GROUP DYNAMICS

Group
Is defined as two or more persons engaged in a social interactions. This implies that each member
of a group is aware of the other members and their influence.

.Group
◼ Inother areas, group will also differ, dependent on what is their purpose.
◼ Others say that a group exists only when the individual members have
developed status and role relationships
with respect to one another

Group Dynamics
◼ Refers to the social process by which people interact in a small
group and in a face-to-face manner.
◼ Dynamics comes from the Greek word dynamis "force,power.“

Group - Group Dynamics

◼ Group – is composed of individuals who have come

together to accomplish a particular task or goal. ◼

◼ Group dynamics - refers to the
attitudinal and behavioral characteristics of group.
◼ To be a member of a group, one must participate in its common life and activities.
◼ Group dynamics form the structure of a group and how its members function characteristics
of group.

Groups vs. Teams

◼ Group – interacts to share information and make decisions to help each group member
perform his or her area of responsibility.
◼ Team – a group whose individual efforts result in a performance that is greater than the sum
of the individual
inputs.

Group Dynamics
◼ In physics, dynamics is the study of bodies in motion and changes in that motion, and that
idea can be applied to other areas as well. ...
◼ For example, we refer to "group dynamics" as the way people interact and work together.

Forces found in Small Groups

1. Research of Elton Mayo and his associates in the 1920s and 1930s (camaraderie at work)
2. Experiments conducted in the 1930s by Kurt Lewin.
Kurt Lewin – was considered as the founder of the group dynamics
movement. ( group communication)

Forces found in Small Groups

1. Research of Elton Mayo and his associates in the 1920s and 1930s According to Mayo, workers
tend to establish formal group that affect job satisfaction and effectiveness
2.EExperiment conducted the 1930s by Kurt Lewin.
Lewin shows that different kinds of leadership attitudes produce different responses in
groups.
Concepts of Social Group
◼ San Juan and Centeno (2010) presentthat“psychologically, man is said to be
a rational being; politically, he is a political and power seeking being; theologically, he is a
religious, God
seeking being; and sociologically, man is gregarious social being seeking the company of
other social beings.

Special Properties of Groups

◼ Are illustrated by a simple lesson in mathematics, as in one plus one equals
3. In group dynamics it needs to have a three (3) members in a group, there is no such thing a
merely composition of
two people.
◼ Ex. Salt (sodium chloride) has different properties from the sodium and the chlorine elements
that form a group to
make it (San Juan & Centeno, 2010)

Groups types in nature are classified as:

◼ Formal Groups
– Command
– Task
◼ Informal Groups
– Interest
– Friendship
Groups - Formation
◼ Stages of Group
Development
– Forming
– Storming
– Norming
– Performing
– Adjourning

Why People Join Groups

– Security
– Status
– Self-esteem
– Affiliation
– Power – Goal Achievement

Types of Groups
Groups are generally classified as
follows:
1. Primary Groups
2. Secondary Group

Types of Groups
Primary Group is characterized
by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation among its member. It
fundamentally forms the social nature and ideals of an individual. It involves
sympathy and mutual identification which is a form of natural expression
(San Juan & Centeno, 2011).
Secondary Group-consists of members
who are aware and cognizant of personal relationships, but they do not feel that
their lives are bound with one another except in time of social crisis. The
members may be separated from one another by distance or by lack of
personal contact. Nevertheless, they can share their interests through
correspondence, press, radio, telephone, or other means (San Juan & Centeno, 2011

Characteristics of a Group
◼ Here are the important characteristics of a group………
3. Goals are the reason for existence.
4. Perceived groupness is the extent in which members see themselves as one (common fate,
similarity, proximity).
5. Dynamic independency occurs when the members are active, energized, vibrant, and
changing.
6. Motivation focuses on personal needs which – when attained – lead to satisfaction.

Kinds of Formal Groups

1. Command groups are specified by the organizational chart and often composed of a leader and
the members who directly report to him/her.
◼ Example:
An academic department consisting of a chair and faculty members.
2. Task groups consist of people who work together to achieve a common task.
◼ Members
are brought together to accomplish a narrow range of goals
within a specified time.
◼ Example:
Ad hoc committees, project groups, standing committees
Kinds of Formal Groups
3. Functional groups are created by an organization to accomplish specific goals within an
unspecified time frame. They continue to function even after their goals have been achieved.
◼ Example:
A sales and marketing department.
Kinds of Informal Groups
1.. Interest
groups usually continue over time and may last longer than general informal groups. The goals and
objectives of interest groups are specific to each group and may not be related toorganizational goals and
objectives.
◼ Example: Students who came together to form a study group for a specific class.
2. Friendship groups are formed by individuals who enjoy similar social activities, political beliefs,
religious values, or other common bonds. Members enjoy each other’s company.
◼ Example: Students who have an exercise group or who meet for a so called-jamming.

Kinds of Informal Groups

3. Reference groups are composed of people who are evaluated for social validation and social comparison. Social validation allows
individuals to justify their attitudes and value while social comparison helps individuals evaluate their
own actions by comparing themselves with others.
.◼ Meeting is convened for different purposes. Some are for information,
advice, decision-making, negotiation, coordination, and creative thinking. A committee holds a
specific type of meeting in which members have been delegated authority with regard to the problem at hand.
◼ A meeting of five people seems to be preferred for typical situations (David, 1982). A smaller group sometimes has difficulty
functioning because conflicts of power develop. If membership rises above seven, communication
tends to become centralized because members do not have adequate opportunity to communicate with one another (Evangelista,
1992).

CONCLUSION
◼A person cannot live alone; he/she needs company of others. By nature a social being who needs to from a
group,
a person has his/her own community. Aside from permanent groupings, there are also temporary ones such
as the various organizations in society, which may be religious, economic, or political in nature.
◼ Forming a group is important to every human being because he/she needs a companion for the rest of his/her
life. However, regulation must be imposed and followed for the smooth existence of any group.

OAR VALUES

Interiority
Truth
Freedom
Friendship
Community
Solidarity and Justice
INTERIORITY
Returning to the Heart

God dwells inside every human being, in the

inner most part of human being. Äs affirm is the CONFESSIONS:

“TU AUTEM ERAS INTERIOR INTIMO MEO ET SUPERIOR SUMMO MEÖ”

“YOU WERE MORE INWARD TO ME THAN MY MOST INWARD PART, AND HIGHER
THAN MY
HIGHEST”. SA three-step process:
Aversio: To be aware of the need of God
 Introversio: The moment of returning to
his own heart (through Grace of God) and
find there Christ in loneliness and silence of
the heart.

 Conversio: To transform into like Christ

▪ Metanoia – change of heart
▪ Diffuse the Love of God

INTERIORITY
Interiority is understood as a fundamental attitude by
virtue of which one is led to opt for capacities and values that
tend to the interior world of a person.
 It is shown in prayer,silence , reflection, recollection and realism

Christ -- Truth and Wisdom

Christ is the Truth that sheds light in the
life of every human being.
The eternal law of God declares what is
right and what is wrong, not humans.
TRUTH
Today’s Relativism
Lie: That human being (especially the youth) can do whatever they
want and that they are not guilty of any sin since there is no such thing
as good or bad.

Reject relativism and acknowledge that there is one Truth, JESUS

CHRIST that sheds light in the life of every human being
TRUTH
The Truth in St. Augustine
To know the eternal Truth, which is God is for us to
BELIEVE TO BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND.

The first step to know God is FAITH, then reason can come to
understand ways that leads to the knowledge of the eternal Truth which
is God.
TRUTH
Truth is expressed through
authenticity, honesty, humility and sincerity.
FREEDOM
Our freedom needs to be
liberated
Human being is not fully free and that his
freedom should be liberated from the
slavery of sin.
The only one who can liberate the human
will and freedom is Christ.
Freedom without the grace of Christ is no
freedom but stubbornness.
FREEDOM
Freedom for choosing good
things
 Freedom is not the capacity of doing whatever we
want, but to choose what is good and what is leading us to God.
 Authentic freedom is the capacity of choosing what is
good and of performing good deeds.
 Freedom is the capacity of performing good deeds, with
the help of God.
 True freedom consists of joy in performing good deeds
and it means
Freedom and Responsibility
Together with freedom is responsibility.
Do not use freedom to sin, but to avoid
sinning.
The law of freedom is the law of love and charity.
“LOVE AND DO WHATEVER YOU WILL
It is manifested through responsibility,
self-determination, coherence and planning
FRIENDSHIP
Friendship according to SA
To love all in God and because of God.
Authentic Friendship:
1. Sincere – living and saying the truth and not taking advantage of a friend.
2. Strong – nourish and develop everyday
3. Spiritual – a friend has the duty of taking his friend to God and be always be to love
him in God
Augustinian Friendly Attitude
1. To be kind and welcoming
2. Benevolence - “bene volere” – to wish the good
• strong concern for the community.
• to always wish the good of others
• to put love where we find hate and indifference
St Augustine was a man who loved friendship and will invite us to be kind ad friendly to all,
knowing that the basis of this friendship is God and His Love, and because of this love, we
try to be gentle and friendly to all
To love and to be loved is the most important
thing for me.
It is shown through trust,

confidence ,
fidelity and
 dedication.
COMMUNITY
Anima una, cor unum in Deum One soul, one heart towards God
One soul (anima una)
To be able to openly communicate inside the community and be able to agree in
what the community have decided to do in the future.
Dialogue within the community , despite the differences
ne heart (cor unum)
-The prime and main object of love of all members of the community is God.
-Ensure that God is in the hearts of the members of the community and they love
Him.
Towards God(in Deum)
-Means that the community recognizes that it is a group of pilgrims of the city of
God.
-That they have to journey spiritually every day to reach the kingdom of Heaven he
strength of Love.
-The strength of the community comes from Love. Every community is a part of the
body of Christ and should be ready to serve especially the weak.
-The grace of Love The grace of God enable them to live in unity and avoid
selfishness in the community
Conclusion
-To live united , despite of individual differences.
- There are no perfect communities.
-True community is the place where a person can have an experience of the
Trinitarian God. A community of different persons.
-A place to walk together towards the kingdom of Heaven. We have to walk
everyday with faith, hope and love.
It is expressed through:
 communication, the sharing of goods , the acceptance of what is
different and the preparation of the common projects in the future.

SOLIDARITY AND JUSTICE

St. Augustine showed his mercy and love through actions, especially to
the weakest members of the Church.
The reason for helping the poor and the needy is Christ’s Love.
St. Augustine points out that what matters when we do works of
solidarity is not the amount or the things given to the needy, but
the intention that the person has in giving.
When we show solidarity, we have to do so with joy
.
To SA, charity does not have go out of the pocket.
To live the value of solidarity and search for justice mean to be aware of all things
that are taking place now a days, and try
to give an answer based from the Gospel values and moved by a merciful love.
Fraternal love and charity should move our minds and hearts to think of new
solutions to the new situation just as
St. Augustine did in his time.
We perform acts of charity, solidarity and justice because of Christ… because we
see Christ in every person in need.
It is expressed in:
 compassion,
the public defense of values
denied ,
the option for the
discriminated against
and intercultural
esteem

RA9163
Section 1- Short Title
• This act shall be known as the National Service Training
Program (NSTP) Act of 2001
Section 2- Declaration of Policy
• Prime duty of the Government- serve and protect its citizen.
• All citizens to defend the security of the State
• Government may require each citizen to render personal
military or civil service
Section 3- Definition of Terms
• A program aimed at enhancing civic
consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth
• Three Program Components of NSTP:
ROTC, LTS, CWTS,
RESERVE OFFICER’S TRAINING PROGRAM (ROTC)
• A program institutionalized under sections 38 and 39 of RA 7077
• Designed to promote military training to tertiary level students in order to motivate,
train, organize, and mobilize them for national defense preparedness.

LITERACY TRAINING SERVICE (LTS)

• Designed to train students to become teachers of literacy and numeracy skill to school children, out of
school youth, and other segments of society in need of their service.
CIVIC WELFARE TRAINING SERVICE
• Refers to the programs or activities contributory to the general welfare and betterment of life
for the members of the community
• Enhancement of facilities, especially those devoted to improving
health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and morals of the
citizen.

Program Component
• It shall refer to the service components of the NSTP as enumerated
in Section 4 of this Act
Section 4- Establishment of the NSTP
• NSTP is part of the curricula both for baccalaureate and technical
vocational courses
• ROTC- optional and voluntary
• LTS or CWTS
• ROTC shall instill patriotism, moral values, respect for rights of
civilians, and adherence to the constitution
Section 4- Establishment of the NSTP
• Coordination with CHED, TESDA, Department of National
Defense (DND)), Philippine Association of State Universities and
Colleges (PASUC), Coordinating Council of Private Educational
Associations of the Philippines (COCOPAP) to design and
implement the program
Section 5- Coverage
• Students enrolled in any baccalaureate or at least two- year
technical vocational course in Public or Private institution
must complete one NSTP component
Section 6- Duration and Equivalent Course Unit
• Each NSTP component must be taken in two semesters
• In lieu of the two-semester program, One summer program
may be designed, adopted and promulgated by the DND,
CHED and TESDA
Section 7- NSTP Offering in Higher and
Technical Educational Institution
• All higher and technical- vocational institutions (public or private)
must offer at least one of the program components;
• Provided that the state universities and colleges shall offer the ROTC
components and at least one other components as provided herein
• Provided further that private higher and technical vocational education
institutions may have ROTC if they have at least three hundred Fifty
(350) cadet students
(351) Section 7
• In offering the NSTP whether during the semestral or summer
period, clustering of affected students from different educational
institutions may be done, taking into account logistics, branch of
service, and geographical considerations.• Schools who do not meet the required
number of students
to maintain the optional ROTC and any of the NSTP
students shall allow their students to cross enroll to other
school irrespective of whether or not the NSTP components
in said schools are being administered by the same other
branch of service the AFP, CHED and TESDA to which
schools are identified.
Section 8- Fees and Incentives
• HEI and TECH-VOC institutions shall not collect any fee
for any of the NSTP components, except basic tuition fees,
which shall not be more than 50% of what is currently
charged by schools per unit.
• In case of ROTC, the DND shall formulate and adopt a
program of assistance and or incentive to those students
who will take the said component• The school authorities concerned, CHED, and
TESDA shall
ensure that group insurance for health and accident shall be
provided for students enrolled in any of the NSTP
component.
Section 9- Scholarship
• Special scholarship program for qualified students taking
NSTP which shall be included in the annual regular
appropriations of CHED and TESDA
Section 10- Management of NSTP Components
• School authorities shall exercise academic and administrative
supervision over the design, formulation, adoption, and implementation of the
different components•
-When NGO has been contracted to formulate and
administer a training module, academic and
administrative supervision shall be exercised jointly
with the accredited NGO, and such training module
shall be accredited by CHED and TESDA
• CHED and TESDA regional offices shall oversee and monitor the
implementation of the NSTP under their jurisdiction to determine if the training
are conducted in consonance with the objectives of this
Act. Periodic report shall be submitted to CHED,
TESDA and DND
Section 11- Creation of the National Service
Reserve Corps
• There is a National Service Reserve Corps to be composed
of the graduates of non- ROTC components. Members of
this Corps will be tapped by the state for Literacy and Civic
Welfare Activities through the joint efforts of DND, CHED and TESDA
• Pursuant to RA7077, graduates of the ROTC shall form part
of the Citizen’s Armed Force.
Section 12- Implementing Rules
• The DND, CHED and TESDA shall have the joint responsibility
to implement this Act within 60 days from the approval of this
Act
• The 3 agencies (DND CHED TESDA) shall consult with other
concerned government agencies (PASUC, COCOPEA, NGO,
and recognized student organization in drafting the implementing
rules.• The implementing rules shall include the guidelines
for the adoption of the appropriate curriculum for
each of the NSTP components and its accreditation.
Section 13- Transitory Provision
• Students who have yet to complete the basic ROTC, except
those failing under section 14, may either continue or shift to
another program components of their choice.
• In case he shifts to another program component, the basic
ROTC courses he has completed must be counted for the
purpose of completing the NSTP requirement
• Provided that once he has shifted to another program
component, he shall complete the NSTP in that component
Section 14- Suspension of ROTC Requirement
• The completion of ROTC as a requisite for graduation is
hereby set aside for those students who, despite completing
all their academic units as of the effectivity of this Act have
not been allowed to graduate
Section 15- Separability Clause
• If any section of this Act shall be declared
unconstitutional or invalid, the other sections or
provisions not affected thereby remain in full force
and effect

Section 16- Amendatory Clause

• Section 35 of commonwealth Act No. 1, EO No, 207 of 1930,
sections 2 and 3 of Presidential Decree No. 1706, and
Sections 38 and 39 RA No 7077as well as all laws, decrees,
rules and regulations and other issuances inconsistent with
the provisions of this Act are hereby deemed and modified
accordingly.
Section 17- Effectivity
• This Act shall take effect 15 days after its publication in two
(20 newspapers of national circulation but the
implementation of this Act shall commence in school year
2002-2003
• The Act with a consolidation of HB No. 3593 and SB No.
1824 was finally passed by the House of Representatives and
the Senate on December 19, 2001.

VALUES AND DEVELOPTMENT FOR CITIZENSHIP TRAINING

The Preamble
The Preamble to the 1987 Constitution states:
“We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God,
in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government,
that shall embody our ideals and aspirations , promote the common good, conserve and
develop our patrimony and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessing
of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice,
freedom, love, equality and peace, do ordain and promulgate the Constitution
”The Preamble
A preamble is an introductory and preliminary statement in a document that explains the .
document’s purpose and underlying philosophy. It may cite historical facts pertinent to the
subject of the statute. The preamble to the Constitution of the Philippines dictates that the
Philippines and the Filipino people are the
sovereign masters of the Philippine islands.

Philosophy of Values
Understanding the philosophy of human values is necessary in understanding Filipino
Values such as family closeness and solidarity(pagkamalapit at pagkakaisa ng pamilya),
politeness (pagkamagalang through the use of po or ho), hospitality, and gratitude (utang na
loob).

Philosophy of Values
Values are both subjective and objective. They involve a subject or person who values
(e.g. young girl) and an object or value to be realized (e.g. pagkamahinhin). Justice is
objective because it is a value that should be
realized by all.
Filipino Values
The Filipino value system arises from our culture or way of life, our distinctive way of
becoming human in a particular place and time.
. We speak of Filipino values in a fourfold sense:
1) Certain values are distinct to Filipinos (example: Filipino value of walang labis,
walang kulang or katamtaman lang has the same equivalent to Greek ideal of moderation
and to the Confucian and Buddhist doctrine of the middle way or path.
2)

2) Filipino values are present in the value system of other people and cultures. The
difference lies in the way these values are ranked and emphasized. In China, honesty and
hard work may rank highest. Chinese and Japanese greatly value
politeness and beauty. American culture highlights promptness and
efficiency. Filipino culture emphasizes spirituality and family centeredness.
3) A Filipino value is not a discrete item which exists alone, in isolation, or in a vacuum.
Filipino values like bahala na, utang na loob, hiya, pakikisama, and pakiusap are
clustered around core values like social acceptance, economic
security and social mobility. They are always found in a definite context or set of
circumstances.
4) Values in the sense of historical consciousness had evolved among the Filipino people,
leading to the concept of justice evolving from inequality to equality and to human
dignity. From the tribe, to the family, and to the nation, consciousness of different values
varies during the distinct
periods of Philippine history.
Good Citizenship Values
1. Love for God or Pagkamaka-Diyos
The Philippines is the only Christian nation in Asia, our population being predominantly Catholic.
Therefore, religiousness is a prime Filipino value. Faith is deeply rooted in the submission to a
divine Creator and believing in His authority over creation. It is also putting oneself in the hands of
the Divine Authority which is an expression of faith in and unconditional love for
God.2. Love for Fellowmen or Pagkamaka-Tao
St. Paul defines love in a different way: Love is patient; it never fails; it is eternal. There are three
things that last faith, hope, and love and the greatest of these is love ( 1 Corinthians 13). It
illustrates the real essence of love which strengthens the foundation of the family and other
social groupings. It is the strongest force within the human community. It provides a deeper meaning
to the purpose of human existence
.3. Love for Country or Pagkamaka-Bayan
Progressive countries are able to attain their economic goals because the people have trust and confidence in
their governments and are actively supporting their policies and programs. These governments, in turn,
reciprocate their
people’s support with honest, sound and dynamic governance.
4. Love for the Environment or
Pagkamaka-Kalikasan Environment refers to everything that surrounds us from the natural world to the
man-made physical structures. Human interventions are important to derive the full benefits from natural
resources. We need to protect our natural resources and ecosystem by participating in the sustainable
management of our natural resources.Roots of the Filipino Character
Patricia Licuanan (1998) “ A Moral Recovery
Program: Building a People, Building a nation The strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino have their roots in
many factors such as (a) the home environment, (b) the social environment, (c) culture and language, (d)
history, (e) the educational system, (f) religion, (g) economic environment, (h) the
political environment, (i) mass media, (j) Leadership and role models

Roots of the Filipino Character

(1) The family and home environment
Child-bearing practices, family relations, and family attitudes and orientation are the
main components of the home environment. Child-bearing in the Filipino family is
characterized by high nurturance, low
independence training and low discipline.
The Filipino child grows up in an atmosphere of affection
and overprotection where one learns security and
trust, on the one hand, and dependence on the other
.Roots of the Filipino Character
(2) The Social Environment
The main components of the social environment are social structures and social
systems such as interpersonal religious, and community interaction.
-The Filipino is raised in an environment where one must depend on relationships
with others in order to survive. The Filipino becomes very dependent on kinship and
interpersonal relationships. The struggle for survival and our dependence on
relationships make us in-group oriented
.(3) Culture and Language
The introduction of English as the medium of education de-Filipinized the youth and
taught them to regard the American culture as superior. The use of
English contributes also to a lack of self-confidence on the part of the Filipino. At a
very early age, we find that our self-esteem depends on the mastery ofsomething
foreign. It also explains the Filipino’s unreflectiveness and laziness, lack of self-
confidence, lack of our power of expression an d imprecision..
(4) History
We are the product of our colonial history, which is regarded by many as the culprit
behind our lack of nationalism and our colonial mentality
 Colonialism developed a mindset in the Filipino which encouraged us to think of the
colonial power as superior and more powerful, and dependence
on foreign powers and makes us believe that we are responsible of the fate of our
country. We do not identify with the government and are
distrustful and un cooperative towards it.
(5) The Educational System
The lack of the suitable local textbooks and dependence on foreign textbooks,
. particularly in the higher school levels, force Filipino students as well as their
teachers to use school materials that are irrelevant to the Philippine setting. From
this comes a mindset that things learned in school are not related to real life..
6) Religion
Religion is the root of the Filipino’s optimism and capacity to accept life’s
hardships. However, religion also instills in us attitudes of resignation and a preoccupation with
the afterlife and superstition
.(7) The Economic Environment
Many local traits are rooted in the poverty and hard life of most Filipinos. Our
difficulties drive us to take risks, impel us to work very hard, and develop in us the ability
to survive. Poverty, however has also
become an excuse for graft and corruption.(
8) The Political Environment
it is characterized by the centralization of power. Political power or authority is
9)

concentrated in the hands of the elite and the participation of most Filipinos often is limited
to voting in elections. This situation leads to passivity, lack of integrity and
accountability in our public servants.
(9) Mass Media
Mass media reinforced our colonial mentality. Advertisements using Caucasian models and
emphasizing a product’s similarity with imported brands are part of our daily lives.
The tendency of media to produce escapist movies, soap operas, comics, anime etc., feed the
Filipinos passivity. Rather than confront our poverty and oppression, we fantasize instead.
(10) Leadership and Role Models
Filipinos look up to their leaders and role models. Political leaders are the main models, but all
other leaders serve as role models as well. Thus, when our leaders violate the law (driven by
selfish desire and personal interest), and there is a lack of publicaccountability, there is a
negative impact on the Filipinos.owever, religion also instills in us attitudes of resignation and a
preoccupation with the afterlife and superstition
Nationalism and Patriotism
Nationalism is a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual
identifying with, or becoming attached to, one’s nation. It is the feeling of oneness
among the people of a certain country. A state of awareness that a nation does exist
and is made of people who owe allegiance not only to a tribe, clan or region nor to
any religious or political entity. Simply, it is the
devotion and love of country with all its inhabitants
.In the article by Luz Leanie Reyes of
OurHappySchool.com entitled “10 Modern Ways
to Express Filipino Nationalism”, she presented
how Filipinos can express their nationalistic pride.

1. Respect the Philippine flag and value the

Filipino identity - Being Filipinos, we should respect our Philippine flag and its
purpose. The history and value of this flag are connected to the freedom we have
today. Encourage our fellowmen to participate and respect our flag and its anthem
and even our different symbols. They provide us our identity as Filipinos or citizens
of the beautiful Republic of the Philippines.

2. Be a productive citizen –
Be industrious and make ourselves productive, not only for ourselves but for our
country as well. Serve the people, serve our nation.

2. Be aware of the issues in our country – We must be aware and updated on the
significant issues happening in the country. Extend help to the needy fellowmen,
especially the victims of disasters like typhoons, flooding, and the like.
3. 4. Stand proud for every Filipinos achievement – Filipinos are globally
competitive in many aspects. They are proud to be a Filipino and for the honors
they bring to our country. They unite every Filipino for their achievements.

4. Patronize and support our own products – The Philippines has rich resources to
create quality goods and products. The manpower services we provide are also
globally competitive. Our economy will improve more if we ourselves patronize
our own products which characterize our creativity, resourcefulness , and
industry
5. .6. Preserve the Filipino culture –Philippines is rich in various colorful cultural
elements. They are our identity. Be proud and preserve the culture we have for they
are our treasure. We have to keep them for
the future generation.

7. Respect every one and value our traditions Filipinos are very courteous and
respectful. Even in modern times, many Filipinos show and value their
noble norms and traditions. So we Filipinos must continue to exercise these good
traditions like respecting our elders and others, by using “po at opo”,
being hospitable, and being religious
.8. Speak out our own language –
Using our own language is manifesting and preserving our national identity. It is our
unique means of communicating and interacting with our fellowmen. Our language
is an important tool to achieve further unity
and national development

.9. Remember and commemorate our heroes’ sacrifices for our country –
There were many Filipinos who died for our democracy, freedom, and
independence. Some fought using their pens and tongues, while some
used the power of their arms and weapons. Each had their own way of showing their
love and respect to our country. In today’s generation, let us
value and treasure our heroes sacrifices and devotion for our country.
10. Love our family, our neighbors, and our compatriots – Love and help one
another. That way, we are showing the world that we are proud to be Filipinos.
Stand united! Do something to help each other and for the greater good for mother
country. Love everyone and love our country as we love ourselves.Patriotism

Patriotism came from the Greek Patris and Latin word “pater” which means
“father”. It is the willingness and determination to lay down one’s life for the
fatherland – the constant resolve to sacrifice one’s life and
limb for the preservation of the country. It the total realization of that love for
the country, which is nationalism. In other words, to be patriotic is to be
nationalistic.
THE HUMAN PERSON

NTRODUCTIONNINTRODUCTION..
"What is a human person? What is the nature of a human person? How does a person
attain his highest potential that can create a positive result towards society?
Even during ancient times, these questions had been consistently raised and evaluated.
Brilliant psychologists, philosophers, theologians, and even natural scientists had
written and made in-depth analyses on the topic of human nature using wide rangé of
theories and observations.
It is essentially difficult to define man. This perspective aims to revisit and challenge,
in all humility, our perception of human nature; and the possibility of achieving a
productive society through the actualization of a person's highest potential.

Estañol (2007)
- defines human person as having physical, spiritual and emotional attributes
St. Thomas Aquinas
- defines human person as having physical and spiritual substance because he/she has a soul
and is created by a Superior Being with a divine purpose.
-Dictionaries define a human person as a "self-conscious" animal

Characteristics of a Human Person

Eddie Babor (The Human Person: not real, but existing)
1. Rational- Every person is a rational being. This is what distinguishes a person from all other
creatures in the world. As a rational being, a person is free to think and has the capacity to reason.
He can distinguish what is right and what is wrong because he has intellect.
2. Free. All human beings are born free. A person has the freedom to do or not to do a specific
action. However, every person must be responsible for his own action. In other words, a person
can do whatever he pleases but not to the extent of doing harm to his co-creatures.C
3. Unique - Every person is unique. Every person has his own
identity such that no two persons are the same. Generally
speaking, human beings have the same characteristics and
physical features but no two persons are the same because
every person has its own perception, has different sets of
values and priorities in life.

4. Social being. Every person is intrinsically a social being. He

cannot detach his "being" from others and all other creatures
in the universe. Human nature is characterized by his
togetherness and relationship towards other creatures; be it a
thing, object or his fellowman.

r5. Sexual. All created living things are sexual in nature but
the uniqueness of expression of a person's sexuality makes it
all different. The expression of a person's emotions, attitudes,
feelings, actions and thoughts in sexual activity best
exemplifies his uniqueness from animals.

acteriBiblical Views
Gen. 1: 26-27 "God created man according to his own image.
The human person has superiority and dignity inherited from
the Supreme Being. According to the Book of Genesis (Gen.
1:26-27), God created man and womanaccording to His own
image and likeness and made them masters of sea, the birds,
the heaven, the earth, the wild beasts and all the reptiles that
crawl upon the earth. The Supreme Being entrusted to the
human person the care of creatures on the earth, aware of the
possibilities, challenges, and difficulties any person can
encounter in his life.

sticAgbuya (1997)
He states that the human person is designated by God to
exercise dominion over other creatures in his everyday use of
freedom, search for happiness, and openness to the world
around him. And what makes him human is his being a true
person, which includes the special gifts and talents of
thinking, longing for happiness and decision making. The
human nature was pattered after the image of God.

St. Augustine
He states that is the "imago Dei" for he is created according to
image and likeness of God and the freewill that He originally
gave us places us is higher in the ladder of beings than non-
human, animals or plants.
We are equally free to choose good or evil. Augustine
emphasized the importance of the will, the ability to choose
between good and evil. The fundamental religious duty is to
love and serve God.; if we succeed in this, we will alos choose
the good and avoid evil.
of a Human Person
Eddie Babor (The HumaSt. Augustine
A soul can't live in this world without a body for it is
considered as a unity of body and self. It is an important
element of man which governs and defines himself. We all
know that we are created in the image and likeness of God for
we are geared towards the good. For example, as we are living
in this world, we should take good care of our body not just
physically as well as mentally for it is the house of our soul
and when the right time comes, we won't regret anything for it
has been useful.
n Person: not real, but existing)
1. RatPhilosophical Views
Protagoras
The human person is the measure of all things that exist and
of all things that do not exist.
Plato claimed that the perfect human being does not exist in
this
world because what is in the world is just an imperfect copy of
humanity's original self in the realm of ideas.
A human person like other animals has external and internal
organs. A human being becomes evident when he starts to
share his thoughts and ideas with others.
ional- Every person is a rational being. This is what distingui3. 3.
UniqMaguigad (2006)
In his book, Philosophy of the Human Being, explains the
different philosophical views of the human person.
These are the
following
1. Conservatism
The conservative view is not entirely positive and definitely
non-egalitarian. Some men contribute more than others to the
society, and, therefore, must be rewarded and honored by
society.
All men may not be of equal value to the society. Some men
are intended to rule, the rest to obey. This is in line with one of
the Confucian ethical ideas which states the superior must
rule and the commoner must bow before the authority.
ue - Every person is unique. Every person has his owh that no 222.
Liberalism
It has a more egalitarian (relating to or believing in the principle that all people are
equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities) view of human nature. It believes
that all men are capable of reason and rational action and have the capacity to live
satisfactory and productive lives if given the opportunity.
Reason is common to all human beings and this fact raises them above the level of
beasts and enables them to know the principles of suitable living.
According to Mencius every human being can become a sage -king, that is anyone
can gain a wisdom to rule.
Maguigad (2006)

3. Socialism
The human being readily engages in cooperative social
activities when given the opportunity. Unfortunately, this
natural cooperative instinct is not fostered when some people
selfishly exploit other people.
Marx believes that man is driven primarily by desire for
economic gains. In his book Das Kapital, he considers the
human person as a social animal; if he fails to relate actively
with others and with nature, he loses himself and becomes
alienated. His drives lose human qualities and assumes animal
qualities.
4. Fascism
Fascism holds that what matters most is the country itself.
The human being can prosper only when the nation prospers.
His fate is merely secondary when it comes to the country.
Like the conservatives, the fascist contend that some human
beings are naturally and racially better than others.
Classical Greek Views
The early Classical Greeks define the person as a rational
animal.
An animal's vegetative sensory and rational animal is
integrated within man's being. Thus man is a material and
spiritual being. (matter=body; spirit=soul). As a vegetative
creature, the human person needs to have food to grow,
develop and produce. As a rational animal, man needs the
power of thought, reason and cognition.
Due a person's nobility and his/her special in God's Kingdom, it
is through him that the rest of creation enter into a dialogue
and relationship with a Supreme Being. Being a human is being
given a free will to choose, decide and shape his life, he is
always responsible for his action.
A human person is capable of knowing, loving and believing
which leads him to be fully aware of his humanity.
SS
SOCIOLOGICAL VIEWSociological Views
A perspective is a particular way of looking at and seeing something.
Salcedo (2004)
states that people look at this social world or at the various human beings.
This not to say that all sociologists necessarily see the social world from exactly the same
perspective (or viewpoint); neither do they always agree about what they see, understood, etc.
how behavior should be
As we will notice, , the sociological perspective is
made up of a number of quite of different sub-perspectives

San Juan (2007)

proposes some common ideas about the human person.
These are the following:
1. Human beings are social animals.
2. The human person's social behavior is learned, not
instinctive. We have to learn from the moment we were
born.
3.To understand the human person's social behavior, we have
to focus our attention on the groups to which the people
belong. These groups are many and varied, but the largest
group to which the people belong is the society.

4. Sociology is a discipline that looks into the totality of

relationships in an individual's life. Sociologists do not restrict
their studies to a single dimension of an individual's life
(economics, politics, history, geography, psychology and so
forth.
Sociologists do not reject the contributions of other sciences.
Sociology as an academic discipline itself is based on the
recognition that human beings are not one-dimension but
rather multi-dimensional.
Hierarchy of Needs
The hierarchy of needs has five levels, namely
1. Physiological Level. These are biological needs
such as food, water and clothing. They are the strongest
needs because when a person is deprived of these, the
person will ultimately find ways to fulfill its satisfaction.
2. Safety. When physiological needs are met, the
person transcends in finding security and protection from
physical and emotional harm.
3.Social and Belongingness. When the needs for physiological
and safety had been satisfied, the desire for affection,
belonging, friendship can become active. Maslow states that
people seek to overcome feeling of loneliness and alienation.

4Esteem. there are two esteem needs: The self-esteem

that include achievement, mastery, confidence and the
esteem the person gets from others. These include
recognition, respect, attention etc. When these needs
are satisfied, the person feels self-confident and valuable
as a person in the world. However, when these needs are
not met, the person may feel inferior, weak, helpless and
worthless.
5Self-Actualization. It is the highest form of
motivation.Maslow describes this need as reaching
peakpotential. the person'speak potential.
Hierarchy of needs
As discussed above,
Maslow's theory pointed out that a
person must satisfy first the other lower needs before he can
actually realize his self worth and potential. Accordingly, when
lower needs are unmet, the person cannot fully devote himself
to fulfilling his potentials (Boeree;1988). He theorized that self-
actualization is the driving force of human personality. Thus, a
person cannot appreciate intellectual and aesthetic learning
when the person is hungry and his safety is difficult to obtain.
"Artistic and scientific endeavors do not flourish in a society
where people must struggle for food, shelter and safety. The
highest motive-self-actualization-can only be fulfilled after all
other needs are fulfilled" (Intro to Psycho by Atkinson, Smith,
Bem, p.525).