Name: CUIZON, CLARIZZA JOY J.

Section: PY11
Date: Oct 18, 2021

HISTOLOGY

Histology is the science of tissues and tissues are group of cells in similar
structures performing the same function.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

These tissues cover external surface of the body, as in the skin and lines our
digestive tubes such as small intestine and stomach. It is also a component of glands, lines
the blood vessels, mouth, nose and anus.
The cells are completely placed with one another and bonded by intercellular
cement for strength. It is more often supported below by a basement membrane.
Epithelial tissues are of different kinds depending on the shape of their component
cells as follows:

SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Obtain a slide of the outer layer of the frog’s skin. Examine it under the scanner,
LPO and HPO. It is made up of thin flat cells like floor tiles. Each cell has a nucleus at the
center, separated from the rest of the cell by plasma membrane. The less dense portion
outside the nucleus is the cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane. Label the cell
membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.
 CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

Examine a prepared slide of the cross section of the frog’s kidney under the
microscope. It is made up of tubules that are lined with cube-like cells joined together by a
basement membrane. Identify the nucleus, nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, and cell
membrane.
 COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

This consists of cells taller than wide. Get a slide of the cross section of the
small intestine or stomach and study its inner lining under the microscope. Identify all the
parts seen in the preceding epithelium.
CONNECTIVE TISSUES

This tissue supports, binds, and connects together the different parts of the
body. It differs from other tissues in having a great amount of intercellular substances
modified into different forms. They are classified into fibrous, adipose, cartilage and bone.

FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Examine under a microscope a slide obtained from the membrane connecting

the skin with the underlying muscles. The white fibers are made up of many fine parallel
fibrils, wavy in out line forming bundles that crisscrossed or interlaced. Elastic fibers are
sharply defined, few, straight, and frequently branched.
 ADIPOSE OR FAT TISSUE

Cells are rounded or polygonal, with thin layers of cytoplasm and the nucleus at one
side. They contain droplets of fat, which may form large globules. Examine a slide
preparation of skin, blood vessels or nerves for the study of this tissue.
 CARTILAGE (Hyaline)

Obtain a slide of cartilage from the ends of femur or humerus. The clear
hyaline portion is the matrix or intercellular substance, which is secreted by the cartilage
cells or chondrocytes. These cells are scattered irregularly may also be found.
 BONE

Bone is dense organic matrix with mineral deposits. Examine under the
microscope a prepared slide of dry bone. The bony substance or bone matrix is arranged in
regular concentric layers or lamellae. Within the bone matrix are scattered numerous
minute spaces or lacunae, in which the bone cells or osteocytes are located in life. Arising
from the lacunae are numerous thin branching canals, the canaliculi, which lead to
neighboring lacunae, thus establishing connections among them. The central cavity where
blood vessels pass and into which the canaliculi from the innermost row open directly is the
Haversian canal. The concentric lamellae with their lacunae and canaliculi together with a
haversian canal constitute a Haversian canal system.
MUSCULAR TISSUE

This tissue is responsible for movement and locomotion and giving shape to
the body. These contain minute fibers or myofibrils, which contract upon stimulation.
There are three types of muscles in vertebrates: skeletal or striated voluntary muscle,
smooth or unstriated involuntary muscle, and cardiac or striated involuntary muscle.

SMOOTH/ VISCERAL OR UNSTRIATED INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE

Study a slide of the cross section of the intestine or stomach under the
microscope (Scanner, LPO, and HPO). The muscle layer consists of spindle-shaped cells,
each with a nucleus at the center. The cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm, the cell membrane is
known as sarcolemma.
SKELETAL OR STRIATED VOLUNTARY MUSCLE

Examine a prepared slide of the skeletal muscle of a frog under the

microscope. The muscle fibers are along with alternating dark and light bands, giving the
striated appearance to the muscle. Each fiber is provided with nuclei scattered in the
cytoplasm.
CARDIAC OR STRIATED INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE
 Study a prepared slide of the frog’s heart muscle under the microscope. It has
delicate cross striations; the fibers are branched, forming an interconnecting network.
Identify the nuclei, sarcoplasm, and sarcolemma.

VASCULAR TISSUE
 Examine the human blood and frog’s blood under the HPO. Human
erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave, and usually round. In the frog, they are
nucleated, biconcave and oval.

FROG’S BLOOD

HUMAN BLOOD
 In human blood, leukocytes are few in number, bigger, and darker than the
erythrocytes. They are classified into granulocytes, with granules in the cytoplasm, and
agranulocytes, without cytoplasmic granules.

The granulocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes are the Neutrophils.

Eosinophils, and Basophils. They differ in the shape of their nuclei and the size of their
cytoplasmic granules. The Neutrophils have three or more lobules in the nucleus with very
fine cytoplasmic granules. The Eosinophils have two lobules in the nucleus and larger
cytoplasmic granules. The Basophils have non-lobulated twisted nucleus and have fewer
granules in the cytoplasm.

The agranulocytes or mononuclear leukocytes are the lymphocyte which is small

with a big nucleus occupying almost the entire cell; and the monocytes are big with bean-
shaped nucleus.
NERVOUS TISSUE

Nervous tissues are composed of nerve cells or neurons. It has a large cell
body, where the nucleus is located, and nerve fibers or processes axon which carry
impulses away from the body and the dendrite which transmits stimuli towards the cell
body.
 A Nerve Cell
(Source: Frog’s Nervous Tissue)
 Study a prepared slide containing a cross section of a nerve. Take note of the nerve
bundles of fascicles joined together by connective tissue. Two or three fascicles are bounded
together by a connective tissue, the epineurium, which extends inward to enclose each
bundle forming the perineurium, or to pass inward between nerve fibers as the
endoneurium. The nerve fibers are the tiny rounded structures inside each fascicle.

Cross Section of a Nerve

(Source: Frog’s Nervous Tissue)

Name: CUIZON, CLARIZZA JOY J. Section: PY11 Date: Oct 18, 2021

Questions for Review: Histology

1. What is a Tissue?

- A tissue is a collection of cells that perform the same job in the body. The body's
tissues are divided into four categories: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nerve
tissue. Tissues make up every component of the body, including the organs.

2. What are the five major groups of somatic tissues and give the general functions of
each.

- Tissue
- Epithelial Tissue. It establishes protective barriers and is involved in ion and molecule
diffusion.
- Connective Tissue. Other tissue types are underpinned and supported by this tissue.
- Muscle Tissue. In this tissue, contractions are used to get the body moving.
- Nervous Tissue. In this tissue, information is sent and integrated through the central
and peripheral neural systems.

3. Give the shape of the cells of the following:

a. Squamous epithelium- The cells of the simple squamous epithelium are flat and
organized in a single layer.
b. Smooth muscle- Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped with a single nucleus in
the center and no striations.
c. Skeletal muscle- Skeletal muscle fibers are cylindrical

d. Human RBC- It shapes small, round, and biconcave

e. frog’s RBC- Frog red blood cells are elliptical in shape
f. Bone- Short, flat and irregular
g. Cuboidal epithelium- It is cube-shaped with a single, central nucleus

h. adipose cells- Brown and white adipocytes differ in shape, size, and intracellular
organelle structure, with white adipocytes being more spherical in shape.

4. What are the two types of human WBC and characterize them as to:

1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes
 Size: 12–15 μm in diameter

Presence of granules: Granulocytes contains granules while agranulocytes are

not.

Shape of nucleus: It is spherical aor oblong