a relationship. © successful integration in the specific space © applying mechanical theories to architecture @ true understanding of the human psychology ® exact evaluation of the property's future value © creating a commercial space for multiple purposes © information deficit ) cultural adaptability ® meaning negotiation behavioral coordination © unconditional acceptance 5(Bavasyosns r096 09 ror2 3 ase 8 BOM Mal Sgn 2 ge Bate? ‘When approaching practical music making for the first time in the classroom, it is a good idea to avoid using instruments altogether. © This will allow an inexperienced teacher to focus on the development of fundamental musical behaviour through listening, performing and composing; and allow the children to focus on the more controllable sound sources i.e. voices and body percussion (clapping, clicking, stamping ete). @ Music starts with these both developmentally and historically: the most expressive and immediate musical instrument is the human voice, @ The sound quality of an instrument is a direct result of the quality of the materials, design, and making. @ Body movements are not only an instinctive response to music but also instigate music making. @ Activities which develop many of the coordination skills, aural sensitivity, responses to visual cues and symbols, and the musical understanding necessary to play an instrument can all be established without instruments. 6 sermon onyaeian can 23 21 10 (aun) Bo] SHOR Yo}, Fo}21 220] Go47}7/0) 7H Ae RE? 8) 2022814 98 3901 Personal stories connect with larger narratives to ‘generate new identities. The growing complexity of the social dynamics determining food choices makes the job of marketers and advertisers increasingly more difficult. (@ ) In the past, mass production allowed for accessibility and affordability of products, as well as their wide distribution, and was accepted as a sign of progress. (@ ) Nowadays itis increasingly replaced by the fragmentation of consumers among smaller and smaller segments that are supposed to reflect personal preferences, (@) Everybody feels different and special and expect (@) In reality, these supposedly products serving his or her inclinations. individual preferences end up overlapping with cmerging, temporary, always changing, almost tribal formations solidifying around cultural sensibilities, social identifications, political sensibilities, and dietary and health concerns. (@) These consumer communities go beyond national boundaries, feeding on global and widely shared repositories offdeas, images, and practices, + fngmentation: 84 repository: Has[11-12 ]os28 a2, e801 gst, Industral capitalism not only created work, it also created ‘leisure’ in the modem sense of the term. This might seem surprising, for the early cotton masters wanted to keep their machinery running as long as possible and forced their employees to work very long hours. However, by requiring continuous work during work hours and ruling out non-work activity, employers had (a) separated out leisure from work. Some did this quite explicitly by creating distinct holiday periods, when factories were shut down, because it was better to do this than have ‘work (b) promoted by the casual taking of days off. ‘Leisure’ as a distinct non-work time, whether in the form of the holiday, weekend, or evening, was a result of the disciplined and bounded work time created by capitalist production. Workers then wanted more leisure and leisure time was enlarged bby union campaigns, which first started in the cotton industry, and eventually new laws were passed that (¢) limited the hours of work and gave workers holiday entitlements, Leisure was also the creation of capitalism in another sense, through the commercialization of leisure, This no longer meant participation in traditional sports and pastimes. Workers began to (4) pay for leisure activities organized by capitalist enterprises. Mass travel to spectator sports, especially football and horse-racing, where people could be changed for entry, was now possible. The importance of this can hardly be exaggerated, for whole new industries were emerging to exploit and fas Sacer) BRA Mata BRD S DAB (Bava iris a huge source of consumer demand, employment, and profit. ‘isp BNE nepie 7D 6 xnegee: HEE 11 {aorsmasse WBOlNSOS 7B ANE we? © What It Takes to Satisfy Workers © Why Workers Have Struggled for More Leisure @ The Birth and Evolution of Leisure in Capitalism @ How to Strike a Balance Between Work and Leisure © The Light and Dark Sides of the Moder Leisure Industry 2019HHE + 41¥l 12 {voismeese) arses os ane ‘UE a) ~ (©) SOU SHY Wao] AeI0| ws}a| re ne? e@ 26) ©) 8M © Baaae, eres [ope oF a auerse ewmonwean 7(Basvaseyo1n7 ore7 D3 Go} ao 02 3] 457/202 OL] So] Ap Give 2 a ag FE sm art:208 genet Al > se-eue wort anino: our ae zap ate abe we ase, 01 aoiseussaioe — 02 2023815 98 1941 Che BOWM BAPE Sash Ube 7H alate 22? Che Bol Sei t Nathano| AB ASS 7 AAs AS? Everybody has moments of doubt about something or other from time to time; it is a natural process. ‘The challenge is not to let those moments accumulate and affect your self-belief, You will always face the challenge of other people's comments and opinion. ‘There are people that you feel good being around and others you don't. Some people give you positive energy because they believe in you. You feel it and you rise to the occasion. Others may always have a negative comment to make about what you are doing or talking about. Don’t let these comments rock your sel-belief, Always question the person’s reason for the comment, [fit is based on fact, you should listen; ifnot, then itis only their opinion. You will need to stay strong. ‘iseto the occasion: 974A eSB I i © WoHol Se AteIEA aera @ ABI Sal Saale AME 7772 @ WA zo ej018 ulster Be HAUS LB he 4BH BUS A721 rie ofa 4g.o8 2] A410] BS2i71 BAB. 8 sem ror anes can 23 soi “Daddy!” Jenny called, waving a yellow crayon in her little hand. Nathan approached her, wondering why she was calling him. Jenny, his three-year-old toddler, was drawing a big circle on apiece of paper. “What are you doing, Sweetie?” Nathan asked with interest. She just kept drawing without reply. He continued watching her, wondering what she was working on. She was drawing something that looked like a face. When she finished it, Jenny shouted, “Look, Daddy!” She held her artwork up proudly. Taking a closer look, Nathan recognized that it was his face. The face had two big eyes and a beard just like his. He loved Jenny’s work. Filled with joy and happiness, Nathan gave her a big hug. sods 918 © sorrowful —> relieved © frustrated + satisfied ® worried + seared @ curious + delighted © hopeful — disappointed03 nor2e 4230 og B21 2Me 7H alae 2? O wenauorn7 osve 04 2or2s a 298 OS Bol US USES, 1S Bel WS? ow By the start of the 16th century, the Renaissance movement had given birth to the Protestant Reformation and an era of profound religious change. The art ofthis period reflected the disruption caused by this shift. Appropriately named the Baroque, meaning irregular or distorted, European painting in the 16th century largely focused on capturing motion, drama, action, and powerful emotion. Painters employed the strong visual tools of dramatic composition, intense contrast of light and dark, and emotionally provocative subject matter to stir up feelings of disruption, Religious subjects were often portrayed in this era through new dramatic visual language, a contrast to the reverential portrayal of religious figures in earlier traditions. In order to capture the social disruption surrounding Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church, many artists abandoned old standards of visual perfection from the Classical and Renaissance periods in their portrayal of religious figures. ‘Protestant Reformation: BALAK #6 reverential 248 We don’t know what ancient Greek music sounded like, because there are no examples of it in written or notated form, nor @ has it survived in oral tradition. Much of it was probably improvised anyway, within certain rules and conventions. So we are forced largely to guess at its basis from the accounts of writers such as Plato and Aristotle, who were generally more concemed with writing about ‘music as a philosophical and ethical exercise @ as with providing a technical primer on its practice. It seems Greek music was predominantly a vocal form, @ consisting of sung verse accompanied by instruments such as the lyre or the plucked kithara (the root of ‘guitar’). In fact, Plato considered ‘music in which the Iyre and flute played alone and not as the accompaniment of dance or song @ to be “exceedingly coarse and tasteless’. The melodies seem to have had a very limited pitch range, since the instruments ® generally span only an octave, from one E (as we'd now define it) to the next, ‘primer QA) 6 st) #48 cours <1 © characteristics of Baroque paintings caused by religious disruption © impacts of the Baroque on the development of visual perfectionism efforts of Baroque painters to imitate the Renaissance style © roles of Baroque artists in stabilizing the disrupted society © reasons of idealizing religious figures in Baroque paintings eatery Q(Bavasyoss oses ° 5 20208 1084308, jo] US AES, Vrs Sate] Mojo] aiztstal of 2 2A fle mis Ino In collectivist groups, there is considerable ‘emphasis on relationships, the maintenance of harmony, and “sticking with” the group. Members of collectivist groups are socialized to avoid conflict, to @ empathize with others, and to avoid drawing attention to themselves. In contrast, members of individualist cultures tend to define themselves in terms of their independence from groups and autonomy and are socialized to @ value individual freedoms and individual expression: In individualist cultures, standing out and being different is often seen as a sign of @ weakness. Implicit in the characterization of collectivist and individualist groups is the assumption that deviance will be ® downgraded more in groups that prescribe collectivism than in groups that prescribe individualism. Indeed, empirical research shows that individualist group norms broaden the latitude of @ acceptable group member behavior and non-normative characteristics. 1 deviance: 9 RAS oh 10 sem zor aneeizn 2.23 201 06 “aommusss) Chg UIRIOW Sojes Ste 7H ata 22 9) 20188HAE $5 32U1 How many of the lunches that you ate over the last week can you recall? Do you remember what you ate today? [hope so. Yesterday? I bet it takes a moment’s effort, And what about the day before yesterday? What about a week ago? It’s not so much that your memory of last week's lunch has disappeared; if provided with the right cue, like where you ate it, or whom you ate it with, you would likely recall what had been on your plate. Rather, it’s difficult to remember last ‘week's lunch because your brain has filed it away with all the other lunches you've ever eaten as just another lunch. When we try to recall something from a category that includes as many instances as “lunch” or “wine,” many memories compete for our attention. The memory of last Wednesday's lunch isn’t necessarily gone; it’s that you lack - Buta ‘wine that talks: That's unique. I's a memory without rivals. D the channel to Let it flow into the pool of ordinary © the right hook to pull it out of a sea of lunchtime @ the glue to attach it to just another lunch memory @ the memory capacity to keep a box of sleeping, memories © the sufficient number of competitors in @ battle for attention07 ors 3 38 BSE Mot, FOjAI SFO] SOHO 7S ABS ze? However, while our resources come with histories of meanings, how they come to mean at a particular communicative moment is always open to negotiation. The linguistic resources we choose to use do not come to us as empty forms ready to be filled with ‘our personal intentions; rather, they come to us with meanings already embedded within them. (® ) These meanings, however, are not derived from some universal, logical set of principles: rather, as with their shapes, they are built up over time from their past uses in particular contexts by particular groups of participants in the accomplishment of particular goals that, in turn, are shaped by myriad cultural, historical and institutional forces. (@) The linguistic resources we choose to use at particular communicative moments come to these moments with their conventionalized histories of meaning. (@ )Itis their conventionality that binds us to some degree to particular ways of realizing our collective history. (@) Thus, in our individual uses of our linguistic resources we accomplish two actions simultaneously. (@ ) We ereate their typical — historical — contexts of use and at the same time we position ourselves in relation to these contexts. ‘pmyrae: Rosie 1 wenauores 0810 08 orsmasou36e FOFaL CHSON Olo}a Ho] ME 7H Ate ZL Most of us have a general, rational sense of what to eat and when — there is no shortage of information on the subject. (A) Emotional eating is a popular term used to describe cating that is influenced by emotions, both positive and negative, Feelings may affect various aspects of your eating, including your motivation to eat, your food choices, where and with whom you eat, and the speed at which you eat. Most overeating is prompted by feelings rather than physical hunger. (6) Yet there is often a disconnect between what we know and what we do. We may have the facts, but decisions also involve our feelings. Many people who struggle with difficult emotions also struggle with eating problems. (©) Individuals who struggle with obesity tend to cat in response to emotions. However, people who eat for emotional reasons are not necessarily overweight, People of any size may try to escape an emotional experience by preoccupying themselves with eating or by obsessing over their shape and weight ‘obsess tee act Dd) (©) 28)-)-O @(B)-(C)-(A) @(C)-(A)-B) ®©)-(B)-(A) eatouzezn 14(Barge 09 910 09 “cores 8 Bo] USS t2VOe gepstaz} Bich vlzt (Als (@)ol Bore Be 7a alas! 12? 2018tHAS +5 4044 Time spent on on-line interaction with members of one’s own, preselected community leaves less time available for actual encounters with a wide variety of people. If physicists, for example, were to concentrate on exchanging email and electronic preprints with other physicists around the world working in the same specialized subject area, they would likely devote less time, and be less receptive to new ways of looking at the world. Facilitating the voluntary construction of highly homogeneous social networks of scientific communication therefore allows individuals to filter the potentially overwhelming flow of information. But the result may be the tendeney to overfilter it, thus eliminating the diversity of the knowledge circulating and diminishing the frequency of radically new ideas. In this regard, even a journey through the stacks of a real library can be ‘more fruitful than a trip through today’s distributed virtual archives, because it seems difficult to use the available “search engines” to emulate efficiently the mixture of predictable and surprising discoveries that typically result from a physical shelf-search of an extensive library collection. ‘homogenous: + Focusing on on-line interaction with people who are engaged in the same specialized arca can ‘emulate: tec (A)__ potential sources of information and thus make less probable for__ (8) _ findings tohappen. a) ®) © limit unexpected limit distorted © diversify «.... misleading @ diversify «.... accidental © provide novel 12) serproraeeian an.23 2019 [10-12 ]dgaee2, eq geI2, @) In 1887, when the land was up for sale, grandpa bought two hundred acres from the Granger family. In 1918, (a) he bought another two hundred. good rich land. However, there were bank loans for and taxes on the land. Unfortunately, there had not been enough money from the cotton to pay both of, them and live on. ‘To make things worse, the price of cotton dropped in 1930. ®) Some of it belonged to Stacey, Christopher, and John, not to mention the part that belonged to big ‘mama and mama, However, papa never divided the land in his mind; it was simply the land of our family. For it, (b) he would work the long, hot summer pounding steel; mama would teach and run the farm; and big mama, in her sixties, would work like a woman in her twenties in the cotton fields and keep the house; but always, the taxes would be paid. Papa said that one day I would understand. «© When he came back from Louisiana, I asked papa why he had to go away and why the land was so important. (¢) He took my hand and said in his quiet way: “Look out there, Cassie. All that belongs to Itwas you. You will never have to live on other people's land. As long as the family survives, you will have your own place. That's important. You may not understand now, but one day you will.” I looked at papa strangely, for I knew that all the land did not belong to me. ©) That was why papa had gone to work, ending up in Louisiana in 1931. (d) He set out looking for work, first going far north and south, and finally west into Louisiana. It was there he found work laying track for the railroad, He worked the remainder of the year away from us, not returning until the deep winter. The following spring after the planting was finished, (€) he did the same, Now it was 1933, and papa was again in Louisiana laying track.10 2016HUE 6H ARE FOfaL Z (AOI 1S USS SAO HH Hast 220 7 panne? O(B)-0)-© ®©-(B)-) 2©-0)-B) @0)-B)-© 80)-©-@B) 11 2016S 6H AA US A (0) ~ ©) SOM 72/71 HALO] Loa UO} ChE 24 2 ©@ 0 B80 82H © 12 2068s 6 45H Wao] UBS 2 auep| ge 227 (© ‘orandina'= 187% 2000K0}7\9] BS Ax @ 1930:404 ois 71240) syagEC @ dig mama'= 60o}o] BANE We 8:2) eaIe OTE papaoirl 2 Yo] Basra Beech, © ‘papa Louisianadlsl BRE pe US #1 40 Sich fas Sacer) BRA Mata BRD S DAB (B avanato-200 Baaae, eres [up [oe bcarese = Se wamibese am auerse etonges 13(Bagaseuos os ore 03 # 457 | 205 OL Bola At e ew oe ou PE sear Ac 20% app saat: 4 > se Suu ort AIsON Ich sie EA ae 2 oF aU 01 che Bel galon Ha alae 2022S 68 188 <> c Dear Ms, Larson, 1 am writing to you with new information about your current membership. Last year, ‘you signed up for our museum membership that provides sp ‘As stated in the last newsletter, this year we are happy to be celebrating our 50th anniversary. So we would like to offer you further benefits. free admission for up to ten people and 20% off museum merchandise on your next visit, cial discounts. ‘These include You Will also be invited to all new exhibition openings this year at discounted prices. We hope you enjoy these offers. For any questions, please feel free to contact us. Best regards, Stella Harrison ib te aMso4 7igdet veel uty 3 © wae 71820 Me ot one OUBY AA BETVIOIM wae USS olufefe 14 sem roraneeian on 23 201 02 ‘BB 2 “a linkin a chain, a phase 1 olo|ah= Ue pat araset te 2orguis ou 214 ina process"7} CHS OH, Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi suggests that the common idea of a ereative individual coming up with great insights, discoveries, works, or inventions in isolation is wrong. Creativity results from a complex interaction between a person and his or her environment or culture, and also depends on timing. For instance, if the great Renaissance artists like Ghiberti or Michelangelo had been born only 50 years before they were, the culture of artistic patronage would not have been in place to fund or shape their great achievements, Consider also individual astronomers: Their discoveries could not have happened unless centuries of technological development of the telescope and evolving knowledge of the universe had come before them. Csikszentmihalyi’s point is that we should devote as much attention to the development of a domain as we do to the people working within it, as only this can properly explain how advances are made. Individuals are only “a link in a chainy a phase ina process,” he notes. ‘prong: 8 a 2 © Individuals’ creativity results only from good fortune. @ Discoveries can be made only due to existing knowledge, © One's genius is a key element of a series of breakthroughs. @ Individuals receive no credit for their creative achievements. © Individual creativity emerges only in its necessary conditions,03 20218 4812344 Chg Bol ME ER atest te? Early astronomers saw and learned more from eclipses and other forms of shadow than from direct observation, In Galileo’s time, the empiricist’s insistence on direct observation as the only legitimate way of knowing limited what could be leamed about the cosmos, and the medievalist allowance for extraperceptual insights had nothing to contribute to what we would consider scientific inquiry. Galileo's breakthroughs came in part from his understanding of how to use shadows to extend his powers of observation, At the time he trained his telescope on Venus, it was believed the planet shone with its own light and moved in an orbit independent of the sun, Galileo saw that the planet was in partial shadow as it went through its phases, and thus had to be a dark, body. He also realized from the logie of the shadow that Venus orbited the sun, since all phases from new to full could be observed from earth. The end of the Ptolemaic system came quickly thereafter, a shadow thus shedding light on the ordering of the cosmos. ‘+ Polemai sytem: © difficulties in observing and tracking shadows @ lack of various devices used to observe the universe @ consistency in human aspiration toward space exploration © ways to record planetary movements with early technology © importance of shadow in making new discoveries in astronomy CB wuaauoaes2 o¢on3 04 202084 64 2641 Great Bear Rainforestoll #8 CHE w2] WBIt g1AI3t2] gene? Along the coast of British Columbia lies a land of forest green and sparkling blue, This land is the Great Bear Rainforest, which measures 6.4 million hectares — about the size of Ireland or Nova Scotia. tis home to a wide variety of wildlife. One of the unique animals living in the area is the Kermode bear. It isa rare kind of bear known to be the official ‘mammal of British Columbia. Salmon are also found hore. They play a vital role in this area's ecosystem as a wide range of animals, as well as humans, consume them. ‘The Great Bear Rainforest is also home to the Western Red Cedar, a tree that can live for several hundred years. The tree's wood is lightweight and rot-resistant, so itis used for making buildings and furniture. © British Columbia? a4 @ treland2} Nova Scotia sick 219% AERAIOIA| Bs! OIE BIC ® Western Red Cedar®l MAIAIO1Ch, et Ha. ‘aH azioics Kermode B01 * ow estiouzezn 15,(Bagasey oss ose 05 2015ttas 68 2744 Hg Bol we ees, ome Bel 22: a) In the twentieth century, advances in technology, from refrigeration to sophisticated ovens to air transportation @ that carries fresh ingredients around the world, contributed immeasurably to baking and pastry making. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the popularity of fine breads and pastries @ are growing e1 can be trained. Interestingly enough, many of the technological advances in bread making have sparked a reaction among bakers and consumers @ alike. ‘They are looking to reclaim some of the flavors of, old-fashioned breads that ® were lost as baking ‘became more industrialized and baked goods became more refined, standardized, and—some would en faster than new chefs say—flavorless. Bakers are researching methods for @ producing the handmade sourdough breads of the past, and they are experimenting with specialty ‘lours in their search for flavor. 16 sem roronenion an 23 201% 06 2rorotas 941308 8 Bol UE a Ye S, SoH eel eho] alae geae? One misconception that often appears in the writings of physical scientists who are looking at biology from the outside is that the environment appears to them to be a static entity, which cannot contribute new bits of information as evolution progresses. This, however, is by no means the case. Far from being static, the environment is constantly changing and offering new © challenges to evolving populations. For higher organisms, the most significant changes in the environment are those produced by the contemporaneous evolution of other organisms. The evolution of a horse’s hoof from a five-toed foot has @ enabled the horse to gallop rapidly over open plains. But such galloping is of no @ advantage to a horse unless it is being chased by a predator. The horse’s efficient mechanism for running would never have evolved except for the fact that meat-eating predators were at the same time evolving more efficient methods of @ attack. Consequently, laws based upon ecological relationships among different kinds of organisms are © optional for understanding evolution and the diversity of life o which it has given rise. hoof ma 46 gallop: ae #46 predator 2407 aor2¥ 108 a1 of Wiziol Soret She 7H alae 27 9) (B aenauorese oboe 08 onset rou a2 Chg ¥lRiol-Soj2r ate aeatataiet ze? ‘Much of what we call political risk is in fact + This applies to all types of political risks, regulatory changes. Political risk, unlike eredit or market or operational risk, can be unsystematic and rom civil strife to expropriations to therefore more difficult to address in classe statistical terms. What is the probability that terrorists will attack the United States again? Unlike earthquakes or hurricanes, political actors constantly adapt to overcome the barriers created by risk managers. When corporations structure foreign investments to mitigate risks of expropriations, through international guarantees ot legal contracts, host governments seek out new forms of obstruction, such as ereeping expropriation or regulatory discrimination, that are very hard and legally costly to prove, Observation ofa risk changes the risk itself, There are ways to mitigate high-impact, low-probability events. But analysis of these risks can be as much artas science. O injustice ® uncertainty @ circularity © contradiction @ miscommunication In the health area, the concern with use after “purchase” is as critical as and even more critical than the concern with the purchase itself, ‘The person who is sold on and goes through disease screening procedures but does not follow through with medical treatment for a diagnosed condition, is as much of a failure as a person who did not avail himself of the screening program to begin with. ‘The obese individual who has been successfully sold on going on a medically prescribed diet but is lured back to his candy jar and apple pie after one week, is as much of a failure as if he never had been sold on the need to lose and control his weight. The most challenging, most difficult, ‘most perplexing problem is not how to sell people on health-supportive practices, not even how to get them to initiate such practices. We have been fairly successful with these. Iti to persuade and help them ® to discover the blind spot © to stick with new practices @ to build a sense of security @ to avoid unnecessary treatment © to come up with novel solutions estioueesn 17(Baga sey oso1s tons 09 “aosmaeas) BSE Mot, FO SHO] SOl7H 104 AHS AB rosevessa 10 48-2] USE Bt eBOR oops sich, ¥1Rt (A)a} 20234 444404 Re? (8) SO SRS ABS AS? se The advent of literacy and the creation of handwritten scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity. ‘The printing press boosted the power of ideas to copy themselves. Prior to low-cost printing, ideas could and did spread by word of mouth. While this was tremendously powerful, it limited the complexity of the ideas that could be propagated to those that a single person could remember. (@) It also added a certain amount of guaranteed error. (@) The spread of ideas by word of mouth was equivalent to a game of telephone on a global scale, (@) But the ineredible amount of time required to copy a scroll or book by hand limited the speed with which information could spread this way. (@) A well-trained monk could transcribe around four pages of text per day. (®) A printing press could copy information thousands of times faster, allowing knowledge to spread far more quickly, with full fidelity, than ever before, ‘idly: 26 propagate: em 18 serpzoraseei2 oan 23 201% Experiments suggest that animals, just like humans, tend to prefer exaggerated, supemormal stimuli, and that a preference can rapidly propel itself to extreme levels (peak shift effect). In one experiment, through food rewards rats were conditioned to prefer squares to other geometric forms. Inthe next step, a non-square rectangle was introduced and associated with an even larger reward than the square. As expected, the rats learned to reliably prefer the rectangle. Less predictable was the third part of the experiment. The rats were offered the opportunity to choose between the rectangle they already knew and associated with large rewards and another rectangle, the proportions of which were even more different from those of a square. Interestingly, rats picked this novel variant, without undergoing any reward-based conditioning in favor of it. A possible explanation is thus that they chose the larger difference from the original square (i.c., the exaggeration of non-sguareness). + In an experiment, after first establishing an (A)__ to squares, and then to non-square rectangles, rats were seen to pursue __(8) rectangularity even without any additional reward. a ®) © inclination severe opposition familiar @ inclination... vague @ opposition unexpected ®attachment ~~... subtle[11-12 ]os28 a2, e801 gst, By the tum of the twentieth century, the permanent repertoire of musical classics dominated almost every field of concert music, from piano, song, or chamber music recitals to operas and orchestral concerts. The (a) change from a century before was enormous. In the eighteenth century, performers and listeners demanded new music all the time, and “ancient music included anything written more than twenty years earlier. But musicians and audiences in the early 1900s (b) expected that most concert music they performed or heard would be at least a generation old, and they judged new music by the standards of the classics already enshrined in the repertoire, In essence, concert halls and opera houses had become museums for displaying the musical artworks of the past two hundred years, The repertoire varied according to the performing ‘medium and from region to region, but the core was largely the (e) same throughout most of Europe and the Americas, including operas and operatic excerpts from Mozart through Verdi, Wagner, and Bizet; orchestral and chamber music from Haydn through the late Romantics; and keyboard music by J. S. Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Becthov nineteenth-century composers. 15 and prominent Living composers increasingly found themselves in competition with the music of the past. This is the great theme of modern music in the classical tradition, especially in the first half of the century in competing with past composers for the attention of performers and listeners who (d) disregarded fas Sacer) BRA (B aunna n-ne the classical masterworks, living composers sought to secure a place for themselves by offering something new and distinetive while continuing the tradition, They combined individuality and innovation with emulation of the past, seeking to write music that would be considered original and worthy of performance alongside the masterworks of (@) carler times. ‘eons: 801964 sexe as 444 emulation 3.28 11 Meo NROS Ae Ae? © Increasing the Gap Between Composers and Listeners ® Within or Beyond Classical Music Heritage @ Classical Music: Heating the World @ Lost in the Past: The End of Masterpieces © Classical Composition in the Nineteenth Century 2o19tHas 68 4181 12 USB (0) ~ (©) SUM SHS Sao] Heo] AAsta| Be AS? 28) o@ 201904 68 4281 2b) O¢) OM 8 @&) Mata BRD S DAB bcarese eres [ope oF a auerse 19 otioniges(Baga seyo 91s o2e7 04 zi: 457 |S 205 OL Bela At z Give 2 a ag FF sm art:208 appar: Al > se-eue wort anino: our ae zap ate abe we ase, 01 areusscuzoe QO {Rois} rorous os 258 Che BOWM BAPE Sash Ube 7H alate 22? Hol Sat Ualsha| Se 2S? Planning involves only the half of your brain that controls your logical thinking. ‘The other intuitive half of your brain is left out of this planning process. If you insist on always having a plan, you cut yourself off from your intuitive self and the inner joy it provides. To break planning addiction, allow yourself one freedom. Decide to spend a day exploring a park or a neighborhood with curiosity as your only guide, The next time you feel attracted to someone, and want to introduce yourself, go ahead. You'll be likely to make a new friend. By giving yourself freedom to follow your intuition, you develop your sensitivity to your inner voice. You eam to hear the quiet messages that can make your life an adventure. ue] BASS 271 Hat 2 © a AS Fe abe Az @ MIE BN ol 7h ee EAL AL @ Mee Das APi8}7] HOLS ASA soley, AB Eo gIoHOIAIe! BT ae AIA cla} BE 20 serrezoe meicn zon 3 tot ‘Top Ten Origin Countries of International Students {(Sehool Years 1979-1980 and 2016-2017) Saale Seal DOI, Counay — | Nuer Cousay [Naser ria Ts.000-] [nia T8600 Nien Te.000-] _ [SoatrRows [33.00 ap 12.000} [canada 70 Howe Keng —[—1o000| [Views 00 enemas To.000] [Taiwan 20 Ted 000] [Mexia Tr90 Taian Tan] [Baal 15.00 ‘rier soantiee | 1,000] [Othe counter | 1,000 "Tort | 286000 Tot [707,000 Not Det my aad atl shows ese of tg. The tables above show the top ten origin countries and the number of intemational students enrolled in USS. colleges and universities in two school years, 1979-1980 and 2016-2017, © international students in 2016-2017 was over three times larger than the total number of international students in 1979-1980, @ Iran, Taiwan, and Nigeria were the top three origin countries of intemational students in 1979-1980, among which only Taiwan was included in the list of the top ten origin countries in 2016-2017. @ The number of students from India was over twenty times larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, and India ranked higher than China in 2016-2017. @ South Korea, which was not included among the top ten origin countries in 1979-1980, ranked third in 2016-2017. © Although the number of students from Japan was larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, Japan ranked lower in 2016-2017 than in 19791980. The total number of03 ‘aomasas) rovers 521 ‘WS 41 a nonstick frying pand| CHS POU O1O/SHE BES PES AM AE? se How you focus your attention plays a critical role in how you deal with stress, Scattered attention harms ‘your ability to let go of stress, because even though your attention is scattered, itis narrowly focused, for you are able to fixate only on the stressful parts of your experience. When your attentional spotlight is widened, you can more casily let go of stress. ‘You can put in perspective many more aspects of any situation and not get locked into one part that ties you down to superficial and anxiety-provoking levels of attention, A narrow focus heightens the stress level of each experience, but a widened focus tums down the stress level because you're better able to put each situation into a broader perspective. One anxiety-provoking detail is less important than the bigger picture. It's like transforming yourself into a nonstick frying pan. You can still fry an egg, but the -2g won'tstick to the pan. + proveke: BNE (never being confronted with any stressful experiences in daily life @ broadening one's perspective to identify the cause of stress, @ rarely confining one’s attention to positive aspects of fan experience @ having a larger view of an experience beyond its stressful aspects © taking stress into account as the source of developing awide view CB aware? o¢ose 04 022i 1081298 8 Bol Ue alee S, of Bel 27 oe The idea that leaders inherently possess certain physical, intellectual, or personality traits that distinguish them from nonleaders @ was the foundational belief of the trait-based approach to leadership. This approach dominated leadership research from the late 1800s until the mid-1940s and has experienced a resurgence of interest in the last couple of decades. Early trait theorists believed that some individuals are born with the traits that allow @ them to become great leaders. Thus, early research in this area often presented the widely stated argument @ that “leaders are born, not made.” Also, some of the earliest leadership studies were grounded in what ® referred to as the “great man” theory because researchers at the time focused on identifying traits of highly visible leaders in history who were typically male and associated with the aristocracy or political or military leadership. In more recent history, numerous authors have acknowledged that there are many enduring qualities, © whether innate or learned, that contribute to leadership potential. These traits include such things as drive, self-confidence, cognitive ability, cconscientiousness, determination, intelligence, and integrity. oercy 8 ‘srsurgence: Sota 6a satpouzezn 21(Basgaseyospse o699 ° 5 20234 68 20% jo] US AES, Vrs Sate] Mojo] aiztstal of 2 2A fle mis Ino In recent years urban transport professionals, globally have largely acquiesced to the view that automobile demand in cities needs to be managed rather than accommodated. Rising incomes inevitably lead to increases in motorization. Even without the imperative of climate change, the physical constraints of densely inhabited cities and the corresponding demands of accessibility, mobility, safety, air pollution, and urban livability all © limit the option of expanding road networks purely to accommodate this rising demand. As a result, as cities develop and their residents become more prosperous, @ persuading people to choose not to use cars becomes an increasingly key focus of city managers and planners. Improving the quality of @ alternative options, such as walking, cycling, and public transport, is a central element oftthis strategy. However, the most direct approach to @ accommodating automobile demand is making motorized travel more expensive or restricting it with administrative rules. The contribution of motorized travel to climate change @ reinforces this imperative. ‘ ocquese: EC} #6 imperative: HIE 48 constant 22 serezoe meson zon ss tot 06 “aommusss) Chg UIRIOW Sojes Ste 7H ata 22 9) 20188HME 5 334 In the less developed world, the percentage of the population involved in agriculture is declining, but at the same time, those remaining in agriculture are not benefiting from technological advances. The typical scenario in the less developed world is one in which a very few commercial agriculturalists are technologically advanced while the vast majority are incapable of competing. Indced, this vast majority because of larger global causes. Asan example, in Kenya, farmers are actively encouraged to grow export crops such as tea and coffee at the expense of basic food production. The result is that a staple crop, such as maize, is not being produced in a sufficient amount. The essential argument here is that the capitalist ‘mode of production is affecting peasant production in the less developed world in such a way as to limit the production of staple foods, thus causing a food problem. apes SR8 we maive: SAS 446 penta © have lost control over their own production @® have tumed to technology for food production @ have challenged the capitalist mode of production @have reduced their involvement in growing eash erops. ® have regained their competitiveness in the world marketLy a of vizlON Bojet ate 7eat Atala 227 = 20208HAS $5 3444 (4 wena o7ess 08 920 2o1sthas 68350 ‘There have been many attempts to define what music is in terms of the specific attributes of musical sounds, ‘The famous nineteenth-century critic Eduard Hanslick regarded ‘the measurable tone’ as ‘the primary and essential condition of all music’. Musical sounds, he was saying, can be that distinguished from those of nature by the f they involve the use of fixed pitches, whereas virtually all natural sounds consist of constantly fluctuating frequencies. twentieth-century writers have assumed, like Hanslick, that fixed pitches are among the defining features of music. Now itis true that in most of the world’s musical cultures, pitehes are And a number of However, this is a generalization about music and not a definition of it, for itis easy to put forward counterexamples. Japanese shakuhachi music and the sanjo music of Korea, for instance, fluctuate constantly around the notional pitches in terms of which the music is organized. (not so much artificially fixed as naturally fluctuating ® not only fixed, but organized into a series of discrete steps hardly considered a primary compositional element of | music @ highly diverse and complicated, and thus are immeasurable ®a vehicle for carrying unique and various cultural features Since the concept of a teddy bear is very obviously not a genetically inherited trait, we can be confident that we are looking at a cultural trait. However, it is a cultural trait that seems to be under the guidance of another, genuinely biological trait: the cues that attract us to babies (high foreheads and small faces). @® Cute, baby-like features are inherently appealing, producing a nurturing response in most humans. @ Teddy bears that had a more baby-like appearance — however slight this may have been initially — were thus more popular with customers. @ Teddy bear manufacturers obviously noticed which bears were selling best and so made more of these and fewer of the less popular models, to maximize their profits. @ Asa result, using animal images for commercial purposes was faced with severe criticism from animal rights activists. @ In this way, the selection pressure built up by the customers resulted in the evolution of a more baby-like bear by the manufacturers. catiouzezn 23(Bases 09 920 09 rons 937 FOH-ECHRON Oo} BO] EME 7 AB 22? oe Recently, a number of commercial ventures have been launched that offer social robots as personal home assistants, perhaps eventually to rival existing smart-home assistants, (A) They might be motorized and can track the user around the room, giving the impression of being aware of the people in the environment. Although personal robotic assistants provide services similar to those of smart-home assistants, their social presence offers an opportunity that is unique to social robots. (8) Personal robotic assistants are devices that have no physical manipulation or locomotion capabilities. Instead, they have a distinct social presence and have visual features suggestive of their ability to interact socially, such as eyes, ears, ora mouth. (C)For instance, in addition to playing music, a social personal assistant robot would expres engagement with the music so that users would feel like they are listening to the musie together with the robot. ‘These robots ean be used as surveillance its devices, act as communicative intermediates, engage in richer games, tell stories, or be used to provide encouragement or incentives. ‘locomotion Of 4” suvellance: 2A O)-©-B) ®B)-()-© @(B)-()-(A) ®©-)-B) (©)-B)-) 24 serezoe meson zon 3 tot [10-12 ]dgaee2, eq geI2, @) The colors of the trees looked like they were on fire, the reds and oranges competing with the yellows and golds. This was Nina's favorite season, but she remained silent for hours while Marie was driving. Nina had been heartbroken after losing her championship belt. Now a former champion, she was thinking of retiring from boxing. Marie, her long-time friend and trainer, shared her pain. After another silent hour, Marie and Nina saw a sign: Sauble Falls. Marie thought this would be a good place for (a) them to stop. ®) Then, with a great push, @ small one turned a complete circle and made it over the falls. “He made Nina shouted at the success with admiration. More salmon then followed and succeeded. She felt ashamed to be looking at (b) them, After a moment, she tured to Marie and said, “Giving up is notin my vocabulary. Marie, I'll get my championship belt back.” Marie nodded with a bright smile. “Our training begins tomorrow. It’s going to be tough. ‘Are you ready?" Walking up the path and back o the car, (¢) they could stil hear the fish splashing inthe water. splash: 85081 () Marie pulled over into the parking lot. Marie and, ‘Nina went down a path to watch the falls. Another sign: Watch Your Step. Rocks Are Slippery. (a) They found the falls spilling out in various layers of rock. No one was there except them, “Look at them!" Marie pointed to movement in the water moving toward the falls. Hundreds of fish tails were flashing and catching light from the sun, moving upstrcam. Beneath them in the water, they saw salmon slowly moving their bodies, ) While Marie and Nina kept watching the salmon, a big one suddenly leapt. It threw itself up and over the rushing water above, but in vain. (e) They were standing without a word and watchingthe fish struggling. Another jumped, its body spinning until it made it over the falls. Another one leapt and was washed back by the power of the water. ‘Watching the salmon, Marie noticed Nina fixing her eyes on their continuing challenge. Nina’s heart was beating fast at cach leap and twist. 10 (amowses) F021 2 (AO) O10} UBS AON SH wieIBE 2L-z 7 aaaei er 2®)-O-© 8©-0)-@) 80)-©-® 2oz08h as 45 4344 2(C)-(B)-O) ©O)-B-© 11 amowases BEB (@) ~ (e) SOWA 7he/71= HO] 4042] AD CHE 2h 2 20200 $s att 0@ 2%) eC© %@ © fas Sacer) BRA (agama r0-r2021 12 ramuses Bo] UBOS Ada] He WL? 20208 = 45¥H © Marie} SASH Et Ninat= BO esse @ Marie= Nina2| 224 2170}2} EaolLsgict @ SOM Nina= Manooi AES TAG AACE et. @ SO) Ye ABE Marea} Nina¥lolsict ONina= SE Gz HOSE HOKE SAle| viajes, Maa BSUS Ae bcarese eee [or oF a Se auerse eaaouienzn 25,(Basgaseuo1 p22 o2ea2 05 : 457 |S 205 OL Bela AM : Give 2 a ag FE sm art:208 mp npiaet: Al > se-eue wort anino: our ae zap ate abe we ase, 01 rnerare — 02 20238145 682041 ‘UE A this civilization of leisure was, in reality, a Trojan horse7HCHS BOM S10 fat WHS 7H ALAS BE? 38) It seemed like a fair deal: we would accept new technologies, which would modify our habits and oblige us to adjust to certain changes, but in exchange we would be granted relief from the burden of work, more security, and above all, the freedom to pursue our desires. The sacrifice was worth the gain; there would be no regrets. Yet it has become apparent that this civilization of leisure was, in reality, a Trojan horse. Its swelling flanks hid the impositions of a new type of enslavement. ‘The automatons are not as autonomous as advertised. ‘They need us. Those computers that were supposed to do our calculations for us instead demand our attention: for ten hours a day, we are glued to their sercens. Our communications monopolize our time. Time itself is accelerating. The complexity of the system overwhelms us, And leisure is often a costly distraction, ‘an 8,972). automaton: 8 2 CHS BOW Walt PAShe MS HS AB AS? Consider two athletes who both want to play in college. One says she has to work very hard and the other uses goal setting to create a plan to stay on track and work on specific skills where she is lacking. Both are working hard but only the latter is working smart. It can be frustrating for athletes to work extremely hard but not make the progress they wanted. What can make the difference is drive — utilizing the mental gear to maximize gains made in the technical and physical areas. Drive provides direction (goals), sustains effort (motivation), and creates a training mindset that goes beyond simply working hard. Drive applies direct force on your physical and technical gears, strengthening and polishing them so they can spin with vigor and purpose. While desire might make you spin those gears faster and harder as you work out or practice, drive is what built them in the first place. (vigor 8,87 © Doing leisure activities increased communication between colleagues. @ Labor was easily incorporated with leisure by the media, © People’s privacy was attacked because of low security © Technology’s promise for leisure actually made people less free. ‘Technological innovations did not improve hierarchical working culture. 26 serezoe mesicnzan 3 tot OnsS9| a2 Ure dag Sol ch WOOE O|FO;IOF st QMSSE ARO] JUS W7| Hal BA AVS VBHOF a OMSSS U1 SU SUC B74 SH TON BRO! BIC @ MPSS AAA SUH Bsa SUS SB Wl BwAHO! dC ousses 1B NevsION PEs] 4AsIOI0| fc.03 aos) cfg BlMISOR ee alae 2? 201BthAS 5 2341 (Buna oaea2 06023 04 20218 7H22¥ Hg ol a22 7a te? Individual authors and photographers have rights to their intellectual property during their lifetimes, and their heirs have rights for 70 years after the ereator’s death, so any publication less than 125 years old has to be checked for its copyright status. The duration of copyright protection has increased steadily over the years; the life-plus-70-years standard was set by the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, which increased the 50-year limit established by the 1976 Copyright Act. Supporters of such legislation like to defend these increases with tales of starving writers and their impoverished descendants, but in reality the beneficiaries are more likely to be transnational publishing companies. And note that copyright laws serve a dual purpose. In addition to protecting the rights of authors so as to encourage the publication of new creative works, copyright is also supposed to place reasonable time limits on those rights so that outdated works may be incorporated into new creative efforts. Therefore, the extended copyright protection frustrates new creative endeavors such as including poetry and song lyries on Internet sites. ‘ice 30) #4 lgiaon 8 © The Untold Origin of Copyright Protection © Creativity Leaps with Longer Copyright Protection! @ More Is Not Enough: No Limits to Copyright Coverage © Who Smiles at Copyright Protection, Writers or Publishers? © Does Extended Copyright Truly Enhance Protection and Creation? The immense improvement in the yield of farming during the twentieth century, as a result of innovations in mechanization, fertilizer, new varieties, pesticides and genetic engineering, has banished famine from the face of the planet almost ‘entirely, and drastically reduced malnutrition, even ‘while the human population has continued to expand. Few predicted this, yet many are concerned that this improvement has come at the expense of nature, In fact the evidence is strong that the opposite is the ‘ease, Innovation in food production has spared land and forest fiom the plough, the cow and the axe on a and scale by increasing the productivity of the land ‘we do farm, It tums out that this “land sparing’ has been much better for biodiversity than land sharing ‘would have been — by which is meant growing crops at low yields in the hope that abundant wildlife tives in fields alongside crops. Hol 2olol size Bee ge @ AB 8a B7}7! 213 S7H olofalae eect @ SB CigAO| ROHAN etAIS| Balas oH, @ US BAUC] AAS BAO) So BLOM FeleIC © BO AMO] Ae BUS SelM Ie ae Lach estionienzn 27(Baga os 23 06026 05 2016eas 68 204 Hg Bol we ees, ome Bel 22: a) ‘An independent artist is probably the one @ who lives closest to an unbounded creative situation. Many artists have considerable freedom from external requirements about what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and why. At the same time, however, we know that artists usually limit themselves quite @ forcefully by choice of material and form of expression. To make the choice to express a feeling by carving a specific form from a rock, without the use of high technology or colors, @ restricting the artist significantly. Such choices are not made to limit creativity, but rather to cultivate @ it. When everything is possible, creativity has no tension, Creativity is strange in that it finds its way in any kind of situation, no matter how restricted, just as the same amount of water flows faster and stronger through a narrow strait than across the open sea. 28 serrezoe mesicn zon 3 got 06 ‘Gamusss) 4g ol Be al Fe |, Saye eetel elo] aatsha| ab 2ue7 2021 84S $5 30¥l How the bandwagon effect occurs is demonstrated by the history of measurements of the speed of light. Because this speed is the basis of the theory of relativity, it’s one of the most frequently and carefully measured ® quantities in science, As far as we know, the speed hasn’t changed over time. However, from 1870 to 1900, all the experiments found speeds that were too high. Then, from 1900 to 1950, the @ opposite happened — all the experiments found speeds that were too low! This kind of error, where results are always on one side of the real value, is called “bias.” It probably happened because over time, experimenters subconsciously adjusted their results to @ match what they expected to find, Ifa result fit what they expected, they kept it. Ifa result didn’t fit, they threw it out. They weren’t being intentionally dishonest, just influenced by the conventional wisdom. The pattern only changed when someone ® lacked the courage to report what was actually measured instead oof what was expected. ‘pbandagon effect: 83}07 Dor7ANgs SH a3t of vizlON Bojet ate 7eat Atala 227 = (% wanaso7eas 08 25 08 “aomuss) Chg ¥iRiOW-Sojer ate 7H alae 212? 9) 2018ehHE +5 34¥l ‘A good deal of the information stored in working ‘memory is encoded in an auditory form, especially when the information is language based. For example, in an early study by Conrad, adults were shown six-letter sequences, with letters being presented visually, one at a time, at intervals of three-fourths of a second. As soon as the last letter of a sequence had been presented, participants in the study wrote down all six of the letters they had seen, guessing at any letters they couldn’t easily recall. When people recalled letters incorrectly, the letters they said they had seen were more likely to resemble the actual stimuli in terms of For example, the letter F was “remembered” as the auditorially similar letter $131 times but as the visually similar letter P only 14 times. Similarly, the letter V was remembered as B 56 times but as X only 5 times. how the letters were visually represented @ how the letters sounded than how they looked @ how the length of the letter sequence was recognized ) how the letters were ordered than how they were pronounced © how often the letters appeared than how long they were shown (Over the past 60 years, as mechanical processes have replicated behaviors and talents we thought ‘were unique to humans, we've had to change our minds about what sets us apart, As we invent more species of AL, we will be forced to surrender more of what is supposedly unique about humans. Each step of surrender — we are not the only mind that can play chess, fly plane, make music, or invent a ‘mathematical law — will be painful and sad. We'll spend the next three decades — indeed, perhaps the next century — in a permanent identity crisis, continually asking ourselves what humans are good for, If we aren’t unique toolmakers, or artists, or moral ethicists, then what, if anything, makes us special? In the grandest irony of all, the greatest benefit of an everyday, utilitarian AI will not be increased productivity or an economics of abundance or a new way of doing science — although all those will happen. ‘The greatest benefit of the arrival of artificial intelligence is that Als will help define humanity @ humans could also be like Als @ humans will be liberated from hard labor @ Als could lead us in resolving moral dilemmas @ Als could compensate for a decline in human intelligence ostiouzezn 29(Ragas 09025 10926 09 ovate 64 8B 408 8 Bo] USS t2VOe gepstaz} Bich vlzt (Als (@)ol Bore Be 7a alas! 12? 10 (aorsmaees) Bo SHOE Sof, FOjAl SYO| SOj7}7/04| 7+ ABS Re? 20158ME $5 38M A narrative is not a myth the first time it is told, but only a story or an account. What makes a story a myth is the fact that it is received by a given society and that a given society participates in its transmission, Obviously, it is difficult to determine just when any story becomes a myth, but itis clear that a narrative is not a myth when it is first told, ‘The intentions of the first narrator and the last narrator ean be the same, but this still does not give any special status to the creator of a myth. Itis far more important to realize that the intentions ofa given society in transmitting a narrative may have nothing to do with the purposes of its author. Thus we can never identify any individual creator of amyth, So long as myth isa collective narrative by definition, the only relevant consideration are the mentality and purposes of the society for which the myth isa myth. + nature of a myth, a Given the (A) narrative becomes a myth only when a given society accepts and (8) intentions of its author. it, regardless of the “a @) O collective transmits creative distributes mental modemizes primitive circulates social evaluates 30 serrezoe mesicn zon 3 tote ‘The researchers had made this happen by lengthening the period of daylight to which the peach trees on whose roots the insects fed were exposed. Exactly how cicadas keep track of time has always intrigued researchers, and it has always been assumed that the insects must rely on an internal clock. Recently, however, one group of scientists working with the 17-year cicada in California have suggested that the nymphs use an external cue and that they can count, ( @ ) For their experiments they took 15-year-old nymphs and moved them to an experimental enclosure. (@ ) These nymphs should have taken a further two years to emerge as adults, ‘but in fact they took just one year. ( @ ) By doing this, the trees were “tricked” into flowering twice during the year rather than the usual once. (@ ) Flowering in trees coincides with a peak in amino acid concentrations in the sap that the insects feed on. (@) So it seems that the cicadas keep track of time by counting the peaks. aymphsoiel od[11-12 ]os28a2, #801 gels, Generalization promotes cognitive economy, so that we don’t focus on particulars that don’t matter. The great Russian neuropsychologist Alexander Luria studied a patient, Solomon Shereshevsky, with a memory impairment that was the (a) ‘opposite of what we usually hear about — Solomon didn’t have amnesia, the loss of memories; he had what Luria called hypermnesia (we might say that his superpower was superior memory). His supercharged memory allowed him to perform amazing feats, such as repeating speeches word for word that he had heard only once, or complex mathematical formulas, long sequences of numbers, and poems in foreign languages he didn’t even speak. Before you think that having such a fantastic memory would be great, it came with a (b) cost: Solomon wasn’t able to form abstractions because he remembered every detail as distinet. He had particular trouble identifying people. From a neurocognitive standpoint, every time you see @ face, it is (¢) unlikely that it looks at least slightly different from the last time — you're viewing it at a different angle and distance than before, and you might be encountering a different expression. While you're interacting with a person, their face goes through a patade of expressions. Because your brain can (d) generalize, you see all of these different manifestations of the face as belonging to the same person, Solomon couldn’t do that, As he explained to Luria, (e) recognizing his friends and colleagues was nearly impossible because “everyone has so many faces.” ‘+ ipaemen: 201 fas Sacer) BRA Mata BRD S DAB (Baum rr-r2926 11 BO] AROS 7B UB We? © Face Recognition Technologies: Blessing or Not? ® The Faster You Memorize, the Faster You Forget © Generalization Can Be Both a Shortcut and a Trap! @ The Flaw in Cognition Caused by Flawless Memory © Why It Gets Difficult to Remember Details As You Age 22a 741 12 asa 7H are! US A () ~ (e) SO BoM Wo} elo] ayzis}a] ete wer) 2@ 86 90 8@ © Baaae, eres [ope oF a auerse 31 estioniges(BS asgasey 01927 02927 06 #: 457 | 205 OL Bo] AM : Get oe ou ag FE sxaz:20% paar se 20! a7] mano OUcL ap APH BE OF eaULC, 01 rreteses roreeueesz0e — OZ rerieius ot 9 Che BOWM BAPE Sash Ube 7H alate 22? Che Bol S21 Sharon2| AZ WSS 7s ABs AS? Assertiveness may seem to some people to be uncharacteristic of counselors. If your picture of a counselor is someone who never disagrees, always “goes along,” wants everything to be nice all the time, and only does what other people want him orher to do, this is not @ picture of an assertive counselor. Being assertive does not have to mean being disagreeable. Being a counselor does not mean that you should simply be silent when someone tells a racist joke, An assertive counselor would find a way to call that person’s attention to the fact that the joke is racist, explaining how it offended the hearer, and suggesting ways similar jokes could be avoided. Being assertive is « highly developed skill — it should fit nicely in the counselor’s repertoire of techniques. OMAK AchatOl 2 a O MEIKE 2171 ate Bata Cele Be etojo} sich @ MEAN BA ae HES AS legato Sect AMIE A7AOe Ae 719 BES Wolo} sic} ‘selAke Set ISS alae aateoF aC 32 serrezoemesicn zon 3 dot Sharon received a ticket to an upcoming tango concert from her friend. While surfing the Internet, she came across a review for the concert. The reviewer was harsh, calling it “an awful performance.” That raised in Sharon’s mind the question of whether it was worthwhile to go, but in the end, she reluctantly decided to attend the concert. The hall located in the old town was ancient Looking around, Sharon again ‘wondered what kind of show she could expect. But and run-down. as soon as the tango started, everything changed. The piano, guitar, flute, and violin magically flew out in harmony. The audience cheered. “Oh my Sharon shouted. goodness! What fantastic musi The rhythm and tempo were so energetic and sensational that they shook her body and soul. The concert was far beyond her expectation: calm — upset shamed —> grateful envious — indifferent03 20228 3812241 Chg wo] 2212 7H alate te? ( wamaucrear opae 04 201544 108208 HS B91 UE ees, OWA Bel 227 0 Just imagine that we have invented special glasses, that give us the power to see the odorous world the way that other organisms perceive it. Put your pair on and walk outside for just a moment, As the bright sunlight hits our eyes, we would encounter 4 world far different from what we would normally expect. The air is full of molecules carried by breezes. Chemical signals would flood our eyes just as surely as sounds overwhelm our ears at a cocktail party. Stare at any plant and you would see compounds being released into the air from leaves, bark, and roots. A squirrel in a tree exudes carbon dioxide and other compounds with each breath, Glance along its brown body and notice that speci points (scent glands) appear to be slowly releasing chemical signals. If we could translate these signals into language, we would see phrases, sentences, statements, songs, and other messages waiting to be intercepted and interpreted. poxade: WHEE #6 land: end @elzlo| Wal RelE ABS + LUE B7LAIPE OHS HC DAE eZ] AzhsiA| alt seh ASE 71S AF Ch @ SSH 489 221 1ae ol AHO BIA wISeICh SEH Age a] 229 Wale ga] ATE wesicy @ APIA go] CHE BE ZZ 161 OIAIEACH SABC In professional sports these days, it is not ‘unusual © to hear players and coaches talking about process. They talk about focusing on the process and following the process. Rarely @ do they talk about scoring a goal, a touchdown, @ home run, a point, or achieving a good shot. It’s all about process. So, what do they mean by this? What they ‘mean by focusing on the process is that they focus ‘on the actions they need to @ be taken in order to achieve their desired result, They don’t focus on the result itself. The reasoning here is @ that if you follow the steps required, then the result will look after itself, This is one of the big differences between professional and amateur sportspeople. Amateurs ‘often focus on the result and forget about ® doing all the things that would almost automatically lead to the result. esrioienzn 33(Bags osp2e o6eas ° 5 202248 1084 308, SB LSU SES, Ss So] go] azsta| oF 2 2A fle mis Ino Musical performers and their labor union did not perceive early recordings as a threat to their livelihoods because the recordings were mostly of poor quality. It was not long before musicians began to wonder whether recordings of popular artists or songs would © indermine the demand for live music. Fora time, however, recorded music was too scratchy to pose a serious threat, even though it played in commercial places and offered a few performers a way to @ supplement their income. Additionally, during the early days of recording, radio stations @ preferred using live musicians on their programs, Sound from live performances was better quality, and stations at this time rarely used recordings. Broadcasters @ rejected union demands for employment and decent wages, because the alterative use of recordings was even less attractive. ‘They made efforts to employ orchestras, bands, and vocalists to perform on radio programs, There was relative balance between live music and technology in the early innovation stages. With increased improvements in electrical recording, however, this balang soon changed. “aera 34 se srezoe meson zon 3 tot 06 roartas ose Chg UIRIOW Sojes Ste 7H ata 22 9) Even when we do something as apparently simple as picking up a screwdriver, our brain automatically We can literally feel things with the end of the screwdriver. When we extend a hand, holding the screwdriver, we automatically take the length of the latter into account. We can probe difficult-to-reach places with its extended end, and comprehend what we are exploring. Furthermore, we instantly regard the screwdriver we are holding as “our” screwdriver, and get possessive about it. We do the same with the much more complex tools we use, in much more complex situations. The cars we pilot instantaneously and automatically become ourselves. Because of this, when someone bangs his fist on our car’s hood after we have irritated him at a crosswalk, wwe take it personally. This is not always reasonable. Nonetheless, without the extension of self into machine, it would be impossible to drive. ‘be alls past experiences of utilizing the tool @ recognizes what it can do best without the tool @ judges which part of our body can best be used @ perceives what limits the too!’s functional utility @ adjusts what it considers body to include the toolLy a 18 OM UA 2B ah al 20208HAE $5 3541 32? Although commonsense knowledge may have merit, italso has weaknesses, not the least of which is that it often contradicts itself. For example, ‘we hear that people who are similar will like one another ("Birds of a feather flock together”) but also that persons who are dissimilar will like each other (Opposites attract”). @ We are told that groups are ‘wiser and smarter than individuals (“Two heads are better than one”) but also that group work inevitably produces poor results (“Too many cooks spoil the broth”). @ Each of these contradictory statements may hold true under particular conditions, but without a clear statement of when they apply and when they do not, aphorisms provide litle insight into relations among people. @ That is why we heavily depend on aphorisms whenever we face difficulties and challenges in the long journey of our lives. @ They provide even less guidance in situations where we must make decisions. @ For example, when facing a choice that entails risk, which guideline should we use — "Nothing ventured, nothing gained” or “Better safe than sorry”? ‘+ ophorom: ag, 26) #6 ena 0 1 wena o7eas 08 920 08 2orsehas oH 3741 Bo BRS So}, Fla SYO| S047} 7/0 7H ABS R27) But neither are aware of this fact when it comes to unmarked crosswalks. Studies do show that motorists are more likely to yield to pedestrians in marked crosswalks than at unmarked crosswalks, But as some researchers found, that does not necessarily make things safer. (© ) When they compared the way pedestrians crossed at both kinds of crosswalks on roads with considerable traffie volumes, they found that people at unmarked crosswalks tended to look both ways more often, waited more often for gaps in traffic, and erossed the road more quickly. (@) Researchers suspect that both drivers and pedestrians are more aware that drivers should yield to pedestrians in marked crosswalks. (@) Not knowing traffic safety laws, it tums out, is actually a good thing for pedestrians. ( @)) Beeause they do not know whether cars are supposed to stop, they act more cautiously. (@) Marked crosswalks, by contrast, may give pedestrians an unrealistic picture of their own safety. sstiouzezy 35,(Bxg sey 09 930 09 “aosmaeas) P01 F CHOl Olofy Bo] AMZ 7H Ae! te? 20198HAE $5 3644 Researchers in psychology follow the scientific method to perform studies that help explain and ‘may predict human behavior. This is a much more challenging task than studying snails or sound waves. (A) But for all of these difficulties for psychology, the payoff of the scientific method is that the findings are replicable; that is, if you run the same study again following the same procedures, you will be very likely to get the same results. (B)It often requires compromises, such as testing behavior within laboratories rather than natural settings, and asking those readily available (such as introduction to psychology students) to participate rather than collecting data from a true cross-section of the population, It often requires great cleverness to conceive of measures that tap into what people are thinking without altering their thinking, called reactivity. (C) Simply knowing they are being observed may cause people to behave differently (such as more politely!). People may give answers that they feel are more socially desirable than their true feelings. reps Ha )-©-@) 2B)-A)-O© B)-@-() aO-A-B) (©)-B)-(A) 36 serezoe meicn zens tot I BHALS, [10-12] 482822, a) There were two neighbors living next to cach other, One was a professor and the other was a ‘merchant who had an unmotivated son. Both of them had planted the same kind of plant in each of their gardens. The professor gave a small amount of water to his plants and didn't always give his full attention to them, Meanwhile, in the merchant's garden, the merchant gave a lot of water to (a) his plants and looked after them well. ®) The merchant was surprised to see this because he thought he had given his plants better care than the professor. He went to his neighbor and said, “Only (b) my plants came out from the roots. How is that possible?” The professor smiled and said, “You gave your plants so much attention and water that they didn’t need to work for themselves.” “Is that really a problem?” said the merchant with a curious Jook on (¢) his face. (c) The professor continued his explanation, “I gave my plants just an adequate amount of water and let their roots search for more, ir roots went deeper and grew stronger.” At that moment, the merchant recalled the image of (d) his son, still lazy and dependent on his parents. “Is that how you approach teaching?” asked the merchant. The professor said, “Yes. Students are like plants. Sometimes guiding is better than giving.” Nodding silently, the merchant began to rethink what education is. © The professor’s plants were simple but looked good, while the merchant's plants were much fuller and greener. One night, there was a heavy storm. After the storm was over, both of the neighbors inspected the damage to their gardens. The merchant saw that his plants had come out from the roots and ere totally destroyed by the storm. But, the plants of (e) his neighbor were not damaged at all and were standing firm.10 FOAL B (AOI O17 USS EAH tal Hast 20S 7 panne? O(B)-0)-© @(C)-O)-B) 80)-©-@B) 20034 441 4344 ®©-(B)-) @0)-B)-© 11 ‘UE Al (0) ~ (©) SOU 7ia7Ae= CHAO] L404] wD} CHE 2A 2 Oa) 202344 44 aay 2b 80 8® 12 NBO] SOS ABsla| US AS? ORF Nols Arlo] AHO VE SHS NBS AC. @ Bele AAO] BoC MBC a MARCHD yzeCt ORF YYEO| ABA BCID Oe © BoE BRO] FaLOla| chal aH 7] ALAC OW NBS azoe O81 ONE a) ae 20734 44 4591 fas Sacer) (Baum t0-r2930 Maa BSUS Ae eee [or @ oF a Se wamibese am auerse estioienzn 37(Baga o1 p31 o2e3t 07 = 257 |3 202 DIL] 2o]1A = me oe ou PE saa Ac 20% gp saaet: > se euue deri maino aout de mab ae ase se aE, 01 cig Bo] 4108 7 aye . <> c 20178 68 1844 Dear Ms, Molly Oliver, This is Mark Foster, one of the volunteers for the Auditory Frog and Toad Survey. Unfortunately, I was not able to participate fend, so Lcould not in the orientation last wee receive training in distinguishing the sounds of frogs and toads. I heard from another participant that a CD was used in the training session. I was wondering if you could send me one. Since we have ten more days before the survey begins, I'll have enough time to receive and use the CD to ‘rain myself, You can send it to me at the address in my application. Iam looking forward to hearing from you soon. ‘Thank you. Sincerely, ‘Mark Foster 718 WAL aI7HB al e}eD CoE U AaMOl IRI RAS. QAR sey BA 2 © SeleeeHO| Moy aI Beubas 38 ‘perso oon za dots 02 ‘Stonehenge Tour0ll 28+ ne? 2o1SeINS 982401 He Stee) US At alshe STONEHENGE TOUR ER the world, Enjoy the stones with a fascinating ‘The great and ancient stone circle of Stonehenge is one of the greatest wonders of audio-guided tour, in the language of your choice! Included Highlights + Express Service to Stonehenge by Luxury Bus + Stonchenge Guidebook Prices & Bus Departures + Adults: £44.00 Children (3-12): £39.00 ‘Seniors (60 and over) / Students: £42.00 “Days: Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday + Times & Places: 10:00 am., Royal National Hotel 11:00 a.m., Vietoria Station To secure your seat, please arrive at least 15 minutes prior to departure or book online 24 hours in advance, Dautlo guides oiwer ABEL © Stonehenge SHAME BELA BEC @ 60M oo] O12 PROIE Saioiet aeeict O34 we Bale! o1eIOR: 91 7HSsich03 2022 tow 228 Chg wo] 2212 7H alate te? CB wwaauoaea o¢o22 04 rormases 48 Bo MROE 7H alae ze? 20178HE 45 2244 ‘Many people say that we should take full advantage of the privileges of the Internet by forever learning more and more. They see no limit to how much information a person ought to consume and never acknowledge the emotional and psychological cost of cramming facts into our brains. If we aren't using the wealth of available data to make ourselves more productive and useful to socicty, what's the point of having it? While access to information is a privilege, it’s also a burden. This is especially true when we treat being well-read as an obligation that can’t be escaped, Constant exposure to upsetting news can be traumatic, An unending flood of information ‘makes it hard to pause and reflect on anything you've Ieamed, At some point, © readers needs to pull the plug and stop the constant drip of facts, figures, and meaningless Internet fights. We're living in an era of information overload — and the solution is not to learn mare but to step back and consume a smaller amount of data in a more en the most voracious of meaningful way. As a system for transmitting specific factual information without any distortion or ambiguity, the sign system of honey-bees would probably win easily over human language every time. However, language offers something more valuable than mere information exchange. Because the meanings of words are not invariable and because understanding, always involves interpretation, the act of communicating is always a joint, creative effort. ‘Words can carry meanings beyond those consciously intended by speakers or writers because listeners or readers bring their own perspectives to the language they encounter. Ideas expressed imprecisely may be more intellectually stimulating for listeners ot readers than simple facts. The fact that language is not always reliable for causing precise meanings to be generated in someone elsc’s mind is a reflection of its powerful strength as a medium for creating now understanding. It is the inherent ambiguity and adaptability of language as a meaning-making system that makes the relationship between language and thinking so special. + aisonion: 83,3 OBS S59] uC} Bo) goIOIs AHBO| BaEAICL Jo] ALE UBaIOR wa EIS] BAsE} 14 719] Walon Oe Be BIgO| UetsIa sic USS 2 ABI USE RE 4 ct © Brase Ambiguity in Language Production! @® Not Creative but Simple: The Way Language Works © Communication as a Universal Goal in Language Use @ What in Language Creates Varied Understanding? lear Looking Glass © Language: A Crystal ontiouzesn 39)(Bags os p32 06032 05 2020885 6412941 Hg Bol we ees, ome Bel 22: a) ‘An interesting aspect of human psychology is that we tend to like things more and find them more © appealing if everything about those things is not obvious the first time we experience them. This is certainly true in music, For example, we might hear ‘song on the radio for the first time that catches our interest and @ decide we like it. Then the next time we hear it, we hear a lyric we didn’t catch the first time, or we might notice @ what the piano or drums are doing in the background. A special harmony @ emerges that we missed before. We hear more and more and understand more and more with each listening. Sometimes, the longer @ that takes for a work of art to reveal all ofits subtleties to us, the more fond of that thing — whether it’s music, art, dance, or architecture —we become. ‘subtees: 2a ay OAL AO serm ror anseeizn on 23 2019 06 ozo 7H 308 og gol ae a Yes, Se wetD| AeI0] alateH geae? Ata time when concerns about overpopulation and. famine were reaching their highest peak, Garrett Hardin did not blame these problems on human © ignorance — a failure to take note of dwindling per capita food supplies, for example. Instead, his explanation focused on the discrepancy between th of society as a whole. To understand excessive reproduction as a tragedy of the commons, bear in mind that a typical household stands to gain from bringing another child into the world — in terms of the net contributions he or she makes to @ household earnings, for example. But while parents ean be counted on to assess how the well-being of their household is affected by additional offspring, they @ overvalue other impacts of population growth, such as diminished per capita food supplies for other people. In other words, the costs of reproduction are largely @ shared, rather than being shouldered entirely by individual households. As a result, @ interests of individual houscholds and those reproduction is excessive. dining BOIS07 roves 3 260 of vizlON Bojet ate 7eat Atala 227 = (B aunnuorese o8e36 08 roams ose oh wiztol So we 7p arate 212? ‘Audiences appreciate aha moments so much that they also enjoy simply expecting them, even if the moment never comes. Somebody can enjoy a Jong book or television show that offers no answer for hours and hours if the genre itself promises a resolution. When the popular, mystic television show Lost ended, many fans erupted in indignation that the showrunners failed to resolve the series’ many puzzles. This deprived careful viewers of the final aha moment that they thought they'd been promised. Some people surely felt like they'd wasted weeks, even months, of their lives waiting for answers. But their final disappointment didn’t retroactively change the sincere thrill they'd felt throughout the series. Lost was a monster hil for many years because > even though the writers were just stockpiling riddles without resolutions, Many people will put themselves through quite a bit of anguish if they expect fluent resolution at the end. © the drama in the show revealed pieces of reality @ cach episode had a narrative structure of its own, @ producers adopted the viewers’ opinion on their show @ audiences enjoyed the experience of anticipating answers the abrupt ending of the show was hinted to the Even as mundane a behavior as watching TV may bbe a way for some people to « Totestthis idea, Sophia Moskalenko and Steven Heine gave participants false feedback about their test performance, and then seated each one in front of a TV set to watch a video as the next part of the study. When the video came on, showing nature scenes with a musical soundtrack, the experimenter exclaimed that this was the wrong video and went supposedly to get the correct one, leaving the participant alone as the video played. ‘The participants who had received failure feedback watched the video much longer than those who thought they had succeeded. ‘The researchers concluded that distraction through television viewing can effectively relieve the discomfort associated with painful failures or mismatches between the self and self-guides, In contrast, successful participants hhad little wish to be distracted from their self-related thoughts! D ignore uncomfortable comments from their close peers @ escape painful self-awareness through distraction, @ receive constructive feedback from the media @ refocus their divided attention to a given task © engage themselves in intense self-reflection ompouzesn 44(Bags 0934 10935 09 orate 35% 8 BOM Mal Sgn 2 ge Bate? 10 onze 108 37H POLE CHSON Clots ol SALE 7H ALAR te ow Interestingly, experts do not suffer as much as beginners when performing complex tasks or combining multiple tasks. Because experts have extensive practice within a limited domain, the key component skills in their domain tend to be highly practiced and more automated. @ Each of these highly practiced skills then demands relatively few cognitive resources, effectively lowering the total cognitive load that experts experience. @ Thus, experts can perform complex tasks and combine multiple tasks relatively easily. @ Furthermore, beginners are excellent at processing the tasks when the tasks are divided and isolated, @ This is not because they necessarily have more cognitive resources than beginners; rather, because of the high level of fluency they have achieved in performing key skills, they can do more with what they have. © Beginners, on the other hand, have not achieved the same degree of fluency and automaticity in each of the component skills, and thus they struggle to combine skills that experts combine with relative ease and efficiency. 42 sermon asean nas 19% Bipedatism, upright walking, started a chain of enormous evolutionary adjustments. It liberated hominin arms for carrying weapons and for taking food to group sites instead of consuming it on the spot. But bipedalism was necessary to trigger hand dexterity and tool use. (A)This creates the ability to use each digit independently in the complex manipulations required for tool use. But without bipedalism it would be impossible to use the trunk for leverage in accelerating the hand during toolmaking and tool (6) Hashimoto and co-workers concluded that adaptations underlying tool use evolved independently of those required for human bipedalism because in both humans and monkeys, ‘each finger is represented separately in the primary sensorimotor cortex, just as the fingers are physically separated in the hand. (©) Bipedalism also freed the mouth and teeth to develop a more complex call system as the prerequisite of language. These developments required larger brains whose energy cost eventually reached three times the level for chimpanzees, accounting for up to one-sixth of the total basal metabolic rate. 24 dexterity (218 sersormotor conten: 221 a (A)-(©)-B) 2 (B)-(A)-(©) 9 (B) -(C)-(A) @O-A-B) 5 (C)-(B)-(A)[11-12 ]os28 a2, e801 gst, Alex Pentland’s Human Dynamies Laboratory at MIT investigated a huge Bank of America call center where the emphasis was on productivity; reducing the average call handle time at that one call center by just 5 percent would save the company $1 million a year. The bank grouped employees into teams of about twenty, but they didn’t interact much, in part because their work was entirely solitary, sitting in a cubicle with a phone and a computer. They were unlikely to run into each other very often anyway because the bank staggered break times in order to keep staffing levels steady. Here was a team that barely justified the term. Yet the members did interact a bit, and when Pentland asked them to wear the sociometric badges for six weeks, he found that the best predictor of team productivity was how much the members interacted in the little time they had, and what he calls “engagement,” the degree to which all team members were involved in the interaction. So Pentland proposed that managers try an experiment Give a whole twenty-person team their coffe break at the same time, In a call center of over 3,000 employees, it was casy to shift others’ breaks to maintain service. The result was that group members interacted more, though it still wasn’t much; more of them were involved in the interaction; and productivity rocketed. ‘The effects were so clear that the bank switehed to breaks at all its call centers, estimating the move would save $15 million a year. ‘poser HESUAAA #4 sociomenic: HERE ARSE fas Sacer) BRA (Baum rr-r29as 11 rors snare BO] AROS 7B UB We? © Want to Get More Done? Work More Slowly ® Social Interaction: A Booster of Performance Human Relationships Can Be a Cause of Stress @ Successfull Management Relies on Power Distribution © High Productivity: Not an Indicator of Job Satisfaction 12 rorseaward! ‘ABO| Vizio] Bope We 74s AB A]? se) © team-based long-term © time-limited noise-free ® leader-initiated Maa BSUS Ae Baaae, eee [or oF a auerse emioueezn 43(Basga sey p36 02036 08 =: 457 | 205 OL ao] At a Gee 2 a ag PE sm art:208 gp neet Al > se-eue wort anino: our ae zap ate abe we ase, 01 rove §=— OZ 20178145 62444 Che BOWM BAPE Sash Ube 7H alate 22? SHO| SI Ualsa| oe AS? Your brain doesn’t recognize don't. No matter what I say, don’t think ofa giraffe with brown spots fon it. No matter what I say, don’t think ofa clear sass vase with fresh red roses in it. What happens? It’s automatic, isn’t it? Your brain goes ahead and creates the picture all by itself. Your words — whether you think, say, read, or hear them — are a direct command to create. ‘The more direct the order, the more diligent the response, Trickily, if you say you don’t want to lose your temper, your brain doesn’t recognize don and sees it as a royal command to get you to lose your temper. Ifsay you don’t want to spill your drink, it’s as good as an instruction to tip the contents. Change your words to support you. Create affirmations that suit you. ‘Think and say precisely what you desire rather than what you don’t want. aagoe weir Bele 891 8S 9H Hae Be Ht Ar chs| A) SARS! WHE ALgsIA| GIA. 2X10] SL2.AIAI BE QS HOH APIAL Ole IIR Sapp} wee 4.22 eens Ie} oh 44 sermon anseeia rn.23 019% ‘Western Hemisphere Oil Production (2010) and Proven Oil Reserves (2011) Gali Bares) 250, 200 80 a ‘United Sues Canada Mexico Sail —Venenuela The graph above shows the Western Hemisphere oil production per day in 2010 and proven oil reserves as of 2011 for selected countries. @ The United States recorded 9.65 million barrels of daily oil production in 2010, the greatest daily oil production among the countries shown on the graph. @ Canada had the second largest daily oil production followed by Mexico and Brazil, with Venezuela recording the lowest among the five countries in 2010, @ As for proven oil reserves, however, Venezuela recorded the largest amount among these countries in 2011, possessing 211.2 billion barrels, followed by Canada with 175.2 billion barrels. @ In 2011, the sum of the proven oil reserves of the United States, Mexico, and Brazil was greater than those of Venezuela, © Brazil had larger proven oil reserves than Mexico in 2011, but the daily oil production of Brazil was lower than that of Mexico in 2010. ‘+ provencilreseves: BBE AEE03 rors a a1e {UB 2 lve in the shadow ofthe future? CHS OHA 210] SHE UE 7H ALO 21? ‘Thanks to the power of reputation, we help others, without expecting an immediate return. If, thanks to endless chat and intrigue, the world knows that you are a good, charitable guy, then you boost your chance of being helped by someone else at some future date. The converse is also the case. 1 am less likely to get my back scratched, in the form of a favor, ‘if it becomes known that I never scratch anybody else’s. Indirect reciprocity now ‘means something like “IFT scratch your back, my good example will encourage others to do the same and, with luck, someone will seratch mine.” By the same token, our behavior is endlessly shaped by the possibility that somebody else might be watching us or might find out what we have done. We are often troubled by the thought of what others may think of our deeds. In this way, our actions have consequences that go far beyond any individual act of, charity, or indeed any act of mean-spirited malice. We all behave differently when we know we live in the shadow of the future, ‘That shadow is cast by our actions because there is always the possibility that others will find out what we have dor Lomi: 0) (are distracted by inner conflict © fall short of our own expectations, @ seriously compete regardless of the results © are under the influence of uncertainty Ihimately reap what we have sown (Bana oaeas 06037 04 asmases OS Bol US USES, 1S Bel WS? ow 2OrSaIUE 45 2084 During the early stages when the aquaculture industry was rapidly expanding, mistakes were made and these were costly both in terms of direct losses and in respect of the industry's image. High-density rearing led to outbreaks of infectious diseases that in devastated not just the caged fish, but local wild fish populations too, The negative impact on local wildlife inhabiting areas @ close to the fish farms continues to be an ongoing public relations problem for the industry. Furthermore, a general lack of knowledge and insufficient care being taken when fish pens were initially constructed @ meaning. that pollution from excess feed and fish waste created huge barren underwater deserts, These were costly lessons to learn, but now stricter regulations are in place to ensure that fish pens are placed in sites @ where there is good water flow to remove fish waste. This, in addition to other methods that decrease the overall amount of uneaten food, helped aquaculture to clean up its act. eatiouzezn 45,(Bagaseyosp3e 06038 ° 5 202244 44 3084 jo] US AES, Vrs Sate] Mojo] aiztstal of 2 2A fle mis Ino ‘One of the most productive strategies to build customer relationships is to increase the firm's share of customer rather than its market share. ‘This strategy involves abandoning the old notions of © acquiring new customers and increasing transactions to focus instead on more fully serving the nceds of existing customers. Financial services are 4 great example of this. Most consumers purchase financial services from @ different firms. They bank at one institution, purchase insurance from another, and handle their investments elsewhere, To solidify this purchasing pattern, many companies now offer all of these services under one roof. For example, Regions Financial Corporation offers retail and commercial banking, trust, mortgage, and insurance products to customers in @ network of more than 1,500 offices. The company tries to more fully serve the financial needs of its @ surrent customers, thereby acquiring a larger share of each customer's financial business. By creating these types of relationships, customers have © little incentive 10 seek out competitive firms to fulfill ther financial services needs, 4G sermon aneeia ron 23 2019 06 20704834 390 Chg UIRIOW Sojes Ste 7H ata 22 9) Knowing who an author is and what his or her likely intentions are in creating text or artwork is tremendously important to most of us. Not knowing who wrote, or created, some artwork is often very frustrating. Our culture places great worth on the identity of speakers, writers, and artists. Perhaps the single most important aspect of “authorship” is the vaguely apprchended presence of human creativity, personality, and authority that nominal authorship seems to provide. It is almost unthinkable for a visitor to an art museum to admire a roomful of paintings without knowing the names of the individual painters, or for a reader not to know who the writer is of the novel she is reading. Publishers proudly display authors’ names on the Jackets, spines and title pages of their books. Book advertisements in The New York Review of Books and The New York Times Book Review regularly include pictures of authors and quote authors as they talk about their work, both of which show that ook advertising strategies are being diversified © our interest is as much in authors as in their books @ authors are influenced by popular works of their time @ book cover designs show who their target readers are © book writing is increasingly dictated by book marketing07 2oratrasowatyt hg elelol Soret ake kat atatet t@? (waa o7eas 08 29 08 “aaamusss) 8 BoM Wal 2Ea Bl gle ee? 2238S 5 354 ‘One unspoken truth about creativity — it isn’t about wild talent so much as it is about To find a few ideas that work, you need to try alot that don’t, It's a pure numbers game, Geniuses don’t necessarily have a higher success rate than other creators; they simply do more — and they do a range of different things. They have more successes and more failures. That goes for teams and companies too. It's impossible to generate a lot of good ideas without also generating alot of bad ideas. ‘The thing about creativity is that at the outset, you can't tell which ideas will succeed and which will fail. So the only thing you can do is tty to fail faster so that you can move onto the next ides stheouset 801 O sensitivity © superiority @ imagination © productivity © achievernent Actors, singers, politicians and countless others recognise the power of the human voice as a means of communication beyond the simple decoding of the words that are used. Learning to control your voice and use it for different purposes is, therefore, one of the most important skills to develop as an early career teacher. © The more confidently you give instructions, the higher the chance of a positive class response. @ There are times when being able to project your voice loudly will be very useful when ‘working in school, and knowing that you can cut through @ noisy classroom, dinner hall or playground is a great skill to have. @ In order to address serious noise issues in school, students, parents and teachers should search for a solution together. @ However, I would always advise that you use your loudest voice incredibly sparingly and avoid shouting as much as possible. @ A quiet, authoritative and ‘measured tone has so much more impact than slightly panicked shouting. eatiouzenn 47(Basgasey 09 939 09 -aoaneas) 8 Bo] USS t2VOe gepstaz} Bich vlzt (Als (@)ol Bore Be 7a alas! 12? 20148 os BR AO Low-balling describes the technique where two individuals arrive at an agreement and then one increases the cost to be incurred by the other. For example, after the consumer has agreed to purchase ‘car for $8,000, the salesperson begins to add on $100 for tax and $200 for tires. ‘These additional costs might be thought of as a metaphorical ‘low ball’ that the salesperson throws the consumer. One explanation for the effectiveness of low-balling is in terms of self-perception theory. When the consumer agrees to purchase the product under the original terms, that behavior might be used by the consumer to infer his sincere interest in the product. This inferred sincere interest in the product may enable him to endure the increased cost. An alternative explanation is in terms of impression management theory. If the consumer were to withdraw from the deal after the ‘slight’ change in the terms of agreement, he might foster the rather undesirable impression of being an irresponsible consumer unaware of these necessary charges. + Low-balling is effective in sales contexts because the consumer, by not withdrawing from the deal, tendsto (A) _ his purchase decision or tries tosave 8) “ ®) O justify os time justify face @ cherish os. time @ modify ~..-. face © modify ----- trouble 4B sep roranseeiay en 23 019% [10-12 ]qg2ee2, e201 get12, Oy year-old German boy named Erik Brandes stepped out onto the empty vast stage of the Cologne Opera House. It was the most exciting day of Erik’s life. (a) The youngest concert promoter in Germany had persuaded the Opera House to host a late-night concert of improvised jazz by the American pianist Keith Jarrett. The concert was a sellout, and later that evening, Keith would sit down at the piano and play. A sevent ‘improvise: Saas ae ®) When Keith began to play, everybody immediately knew this was magic. Erik too was deeply touched. Keith was unexpectedly producing the performance of a lifetime despite the shortcomings of the piano. (b) His left hand produced thundering, repetitive ‘bass riffs as a way of covering up the piano’s lack of resonance. Keith really had to play that piano very hard to get enough volume to get to the balconies. Standing up and sitting down, Keith played the Unplayable piano to produce something unique. It wasn’t the musie that he ever imagined playing. But faced with a challenge, he accepted it and flew high. sss BMH 4 emnane: ©) Understandably, Keith didn’t want to perform. He left and went to wait in his car, leaving Erik to anticipate the arrival of soon-to-be furious concert-goers. Desperate, (6) the German teenager caught up with Keith and begged the jazz pianist to play. The pianist looked out at him standing in the rain, completely soaked, and took pity on him. “Never forget,” Keith said. “Only for (d) you.” A few hours later, Keith walked out to the unplayable piano in front of a packed concert hall. ©) But when Erik introduced Keith and his producer Manfred to the piano on the stage that afternoon, it didn’t go well. Keith and Manfred played a few notes. Then after a long silence, Manfred came to (@) him and said, “Erik, if you don't get another eepiano, Keith ean't play tonight.” Erik knew that Keith had requested a specific instrument, which the Opera House had agreed to provide. What he hadn’t realized was that the administrative staff hadn’t been able to find the requested Bésendorfer piano, and they had instead installed a tiny little Bésendorfer that was in poor condition. 10 (aorauses) BAM AS? OB)-D)-© ®©-B)-0) B(C)-O)-B) O0)-B)-© 80)-©-® 11 womas es Dora 45 4344 OHM B (AO OM USS SAO SA MBE LSS 7p 2OT7ORAS Saat ‘LE 2 (a) ~ (€) SOU 7ie|7iE CHO LYO4a| we CHE 2A 2 O@ 86 80 %@ © fas Sacer) BRA (Baum to-r2940 DOTS Se ase 12 zrrmuses 129] UBOS Asia ge 227 © BFS] HICH @ O77} AasiaOH BABS BES WeAch @ keith: SHS Mohs BES CHT] gat eI @ keiths S01 SU Erk ID eIRACY © Keith9! Manfedi= 829 Hoh 24 wat} Mata BRD S DAB Baaae, ares ol 2 [03 a auerse emcees 49