ONE SHOT

TRANSPORT AND
C O M M U N I C AT I O N I N I N D I A
BY TAWQEER UL ISLAM

FOR ALL COMPETITIVE

EXAMS
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Table of contents
1.Transport & Communication System in India
2.The Transport System in India
Road Transport, National Highways, International Border Highways, Famous
Highway Projects, State Highways, District Highways, Village Roads, Project
Bharatmala
3. Pipelines
4. Indian Railways
Railway Zones and their Headquarters, Metro Rails (Functioning)
5.Waterways Transport System in India
Major Inland Waterways by Inland waterways authority of India (IWAI)
12 Major Sea Ports in India
6.Air Transport System in India
7. Communication System in India
Postal System, Radio, Telegraph and Telephone Service in India, Television,
Print Media, Indian Satellites
 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
• Transport generally involves the movement of people or goods
forms one place to another via a means of transport.
• On the other hand, communication is the passing of information
or data from one source to another.
• The transport usually involves means of transport such as roadways,
railways, air travel, waterways, pipelines, etc.
• While the examples of means of communication are email,
telephones, letters, satellites, etc.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Transport

Land Water Air Ropeways

Internation
Inland Coastal
al Sea
Waterways Waterways
Routes

Roadways Railways Pipelines Domestic Internation

Airlines al Airways
LAND TRANSPORT
SYSTEM IN INDIA
ROAD TRANSPORT
• Sher Shah Suri built the Shahi
(Royal) road to strengthen and NH 3
consolidate his empire from the NH 44
Indus Valley to the Sonar Valley in
Bengal. NH 19
• This road was later renamed the
Grand Trunk (GT) Road during the
British period, connecting Calcutta
and Peshawar.
• At present, GT Road extends from
Amritsar to Kolkata.
• It is bifurcated into 3 segments:
(a) NH-3 Amritsar - Jalandhar (b)
NH-44 Jalandhar – Agra (c) NH -
19 from Agra – Kolkata.
ROAD TRANSPORT
• India has the second-largest roadways in the world in terms of the length of
roads (62.15 lakh km). It is second only to the United States.
• At (1.90 km, 1.18 mi) of roads per square km of land, the quantitative density
of India's road network is equal to that of Hong Kong.
• United States (0.71 km, 0.44 mi), China (0.54 km, 0.34 mi), Brazil (0.23 km,
0.14 mi) and Russia (0.09 km, 0.056 mi).
• India has approximately 5.13 km (3.19 mi) of roads per 1,000 people, which
is much lower than Unites States 20.5 km (12.7 mi) but higher than that of
China 3.6 km (2.2 mi).
• According to Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, as of March 2020,
India had about 1.52 lakh km (86,079 mi) of national highways and
expressways, plus another 1.76 Lakh km (109,870 mi) of state highways.
• As of 31 March 2020, 70.00% of Indian roads were paved.
ROAD TRANSPORT
• Nagpur plan of 1943 classified the roads into four categories –
National Highway, Highway, State Highway, District roads, and Village
roads.
• National Highways are specified by Yellow and White color milestones.
• State Highways are specified by Green and White color milestones.
• City roads are specified by black and white color milestones.
• Rural Roads are specified by orange and white milestones.
 ROAD TRANSPORT
Category Managing Authority Length (km) Length share
Ministry of Road
National highways 1.52 lakh 2.19%
Transport and Highways
Public works
State highways department of 1.76 lakh 3.00%
state/union territory
Public works
District Roads department of 632,154 10.17%
state/union territory
Rural roads Panchayats and PMGSY 4,535,511 72.97%
Municipal corporations
Urban roads 544,683 8.76%
and municipalities
Various government
departments of
Project roads states/union territories, 354,921 5.70%
and SAIL, NMDC and
BRO
Total Total roadways 6,215,797 100%
ASSOCIATED OFFICES
1. National Highways Authority of India:
• National Highways comes under the jurisdiction of the National Highway
Authority of India (NHAI).
• The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) was set up through an Act of
Parliament, namely the National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988.
• The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), which is an autonomous
body under the Ministry of Surface Transport was operationalized in Feb
1995.
2, National Highways & Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd. (NHIDCL):
• In 2014, the Cabinet,, approved the setting up and operationalization of a
new corporate entity, the NHIDCL, under the Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways to exclusively carry out the task of construction/ up-
grading/widening of National Highways in parts of the country which share
international boundaries with neighboring countries.
ASSOCIATED OFFICES
3. Indian Academy of Highway Engineers (IAHE)
• The Indian Academy of Highway Engineers (IAHE) is a registered Society under the
administrative control of the Ministry.
• It is a collaborative body which was set up in the year 1983 with the objective of fulfilling
the long felt need for training of Highway Engineers in the country.
4. Indian Road Congress (IRC)
• The IRC was formally registered as a Society on 24th September 1937 for periodical holding
of road conferences to discuss issues related to road construction, maintenance &
development.
• IRC has over 16,850 registered members comprising engineers & professionals of all
Stakeholders of the road sector, from Central and State Governments; Public Sector;
Research Institutions; Academic Institutions, Local bodies; al & Institutional organizations like
World Bank, ADB, etc.
5. Border Road Organisation
• The Border Road Organization (BRO) was established in May 1960 for the acceleration of
economic development and strengthening defense preparedness through the rapid and
coordinated improvement of strategically important roads along the northern and north-
eastern boundary of the country.
EXPRESSWAYS
 EXPRESSWAYS
• Expressways are high-speed roads that are four or more lanes, and
are access controlled where entrance and exit is controlled by the use
of ramps.
• Total Expressways length - 2,091 km (1,299 mi).
• Target -18,637-kilometre (11,580 mi) network of new expressways by
2022.
• National Expressways Authority of India (NEAI) operating under the
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways will be in-charge of the
construction and maintenance of expressways.
• Max limit speed for cars on expressways - 120 km/h
• Max limit for two wheelers on expressways - 80 km/h
 EXPRESSWAYS
• India's first 8-lane wide access-controlled
expressway - Delhi Noida Direct Flyway
(DND Flyway), (January 2001).
• India's first 6-lane wide access-controlled
tolled expressway - Mumbai Pune
Expressway, in Maharashtra (2002).
• Largest (to be) expressway in India (2023) -
Delhi–Mumbai Expressway(1350 km).
• Longest expressway of India - Purvanchal
Expressway (340.8 km long) (Gazipur –
Lucknow in UP – completed in Nov 2021 .
• Longest Elevated Freeway: Chennai Port
Maduravoyal Elevated Expressway will be the
longest Elevated Expressway in India.
 EXPRESSWAYS
Expressway Length (km) Declared as NE on
13 Mar 1986
NE 1 Ahmedabad–Vadodara Expressway 93
(Oldest)
Eastern Peripheral Expressway(KGP - Kundli–
NE 2 135 (Longest Today) 30 Mar 2006
Ghaziabad–Palwal) (Haryana and UP)
NE 3 Delhi–Meerut Expressway 96 (Widest – 14 lane ) 18 Jun 2020
Vadodara–Mumbai section of Delhi–Mumbai
NE 4 380 10 Jan 2020
Expressway

Delhi–Nakodar–Gurdaspur section 398 (Longest when

NE 5 25 Jun 2020
of Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway completed)

Nakodar–Amritsar section of Delhi–Amritsar–

NE 5A 99 17 Sep 2020
Katra Expressway
NE 6 Lucknow–Kanpur Expressway 74 15 Dec 2020
01 Jan 2021
NE 7 Bangalore–Chennai Expressway 258
(Newest)
Total 1,533
NATIONAL
HIGHWAYS
 NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
• National highways are highways connecting major cities throughout the
country.
• The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) and the National Highways and
Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL) - responsible for the
development, maintenance and management of the National Highways in India.
• Funded by cess on petrol & high-speed diesel (From central road fund in Public
accounts of India). Lanes %age
• National Highways in India – 600+ Single-
• Total length of National Highway – 1.51 lakh km (2.19%)
lane/intermediate 20.49%
lane
• Maximum speed (Two-wheelers) - 80 Km/h
Double-lane 55.05%
• Maximum Speed (Cars) - 100 Km/h
• Highest Length of state Highways - Maharashtra Four-lane/six-
24.46%
lane/eight-lane
 IMPORTANT NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
• NH 1 - Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh
• NH 2- Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram
• NH 3- Punjab, HP, Ladakh
• NH 4 - Andaman & Nicobar Island
• NH 5 - Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, HP
• NH 6 - Meghalaya, Assam, Mizoram
• NH 7 - Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, HP, Uttarakhand
• NH 8- Assam, Tripura
• NH 9 - Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, UP, Uttarakhand
• NH 10 - Sikkim, West Bengal
• NH 11 - Rajasthan
• NH 12 - West Bengal
• NH 19 - Delhi, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, WB
• NH 20 - Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha
• NH 21- Rajasthan, UP
• NH 27 - Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, UP, Bihar, West Bengal,
Assam (3507 Kms)
• NH 44 (Longest NH in India) – J&K, HP, Punjab,
Haryana, Delhi, UP, MP, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, TN (3,745 Kms)
• NH 48 - Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (2807 Kms)
• NH 53 - Gujarat, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Odisha(1781
Kms)
 IMPORTANT NATIONAL HIGHWAYS
NH 1 – J&K, Ladakh(URI, Baramulla, Srinagar, Kargil, and Leh)
NH 2- Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram: (Dibrugarh – Mokokchung)
NH 3- Punjab, HP, Ladakh(Atari, Jalandhar, Hamirpur, Manali, Leh)
NH 4 - Andaman & Nicobar Island (Mayabandar, Port Blair, Chidiatapu)
NH 5 - Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, HP (Firozepur, Ludhiana, Chandigarh, Solan, Shimla, Rampur)
NH 6 - Meghalaya, Assam, Mizoram (Zorabat, Shillong, Aizawl, Panchgram)
NH 7 - Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, HP, Uttrakhand (Fazilka, Bhatinda, Patiala, Panchkula, Dehradun, Rishikesh, Devprayag, Rudraprayag, Karnaprayag,
Badrinath)
NH 8- Assam, Tripura (Karimganj, Agartala, Udaipur)
NH 9 - Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, UP, Uttrakhand (Dabwali, Sirsa, Hisar, Rohtak, Delhi, Gaziabad, Moradabad, Bilaspur, Pithoragarh)
NH 10 - Sikkim, West Bengal (Siliguri, Gangtok)
NH 11 - Rajasthan (Jaisalmer, Fatehpur)
NH 12 - West Bengal (Raiganj, Kolkata)
NH 19 - Delhi, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, WB (Delhi, Mathura, Agra, Kanpur, Allahabad,Varanasi, Aurangabad, Asansol, Kolkata)
NH 20 - Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha (Bakhtiyarpur, Navada, Hazaribagh, Ranchi, Chaibasa)
NH 21- Rajasthan, UP( Jaipur, Agra)
NH 27 - Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP, UP, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam (3507 Kms); (Porbandar, Udaipur, Kota, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Gorakhpur, Muzaffarpur,
Darbhanga, Araria, Purnia, Siliguri, Guwahati, Dispur, Silcher)
NH 44 (Longest NH in India) – J&K, HP, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, UP, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu (3,745 Kms); (Srinagar, Jammu, Pathankot, Ludhiana, Ambala, Panipat, Delhi, Faridabad, Mathura, Agra, Gwalior, Jhansi, Nagpur, Nizamabad,
Hyderabad, Kurnool, Bengaluru, Selam, Madurai, Kanyakumari.
NH 48 - Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (2807 Kms); (Delhi, Jaipur, Udaipur, Ahemadabad,Vadodra, Mumbai,
Pune, Bengaluru,Vellore, Chennai
NH 53 - Gujarat, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Odisha ( 1781 Kms); (Surat, Amaravati, Nagpur,, Durg, Raipur,, Sambhalpur, Paradeep Port.
 NH FACTS
• Longest National Highway: NH 44
is officially listed as running over
3,745 km (2,327 miles) from
Srinagar to Kanyakumari.
• Shortest national Highway: NH
327B (1.2km) in West Bengal.
• NH 44 and NH 27 cut each other
at Jhansi in UP.
• Lakshadweep does not have a
National Highway.
• Maharashtra has the highest
highways by length in the country.
 NUM BER ING OF NAT I O NA L H I G H WAY S
• All North-South highways will carry EVEN number NH 1

• All East-West highways will have ODD numbers

• All major Highways will be single digit or double digit in
number.
• North-South highways will increase their numbers from East
to West. For example, now you can guess that NH4 is
somewhere in East India whereas highway 44 may be
towards the west of India while both runs north-south due
to the even numbering NH 27
NH 2
• Similarly, East-West highways will increase their numbers as NH 20
NH 44
we move from North to South. By this logic NH1 will be
running East-West somewhere in North India while NH 83
may be somewhere down south. NH 53

• THREE digit numbered highways are secondary routes or

branches of a main highway. For example, 144, 244, 344
etc will be the branches of the main National highway 44.
NH 66
• In the subsidiary highway number, if the first digit is odd,
then the highway is located from East to West and if the first
digit is even, it is located from North to South.
• Please note that since NH44 (NS Corridor) runs the length of
the country from North to South a side shoot say 144 may
be up north while something like 944 may be down south.
• Suffixes A, B, C, D etc are added to the three digit sub
highways to indicate very small spin-offs or stretches of sub-
highways. For example, 966A, 527B etc.
 IMPORTANT
HIGHWAY PROJECTS
 NATIONAL HIGHWAY
DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
 NATIONAL HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
• The National Highways Development Project (NHDP) is a project to upgrade,
rehabilitate and widen major highways in India to a higher standard.
• The project was started in 1998 under the leadership of Prime Minister, Atal
Bihari Vajpayee.
• This project is managed by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)
under the Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways.
• The NHDP represents 49,260 km of roads and highways work and
construction in order to boost economic development of the country.
• The government has planned to end the NHDP program in early 2018 and
consume the ongoing projects under a larger Bharatmala project.
 PHASES OF NHDP
• The project is composed of the following phases:
1. Phase I: The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ; 5,846 km) connecting the four major cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata at
a cost of the Rs.300 billion, funded largely by the government’s special petroleum product tax revenues and government
borrowing.
– In January 2012, India announced the four-lane GQ highway network as complete.
2. Phase II: North-South and East-West corridors comprising national highways connecting four extreme points of the country.
– The North–South and East–West Corridor (NS-EW; 7,142 km) connecting Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the
south, and Silchar in the east to Porbandar in the west.
– More than, 90% of the project had been completed.
3. Phase III: To upgrade 12,109 km (7,524 mi)of national highways on a Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis, which takes
into account high-density traffic, connectivity of state capitals via NHDP Phase I and II, and connectivity to centres of
economic importance.
4. Phase IV: For the widening of 20,000 km (12,000 mi) of highway that were not part of Phase I, II, or III. Phase IV will
convert existing single-lane highways into two lanes with paved shoulders.
5. Phase V: To upgrade of about 5,000 km (3,100 mi) of four-lane roads.
6. Phase VI: The government is working on constructing 1,000 km (620 mi) expressways that would connect major
commercial and industrial townships.
– It has already identified 400 km (250 mi) of Vadodara (earlier Baroda)-Mumbai section that would connect to the
existing Vadodara (earlier Baroda)-Ahmedabad section.
7. Phase VII: For improvements to city road networks by adding ring roads to enable easier connectivity with national
highways to important cities.
NATIONAL HIGHWAY GRID
• The primary highway grids in India are:
1. The North-South Corridor stretches
from Kashmir to Kanyakumari. NH44

2. The East-West Corridor connects

Porbandar in Gujarat with Silchar in NH19

Assam.
3. The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) (5846
NH16
kms) is the highway network connecting NH48

the four metros in India – i.e. Delhi,

Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.
• National Corridors of India (NC) are 6
high volume corridors, including 4 in
Golden Quadrilateral and 2 in North–
South and East–West Corridors.
 BHARATMALA
CONNECTING INDIA LIKE NEVER BEFORE
BHARATMALA
PROJECT
 BHARATMALA PROJECT
• The Bharatmala Pariyojana ('India garland project') is a centrally-sponsored and funded Road and Highways
project of the Government of India to be built along India’s vast west-to east land border, approx. 5300km,
from Gujarat to Mizoram
• Linking it to a road network in coastal states, from Maharashtra to Bengal.
• While the cost of developing Bharatmala Phase 1 was first estimated at Rs 5.35 lakh crores, it has now
overrun to 8.5 lakh crores, making it the single largest outlay for a government road construction scheme.
• Bharatmala phase-I will raise the NH connection to a total of 80% or 550 districts out of total 718 districts.
• The project will build highways from Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and then cover the
entire string of Himalayan territories – J&K, HP, Uttarakhand - and then portions of borders of UP and Bihar,
and move to WB, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and right up to the Indo-Myanmar border in Manipur
and Mizoram.
• Bharatmala Project I will interconnect 550 District Headquarters (from current 300) through a minimum 4-
lane highway by raising the number of corridors to 50 (from current 6) and move 80% freight traffic (40%
currently) to National Highways by interconnecting 24 logistics parks, 66 inter-corridors (IC), 116 feeder
routes (FR) of total 7,500 km (4,700 mi) and 7 north east Multi-Modal waterway ports.
• The ambitious umbrella Programme will subsume all existing Highway Projects including the flagship National
Highways Development Project (NHDP).
• The work on the Bharatmala project Phase 1 is likely to be delayed by four years and may be completed by
FY 2026.
STATE HIGHWAYS
 STATE HIGHWAYS
• Connects state capitals with district centers & are constructed by state
governments.
• They also connect with National Highways or state highways of
neighboring states.
• Union from Central Road Fund (CRF) provides grants & financial
assistance to states if required.
• State Highways are designated with SH, followed by the highway number
and preceded by state code.
• As of 31 March 2020, the total length of state highways was 1.86 lakh
km.
• As of 31 March 2020, Maharashtra has the largest share of state
highways among all states (22.14%), followed by Karnataka, Gujarat &
Rajasthan.
DISTRICT
HIGHWAYS
 DISTRICT HIGHWAYS
• These connect district centers to other important places of districts like
business centers, industrial centers, etc.
• Zila Parishad constructs & maintains these roads.
• Maharashtra has the largest length of District highways.
• District Roads in India are approximately 632,154 km (392,802 mi).
VILLAGE ROADS
 VILLAGE ROADS
• Connects villages with neighboring towns & cities.
• Responsibility for village roads lies with Gram Panchayat.
• Central gov. has launched Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) in 2000 as a
100 % centrally sponsored scheme.
• PMGSY will provide the rural connectivity to unconnected rural areas with a
population of 500 persons or more (250 persons in case of Hilly,Tribal & Desert areas).
• Rural roads form a substantial portion of the country's road network, forming 72.97%
of the total of roads, as of March 2020.

• In other parts of India, the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana and a sister program
named Bharat Nirman (Build India) have privatized the rural road construction
projects and deployed contractors.
• The effort has aimed to build all-season single-lane asphalted roads to connect India's
rural and remote areas.
• A significant portion of funding for these projects has come from the World Bank and
the Asian Development Bank.
 IMPORTANT PROJECTS
• Rashtriya Rajmarg Zila Sanjoyokta Pariyojna: Roads will be
developed to connect 100 district HQs across the country
• Setu Bharatam: Launched by Prime Minister Narendra
Modi on 4 March 2016 with an aim to make all national
highways free of railway crossings by 2019.
• Govt to build 208 rails over bridges in the next two years.
2. PIPELINES
 PIPELINES
• Pipelines provide easy transport of oil, natural gas, and mineral ores in their slurry form.
• This has overcome delays due to trans-shipment and losses during transport.
• All the major oil-fields in India are connected to refineries through pipelines.
• Although the initial cost of laying the pipelines is high, its operating costs and losses en-route are
minimal. Pipelines are the most convenient and suitable mode of transportation for petroleum products
and gases in bulk for longer distances.
• The products which can be transported through pipelines are:
– Petroleum products- Crude oil, jet fuel
– Liquid products- Water, Anhydrous Ammonia
– Gases- Natural Gas, LPG, butane
– Solid products- Coal, mineral, solid wastes.

• There are three major pipeline networks in India.

1. From Upper Assam to Kanpur—Mainly for transporting mineral oil.
2. From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab – Crude Oil
3. From Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, mainly to transport natural gas.
 6 MAJOR PIPELINES OF INDIA
1. Naharkatia-Nunmati-Barauni Pipeline: This was the first pipeline constructed in India to bring
crude oil from Naharkatia oilfield to Nunmati.
2. Mumbai High-Mumbai-Ankleshwar-Kayoli Pipeline: This pipeline connects oilfields of Mumbai
High and Gujarat with oil refinery at Koyali.
It provides facilities for transporting crude oil and natural gas.
3. Salaya-Koyali-Mathura Pipeline: This is 1,256 km long pipeline which supplies crude oil to
refineries at Koyali and Mathura.
From Mathura, it has been extended to the oil refinery at Panipat in Haryana and further to
Jalandhar in Punjab.
4. Hajira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur (HBJ) Gas Pipeline: It is 1,750 km long and connects Hazira in
Maharashtra to Bijapur in M.P. and Jagdishpur in U.P.
This is the world s largest underground pipeline.
5. Jamnagar-Loni LPG Pipeline: It connects Jamnagar in Gujarat to Loni near Delhi in U.P. and passes
through the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and U.P.
This is the longest LPG pipeline of the world.
6. Kandla-Bhatinda Pipeline: This 1,331 km long pipeline is proposed to be constructed (by IOC) for
transporting crude oil to the proposed refinery at Bhatinda.
3. INDIAN RAILWAYS
 INDIAN RAILWAYS
• India's rail network is the fourth largest (62 thousand km) and second busiest in the world,
transporting 8.09 billion passengers and 1.20 billion tonnes of freight annually, as of 2020.
• The first train in India was started by Lord Dalhousie on April 16, 1853, from Bombay to
thane (34 Kms).
• It was built by the Great Indian Peninsular Railway.
• Bori Bunder, located in Mumbai was the first railway station in India.
• Indian Railways was nationalized in 1950 .
• Indian Railway has 18 zones including the Kolkata metro zone.
• The production units are Chittaranjan Locomotive works at Chitranjan, Diesel Locomotive Works
at Varanasi, Diesel Loco modernization works at Patiala, Integral Coach Factory at Chennai, Rail
Coach Factory at Kapurthala, Railwheel factory at Bengaluru.
• North Zone is the largest Railway Zone of Indian Railways.
• Recently, Manipur enters India’s railway map as first passenger train reaches the state.
 INDIAN RAILWAYS
• The Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel (11.215 km), which connects Bichleri Valley of Banihal with
Qazigund area of Kashmir Valley, is India's longest transport tunnel..
• Lucknow – New Delhi Tejas Express, which was inaugurated on 4 October 2019, is India's
first train operated by private operators, IRCTC, a subsidiary of Indian Railways.
• The fastest train of India is Vande Bharat Express with a top speed of 180 km/h (110 mph)
which it attained during a trial run.
• While the fastest operating train is Gatimaan Express with a top operating speed of 160 km/h.
• The Vivek Express, running between Dibrugarh and Kanyakumari, covers 4,286 km in around 82
hours and 30 minutes. This journey is not just the longest in India, but in the entire
subcontinent.
• The platform at Gorakhpur Railway Station in Uttar Pradesh is the world’s longest station,
1,366 m.
• The first electric train in India ran on 3 February 1925, between Bombay Victoria Terminal
and Kurla Harbour.
 INDIAN RAILWAYS
• The first bullet train in India will be launched in 2022 by the National
High-Speed Rail Corporation Limited (NHSRCL).
• The train will run from Mumbai to Ahmedabad.
• Mathura junction is the largest railway junction in India, with 10 platforms and as
many as 7 routes emerging from this station.
• The Maharaja’s Express is the most expensive luxury train in India.
• Bholu the guard elephant is the mascot of the Indian Railways.
• India is home to 8 Railway Museums – in Delhi, Pune, Kanpur, Mysore, Kolkata,
Chennai, Ghum, and Tiruchirappalli.
• The railways recognized by UNESCO are Darjeeling, Himalayan Railways,
Nilgiri Mountain Railways, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, and Kalka-Shimla
Railways.
• The Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Limited (DFCCIL) is a
corporation run by the Ministry of Railways (India) to undertake planning &
development, mobilization of financial resources, and construction,
maintenance, and operation of the Dedicated Freight Corridors.
 RAILWAY ZONES AND
THEIR HEADQUARTERS
Zone Headquarters
1. Central Mumbai
2. Western Mumbai
3. Northern Delhi 3
4. Eastern Kolkata 9
5. Southern Chennai 17
12 6
15
6. North Eastern Gorakhpur
18
7. South Eastern Kolkata
8. South Western Hubli
14 4 7
9. North Western Jaipur 16 10

10. East Coast Bhubaneshwar 1

11. South Coastal Visakhapatnam 2
13
8 11

12. North Central Allahabad

13. South Central Secunderabad
14. West Central Jabalpur
15. East Central Hajipur 5

16. South East Central Bilaspur

17. North East Frontier Guwahati

18. Kolkata Metro Kolkata
 METRO RAILS (FUNCTIONING)
• There are currently 13 operational rapid transit (popularly known as 'metro')
systems in 13 cities across India.
• Important Metros:
• Kolkata (First metro system in India)
• Delhi (Largest Metro)
• Bangalore (Wifi Enabled)
• Mumbai (Public-Private Partnership)
• Gurgaon (India’s first fully privately financed metro)
Dedicated Freight Corridor Projects

Amritsar- Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand,

Wholly by GOI, funded by WB
Kolkata Bihar, Jharkhand & WB

Mumbai
MH, Karnataka Britain
Bengaluru

Chennai-
Karnataka, TN, Andhra (Rayalaseema region)
Bengaluru

JICA (Japan International

Delhi Mumbai Cooperation Agency)
UP, Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and
(launched &
Maharashtra.
Biggest)
 DIAMOND
QUADRILATERAL
PROJECT
 DIAMOND QUADRILATERAL PROJECT
• The Diamond Quadrilateral high-speed rail network project is
set to connect the four major metro cities of India namely: Chennai,
Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai.
• President of India mentioned in his address to the joint session of
Parliament on 9 June 2014 that the new Government was committing
to build the dream project.
• Although the route is not yet planned, the alignment could follow the
existing Golden Quadrilateral railway line which links other major
cities.
 WATERWAYS
TRANSPORT
SYSTEM IN INDIA
 WATERWAYS TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN INDIA
• It is one of the most cheap modes of transport.
• Its fuel efficiency contributes to lower operating costs and reduced environmental impact due to carbon.
• India has 14500 km of inland waterways. Out of which only 5685 km are navigable by mechanized
vessels.

• India is the sixteenth-largest maritime country in the world with a coastline of about 7,517 kms.
• According to the Ministry of Shipping, around 95% of India's trading by volume and 70% by value is done
through maritime transport.
• In November 2020, the Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi renamed the Ministry of Shipping as the
Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.
• India has 13 major and 205 notified minor and intermediate ports.
• Under the National Perspective Plan for Sagarmala, 6 new mega ports will be developed in the country.
• It has allowed Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) of up to 100% under the automatic route for port and harbour
construction and maintenance projects.
NATIONAL WATERWAYS
OF INDIA
Allahabad-Haldia stretch of
NW 1 Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river
system

The Sadiya-Dhubri stretch of the

NW 2
Brahmaputra River (Assam)

The Kottapuram-Kollam stretch

of the West Coast Canal,
NW 3
Champakara Canal, and
Udyogmandal Canal (Kerala)

Kakinada-Pondicherry along
NW 4
Godavari and Krishna River system

NW 5 Talcher – Paradip (Odisha)

Lakhipur to Bhanga on the River

NW 6
Barak (Assam – Proposed)
 13 MAJOR SEA
PORTS IN INDIA
 Natural harbor & biggest port of India
Mumbai
(Gateway of India).
Nava Jawahar Lal Port (Fully Mechanized
Seva Port), Mumbai
Oldest artificial harbor on east coast &
Chennai
2nd largest port in terms of volume of traffic
1st corporate port (To release pressure on
Ennore
Chennai port)
Tuticorin
On the Eastern coast of India
(TN)
Tidal Port (To release pressure on Mumbai port, 6
Kandla 9
developed after the partition of India), Gujrat 10

Kochi A natural harbor 11

Vishakhapa 1
Deepest artificial harbor on the east coast 2
tnam
8
Riverine Port (Handles goods coming from SE
Kolkata
Asian countries Australia & New Zealand) 12

Developed on river Hooghly to relieve pressure on

Haldia 13
4
Kolkata port
Paradip Located on Orissa coast 3
7
Mormugao In Goa ( 5th in total traffic handled) 5

New
On New Mangalore
Mangalore
SAGARMALA PROJECT
• The Sagarmala Programme (garland of the
sea), started in 2015, is a mega development
project for enhancing the connectivity of coastal
areas in India.

• It entails to set up new 6 mega ports,

modernizing India's existing ports, developing of
14 Coastal Economic Zones (CEZs) and
Coastal Economic Units, enhancing port
connectivity via road, rail, multi-modal
logistics parks, pipelines & waterways and
promoting coastal community
development.

• Sagarmala aims to modernize India's Ports, so

that port-led development can be augmented and
coastlines can be developed to contribute to
India's growth.
AIR TRANSPORT
SYSTEM IN INDIA
 AIR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN INDIA
• Air transport is the fastest and costlier mode of transport.
• First commercial flighat in India was a brief demonstration flight of about 15 minutes from the United
Provinces Industrial and Agricultural Exhibition in Allahabad, across the Yamuna River to Naini, a
distance of 9.7 kilometres (6 mi).
• JRD Tata was the first person to take a solo flight from Mumbai to Karachi in 1931.
• In 1995, the International Airport Authority of India and the National Airports Authority
were merged to form the Airports Authority of India.
• The authority manages the Civil Aviation Training College at Allahabad and the National Institute of
Aviation Management and Research at Delhi.
• Nationalized in 1953 – Indian Airlines
• Managed by Airport Authority of India (AAI)
• Hartsfield Jackson International Airport,Atlanta (USA) is the busiest airport in the world.
• Indira Gandhi International Airport is the busiest airport in India. It has the longest runway
of 4km.
• Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (Mumbai) is the 2nd busiest airport in India.
 AIR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN INDIA
• 487 total airports, airstrips, flying schools and military bases available in the country.
• 123 airports with scheduled commercial flights including some with dual civilian and army use.
• 35 international airports.
• Juhu Aerodrome in Mumbai founded in 1928 is the first and oldest airport in India.
• Noida International Airport to be the first Net Zero Emission Airport of India.
• State with Maximum International Airports: Uttar Pradesh - 5 (3 operational and 2
under-construction).
• State with Maximum OPERATIONAL International Airports: Kerala - 4
• State with Maximum Airports: Gujarat - 10 (Domestic + International)

Airport Name City Served Category

Jammu Airport Jammu Domestic
Kargil Airport Kargil Defence
Kushok Bakula Rimpochhe Airport Leh Domestic
Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport Srinagar Srinagar International
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM IN INDIA
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN INDIA
POSTAL SYSTEM
 POSTAL SYSTEM
• India Post is a government operated postal system in India, which is under the Department of Post,
Ministry of Communications of the Government of India.
• With 154,965 post offices, it is the most widely distributed postal system in the world.
• Warren Hastings had taken initiative to start the Postal Service in the country in 1766, under the
name "Company Mail".
• Lord Dalhousie introduced uniform postage rates (universal service) and helped to pass the India
Post Office Act, 1854.
• It is involved in delivering mail (post), remitting money by money orders, accepting deposits under Small
Savings Schemes, providing life insurance coverage under Postal Life Insurance (PLI) and Rural Postal Life
Insurance (RPLI) and providing retail services like bill collection, sale of forms, etc.
• The country has been divided into 23 postal circles, each circle headed by a Chief Postmaster
General.
• Each circle is divided into regions, headed by a Postmaster General and comprising field units known
as Divisions.
• These divisions are further divided into subdivisions.
• In addition to the 23 circles, there is a base circle to provide postal services to the Armed Forces of
India headed by a Director General.
RADIO AND TV
 RADIO
• Radio broadcasting was started in India in 1923 by the Radio Club of Bombay.
• The government took control over radio broadcasting in 1930 and established the Indian Broadcasting
System.
• All India Radio was constituted in 1936 and it came to be known as Akashwani from 1957.

• Currently, analog terrestrial radio broadcast in India is carried out in:

– Short Wave(SW) (6–22 MHz),
– Medium Wave(MW) (526–1606 kHz) and
– Frequency Modulation (FM) (88–108 MHz).
• All India Radio the public service broadcaster – has established 467 radio stations encompassing 662
radio transmitters, which include 140 MW, 48 SW, and 474 FM transmitters for providing radio
broadcasting services in India.
• Private sector radio broadcasters transmit in FM mode only.
• In 1976, TV was separated from All India Radio (AIR) and got a separate identity as
Doordarshan (DD).
TELEGRAPH AND
TELEPHONE AND
PRINT MEDIA
TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE SERVICE IN INDIA
• The growing use of mobile phones and the Internet has led to a steep decline in the usage of the
telegraphic service.
• In India, the first telegraph message was transmitted live through electrical signals between
Calcutta (now Kolkata) and Diamond Harbour, a distance of about 50 km, on November 5,
1850; and the service was opened for the general public in February 1855.
• The telegram services have been stopped in India on July 15, 2013, as BSNL was suffering a
huge monetary loss.
• Hicky's Bengal Gazette was the first English-language newspaper published on the Indian
subcontinent.
TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE SERVICE IN INDIA
INDIAN SATELLITES
 INDIAN SATELLITES
• With the advent of satellites, the Indian Communication System has revolutionized the mode of
communication.
• After INSAT-IA (National Television-DD1) became operational, Common National Programs (CNP)
was started for the entire network.
• On the basis of configuration and purposes, satellite system in India can be grouped as –
1. Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) and
2. Indian Remote Sensing satellite system (IRS).
• The INSAT, which was established in 1983, is a multipurpose satellite system specialized for
telecommunication, meteorological observation, and for many other data and programs.
• The IRS satellite system became operational only after the launch of IRS-IA in March 1988 from
Vaikanour, Russia.
• However, India has also developed its own Launch Vehicle PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle).
• The National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) at Hyderabad is responsible for the acquisition,
processing, the supply of aerial and satellite remote sensing data and continuously exploring the practical
uses of remote sensing technology.
 Please Visit
CA Lateef’s Academy – Educate All Trust
on YouTube for the Videos.
Link: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7iuDjCnEFf6pAskdZsvQ3w