Capítulo 5-Problemas Oscialciones y MAS

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/<!Y#&3G/F§B(+*&/<!6?0¦-:[UL9!&3I1K%'!Z/<.[!Y/<:+%K/2:O.=L+>H3I*@B/<.dDF%H!Y/<:+%9U(%-* V L9/5/<: t = 0 sen 0 = 0 ©/2:H#6%':9DF/!Z/2.[/2§H#&*6/<1K%G!6L+(A/2*&sen ?=%'*(ωt)D2%-?0:9DF?A@B/
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@B/WDF%l(t)%-*T@B/<:93-@+3'!!Y/<*&R9UH(%-*#T3I:H#6%XU x(t) = l(t) + A sen (ωt) ]9²v3®/DFL93'DF?0¦-: @B/1K%S\H?01K?=/<:H#6%K(93I*T3®.03K143-!&3®/<!!6?=1K(+.0/21K/2:H#&/
d2
m x(t) = mg − k(l(t) − l0 )
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dt2
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0
0
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1K%S\H?01K?=/<:H#6%K!Y/W(+L9/<@B//<!&DF*&?0,+?=*³D2%-1K% 0
d2 k
y(t) = −ω02 y + ω 2 A sen (ωt) ω02 =
·*&%-,93-1G%H!DF%-1K%¨!6%-.0L9DF?0¦-:¹(93-*Y#&?0D2L+.03-*W@B//<!Y#&3O/DFL93'DF?0¦-: ]p«L+,9!Y#6?=#6L+©'/2:9@+%x%-,B#&/21K/2:+%H! V L+/ ]
dt2 m
·p%-*#&3-:H#6%9UB.A3K!Y%'.=LXDF?0¦-:O>-/2:9/2*T3I. !Y/<*&R
ω2 A
y0 (t) = B sen (ωt) B = ω02 −ω 2
y(t) = C sen (ω0 t) + D cos(ω0 t) +

ω2 A
sen (ωt)
´ º+] q ¶
ω02 − ω 2
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@B/G.03O=14l 3-+!&3mg/k
l(0) 0
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#&3-:'#&%9U ẏ(0) = −Aω ]X«?[@+/2*&?=\S3I1K%H!W´ºB] q ¶ZD2%-:O*6/!Y(/<DF#6%43I.#&?=/<1G(%K#6/<:9@B*&/2l(0) 1K%'! ˙ = −Aω
ẏ(t) = Cω cos(ω t) +
0 0
ω A
2
3
cos(ωt)
´ºB]À¿-¶
ω −ω 2
q
0
¿
V L+//2: @B/2\?0/2:+/
´¡ºB] '¶
t=0
ω3 A
−Aω = Cω0 +
/<!@+/<DF?0*U ω02 − ω 2
ωω0
C =A
¸%-.0\?=/<:9@B%43G.03G(%'!6?0D2?=¦':

x(t) = y(t) + l0 + mg
k + A sen (ωt)
#6/<:9@B*&/21K%'!9:93-.=1K/<:'#&/
ω02 − ω02
ω02

mg ωω0
x(t) = l0 + +A 2 sen (ω0 t) + 2 sen (ωt)
k ω0 − ω02 ω0 − ω 2
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0
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0
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0 0 1 2
1K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%4@B/.A3-!143-!&3-!!6%-:
d2 y1
m = mg + k(y2 − y1 − l0 )
dt2
d2 y2
M 2 = M g − k(y2 − y1 − l0 )
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dt
1K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%K%-,+#6/2:9/21KV %'! q1 = (my1 + M y2 )/(m + M )
d 2 q1
=g
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dt
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/2.v3I.A3I*&>'3I1K?0/2:H#6%G@B/2. 1®L+/2.0.0/ q = (y − y − l ) *&/<!6(X/Dn#&%K3K!6LE.0%-:9>-?=#6L9@O:93I#6L+*T3I.¡U V L+//<!
2 2 1 0
d 2 q2
+ ω 2 q2 = 0
dt

@B%-:X@B/
k(m + M )
ω2 = .
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ω
!Y%'.=LXDF?0%-:+/!®%',B#6/<:9@B*&/21K%'!K.A3-!4D2%-*&*6/!Y(%-:X@B?=/<:H#6/<!G3 y , y ]"²v3-!4D2%-:9@B?ADF?0%-:9/<!K?0q:+?0D2?03-.=/!K(93I*T3 y , y !Y%'q: y (0) = 0, y (0) =

1 2
d, ẋ(0) = 0, ẏ(0) = 0 V
L+/?=1K(+.0?0D<3I: 1 2 1 2 1 2
Md
´ºB] H¶
q1 (0) = , q̇1 (0) = 0,
M +m

q2 (0) = d − l0 , q̇2 (0) = 0,
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g 2 M
q1 (t) = t + d
©(93-*&3G/2.[3-.03-*6>H3I1K?0/2:H#6%
2 m+M
M gl0
q2 (t) = cos ωt
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k
gt2
my1 + M y2 = (m + M ) + Md
2
M gl0
y2 − y 1 = l0 cos ωt
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k
gt2 M 2 gl0
y1 (t) = + (1 − cos ωt)
2 k(m + M )
y2 (t) = d+
gt2
−
mM gl0
(1 − cos ωt)
´¡ºB]Àº-¶
2 k(m + M )
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mẍ = −kx,
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.03G\'/2.0%D2?0@93-@E?=:+?ADF?A3I. ẋ(0) = −Aω sen(φ) = −4V !6/Wx(0)
F ∆t = ∆p = mv(0) = 4
@B/<@BLXDF/ V L+/.03K3-1G(9.=?=#6L9@O#&%-143G/2. \S3I.0%-* A = 4/5 = 0,8m ]

D<¶Z.d(X/<*6?0%B@B%4@B/.03'!%'!&DF?0.03'DF?0%-:+/!/! T = 2π/ω = 1, 26 !2]
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0
¤ ~|{-£ }¨t} ¥ ' |v~ v x = 0

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d2 x
m = F (x) = − V 0 (x).
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dt2
1 1 V0 k 2 2
V (x) ≈ V (0) + xV 0 (0) + x2 V 00 (0) + · · · = x2 V 00 (0) + · · · = x +···
@B%':9@B/7+/21K%H!L9!63'@B%K.03K@B/9:+?ADF?0¦-:x@B/<.[(X%-#6/<:9DF?A3I. (93-*&3GD23-.0D2L+.A3I* V (0) = V (0) = 0; V
2 2 2
]
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0 00
d2 x d2 x V 00 (0)
m = F (x) = − V 0 (x) ≈ − V 00 (0) x =⇒ + x=0
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dt2 dt2 m
r r
V 00 (0) V0 k 2
ω= =
ºB] } w z SuB0' |v}¨~ uªz ~|{-£ t X} t } µu ~} ẍ + 2βẋ + ω x = 0 } z

m m
2
0
¤ X~|v{'{-£ t"¥ ω = (β − ω ) } A , A } t | t {-£ t }x~ u+z {' t v{- t } z t {- u ~} z
t
z B
u
x(t) = exp(−βt) [A exp{ωt} + A exp{−ωt}] 1 2
2 2 1/2
0 1 2
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©.A34!Y/<>-L+:X@+3®@+/2*&?=\S3-@93®/!
ẋ(t) = −β exp(−βt) [A1 exp{ωt} + A2 exp{ωt}] ω exp(−βt) [A1 exp{ωt} + A2 exp{ωt}] = (ω − β)x(t)
:9!6/2*6#&3-:9@B%G/<!Y#6%'!*&/<!6L+.=#&3'@B%'!Z/2: .A3G/<DFLX3-DF?0¦-: ẍ(t)@B/1K=%S(ω\?=1K−?0/2β):H#6ẋ(t)

2
%K%-,+#6/2:9/21K%'!
= (ω − β) x(t)
[(ω − β)2 + 2β + ω02 ]x(t) = 0

: t=0
.03G(%'!6?0D2?=¦': x(t)
©.A3K\-/<.=%BD2?0@+3'@ ẋ(t)
#&%-143I:O.=%H!\S3I.0%-*&/<!
x(0) = A1 + A2
@B/h@B%':9@B/(%@+/21K%'!@B/!Y(/$JY3-* A , A
ẋ(0) = (ω − β)(A1 + A2 )
1 2
^K_ K_ abdcZeFfFg8ceFi8jEkb giWove Og Oghb

q ] "u }~ t u {'£ tw #+[ wu } t }~ w zw z } t <v v} z z {-~ u {' t } z {- tvz }{-|v< u9z }¹| t t |v~y{'|d
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w u |v ~ ¤ } u }~{-} uª<u } ~| vt}u ~Z } } |t ~{' u } } t | }~ < u+w |d}x <"| u+Xw } t v}~ γ v }x~ u+;z z {-~ u v{' t } z {-| }{-}

¤ X~|v{'£ t"¥

¶ ·¸3I*T3L+:ª1K%S\H?01K?=/<]':H:#6%EC3-/2*6.91K.0P0¦'1G:+?=?0#6D2/5%C@B3I/M1K3I%'1K*Y#&%'?=*Y>'#&L9?=>'3-L9@B3I%C1K.03C?0/2:H/F#6§B%W(+*&@B/<½<!6,+?=¦'?=.X:¨.03h(93I/2.0*T%-3:+.A>H33-DF/<?0.=¦-%':G:+>'143'RSDF?0§B¦-?0:x1K/<3 :¨± L+:9D2D2?=%-¦'*&:ª*6/@B!Y/<(.%-#6:X?0@B/21K/3W(X% .=%H/!! DF/<x*6%H=!

x@B/We.A3®± L+:9DFcos(ω
0
?0¦-:xD2%'t)!6/2:+%G©-U+(%-*#T3I:H#6%XUB/<!L+:X3G± L+:9DF?0¦-:x@B?A!&DF*&/F#&3G@B/W.A3®± %-*&1K3
−γt/2
0 A(t)
A(ti ) = x0 e−γti /2 ,
²d3G*T3I°<¦-:C/<:H#6*&/@+%'!/2.0%-:9>'3-D2?=%':+/<!Z14RS§B?0143-!!6L9DF/!Y?0\S3-!Z/<!
ti = T, 2T, 3T, ...
A(tn ) 1
=
©-U+#6/2:9?=/<:9@B%K/2:xDFL9/2:H#&3 V +L / UB!6/%-,B#&?=/<:+/ !2]
A(tn+1 ) e− /2
γT
A(tn ) − A(tn+1 ) = A(tn+1 )/100 γ = 10−2

º
¶ .dD2%H/XDF?0/2:H#&/h@B/W3I1K%-*6#6?0>-L93-1K?=/<:'#&%®/! γ = b/m U+@+%-:9@B/ b /<!³.03KDF%':9!Y#&3I:H#&/@+/W(+*6%'(X%'*&D2?=%':93I.0?A@+3-@4/<:H#6*&/).A3®± L+/2*&°<3
@B/h3I1K%'*Y#&?=>'L93I1K?0/2:H#6%®©C.A3®\'/2.0%BDF?A@+3-@E@B/2.[(½2:X@BL+.0%9]X«? m = 4m /!$#TRGD2.03-*6% V L+/ γ = γ/4 ]
0 0
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¤ t u+w z '
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t} < t {-} z4z } z |}H~ u | } ¤ }x}~ v~ } ¥ |v} } } p~ | v {' x {' ~ } }{µ }H~h| < }

¶ t t {- u t Sz uB ~ u¹z ~|{-£ t }¨~ u }{-| u {-£ t }~ w [ w } t ;}H~ ~ ' |} ' |v} z<u z u u ~ u9z {' t {- t } z
¶
{'w ~z} S uB ' z z } [v z {- t w p~}H< z z !uª~ u u+w p~t<|u }~ w w [ w w } t t < z } t z |v¡ ~ u+t } t z }
u ª} }v| {-v} |t }| t} u p{ | u+ t } u n 4nµg/ω

!p } ω } ~ }{-|} {' }H~ [ } < {'{-£

¶ -®u ~{'|v~ uB ~ u z u+t {- u ! w }H u } z }x}~"p| t < w } ! u ~ u ' |} z } u+µu+ #}~ ~ ' |}
2
k1 k2
v?0>-L9*&34ºB]À¿ 2
1
¤ ~|{-£ t¥
´3H¶:¨/<.v1K%'1G/<:H#6%C@B/G!Y%'. #T3I*³/<.v,9.=% V L+/h.A3-!³± L+/2*&°<3'! V L+/®3'Dn#&¬93I:¨!6%-,+*&/h½<.v!6%-: 2 .034± L+/2*&°<34*&/<D2L+(/2*T3-@B%'*&3K@B/®.=%H!M@B%H!³18L9/2.0.=/!
´ 793'DF?A3¨.A3¨?0° L+?0/2*T@+3'¶W©.03¨± L+/2*&°<3¨@+/C± *&?0D<DF?0¦-:y@+/2.Z,+.=% L+/ DF%':/2.Z(+.A3I:+%XU@B/E143I>-:9? #&L9@ ©@B?0*6?0>-?A@+3x7X3-DF?A3¨.A3;@+/2*&/<DT7939U
(+L+/!M!6/W%-(%-V:+/83-.d1K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%@+/2.d,9.=% V L+/8D2L93I:9@+%!Y/8V !6L+/<. #&/-U V L+/h!6/2*TRK793'DF?A3K.034?0° V L+?0/2*T@+µmg 39]9QM/8/<!Y#&3K± %'*6143+U9.034/DFL93'DF?0¦-:x@B/<.
1K%S\H?01K?=/<:H#6%K!Y/<*&R
2 ´º+] H¶
@B%-:X@B/-U+D2%-1K%K/<!L9!6L93I.¡UB7+/<1G%H!³@B/ 9:+?A@B%K.03®± *&/<DFL9/2:9D2?03K3I:9>-L+.A3I*DF%'1K% ω = p(k + k ) /m ]
mẍ = − k x − k x + µmg =⇒ ẍ + ω x = µg
1 2
²d3x!6%-.0L9DF?0¦-:@+/.03¨/<DFLX3-DF?0¦-:@B/<."1K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%¨@+/2,/2*TR #6/<:+/2*Ud%',H\?A3I1K/2:H#&/-U[L+:X3 (93I*6#6/ L+/EDF%-*&*&/<!6(X%':9@B/43I.%'!&DF?0.03'@B%-*W.0?=,9*6/'U

(93I*T34/<.D<3-!6%/2: V L+/®:+%C7L+,9?=/<*&3K± *&?AD2DF?0¦-:´ µ = 0¶nU© %I#&*&34(X3I*6#6/ V L+/8#6/<:+>'34/<:;DFL9/2:H#&3CV /2.v#6½2*&1K?=:9%E@B/8± *6?AD2D2?=¦':[]X·"L+/<!Y#6% V L9/
1 2
/<!Y#6/)#6½<*61K?0:+%K/<!³D2%-:9!Y#&3-:H#6/-U/!@B/h!YL9(X%':+/2* V L+/.A3®(X3I*6#6/W@B/W.A3G!6%-.0L9D2?=¦':OD2%-*&*6/!Y(%-:9@+?=/<:'#&/5!6/<3®#&3-18,+?0½2:xD2%-:9!Y#&3-:'#&/-]B¯M!6P[(+L9/<!<U
?=:H#&/2:H#&3-1G%H!"D2%-1K%®!6%-.0L9DF?0¦-: x(t) = A sen (ωt + φ) + c ]+«L9!Y#6?=#6L+©'/2:9@B%®/<!Y#&3®/<D2L93-D2?=¦':4/2:ª´¡ºB] '¶/2:9D2%-:H#6*T3I1K%'! V L+/ c = µg/ω ]
²d3'!/<DFLX3-DF?0%-:9/<!Z?=:9?0D2?03-.=/!W´@B/!Y(+.A3I°3I1K?0/2:H#6%G©C\'/2.0%D2?0@93-@?0:+?ADF?A3I.0/<!T¶!Y%': x(0) = x © ẋ(0) = 0 U+@B/± %-*&143 V L9/
0
2
µg ´º+] -¶
´¡ºB] '¶
A sen φ + 2
= x
0
ω
ωA cos φ = 0
·L+/!$#&% V L+/ A © ω @B/<,X/<:;!6/2*5@+?0!Y#6?0:H#&3-!5@B/®D2/2*&%9U@B/8.A34/<D2L93-D2?=¦':´º+] H¶@B/<@+L9DF?01K%'! φ = π/2 UX© 3I7+%'*&34@+/E´º+] -¶%',B#6/<:+/21K%'!

][¾%-:¨/!$#&%'!³\S3-.=%'*6/!2U+©O#&/2:+?0/2:9@+%C/2:ªDFL+/<:'#T3 V L+/ sen (α + π/2) = cos(α) U .03!6%-.0L9D2?=¦':¨@B/8.A3/DFL93'DF?0¦-:¨@B/<.
1K%S\H?01K?=/<:H#6% V L9/<@+3
A = x − µg/ω
0
2
x(t) = x −

0
µg
cos ωt +
µg ´º+] H¶
ω2 ω2

´ ,¶²v38(9*6/!Y/<:9DF?A3h@B/L+:E*6%'°<3I1K?0/2:H#6%GDF%':9!$#T3I:H#6/5793-D2/ L+/).03G3I1K(+.0?=#6L9@C#6/<:+>'38:+/<D2/<!&3I*&?03-1G/<:H#6/ L+/@B?A!Y1K?0:L+?=*D2%-:/<.#6?0/21K(X%X]

« ?0:x/21®,93I*&>-%XU!6?[/<:x.03K/DFL93'DF?0¦-:´ºB] '¶(X%':+/21K%'!@+?=*&/<DFV #&3I1K/<:'#&/ t = 2π/ω ´L+:x(/2*&P=%B@B%¶!Y/W\'/ VV L9/ x(2π/ω) = x = x(0) @B/
± %-*&143 V L+/-UH3I(93-*6/<:'#&/21K/2:H#&/-UI.A3W3I1K(+.0? #&L9@4:+%h@+?0!61K?=:L+©'/MDF%':G/<.+#&?=/<1G(%9U'.=% V L9/³/<!DF.A3I*T3I1K/2:H#6/?0:9DF%'*6*&/<DF#6%X]S·p3-*&3*&/<!6%-.0\-/<*¸/<!Y#&3 0
(93-*&3'@B%IJY39UX3I:X3I.0?0D2/21K%'!5/2.p1K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%O/2:ªL+:ª!6/21K?0(X/<*6P0%B@B%9U/<!@B/DF?0*<U @B/!Y(9L+½<!@B/GL+:ª#6?0/21K(X% t = π/ω ] «B3I,/21K%'! V L+/G(93I*T3

.A3W143-!&3/<!Y#&RW@B/!Y(+.A3I°3-@+3L9:93W@B?A!$#T3I:9D2?03 x 793'DF?A3W.A3W@B/2*&/<DT7939]-Q5/<!6(+L+½<!@B/³L+:!6/21K?0(X/<*6P0%B@B%9U-.03W/DFL93'DF?0¦-:x´º+] H¶p:+%H!@B?ADF/
t=0
V.A38L+/(%'x(π/ω)
!6?0D2?=¦':CDF=/<:H−x
0
#6*T3I.+©2µg/ω
2 UI%XUI.0% L9/³/<!¸.0%W1K?0!61K%9UI/<.+,+.0% L9/M!Y//<:9DFL9/2:H#6*T3@B/<!6(+.A3I°<3'@B%L+:93W@B?A!Y#&3I:XDF?A3
3h.A38?0° V L+?0/2*T@+3+V]+¾%-1K%®\-/21K%H!2UH/2:EL+:E!6V/21K?0(X/<*6P0%B@B%8.A3®3-1K(+.=?=#6LX@793G@B?A!Y1K?0:HL9?0@B%®L+:93GxD23-−:'#&2µg/ω
0
@B/<!&@B/
?0@93-@ 2µg/ω U
0
2
.0% V L+/)*6/!YL+.=#&38©'3hD2%-*&*6/Dn#&%9]¾%'1K%8.A3-!ZD23I*T3-DF#6/<*6PA!$#&?0D<3-!@+/2.1K%S\H?01K?=/<:H#6%W#&?=/<:+/2: V L9/)!6/2*Z.03'!"1K?A!Y143'!"/<:CD23'@+38!6/21K?0(X/<*6P0%B@B%9UH/2: 2
/2.¸!6?=>'L+?0/2:H#6/G1K%S\H?01K?=/<:H#6%9U3I79%-*T3C@B/G?=° V L+?=/<*&@93C3O@B/2*&/<DT793ª´ .0% V L+/KDF%'1K(+.=/2#&3-*6PA3*&/<3-.=1K/2:H#&/8/2.p(+*&?01G/<*(X/<*6P0%B@B%H¶M.03O3I1K(+.0?=#6L9@

@B?A!Y1K?0:L+?=*TR%-#6*T3D23-:H#6?A@+3-@ U/<!)@B/<D2?=*U/2:;/<.d#&%I#T3I.¸@B/2.(+*&?=1K/<*5(/2*&P=%B@B% ]d¾%':¨/2.p1K?0!61K%C*T3I°<%-:93-1G?0/2:H#&%!Y/G\-/
±R-D2?=.01K/2:H#6/K3I79%-*T3 V L+/-U@B/<!6(+2µg/ω L+½!@B/ n (/2*&P0%@+%'!<UX.A3C3-1G(9.=?=#6L9@ª793-,+*&RC@B?0!61K?=:L+?A@B4µg/ω
2
%OL+:93ED23I:H#&?0@+3'@ 4nµg/ω U V L+/G/<!5.=% V L+/®!6/
2
(/<@BPA3+] 2
´D¶"¾.A3I*T3I1K/2:H#6//<.9,+.0% L+/³!Y/M(93I*T3I*TR³#T3I:4(+*&%-:H#&%hDF%-1K%W.A3)± L+/2*&°<3*&/<D2L+(/2*T3-@B%'*&3@B/³.0%'!18L+/<.=.0/<!!6/<31K/<:+%-* L+/M.03h@+/± *6?AD2D2?=¦':[]

¯M!6Pd(9L+/<!<UX!6? x /!³/2.@BV /<!6(+.A3I°3I1K?=/<:H#6%K(93I*T3K/2. V L+/8!6/h(93I*T3K/2.v,+.0% V L+/'UX!6/W\-/<*6? XD23-*&RG.A3DF%':9@B?ADF?0¦-: (k + kV ) x ≤ µmg UX(X%'*
.0% V L+/ f 1 2 f
x ≤
µg ´º+] q ¼'¶
:+%H!@+3G.034@B?A!Y#&3I:XDF?A3®3K.A3 V L9/!6/W(93-*&3-*&R8/2.[,+.0% V L+/-]
f 2
ω
4³%-#&3 2 ·¸3I*T3/<:'#&/2:9@+/2*1G/YJ$%-*v/2.3I(93-*Y#T3-@B%8´,X¶v@B/2.H(+*&%-,+.0/2143+U<793µ© L+/"(+.A3I:H#&/<3I*v©*6/!Y%'.=\'/2* .A3-!v/<DFLX3-DF?0%-:9/<!d@+/2.H1G%S\?01K?=/<:'#&%³(93-*&3

B@ ?A!$#&?=:H#&%'!?=:H#&/2*&\µ3-.=%H![#&/21K(%-*T3I.0/<!pDF%'*6*&/<!6(X%':9@B?0/2:H#6/!v35.0%'!p@B?A!$#&?=:H#6%HV !p!Y/<1G?0(/2*&P=%B@B%H!d©8D2%-:®.03'!@+?0!Y#6?0:H#&3-!pD2%-:9@B?ADF?0%-:9/<!?=:9?0D2?03-.=/!Z´/2:
/2.+@+/<!6(+.03-°<3-1G?0/2:H#&%H¶ /<:GD<3-@+35L+:+%W@B/Z.0%'!p?0:'#&/2*&\S3I.0%'!<]²d% V L+/*&/<3I.01K/2:H#6/Z%BDFL+*&*&/"/<! V L+/'US@+3-@+3'!.03'!D<3I*T3-DF#6/2*&PA!$#&?0D<3-!d@+/2.B(+*&%-,+.0/2143
´D2%-: *6%'°<3-1G?0/2:H#&%;DF%':9!$#T3I:H#6/µ¶h.A3¹/<D2L93-D2?=¦':´º+] H¶®!6¦-.0%;/!K\SRI.0?0@+3ª/2: /2.?0:H#6/2*&\S3I.0%¹@+/C#&?=/<1G(%@B/ L+:!Y/<1G?0(/2*&P=%B@B%XU/!K@B/<D2?=*U
]-·¸3I*T3hD23-.0D2L+.A3I*.A3h!6%-.0L9DF?0¦-:4/<:/2.!Y?0>-L+?0/2:H#&/³?=:H#&/2*&\µ3-.=% ≤ t ≤ 2π/ω ´ .0% V L+/)DF%'1G(9.=/2#&3I*&PA3/2.9(9*6?01K/2*"(/2*&P0%@+%H¶
(+.A3I:H#6/3I1K%'!5@B/G:HL9/2\-%E.03C/<D2L93-D2?=¦':¨@B/2.p1K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%O!YL+(%-:9?=/<:9@B% V π/ω L+/G/2.,+.0% L9/G3-7+%-*T34/<!Y#&RE@B/<!6(+.A3I°3-@B%7X3-DF?A3.A3?0° L+?0/2*T@+3
L+:938D23I:H#&?0@+3'@ −x + 2µg/ω ]+¾L93I:9@+%W/2.,+.=% V L+/³?0:+?ADF?A38!6L41K%S\H?01K?=/<:H#6%h793'DF?AV3.038@B/2*&/<DT7939U-.A3± L+/<*6°3W@B/³± *&?0D<DF?0¦-:3'Dn#6¬XV3h3I7+%'*&3
0 ≤ t ≤ π/ω
793'DF?A3.03?0° V L+?0/2*T@+34´!6/2:H#&?0@B%W:9/2>'3I#6?0\-%¶nUI@B/± %'*6143 V L+/.A3W/<D2L93-D2?=¦':G@+/2.91K%S\?01G?0/2:H#&%9UI\SRI.0?A@+3(93I*T3)/2.9#6?0/21K(X% π/ω ≤ t ≤ 2π/ω U

0
2
!6/2*TR ]¸¾%':y/2.Z1K?0!61K%ª*T3I°<%-:93-1K?=/<:'#&% V L+/C/<:y/<.3-(93I*6#&3'@B%y´3'¶nU#&/2:+?0/2:9@+%ª/<: DFL9/2:H#&3 V L9/E.A3-!GDF%':9@B?ADF?0%-:+/!

?0:+?0D2?03-ẍ.=/+!W!Yω%':x3I=7+%'*&−µg
2
3 x(π/ω) = −x + 2µg/ω © ẋ (π/ω) Ud.03x!6%-.0L9DF?0¦-:¹/<! = x − 3µg/ω cos ωt − µg/ω Ud@B/
± %-*&143 V L+/3I. X:93I. @B/<.[!Y/<>-L+:9@+%G!6/21K?0(X/<*6P0%B@B% x(t = 2π/ω) == x0 − 4µg/ω V L+/x(t) :+%'!@+3®.A3®@B?A!61G?0:L9DF?0¦-: @B/.A3®3-1G(9.=?=#6L9@ L+/
793-,+P03-1K%'!WDF%'1K/2:H#&3'@B%x/2:/2.Z3I(93-*Y#T3-@B%´ ,¶h@B/!Y(+L9½<!h@B/4L9:(X/<*6P0%B@B%¨DF%'1G(9.=/2#6%9]vQM/4± %'*6143xD2%-1K(+.0/F#&3-1K/2:H#6/3-:9RI.0%->H3C793-,+V *&P03
2 2 2
0 0
2
0
L+/ DF%-:H#&?=:L93-*®/<:y.0%'!G*6/!$#T3I:H#6/!8?0:H#6/<*6\S3I.0%'!8#6/<1K(X%'*&3-.=/!2Uv#6%'1K3-:9@B%DF%'1G%ª/<D2L93-D2?=¦': @B/<.Z1K%S\?01G?0/2:H#&%ªL+:X3;L %I#6*T3;!6/2>'¬+:y/<.

1KV %S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%!6/W*6/3I.0?=°3I*T3®@+/h@B/2*&/<DT79343K?0° V L+?0/2*T@+3G%3K.A34?=:\'/2*T!639UH©E#6/<:+?0/2:9@B%4/<:¨DFL+/<:H#&3K.A34@B?0!61K?=:L9D2?=¦':x@B/h.A343I1K(+.0? #&L9@ /2:
D23'@+3G?=:H#&/2*&\µ3-.=%G(93-*&3®.03'!DF%':9@B?ADF?0%-:+/!?=:+?ADF?A3I.0/<!@+/2.[(+*&%-,9.=/<1K3®/2:xD<3-@+3KD23'!Y%X]
+]rEtu wu9z<u m = 5 x z | z "} t u }| tw |}~~} z {-~ uz t X u+w } t {- t | tu ¡ }{-|} t {- u }
{-u{'~' z ut u+ w [|{- u } t | u tyw z }u O[t z {- zzw ! ~ t uxwyu+z<uOz z | ¡ }E| tw u+u+z w u } t < w 9"t {- tu ~ z u ~ ( u u") }~[{z ' u
u+z ~ |}ªu ~ t z p~<|w v}¹w ~ t {'~ ( {-,£ ) - z |vX};t v} v} ( ) t } t z {'{-~ z uu9w {
~ }{'| {' } } [ } | #+~} }~ |}HX} [v { {'| # {-{-~ ~ ~ |v
¤ X~|v{'v£ }t"{ ¥ }{-} #v} z v} w u+z u w

´3H¶²d3G/<D2L93-D2?=¦':E@B/W1K%S\?01G?0/2:H#&%G/!
mẍ + bẋ + kx = 0
²d3EDF%':9!$#T3I:H#6/8/2.AR-!Y#6?AD23@B/<.v1®L+/2.0.0/®!6/8(+L+/@B/8%',B#6/<:+/2*34(93-*Y#&?=*@B/®.03± *6/DFL+/<:9DF?A3@B/®%'!&DF?0.03'DF?0¦-:¨!6?=:¨*&%-°3I1K?0/2:H#6%4©H3 V L+/
2πν = 2π
! U+©'U+(%-*#&3-:H#6%9U k = ω m = 20π >K! ]/<!6%-.0\-/<1G%H!Z.03G/<D2L93-D2?=¦':O@+/)1K%S\?01G?0/2:H#&%G©C%-,B#&/2:+/<1G%H!
−1 2
0
2 −2
ω0 =
x = Ae−γt/2 cos (ωt + α)

@B%':9@B/ γ = b/m
©
γ2 k b2
ω 2 = ω02 − = −
@B/± %'*6143 V 9L /W/2. :L+/2\'%K(X/<*6P0%B@B%K/<! T = 2π/ω
] 4 m 4m2

:x/2.v?=:X!$#T3I:H#6/ t #6/2:9/21K%'! Ae U+©O@+/<!6(+L+½<!5@B/ q ¼4D2?0D2.=%H!2UX/<!³@+/<DF?0* q ¼K(X/<*6P0%B@B%'!<U ©C.A33I1K(+.0? #&L9@ /<!

Ae −γ(t0 +10T )/2
0
= 0,1
UB.0L+/<>-%9U γT = −γt0 /2
1
5
= 0,2
ln 2
]+·p%-:+?0/2:9@B%K.A3G/F§B(+*&/<!6?=¦':E@B/<.[(X/<*6P0%B@B%9U V L+/@+3 t = t 0 + 10T
2πγ 1
q = ln 2 ⇒ γ ≈ 0, 14
γ2 5
ω02 − 4
QM/h3 V L+P[!Y/W@B/@BL9D2/ V L9/ ω = ω − = 6, 2825 ! γ2
´ ,X¶Z".[(X/<*6P0%B@B%K/<! T = 2π/ω = 1,0001 !<]

2 −1
0 4
´D¶·p%-*8/<."1K?A!Y1K%¨*T3I°<%-:93-1G?0/2:H#&% L+/C/2:/2.Z3I(93-*Y#T3-@B%´3'¶)#&/2:+/<1K%'! L+/E!Y? /<!8/2.#&?=/<1K(X%ª(93I*T3 /2. V L9/ Ae = 0,2 U

@B/<!6(+L+½!@B/ n DF?ADF.0%'!<US/<!@+/<DF?0*UI@B/³L+V:G#6?0/21K(% t = nT #&/2:9@+*6/<1G%H! Ae V t = 0, 2 e 0
UI@+/³@B%-:9@+/³!Y/%',B#6?0/2:+/
−γt0 /2
−1
n = (γT ) 2 ln 4 ≈ 20
F
D A
? F
D 0
. '
% <
! ] −γ(t0 +nT )/2 −nγT /2
= 0,05
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( u*) z }~ } u p| } u } t | w }}w t |} | uBS}xu ~ ~} z<} u } u+w }~t } u+t uB} ~ |v vz

{ z z ~ w}u {-| {-£ } [ } < }~5v} ~ } < X|~ α } }H{-<}¹~ u } { u ~
( }¨) - {µvtz <S} u+t ' u+z z u t z t St u t
t t vz } ' v "} z|u } z< u {'uK~ {- u } t } t u ~Mtvpz | u v}} ' |v~ v u } ' |vu ~ t !"u} t {' t SuBt ~ u9z
{'( v{- } |v}G} ) } u+µu< ' {'} ~w }~ w {-£ t } t }Gz ~ u } z u ¨ }~ |4¨~ }G~ ~} } }~ |v~

¤ ~|{-ρ£ t =2 ρ /ρ
f luido lenteja |}¨}~ [ } } {-~
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FP eso = (mg sen α, −mg cos α)

FEmpuje = −(mgρ sen α, −mgρ cos α)
0
FRozamiento = −γ v
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0
mlα̈ + γ lα̇ + mg(1 − ρ) sen α = 0
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\-/<.=%BDF?A@+3'@:+%4:L+.A3+]
QM/ 9:+?0/2:9@+% γ = © ω = (1 − ρ) !6/5#&?=/<:+/W.A3G± %-*&1K3
γ
2m
0
2 g
l
α̈ + 2γ α̇ + ω 2 sen α = 0
´ ,X¶Z²v3®(%'!6?ADF?0¦-:E@+/)/ L+?=.0?0,+*6?0%G/<!Y#&3I,9.=//<! ]B²d?=:+/3I*&?=°3I:9@+%8.A3-!/<D2L93-D2?=%':+/<!/2:E#6%'*6:9%G3G/2.0.A3E´ sen α ≈ α¶!6/)/2:9D2L+/2:H#6*T3®.03

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α̈ + 2γ α̇ + ω 2 α = 0
·¸3I*T3 V 9L /8/<!Y#6/81G%S\?01K?=/<:'#&%:+%C!6/<3%'!&DF?0.03I#6%-*&?0%K!6/®@+/2,/h#6/<:+/2*5L+:;3-1G%'*Y#&?=>'L93I1K?0/2:H#6%!6L+(/2*TDF*&P #&?0D2%9U+/!$#&%/<!<U V L9/8!Y/G!63I#6?A!$±3->'3
γ 2 ≥ ω2
] :H#&*6%B@BL9D2?=/<:9@B%K/2. \S3-.=%'*³@B/ !6//2:9D2L+/2:H#6*T3
ω
g γ2l
γ2 > (1 − ρ) > 0 ⇒ ρ≥1−
l g
ºB]su*) z { ~ u }H{'| u {-£ t v} w [ w } t <K}®| t z {-~ u )uBSw £ t {'C{' tªu+w | u9w } t <G z | z X~|v{'£ t
} t } Su ~ ) ¤ z v }K} z }® z {-~ u u {I u | tvu |} u }K~ u µwyu f (t) = f e } t {' t µu+ | tuz X~|v{'£ t
0
−γt

uz |}{-| u {-£ t v} w [ w } t < { ) z { ~ uz ~|{-£ t v}~ z {'~ u v C u v {- t
¤ X~|v{'f£ (t)t 2 {-|v< {-| u ~ u u+w } t }x~ u¹z ~|{-£ t {-| u+t v µ > ω .
z 2 2
0
2 −γt
ẍ + 2µẋ + ω α = f e
²d3K!6%-.0L9DF?0¦-:O>-/<:+/2*T3I.(93-*&3®/2.d1G%S\?01K?=/<:'#&%G!6?0:E± L9/2*&°<3G/F§#6/<*6:X3E´/<DFLX3-DF?0¦-:O7+%'1G%'>-½<:+/<3H¶/!
x(t) = A exp −β1 t + B exp −β2 t
@B%':9@B/ β © 1 β2
!6%-: !Y%'.=L9D2?=%':+/<!@B/W.A3G/<D2L93-D2?=¦':ED23-*&3'Dn#&/2*&P0!Y#6?AD23
q
−β1 = −µ + µ2 − ω02
q
−β2 = −µ − µ2 − ω02
ZL9! V L9/21K%'!L+:X3!Y%'.=LXDF?0¦-:O(93I*6#6?ADFL+.A3I*³@+/h.03K/DFL93'DF?0¦-: DF%'1G(9.=/2#&34@B/h.A3G± %-*&143
]«L9!Y#6?=#6L9©-/2:X@B%!Y/W%',B#6?0/2:9/
V L+/ xp (t) = X0 exp −γt
f
X0 =
©.A34!Y%'.=LXDF?0¦-:C>'/2:+/<*&3-.(93I*T3 !6/2*TR
γ2 − 2µγ + ω02
γ 2 − 2µγ + ω02 6= 0
f
q q
x(t) = A exp (−µ + µ2 − ω02 )t + B exp (−µ − µ2 − ω02 )t + exp −γt
γ 2 − 2µγ + ω02
¯M!6P(+L9/<!/2:¹L+:D23'!Y%O>-/<:+½2*&?ADF%O/2.¸1K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%O#6?0/2:9/G%-#6*T3 DF%-1K(%-:+/<:H#6/K@B/3I1K%-*6#6?0>-LX3-DF?0¦-: V L9/K!6/2*TREL+:¹#6*T3I:9!6? #&%-*&?=%O14R-!)%
1K/2:+%H!*&R-(+?A@B%4@B/2(/2:9@+?=/<:9@B%4@B/hDF¦'1K%K!6/<3 γ /<:O*&/2.A3-D2?=¦':ED2%-: −µ ± pµ − ω 2 2
0
^K_ _ abdcZeFfFg8ceFi8jEk b CiWo g Eghb

q ]rEtu uB ~ u }H[ ~}~ uB u } z $ # } t u u Su z v}| t %Bu u } tz | z }H } w z - | u+t | t
t v z } z uEz v }}~~ uEz tw } µz } z u z }{' wªpu } t 0,1m ¢ } x{'| u9t ¨}~ t vx} w p} uEu { u+w tvuB

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t
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mg = kh
²d3®± *&/<D2L+/2:9D2?03G:93I#6L+*T3I.[@+/).A3G#&3-,+.A3®/!
k g
ω02 = = = 98 s−2
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m h
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/<! 0
l
v= = 1 m/s
@B%':9@B/ /<!.A3K.=%':+>-?=#6LX@O@+/2.[(93'!Y%G© T = 2π/ω /!/2.d(X/<*6P0%B@B%4@B/W.=%H!(93-!6%'!<]+Q5/<!6(X/YJY3I:9@B% l ©7X3-DF?0/2:X@B%4L9!6%K@+/ V L9/ ω = ω !6/
T
%-,+#6?0/2:+/ l V L+/ l = 63 cm. 0
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v u+} z z t } ~ u ~ | t z v( z } ~ z |v"t } ' {'}"! A zG~ w p~ w|vyu v} ~ ' |Su ~ {' } u¨ λ ~ u~ w |vt } ) v} λ
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¤ ~|{-' £ |t}¨¥ }~ w t [{-{-~ t | t { uz }x} z "} u }~ z |v}~
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@B/2.v3-yDF*&¦-,X3S#&3®!Y/<*&R
mẍ = 0
mÿ = −mg + k(l0 − (y − z)) − mγ ẏ
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#6/<:9@B*&/21K%'!/<:E.A34!Y/<>-L+:X@+38/DFL93'DF?0¦-:
x(t) = V t
2π
mÿ = −ky − mg + kl0 + kA cos( V t) − mγ ẏ
L+/³(+L+/@B/³/!6D2*6?0,+?0*&!6/-UI@B/9:+?0/2:9@+% U © DF%'1G%8.03/DFL93'DF?0¦-:4@B/³L+:C%'!&DF?0.03'@B%-*3-*61K¦-:9?0D2%
λ
±V %-*&°<3'@B%9U/<!@+/<DF?0*U y = y − l0 + mg
p
k ω0 = k/m ω = 2πV /λ
ÿ − γ ẏ + ω02 y = ω02 A cos ωt

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y = a exp i(ωt − δ)
B@ %-:X@B/ !Y%':DF%':9!$#T3I:H#6/!@B/5?=:H#6/<>-*T3-D2?=¦': V L+/M/<!Y#&3I*TRI:4@B/2#6/<*61K?0:93-@+3'!¸(%-*".A3-!DF%':9@B?ADF?0%-:+/!¸?=:9?0D2?03-.=/!2]«L+,9!Y#6?=#6L+©'/2:9@+%®!6/³.=.0/2>H3
3G.03G/<D2L9a,3-δD2?=¦':
[−ω 2 a + iγωa + ω02 a] exp i(ωt − δ) = ω02 a exp iωt
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ω02 A
a(ω) =
[(ω02 − ω 2 )2 + (γω)2 ]1/2
γω
tan δ(ω) =
ω02 − ω 2
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λ
p
0 V = 2π k/m
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+]
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F0
A= p
γ 2 ω2 + (ω02 − ω 2 )2
:x.A3K*6/!Y%':93I:9D2?039U ω = ω U9©E(%-*³.0%K#&3-:H#6% ]9·¸3-*&3 !6/#6?0/2:+/ V +L / UX%4.=% V +L /8/<!.0%
1K?0!61K% 2 0 A = F0 /γω0 ω = 1M Hz A = 10−2 F0 /γω0
γ 2 ω 2 + (ω02 − ω 2 )2 = 104 γ 2 ω02

q¼
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γ 2 ω 2 + (ω0 + ω)2 (ω0 − ω)2 = 104 γ 2 ω02
«L+(%-:9?=/<:9@B% V L+/.03K@B?=± /2*&/2:XDF?A3®/<:H#6*&/ ω0
© ω /<!(/ V L+/X3+U9!6/.=.0/2>H3®3 2
104 γ 2 = (ω0 − ω)2
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0
0,99ω02 − 2ω0 ω + ω 2 = 0
V L+/W@+34DF%'1K%G!6%-.0L9DF?0%-:9/<! 2
ω0 = 1,02ω
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ω0 = 0,98ω
/2:9/2*&>-PA38@B?A!Y?0(93'@+3G/2: L+: (X/<*6P0%B@B%07U+!Y/<*&R 2

γA2 ω 2 T πγωF02
E= = 2 2
2 γ ω + (ω02 − ω 2 )2
9] -8u ~ {-|~ u+ ~ u "9} t {' uw } u v z u u ( } t } u z u u } t | t "} [ ) " | t z {-~ u OuBSw £ t {-
u } t } z u v } z u {- tuB ¢ uBSu ' | ¡ }H{'|v} t {- u ! w !v}¹~ u |} u }H[{- u Suz }¹ u {'} w #B[ wyu

¤ X~|v{'} £zu t 2 u )[|v u ¥ sen ωtdt = cos ωtdt = , ω = )

( R T 2
R T 2 T 2π
0 0 2 T
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Z Z A Z T
E= Froz dx = 2mγ ẋdx = mγ ẋ2 dt.
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T
mγ
Z
P̄ = ẋ2 dt
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T 0
@B%':9@B/
x(t) = A sen (ωt − δ)
F0 /m
A = p
(ω02 − ω 2 )2 + γ 2 ω 2
γω
tan δ = .
²d3G(%I#&/2:9D2?03 V L+/<@93®/<:H#6%-:XDF/<! ω02 − ω 2
T
A2 ω 2 γ ω2 γ F02
Z
P̄ = cos2 (ωt + φ)dt =
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2m2 (ω02 − ω 2 )2 + γ 2 ω 2
]4M¦I#6/!Y/ L9/¨/<!Y#&3
± *&/<DFL9/2:9D2?03K@B/W*&/<!6%-:93-:9DF?A3h/!@B?A!$#&?=:H#&34@+/).A3K*&/<!6%-:93-:9DF?A38@BV/W.A3K3I1K(+.0? #&L9@ U V L+/hD<3I1®,+?03®(%-*/F± /Dn#&%ω@B/W=.03Kω@B?A!6?=(93'DF?0¦-:[] V
T 0
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P = F v = (F0 cos ωt) [−Aω sen (ωt − δ)] = −AωF0 sen ωt cos ωt cos δ − cos2 ωt sen δ
(%-*#&3-:H#6%9UB.A3G(X%-#6/<:9DF?A3K1K/<@B?A3G/<!

T T
1 F0 Aω sen δ 1
Z Z
P̄ = P dt = cos2 ωt dt = F0 Aω sen δ
@B%':9@B/ T 0 T 0 2
γ 2 ω2
sen δ =
(ω02 − ω 2 )2 + γ 2 ω 2

q-q
ºB]srOtvuz X~|v{'£ t Bu < {-|~ uB v};~ u }H{'| u {-£ t ẍ + 2β ẋ + ω02 x = A cos ωt } z v};~ u¹ Swu
A
x(t) = p cos(ωt − δ).
(ω 2 − ω02 )2 + 4ω 2 β 2
¤ ~|{-£ } tw ¥ z SuB ' |} t |}v}x uB } } z tu+t {- u } t ~ uªu+w p~ |v z 2β > ω 2 2
0
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V L+/W3I:L+.0/)/!$#T3K@B/2*&?=\S3'@+3+]B"!M@B/<D2?=* r r
d A A
= − ((ω 2 − ω02 )2 + 4ω 2 β 2 )−3/2 4(ω 2 − ω02 )ω + 8ωβ 2

dω ((ω 2 − ω02 )2 + 4ω 2 β 2 )1/2 2
"!Y#&3)@B/2*&?=\S3'@+3³!6/Z3-:HL9.035!Y¦'.=%)!Y? ω −ω +2β = 0 U</!p@B/<D2?=* ω = pω − 2β ]I«? 2β > ω U/<:H#6%-:XDF/<! ω @B/2\?0/2:+/Z?01K3->-?0:93I*&?A3+U
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2 2 2
r
2 2 2 2
r
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0 0 0
r
+]srOt t |v~;}E~ t X<| l } z $ # z w }H u | t w [ w } t < z {'~ u < ¨ ' t u ~ x (t) = A sen ωt v}
z |p| t v} z | z } tz £ t ! ( u+z };~ u % | Su*) [ z }x| t ~} u9w | u+w } t <¹v} z }{- uB ~} u <dv z 0 0
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~ x~ }~ {-£ x(t)/x (t) ! } |}~ ~ } |v} }~p| xv} | "} £
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x(t) 0
z} }x ~ } ~z } } t < } u ~ uª} z {-| u {'£ t }{'| <u9|vt [} ω {'} X~z } ' |} v}xu | { ).-®| u ~<{-|~ uB ¹{l' | z {-|vv<~0¹' v| }x¨~ [{'| µ< |}x {-l tv l {-~| u+t vX| ω
0
z u uu uy¡ t uytu Su t z & ' u+t zOwu ' u
¡ } }{-|{-}} t { {- utv~ u | S}u {-~ |} {- <| ~v}~M |v~ {'|d |d{-| }{'| ω } X |v}{µ
0 0

x0(t) l’
x(t)
v?0>-L9*&34ºB] 2
1
¤ ~|{-£ t¥
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¬+.=#6?01K3ODF%'1K(X%':+/2:H#6/®/<! F = mg sen θ U@+%-:9@B/ θ /<!5/2.¸R-:+>-L+.0% V L+/8± %-*&143/2.7+?0.=% DF%':¨.A3\-/<*Y#&?0D<3I.¡]X·p%'*5%-#6*T34(93I*6#6/'U9#&/2:+/<1K%'!
V L+/ sen θ = (x − x )/l U+@B/W@B%':9@B/
0
g
F = m (x − x0 )
:¹.03O3I(+*&%µ§B?=143'DF?0¦-:¨@B/G(X/ V L+/93'!)%'!&DF?0.03'DF?0%-:+/!2UX.03ODF%'1G(%-:9/2:H#6/ x @B/®.A3C± L+/2*&°<3C#6%-#&3I.¸!6%-,+*&/8.A3E.=/<:'#&/$JY3E/<!)18L9©x(93I*&/<D2?0@+3E3
l
/<!Y#&3 F V L+/W3-D<3I,93-1G%H!"@B/WD<3I.ADFL+.A3I*U'1K?0/2:H#6*T3-! V L+/).03KDF%'1K(X%':+/2:H#6/ y /<!Z(+*TR-DF#6?AD23I1K/<:'#&/M:L+.A3+UB@B/143I:+/<*&3 V L+/5.A3G!Y/<>-L+:9@938.0/2©

@B/ 4³/$6#6%-:x!6/*6/@BL9DF/W3
g g gA0
ẍ(t) = − [x(t) − x0 (t)] = − x(t) + sen ωt
l l l
V L+//<!.A3G/<DFLX3-DF?0¦-:O@B/WL+: %'!&DF?0.A3-@B%'*"± %'*6°3-@B%4@B/)± *&/<DFL9/2:9D2?03G:93I#6L+*T3I. ]
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p
ω0 = g/l
x(t) = B sen ωt
q¿
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ω02
B= A
ω02 − ω 2
¸/21K%H!(+L+/<! V 9L /

x(t)
© x0 (t)
DFL+1K(+.0/2:
x(t) B ω2
= = 2 0 2
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x0 (t) A ω0 − ω
2/V :H#&*6/W!6PU+/!(X%'* V L+/)± %'*6143I:O(93-*Y#&/@+/)L9:93K*6/Dn#T3+]

,B#&/2:+/<1G%H! 38(93-*Y#&?=*@B/DF%':9!Y?A@B/<*&3'DF?0%-:+/!¸>-/<%-1K½F#&*6?AD23'!2U'%-,9!6/2*&\S3I:9@B% V L+/ sen θ = x(t)/l ©K#T3I18,9?=½<: sen θ = x (t)/(l − l)
@B/h@B%':9@B/ l 0 0
0
0
ω2 − ω2 ω2

x(t) − x0 (t)
l0 = l =l 1− 0 2 =l
x(t) ω0 ω02
¸/21K%H! V L+/DFLX3I:9@B%)14R-!pDF/<*&D<3³/!$#&½ ω @+/ ω 14R-!(93-*6/DF?A@+3M!6/2*TR l 3 l ]I¾.A3I*T3I1K/<:'#&/D2L93I:9@+% ω = ω /!$#T3I1K%'!v/2:GL+:93)!Y?=#6LX3-DF?0¦-:
@B/W*&/<!6%-:93-:9DF?A3h/<:x3I1K(+.0? #&L9@ U9D2%-1K%K(+L+/<@+/3-(+*&/<DF?A3I*T!6/)@B/<. \S3I.0%-* ?0: 9:+?=#6% L+/)#6%'143®.A3K3I1K(+.0? #&L9@ @B/W.A3®.0/2:H#&/$JY3+]«? U
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0
0 0
0
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]rEtu |} u F cos(ωt + φ) u {- uxz v }| t z {'~ u v 8uBSw £ t {- {- tu+w <X| u+w } t <C} z }4}~p tz u+t <}
*u t ) {- - u ~ t = z 0 t z z u z t u z
0
z u ( z t u t u ) uBSu ' |} t

u u | S#9u+~t} z <} } } ~ < {' ~} v}~W {'~ v " {'£ X}~d{- {- ~

) ¤ } t } t tz u+t <}O t {' u ~ t = 0 ~ u u+ {'|v~ u } z u+u } ty }H" z ![} %tu }~} z u v¨ Su+tz < u Su z
¤ X~|v{'v£ } t [v zKz | z u+ # w }H z ( u+w p~ |v! ¡ }{-|} t {' u ! u+z } )

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2 0
ẍ + γ ẋ + ω x =
F
cos(ωt + φ).
´ºB] q-q ¶
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0
m
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V L+/xDF%'*6*&/<!6(X%':9@B/ 3I.³!6?0!Y#6/<@B14%-:X3ª@B%H/W!6.0D23K?=.A3-3I1G:X@B(9%¹.=?=#6D2L9%-@O: /.0!3ª± *&/<DFL9/2:9D2?03 ω @+/x.03ª± L+/<*6°3;/2§H#&/2*&:93+U¸/!4@B/<D2?=*U¸L+:93!6%-.0L9DF?0¦-: @B/x.A3;± %'*6143

x = A cos(ωt + φ − β)
1
F0 /m
A= p
[(ω02 − ω 2 )2 + γ 2 ω 2 ]
©

γω
β = arctan 2 ,
ω − ω02
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2
2 2 0 2
γ
x2 = Be− 2 t cos(ωγ t + α)
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r
γ2
ωγ = ω02 −
4

q
´ 19*6/<:9DT7E(XRI> I¿G3 Iº'¶n]
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1 2 2
1
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2
.03K3-1G(9.=?=#6L9@ B !6/<3G:L+.A3+]B·¸3I*T38/<.=.0%K\-/3I1K%'!Z.A3-!DF%':9@B?ADF?0%-:+/!?=:9?0D2?03-.=/!@B/W.03G(%'!6?0D2?=¦':E©C.03G\-/<.=%BD2?0@+3'@
x(t = 0) = B cos(δ) + ∆ cos(φ − β)

γ
ẋ(t = 0) = −Bωγ sen δ − B cos δ − ωA sen (φ − β).
´º+] q '¶
1K(X%':+?=/<:9@B%K.A34DF%-:X@B?0D2?=¦':E@B/ V L+/
2
B=0
/2:9D2%-:H#6*T3I*&/21K%'!?0:+1K/<@B?A3S#T3I1K/2:H#6/ V L+/
x(0) = A cos(φ − β)
ẋ(0) = −ωA sen (φ − β)
´ º+] q H¶
,X¶«?[/<: t = 0 .A3G(93I*6#6PADFL+.A3G/<!Y#&3-,93G/2:O*6/<(X%H!Y%K©/<:O.A3G(X%H!Y?ADF?0¦-: @B/W/ V L9?=.0?=,9*6?0%9UB/!@B/<D2?=*U+DF%': x(0) = ẋ(0) = 0 UB/2:H#6%':9DF/!

γ
0 = B cos(δ) + A cos(φ − β)0 = −Bωγ sen δ − B cos δ − ωA sen (φ − β)
2
QM?0\?0@+?=/<:9@B%4.A3G!6/2>'L+:9@+3G@B/W/!$#T3-!/<D2L93-D2?=%':+/<!Z(%-*.A3G(+*6?01K/2*T3+U+!6/%-,B#&?=/<:+/W/2. \S3I.0%-*³@+/).A3G±3-!6/ δ
tan δ = −
γ
+
ω
tan(φ − β)
¡´ ºB] q º'¶
2ωγ ωγ
7d%'143I:9@B%3-7+%-*T3.A3(+*&?=1K/<*&3/DFL93'DF?0¦-:© L9!63-:9@B% V L+/ !Y/ª/2:9D2L+/2:H#&*&3/<.M\S3I.0%-* B @B/;.03 3I1K(+.0? #&L9@ @B/<.
#6*T3I:9!6?=#6%-*&?0% cos δ = √ 1
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r h γ
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Capítulo 5-Problemas Oscialciones y MAS

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Capítulo 5-Problemas Oscialciones y MAS

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  

´!6?­.038.=%':+>-?=#6L9@C@B/2.­18L9/2.0.=/)/<!143µ©-%-* L+/5.A3h.0%-:9>-?=#6L9@4/<:C*&/2(%'!6%9U l(t) − l > 0 UH/2:H#&%-:9D2/<!/2.­18L+/<.=.0/)/<!Y#&Rh/!$#&?=*T3-@+%h©4793-D2/ML+:X3

·¸3I*T34*6/!Y%'.=\'/2*³.A3E/<DFLX3-DF?0¦-:¨@+/®1K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%XUX7X3I>'3-1K%'!/<.pD<3I1®,+?=% y(t) = l(t) − l − mg/k UX@B/G143I:+/<*&3 V L9/®.A3/DFL93'DF?0¦-:;@B/

y(t) = C sen (ω0 t) + D cos(ω0 t) +

@B/8!6L9!6(X/<:9!6?=¦':x?=:+?ADF?A3I.!Y?=#6LX3-@B%/<:x/2.v#6/DT7+%9]9Q5/®3'DFL+/<*&@+%DF%-:x.A3!6/2>'L+:9@+3K.0/2© @B/54M/6#6%':x#6/<:9@B*&/21K%'! V L9/h.03'!³/DFL93'DF?0%-:+/!³@B/

1K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%K%-,+#6/2:9/21KV %'! q1 = (my1 + M y2 )/(m + M )

3I1K%'!)3*&/<!6%-.0\-/<*³.A3-!5/<DFLX3-DF?0%-:9/<!)@B/81K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%E(93I*T34/<.pD2/2:H#6*&%C@B/G143-!&3-! ©x/2.¸3I.A3I*&>'3-1G?0/2:H#&% © 3C(93I*6#6?0*@B/G@+?0DT793'!

!Y%'.=LXDF?0%-:+/!®%',B#6/<:9@B*&/21K%'!K.A3-!4D2%-*&*6/!Y(%-:X@B?=/<:H#6/<!G3 y , y ]"²v3-!4D2%-:9@B?ADF?0%-:9/<!K?0q:+?0D2?03-.=/!K(93I*T3 y , y !Y%'q: y (0) = 0, y (0) =

3'¶4²v3-!EDF%-:X@B?0D2?=%':+/<!C?=:9?0D2?03-.=/!C!6%-: x(0) = 0 © ẋ(0) − 4 1K! ]Z²v3DF%':9@B?ADF?0¦-: @B/ª.03\'/2.0%BDF?A@+3-@!6/;%',B#6?0/2:+/ª@B/2.)?=1K(+L9.0!6%

,X¶¾%-:O.03GDF%':9@B?ADF?0¦-:O@B/.03®(X%H!Y?ADF?0¦-: !6/M#&?=/<:+/ L9/ = A cos φ = 0 .0% V L9/)?01K(+.0?0D<3 V L+/ φ = ±π/2 ]HQ5/W.03GDF%':9@B?ADF?0¦-:E(93I*T3

@B/<@BLXDF/ V L+/.03K3-1G(9.=?=#6L9@O#&%-143G/2. \S3I.0%-* A = 4/5 = 0,8m ]

¤ ~|{-£ }¨t} ¥ ' |v~ v  x = 0 

²d3G/DFL93'DF?0¦-: @B/2. 1K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%4@B/W.A3G(93I*6#6PADFL9.03G/<!

ºB] } w z  SuB0' |v}¨~ uªz ~|{-£ t X} t } µu ~} ẍ + 2βẋ + ω x = 0 } z

:9!6/2*6#&3-:9@B%G/<!Y#6%'!*&/<!6L+.=#&3'@B%'!Z/2: .A3G/<DFLX3-DF?0¦-: ẍ(t)@B/1K=%S(ω\?=1K−?0/2β):H#6ẋ(t)

[(ω − β)2 + 2β + ω02 ]x(t) = 0

^K_ K_ abdcZeFfFg8ceFi8jEkb giWove Og Oghb

A(tn ) − A(tn+1 ) = A(tn+1 )/100 γ = 10−2

!p } ω } ~ }{-|} {' }H~ [ } <  {'{-£ 

²d3x!6%-.0L9DF?0¦-:@+/.03¨/<DFLX3-DF?0¦-:@B/<."1K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%¨@+/2,/2*TR #6/<:+/2*Ud%',H\?A3I1K/2:H#&/-U[L+:X3 (93I*6#6/ L+/EDF%-*&*&/<!6(X%':9@B/43I.%'!&DF?0.03'@B%-*W.0?=,9*6/'U

·L+/!$#&% V L+/ A © ω @B/<,X/<:;!6/2*5@+?0!Y#6?0:H#&3-!5@B/®D2/2*&%9U@B/8.A34/<D2L93-D2?=¦':´º+] H¶@B/<@+L9DF?01K%'! φ = π/2 UX© 3I7+%'*&34@+/E´º+] -¶%',B#6/<:+/21K%'!

´ ,¶²v38(9*6/!Y/<:9DF?A3h@B/L+:E*6%'°<3I1K?0/2:H#6%GDF%':9!$#T3I:H#6/5793-D2/ L+/).03G3I1K(+.0?=#6L9@C#6/<:+>'38:+/<D2/<!&3I*&?03-1G/<:H#6/ L+/@B?A!Y1K?0:L+?=*D2%-:/<.­#6?0/21K(X%X]

(93-*&3'@B%IJY39UX3I:X3I.0?0D2/21K%'!5/2.p1K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%O/2:ªL+:ª!6/21K?0(X/<*6P0%B@B%9U­/<!@B/DF?0*<U @B/!Y(9L+½<!@B/GL+:ª#6?0/21K(X% t = π/ω ] «B3I,/21K%'! V L+/G(93I*T3

.0% V L+/)*6/!YL+.=#&38©'3hD2%-*&*6/Dn#&%9]¾%'1K%8.A3-!ZD23I*T3-DF#6/<*6PA!$#&?0D<3-!@+/2.­1K%S\H?01K?=/<:H#6%W#&?=/<:+/2: V L9/)!6/2*Z.03'!"1K?A!Y143'!"/<:CD23'@+38!6/21K?0(X/<*6P0%B@B%9UH/2: 2

/2.¸!6?=>'L+?0/2:H#6/G1K%S\H?01K?=/<:H#6%9U­3I79%-*T3C@B/G?=° V L+?=/<*&@93C3O@B/2*&/<DT793ª´ .0% V L+/KDF%'1K(+.=/2#&3-*6PA3*&/<3-.=1K/2:H#&/8/2.p(+*&?01G/<*(X/<*6P0%B@B%H¶M.03O3I1K(+.0?=#6L9@

´D¶"¾.A3I*T3I1K/2:H#6//<.9,+.0% L+/³!Y/M(93I*T3I*TR³#T3I:4(+*&%-:H#&%hDF%-1K%W.A3)± L+/2*&°<3*&/<D2L+(/2*T3-@B%'*&3@B/³.0%'!18L+/<.=.0/<!!6/<31K/<:+%-* L+/M.03h@+/± *6?AD2D2?=¦':[]

4³%-#&3 2 ·¸3I*T3/<:'#&/2:9@+/2*1G/YJ$%-*v/2.3I(93-*Y#T3-@B%8´,X¶v@B/2.H(+*&%-,+.0/2143+U<793µ© L+/"(+.A3I:H#&/<3I*v©*6/!Y%'.=\'/2* .A3-!v/<DFLX3-DF?0%-:9/<!d@+/2.H1G%S\?01K?=/<:'#&%³(93-*&3

793'DF?A3.03?0° V L+?0/2*T@+34´!6/2:H#&?0@B%W:9/2>'3I#6?0\-%¶nUI@B/± %'*6143 V L+/.A3W/<D2L93-D2?=¦':G@+/2.91K%S\?01G?0/2:H#&%9UI\SRI.0?A@+3(93I*T3)/2.9#6?0/21K(X% π/ω ≤ t ≤ 2π/ω U

!6/2*TR ]¸¾%':y/2.Z1K?0!61K%ª*T3I°<%-:93-1K?=/<:'#&% V L+/C/<:y/<.3-(93I*6#&3'@B%y´3'¶nU#&/2:+?0/2:9@+%ª/<: DFL9/2:H#&3 V L9/E.A3-!GDF%':9@B?ADF?0%-:+/!

L+/ DF%-:H#&?=:L93-*®/<:y.0%'!G*6/!$#T3I:H#6/!8?0:H#6/<*6\S3I.0%'!8#6/<1K(X%'*&3-.=/!2Uv#6%'1K3-:9@B%DF%'1G%ª/<D2L93-D2?=¦': @B/<.Z1K%S\?01G?0/2:H#&%ªL+:X3;L %I#6*T3;!6/2>'¬+:y/<.

x = Ae−γt/2 cos (ωt + α)

:x/2.v?=:X!$#T3I:H#6/ t #6/2:9/21K%'! Ae U+©O@+/<!6(+L+½<!5@B/ q ¼4D2?0D2.=%H!2UX/<!³@+/<DF?0* q ¼K(X/<*6P0%B@B%'!<U ©C.A33I1K(+.0? #&L9@ /<!

QM/h3 V L+P[!Y/W@B/@BL9D2/ V L9/ ω = ω − = 6, 2825 ! γ2

´ ,X¶Z".[(X/<*6P0%B@B%K/<! T = 2π/ω = 1,0001 !<]

´D¶·p%-*8/<."1K?A!Y1K%¨*T3I°<%-:93-1G?0/2:H#&% L+/C/2:/2.Z3I(93-*Y#T3-@B%´3'¶)#&/2:+/<1K%'! L+/E!Y? /<!8/2.#&?=/<1K(X%ª(93I*T3 /2. V L9/ Ae = 0,2 U

FP eso = (mg sen α, −mg cos α)

´ ,X¶Z²v3®(%'!6?ADF?0¦-:E@+/)/ L+?=.0?0,+*6?0%G/<!Y#&3I,9.=//<! ]B²d?=:+/3I*&?=°3I:9@+%8.A3-!/<D2L93-D2?=%':+/<!/2:E#6%'*6:9%G3G/2.0.A3E´ sen α ≈ α¶!6/)/2:9D2L+/2:H#6*T3®.03

^K_ _ abdcZeFfFg8ceFi8jEk b CiWo g Eghb

Q)3-@B% L9/M.A3W#&3-,+.A3W/<!.03-*6>H3© 9/F§B?0,+.=/5(X%B@B/<1K%'!Z!YL+(%-:9/2* L9/M.A38@B/2± %-*&1K3'DF?0¦-:4@B/).03W#&3I,9.03®!Y?0>-L+/M.038.=/<©K@+/ ³%%  /-] >-LX3I.A3I:9@B%

%-,+#6?0/2:+/ l V L+/ l = 63 cm. 0

ÿ − γ ẏ + ω02 y = ω02 A cos ωt

¤ ~|{-w £ t} ¥t <¹} t | t "}  [

´3H¶Z·p3-*&3®L+: %'!&DF?0.A3-@B%'*Z3-1G%'*Y#&?=>'L93-@+%®©4± %'*6°3-@B%XU.03KDFL9*6\S3K@B/W*&/<!6%-:93-:9DF?A3®!6/(+L+/@B/W/<!&DF*&?=,9?=*U/2:O± %-*&1438>'/2:+/<*&3-.U+D2%-1K% 2

γ 2 ω 2 + (ω02 − ω 2 )2 = 104 γ 2 ω02

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/2:9/2*&>-PA38@B?A!Y?0(93'@+3G/2: L+: (X/<*6P0%B@B%07U+!Y/<*&R 2

¤ X~|v{'} £zu t 2      u )[|v u ¥ sen ωtdt = cos ωtdt = , ω = )

²d3G/<:+/2*&>-PA3®@+?0!6?=(X3-@+3K!6/)(9L+/<@B/hD<3I.ADFL+.A3I*D2%-1K%K/2. #&*&3-,93SJ$% V L+/*6/3I.0?=°38.A3®± L+/2*&°<3K@B/W*&%-°3I1K?=/<:H#6%9U V L+//2: L+: (/2*&?=%B@B%K/!

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/<!Y#&3 F V L+/W3-D<3I,93-1G%H!"@B/WD<3I.ADFL+.A3I*U'1K?0/2:H#6*T3-! V L+/).03KDF%'1K(X%':+/2:H#6/ y /<!Z(+*TR-DF#6?AD23I1K/<:'#&/M:L+.A3+UB@B/143I:+/<*&3 V L+/5.A3G!Y/<>-L+:9@938.0/2©

DF%'1K%G(9L+/<@B/hD2%-1K(+*&%-,93-*&!6/5!6L+,9!Y#6?=#6L9©-/2:X@B%K/<!Y#&3K!Y%'.=LXDF?0¦-:O/2: 3I. /<D2L93-D2?=¦':O@+/W1G%S\?01K?=/<:'#&%9UB!6?=/<1G(9*6/©ED2L93I:X@B%4!Y/WDFL91G(9.03

2/V :H#&*6/W!6PU+/!(X%'* V L+/)± %'*6143I:O(93-*Y#&/@+/)L9:93K*6/Dn#T3+]

!6/D2%-*&*6/!Y(%-:X@B/)3-.[@B?0,+LSJ$%@B/W.A3G?=° V L9?=/<*&@+3K@B/.A03 1?=>'L+*&3 h@B/<. 1+*&/2:XDT7[]

z u  ( z t u t u ) uBSu ' |} t

3'¶.v%'!&DF?0.03'@B%-*3I1K%'*Y#&?=>'L93-@B%®± %-*&°<3'@B%G/<!Y#&RG*6/<>-?A@B%G(X%'*.03G/<D2L93-D2?=¦':O@+? ± /<*6/<:9DF?A3I.

(93-*Y#&?0D2L+.03-*®©.A3¹!Y%'.=L9D2?=¦':y@B/ .A3;/DFL93'DF?0¦-:7+%'1K%->-½<:+/<39] "3¹DF%':+%BDF/<1G%H!8L9:93ª!6%-.0L9D2?=¦':(93I*6#6?ADFL9.03-*<U.03¹!6%-.0L9DF?0¦-:/!$#T3-D2?=%':93I*&?03

V L+/xDF%'*6*&/<!6(X%':9@B/ 3I.³!6?0!Y#6/<@B14%-:X3ª@B%H/W!6.0D23K?=.A3-3I1G:X@B(9%¹.=?=#6D2L9%-@O: /.0!3ª± *&/<DFL9/2:9D2?03 ω @+/x.03ª± L+/<*6°3;/2§H#&/2*&:93+U¸/!4@B/<D2?=*U¸L+:93!6%-.0L9DF?0¦-: @B/x.A3;± %'*6143

:O/<!Y#6/WD23'!Y%G/2. /<:HL9:9DF?A3-@B%G:+%H!(+?0@+/@+/F#6/<*61K?0:93I*.A3-!D2%-:9@B?ADF?0%-:9/<!Z?=:9?0D2?03-.=/!(X3I*T3 V L+/:+%G793µ©'38#6*T3-!6?=#6%-*&?0%9UH/<!@B/DF?0*<U(93-*&3 V L+/

x(t = 0) = B cos(δ) + ∆ cos(φ − β)

,X¶«?[/<: t = 0 .A3G(93I*6#6PADFL+.A3G/<!Y#&3-,93G/2:O*6/<(X%H!Y%K©/<:O.A3G(X%H!Y?ADF?0¦-: @B/W/ V L9?=.0?=,9*6?0%9UB/!@B/<D2?=*U+DF%': x(0) = ẋ(0) = 0 UB/2:H#6%':9DF/!

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·¸3IT346/!Y%'.=\'/2³.A3E/<DFLX3-DF?0¦-:¨@+/®1K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%XUX7X3I>'3-1K%'!/<.pD<3I1®,+?=% y(t) = l(t) − l − mg/k UX@B/G143I:+/<&3 V L9/®.A3/DFL93'DF?0¦-:;@B/

@B/8!6L9!6(X/<:9!6?=¦':x?=:+?ADF?A3I.!Y?=#6LX3-@B%/<:x/2.v#6/DT7+%9]9Q5/®3'DFL+/<&@+%DF%-:x.A3!6/2>'L+:9@+3K.0/2© @B/54M/6#6%':x#6/<:9@B&/21K%'! V L9/h.03'!³/DFL93'DF?0%-:+/!³@B/

1K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%K%-,+#6/2:9/21KV %'! q1 = (my1 + M y2 )/(m + M )

3I1K%'!)3&/<!6%-.0\-/<³.A3-!5/<DFLX3-DF?0%-:9/<!)@B/81K%S\?=1K?0/2:H#6%E(93IT34/<.pD2/2:H#6&%C@B/G143-!&3-! ©x/2.¸3I.A3I&>'3-1G?0/2:H#&% © 3C(93I6#6?0*@B/G@+?0DT793'!

!Y%'.=LXDF?0%-:+/!®%',B#6/<:9@B&/21K%'!K.A3-!4D2%-&6/!Y(%-:X@B?=/<:H#6/<!G3 y , y ]"²v3-!4D2%-:9@B?ADF?0%-:9/<!K?0q:+?0D2?03-.=/!K(93IT3 y , y !Y%'q: y (0) = 0, y (0) =

3'¶4²v3-!EDF%-:X@B?0D2?=%':+/<!C?=:9?0D2?03-.=/!C!6%-: x(0) = 0 © ẋ(0) − 4 1K! ]Z²v3DF%':9@B?ADF?0¦-: @B/ª.03\'/2.0%BDF?A@+3-@!6/;%',B#6?0/2:+/ª@B/2.)?=1K(+L9.0!6%

,X¶¾%-:O.03GDF%':9@B?ADF?0¦-:O@B/.03®(X%H!Y?ADF?0¦-: !6/M#&?=/<:+/ L9/ = A cos φ = 0 .0% V L9/)?01K(+.0?0D<3 V L+/ φ = ±π/2 ]HQ5/W.03GDF%':9@B?ADF?0¦-:E(93I*T3

@B/<@BLXDF/ V L+/.03K3-1G(9.=?=#6L9@O#&%-143G/2. \S3I.0%-* A = 4/5 = 0,8m ]

¤ ~|{-£ }¨t} ¥ ' |v~ v x = 0

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