ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

(INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL)
 WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

 In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are getting in touch with
different new technologies day by day.
 Here, one of the booming technologies of computer science is Artificial Intelligence
which is ready to create a new revolution in the world by making intelligent
machines.The Artificial Intelligence is now all around us. It is currently working with a
variety of subfields, ranging from general to specific, such as self-driving cars, playing
chess, proving theorems, playing music, Painting, etc.
 AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science which has a great
scope in future. AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a human.
 WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

 Definition of AI (one of them):

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which
can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions." |
 WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

 Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as
learning, reasoning, and solving problems.
 With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some
work, despite that you can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can
work with own intelligence, and that is the awesomeness of AI.
 It is believed that AI is not a new technology, and some people says that as per Greek
myth, there were Mechanical men in early days which can work and behave like
humans.
 WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF AI

Some main reasons to learn about AI:

 With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-
world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic
issues, etc.
 With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana,
Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
 With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment
where survival of humans can be at risk.
 AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.
 GOALS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
I. Proving a theorem
II. Playing chess
III. Plan some surgical operation
IV. Driving a car in traffic
V. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
 WHAT COMPRISES TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

 Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and
requires lots of other factors which can contribute to it.
 To create the AI first its necesary know how intelligence is composed, so the
Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning,
learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding, etc.
 To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires
the following discipline:
 Mathematics  Computer Science
 Biology  Neurons Study
 Psychology  Statistics
 Sociology  Philosophy
 ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

 High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors
and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.

 High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because

of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.

 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.
 ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.

 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such
as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the
products as per customer requirement.

 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-
driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for
security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in
human-language, etc.
 DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires
lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.

 Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still
they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they
are trained, or programmed.

 No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it

does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with
human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
 DISADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

 Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are

getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.

 No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas
but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be
creative and imaginative.
 APPLICATION OF AI

 Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming essential

for today's time because it can solve complex problems with an efficient way in multiple
industries, such as healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making our
daily life more comfortable and fast.
 APPLICATION OF AI

Astronomy
 Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin,
etc.

Healthcare
 In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare
industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
 Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than
humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
 APPLICATION OF AI

Gaming
 AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess,
where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.

Finance
 AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine
learning into financial processes.
 APPLICATION OF AI

Data Security
 The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very
rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug and
cyber-attacks in a better way.

Social Media
 Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can organize
and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest
trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
 APPLICATION OF AI

Travel & Transport

 AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing various
travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels,
flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered
chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast
response.
 APPLICATION OF AI

Automotive Industry
 Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for
better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual
assistant.
 Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make
your journey more safe and secure.
 APPLICATION OF AI

Robotics
 Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of AI,
we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences
without pre-programmed.
 Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent
Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and
behave like humans.
 APPLICATION OF AI

Entertainment
 We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms,
these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.

Agriculture
 Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best
result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field.
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive
analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
 APPLICATION OF AI

E-commerce
 AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming
more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover
associated products with recommended size, color, or even brand.

Education
 AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot can
communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
 AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.
 HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers. This
technology is much older than you would imagine. Even there are the myths of Mechanical
men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths. Following are some milestones in the history
of AI which defines the journey from the AI generation to till date development.

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

2020 2022

Sofia Ameca

ChatGPT
 MATURATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (1943-1952)

 Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren
McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.

 Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection
strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.

 Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered Machine
learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which
he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent
behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
 THE BIRTH OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (1952-1956)

 Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial intelligence
program"Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This program had proved 38 of 52
Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for some theorems.

 Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer
scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as
an academic field.

 At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were
invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time
 THE GOLDEN YEARS-EARLY ENTHUSIASM (1956-1974)

 Year 1966: The researchers

emphasized developing
algorithms which can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph
Weizenbaum created the first
chatbot in 1966, which was
named as ELIZA.

 Year 1972: The first intelligent

humanoid robot was built in
Japan which was named as
WABOT-1.
 THE FIRST AI WINTER (1974-1980)

 The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI winter
refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe shortage of
funding from government for AI researches.

 During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.

 A BOOM OF AI (1980-1987)

 Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert systems
were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human expert.

 In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial
Intelligence was held at Stanford University.
 THE SECOND AI WINTER (1987-1993)

 The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.

 Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high cost
but not efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was very cost effective.
 THE EMERGENCE OF INTELLIGENT AGENTS (1993-2011)

 Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary
Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.

 Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum
cleaner.

 Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like Facebook,
Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.
 DEEP LEARNING, BIG DATA AND ARTIFICIAL GENERAL
INTELLIGENCE (2011-PRESENT)

 Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and
which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on other side didn't notice
that she was talking with the machine.

 Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big data,
and data science are now trending like a boom. Nowadays companies like Google,
Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and creating amazing devices. The
future of Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high intelligence.
 DEEP LEARNING, BIG DATA AND ARTIFICIAL GENERAL
INTELLIGENCE (2011-PRESENT)

 Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and
which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on other side didn't notice
that she was talking with the machine.

 Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big data,
and data science are now trending like a boom. Nowadays companies like Google,
Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and creating amazing devices. The
future of Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high intelligence.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF AI

A brief history of AI - YouTube A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence - YouTube

 INTELIGENCIA E INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL

Inteligencia:
Conjunto estructurado de capacidades que permiten a una entidad (organismo natural o
artificial) resolver problemas que le presenta el entorno en el cual está situado,
anticipandose y adaptandose a las circunstancias en el transcurso del tiempo.

Inteligencia Artificial:
Pretende entender el funcionamiento de las entidades inteligentes mediante la
construcción de agentes que exhiban habilidades y comportamiento juzgado como
inteligente.
 JERARQUÍA DE LAS CAPACIDADES

• Reflejo Condicionado: permite responder ante estímulos.

• Reflejo Anticipado de la realidad: permite provocar la evolución en los patrones

que asimila el organismo, extendiendo su memoria y capacidad por asimilar y
representar su propio mecanismo de reflejo.

• Conciencia: transmisión (no genética del conocimiento) a las nuevas generaciones.

Operadores de pensamiento: permite la selección y almacenamiento a largo plazo.

 ACTIVIDAD Y NECESIDAD

 El medio influye definitivamente para que el organismo desarrolle sus habilidades, la

actividad queda en función de la necesidad, ya que el medio presenta problemas y el
organismo busca su propia conservación.

 Para esto un organismo:

 Plantea un propósito (Meta)
 Experiencia que tiene en memoria traza un “Plan de acción”

La experiencia del organismo se refina y acrecenta tanto por el resultado de la aplicación

del plan (éxito-parcial ó total ó fracaso)
 CAPACIDAD

 Capacidad inteligente en los seres vivos:

1. La inteligencia requiere experiencia, representada mediante formas de
conocimiento.
2. Mantenimiento de la inteligencia requiere pruebas de planes, lo cual permite liberar
la inteligencia en un medio particular.
3. El nivel de conciencia dirige la necesidad y en consecuencia, la calidad de la actividad
inteligente.
 DEFINICIONES DE INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL

 Son sistemas que:

Procesos mentales y de razonamiento

Piensan como humanos Piensan racionalmete

Eficiencia
Humana Racionalidad

Actúan como humanos Actúan racionalmente

Procesos de conducta
 DEFINICIONES DE INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL

Sistemas que piensan igual que los humanos:

 “La emoción de un nuevo esfuerzo para hacer que las computadoras piensen ... Máquinas
con mente, en sentido total y literal.” (Haugeland, 1985)

 “[La automatización de] actividades que nosotros asociamos con el pensamiento humano,
actividades como la toma de desiciones, solución de problemas, aprendizaje,...”
(Bellman,1978)
 DEFINICIONES DE INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL

Sistemas que piensan racionalmente:

 “El estudio de habilidades mentales a través del uso de modelos computacionales.”

(Charniak and McDermortt, 1985)

 “El estudio de cálculos que hacen posible, percibir, razonar y actuar.” (Winston, 1992)
 DEFINICIONES DE INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL

Sistemas que actúan igual que humanos:

 “El arte de crear máquinas que realizan funciones que requieren inteligencia cuando son
realizadas por personas.” (Kurzweil, 1990)

 “El estudio del como hacer que las computadoras realicen cosas para las cuales, en este
momento, las personas realizan mejor.” (Rich and Knight, 1991)
 DEFINICIONES DE INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL

Sistemas que actúan racionalmente:

 “Inteligencia computacional es el estudio del diseño de agentes inteligentes.” (Poole et al.,

1998)

 “IA ... se relaciona con el comportamiento inteligente en artefactos.” (Nilsson, 1998)

 ACTUAR COMO HUMANOS

Conducta inteligente:
 La capacidad de lograr eficiencia a nivel humano en todas las actividades de tipo
cognositivo, suficiente para engañar a un evaluador.

 Preguntas:
 Pueden las máquinas pensar?
 Pueden las máquinas comportarse inteligentemente?

 Pensar: algo mediante lo que se toman decisiones o se delibera, a través de un cerebro

orgánico o natural
 PRUEBA DE TURING (1950)

 Capacidad de una computadora para pasar la prueba de Turing:

 Procesamiento de lenguaje natural (comunicarse)
 Representar el conocimiento (almacenar lo que sabe y lo que escucha)
 Razonar automáticamente (contestar preguntas y formular nuevas conclusiones)
 Autoaprendizaje de la máquina (adaptarse a nuevas circunstancias y detectar y
explotar patrones)
 PRUEBA TOTAL DE TURING

 Prueba Total de Turing:

 Visión (percibir objetos)
 Robótica (manipular y tener movimiento de esos objetos)

 Problema de la prueba de Turing:

 NO es reproducible
 NO es constructivo
 NO es sensible a un análisis matemático

 Pregunta: Inteligencia Artificial? Vuelo artificial?

THE TURING TEST

The Turing test: Can a computer pass for a human? - Alex Gendler - YouTube
http://www.macrovu.com/cctgeneralinfo.html
http://www.macrovu.com/cctgeneralinfo.html
 PENSAR COMO HUMANO

 Como piensan los humanos?

 Mediante la introspección (los pensamientos se van dando)
 Mediante la realización de experimentos psicológicos

Ejemplos:
 Newell y Simon (1961): Como se llega a una respuesta?
 Wang (1960): Respuesta correcta.
 PENSAR COMO HUMANO

Revolución Cognositiva:
 Requiere teorías científicas para entender las actividades internas del cerebro
 A través de introspección y experimentos psicológicos
 Que nivel de abstracción?
 Como validarlo? (Requerimientos)
1. Prediciendo y probando el comportamiento humano en ciertos temas (arriba hacia
abajo)
2. Identificación de forma directa partiendo de información neurológica (abajo hacia
arriba)
 PENSAR RACIONALMENTE: LEYES DEL PENSAMIENTO

 Normativo en lugar de descriptivo.

 Aristóteles: la manera correcta/bien argumentada de pensar.

 Silogismos: esquemas de estructuras de argumentación mediante las que siempre se

llega a conclusiones correctas si se parte de premisas correctas.

 Lógica: las leyes del pensamiento deben de gobernar la manera de operar la mente.
 PENSAR RACIONALMENTE: LEYES DEL PENSAMIENTO

 Escuelas griegas desarollaron varias formas de lógica:

 Notación y Reglas de derivación para el pensamiento.
 Ejemplo:
 Sócrates es un hombre; todos los hombres son mortales; por lo tanto Sócrates es
mortal
 Por el pensamiento racional se creó una línea directa a través de las matemáticas y la
filosofía para el desarrollo de la IA.
 Problemas:
1. No todo comportamiento inteligente puede ser representado de forma lógica.
2. Cual es el propósito de pensar? Que conocimientos debo tener?
 ACTUAR EN FORMA RACIONAL: EL AGENTE RACIONAL

 Comportamiento racional: hacer las cosas correctas.

 Las cosas correctas: lo que se espera para cumplir lo mejor posible un objetivo, de
acuerdo a la información disponible.

 Sin embargo hacer lo correcto no implica pensar, ejemplo un reflejo.

 Pero pensar debe de estar al servicio de una acción racional.

 ACTUAR EN FORMA RACIONAL: EL AGENTE RACIONAL

Ventajas al utilizar un enfoque racional en el actuar:

1. Es mas general que el enfoque basado en un solo conjunto de “reglas de
razonamiento”, ya que al efectuar inferencias correctas es sólo un mecanismo útil para
garantizar la racionalidad, pero no es un mecanismo necesario.

2. Se presta de mejor forma para el desarrollo científico que los enfoques basados en
conducta o pensamientos humanos, ya que se define de forma clara la racionalidad, lo
que permite aplicarla de forma general. A diferencia de un comportamiento humano,
el cual se adapta a un ambiente específico, el cual depende de un proceso evolutivo,
que a su vez dista de la perfección.
 ACTUAR EN FORMA RACIONAL: EL AGENTE RACIONAL

Aristóteles: Etica Nicomaquea (agente  acciones sean justificables o racionales)

“Cualquier arte y/o cualquier pregunta, y similarmente cualquier acción y forma de

hacerla, es pensada con el propósito de obtener algo.”

Lo que nos ocupa son los fines, no los medios. Un médico no se cuestiona si deberá
o no sanar a un paciente, este se da por sentado y se considera el cómo y los medios
para alcanzarlo, hasta que así se llega a la causa primera, que en el orden de lo que se va
descubriendo es la última...Y lo que viene al último en el análisis es lo primero en el orden
de lo que es apropiado. Pero si resultara que algo es imposible, se renunciara a su
obtención; pero si algo parece posible de lograr, entonces se intenta.
 STATE OF THE ART: ROBOTIC VEHICLES

The history of robotic vehicles stretches back to radio-controlled cars of the 1920s, but
the first demonstrations of autonomous road driving without special guides occurred in
the 1980s. After successful demonstrations of driving on dirt roads in the 132-mile
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) Grand Challenge in 2005 (Thrun,
2006) and on streets with traffic in the 2007 Urban Challenge, the race to develop self-
driving cars began in earnest. In 2018, Waymo test vehicles passed the landmark of 10
million miles driven on public roads without a serious accident, with the human driver
stepping in to take over control only once every 6,000 miles. Soon after, the company
began offering a commercial robotic taxi service.
In the air, autonomous fixed-wing drones have been providing cross-country blood
deliveries in Rwanda since 2016. Quadcopters perform remarkable aerobatic maneuvers,
explore buildings while constructing 3-D maps, and self-assemble into autonomous
formations.
 STATE OF THE ART: AUTONOMOUS PLANNING AND SCHEDULING

A hundred million miles from Earth, NASA’s Remote Agent program became the first on-
board autonomous planning program to control the scheduling of operations for a
spacecraft.

Remote Agent generated plans from high-level goals specified from the ground and
monitored the execution of those plans—detecting, diagnosing, and recovering from
problems as they occurred. Today, the EUROPA planning toolkit is used for daily
operations of NASA’s Mars rovers and the SEXTANT system allows autonomous
navigation in deep space, beyond the global GPS system.
 STATE OF THE ART: AUTONOMOUS PLANNING AND SCHEDULING

During the Persian Gulf crisis of 1991, U.S. forces deployed a Dynamic Analysis and
Replanning Tool, DART, to do automated logistics planning and scheduling for
transportation. This involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people at a time, and had to
account for starting points, destinations, routes, transport capacities, port and airfield
capacities, and conflict resolution among all parameters. The Defense Advanced Research
Project Agency (DARPA) stated that this single application more than paid back DARPA’s
30-year investment in AI.

Every day, ride hailing companies such as Uber and mapping services such as Google Maps
provide driving directions for hundreds of millions of users, quickly plotting an optimal
route taking into account current and predicted future traffic conditions.
 STATE OF THE ART: MACHINE TRANSLATION

Online machine translation systems now enable the reading of documents in over 100
languages, including the native languages of over 99% of humans, and render hundreds of
billions of words per day for hundreds of millions of users.
While not perfect, they are generally adequate for understanding. For closely related
languages with a great deal of training data (such as French and English) translations
within a narrow domain are close to the level of a human.
 STATE OF THE ART: SPEECH RECOGNITION

In 2017, Microsoft showed that its Conversational Speech Recognition System had
reached a word error rate of 5.1%, matching human performance on the Switchboard
task, which involves transcribing telephone conversations. About a third of computer
interaction worldwide is now done by voice rather than keyboard; Skype provides real-
time speech-to-speech translation in ten languages.
Alexa, Siri, Cortana, and Google offer assistants that can answer questions and carry out
tasks for the user; for example the Google Duplex service uses speech recognition and
speech synthesis to make restaurant reservations for users, carrying out a fluent
conversation on their behalf.
 STATE OF THE ART: RECOMMENDATIONS

Companies such as Amazon, Facebook, Netflix, Spotify,YouTube, Walmart, and others use
machine learning to recommend what you might like based on your past experiences and
those of others like you.
The field of recommender systems has a long history but is changing rapidly due to new
deep learning methods that analyze content (text, music, video) as well as history and
metadata.
Spam filtering can also be considered a form of recommendation (or dis-
recommendation); current AI techniques filter out over 99.9% of spam, and email services
can also recommend potential recipients, as well as possible response text.
 STATE OF THE ART: GAME PLAYING

When Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997, defenders of
human supremacy placed their hopes on Go. Piet Hut, an astrophysicist and Go
enthusiast, predicted that it would take “a hundred years before a computer beats humans
at Go—maybe even longer.” But just 20 years later, ALPHAGO surpassed all human
players (Silver et al., 2017). Ke Jie, the world champion, said, “Last year, it was still quite
human-like when it played. But this year, it became like a god of Go.” ALPHAGO benefited
from studying hundreds of thousands of past games by human Go players, and from the
distilled knowledge of expert Go players that worked on the team.
 STATE OF THE ART: GAME PLAYING

A followup program, ALPHAZERO, used no input from humans (except for the rules of
the game), and was able to learn through self-play alone to defeat all opponents, human
and machine, at Go, chess, and shogi. Meanwhile, human champions have been beaten by
AI systems at games as diverse as Jeopardy!, poker and the video games Dota 2, StarCraft
II, and Quake III.
 STATE OF THE ART: IMAGE UNDERSTANDING

Not content with exceeding human accuracy on the challenging ImageNet object
recognition task, computer vision researchers have taken on the more difficult problem of
image captioning.
Some impressive examples include “A person riding a motorcycle on a dirt road,” “Two
pizzas sitting on top of a stove top oven,” and “A group of young people playing a game of
frisbee”.
Current systems are far from perfect, however: a “refrigerator filled with lots of food and
drinks” turns out to be a no-parking sign partially obscured by lots of small stickers.
 STATE OF THE ART: MEDICINE

AI algorithms now equal or exceed expert doctors at diagnosing many conditions,

particularly when the diagnosis is based on images.
Examples include Alzheimer’s disease, metastatic cancer, ophthalmic disease, and skin
diseases. A systematic review and meta-analysis found that the performance of AI
programs, on average, was equivalent to health care professionals.
One current emphasis in medical AI is in facilitating human–machine partnerships. For
example, the LYNA system achieves 99.6% overall accuracy in diagnosing metastatic
breast cancer—better than an unaided human expert—but the combination does better
still.
 STATE OF THE ART: CLIMATE SCIENCE

A team of scientists won the 2018 Gordon Bell Prize for a deep learning model that
discovers detailed information about extreme weather events that were previously buried
in climate data.
They used a supercomputer with specialized GPU hardware to exceed the exaop level
(operations per second), the first machine learning program to do so.
Rolnick (2019) present a 60-page catalog of ways in which machine learning can be used
to tackle climate change.
 STATE OF THE ART: MEDICINE

The widespread adoption of these techniques is now limited not by diagnostic accuracy
but by the need to demonstrate improvement in clinical outcomes and to ensure
transparency, lack of bias, and data privacy. In 2017, only two medical AI applications were
approved by the FDA, but that increased to 12 in 2018, and continues to rise.
 RISKS AND BENEFITS OF AI

 To begin with the benefits: put simply, our entire civilization is the product of our
human intelligence. If we have access to substantially greater machine intelligence, the
ceiling on our ambitions is raised substantially. The potential for AI and robotics to free
humanity from menial repetitive work and to dramatically increase the production of
goods and services could presage an era of peace and plenty. The capacity to accelerate
scientific research could result in cures for disease and solutions for climate change and
resource shortages.
 As Demis Hassabis, CEO of Google DeepMind, has suggested:
“First solve AI, then use AI to solve everything else.”
 RISKS

 LETHAL AUTONOMOUS WEAPONS: These are defined by the United Nations

as weapons that can locate, select, and eliminate human targets without human
intervention.

 SURVEILLANCE AND PERSUASION: While it is expensive, tedious, and

sometimes legally questionable for security personnel to monitor phone lines, video
camera feeds, emails, and other messaging channels, AI (speech recognition, computer
vision, and natural language understanding) can be used in a scalable fashion to perform
mass surveillance of individuals and detect activities of interest.
 RISKS

 BIASED DECISION MAKING: Careless or deliberate misuse of machine learning

algorithms for tasks such as evaluating parole and loan applications can result in
decisions that are biased by race, gender, or other protected categories. Often, the data
themselves reflect pervasive bias in society.

 IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT: Concerns about machines eliminating jobs are

centuries old. The story is never simple: machines do some of the tasks that humans
might otherwise do, but they also make humans more productive and therefore more
employable, and make companies more profitable and therefore able to pay higher
wages. They may render some activities economically viable that would otherwise be
impractical. It is possible that AI will be doing those new kinds of work too.
 RISKS

 SAFETY-CRITICAL APPLICATIONS: As AI techniques advance, they are

increasingly used in high-stakes, safety-critical applications such as driving cars and
managing the water supplies of cities. Fatal accidents have already occurred and
highlight the difficulty of formal verification and statistical risk analysis for systems
developed using machine learning techniques. The field of AI will need to develop
technical and ethical standards at least comparable to those prevalent in other
engineering and healthcare disciplines where people’s lives are at stake.

 CYBERSECURITY: AI techniques are useful in defending against cyberattack, for

example by detecting unusual patterns of behavior, but they will also contribute to the
potency, survivability, and proliferation capability of malware.
 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

 Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of main
categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI.

Artigicial
Intelligence

Type I Type II
Capability Functionality

Weak AI or
Narrow AI or Reactive Limited Theory
General AI Super AI Self-Awareness
Human-level AI Machines Memory of Mind
(HLAI)
 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (CAPABILITY)

Weak AI or Narrow A or Huaman-Level AI (HLAI) (2004):

 Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence.The
most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial Intelligence.
 Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one
specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if
it goes beyond its limits.
 Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined range
of functions.
 IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert system
approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
 Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce
site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (CAPABILITY)

General AI (AGI) (2007):

 General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
 The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and
think like a human by its own.
 Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can
perform any task as perfect as a human.
 The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.
 As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts and
time to develop such systems.
 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (CAPABILITY)

Super AI or Superintelligent machines (ASI):

 Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is
an outcome of general AI.
 Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to
reason,solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
 Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such
systems in real is still world changing task.
 Paradoxes:
 Gorilla problem
 King Midas problem
 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (FUNCTIONALITY)
Reactive Machines
 Purely reactive machines are the most
basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
 Such AI systems do not store memories
or past experiences for future actions.
 These machines only focus on current
scenarios and react on it as per possible
best action.
 IBM's Deep Blue system and Google's
AlphaGo are examples of reactive
machines..
Limited Memory
 Limited memory machines can store past
experiences or some data for a short
period of time.
 These machines can use stored data for a
limited time period only.
 Self-driving cars are one of the best
examples of Limited Memory systems.
These cars can store recent speed of
nearby cars, the distance of other cars,
speed limit, and other information to
navigate the road.
 TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (FUNCTIONALITY)
Theory of Mind
 AI should understand the human
emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to
interact socially like humans.
 This type of AI machines are still not
developed, but researchers are making
lots of efforts and improvement for
developing such AI machines.
Self-Awarness
 AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
These machines will be super intelligent,
and will have their own consciousness,
sentiments, and self-awareness.
 These machines will be smarter than
human mind.
 Self-Awareness AI does not exist in
reality still and it is a hypothetical
concept.
 SUPER AI / SELF-AWARNESS

Colossus: The Forbin Project (1970) - Official Trailer (HD) War Games
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyOEwiQhzMI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbqMuvnx5MU

I, Robot (2004) Trailer A.I.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Dlo-VB0-HI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBUAQGwzGk0
 QUIZ: WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CAN BE DONE AT
PRESENT?

 Play a decent game of Jeopardy?

 Win against any human at chess?
 Win against the best humans at Go?
 Play a decent game of tennis?
 Grab a particular cup and put it on a shelf?
 Unload any dishwasher in any home?
 Drive safely along the highway?
 Drive safely along Telegraph Avenue?
 Buy a week's worth of groceries on the web?
 Buy a week's worth of groceries at Berkeley Bowl?
 Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem?
 Perform a surgical operation?
 Translate spoken Chinese into spoken English in real time? CS 188: Artificial Intelligence
Instructors: Nathan Lambert and Satish Rao
 Write an intentionally funny story? University of California, Berkeley
 REFERENCES

 Artificial Intelligence a Modern Approach, Russell & Norvig 3rd Edition

 Artificial Intelligence Tutorial – Javatpoint
 http://www.macrovu.com/cctgeneralinfo.html
 The Ancient History of Artificial Intelligence
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-qnMLjxJZm0
 The Birth of Artificial Intelligence
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYmKC0oQtDE