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A-1 Engine
A-1 Engine
A-1 Engine
On the basis of -
Combustion- Internal , External
Number of cylinder –Single , Multi
Position of cylinder-Vertical, V-type, Opposed, Radial
Arrangements of valve – F, H, T, I, V, L -Head
Fuel used- Solid, Liquid, Gas
Engine cycle- Diesel cycle, Otto cycle
Cooling system- Air, Liquid
Liner –Wet Liner, Dry Liner
Speed –Variable, Constant
Ignition- Spark, Compression
Injection- Direct, Indirect
Piston Motion- Rotary, Reciprocating
Classification of engine
Clearance Volume
Volume of cylinder (Including the combustion chamber)
above the piston when it is the top dead centre position.
Swept Volume
This is the Volume swept by piston in moving from
bottom dead centre to top dead centre.
vs = /4 x d² x S
Where-
v = Swept Volume (cm³)
d² = Cylinder bore Diameter (mm)
S = Stroke length (mm)
General Definitions
Compression ratio
This is the mixture volume ratio of the volume above
the piston BDC to the volume above the piston at TDC.
Cr = (vs + vc)/ vc
Where-
Cr = Compression ratio A:B
Vs = Swept Volume (cm³)
Vc = Clearance Volume (cm³)
General Definitions
vd = vs X n
Where-
Vd = Engine capacity (cm³)
Vs = Swept Volume (cm³)
n = Number of cylinder
General Definitions
BMEP-Brake Mean effective pressure
This is the average effective pressure throughout the
whole power stroke, which is necessary to produce BHP
of the engine. It is expressed in Bars or kilo Pascal
(1Bar = 100 kPa )
BHP = IHP-FHP
FHP = IHP-BHP
General Definitions
Engine torque
– It is the force of rotation acting about the crank shaft
axis at any given instant of time.(It is the rotational
effort)
T=Fxr
Where
T = Engine torque (Nm)
F = Force applied to crankshaft (N)
r = effective crank radius (m)
Backup Torque
– It is the ability of the machine to keep working as the
engine pulls down due to increased load
requirements over and above the maximum power.
General Definitions
Thermal efficiency
– It is the ratio of horse power output of the engine to
fuel horse power.
Thermal efficiency = Output HP/Fuel HP x100
Mechanical efficiency
– It is the ratio of brake horse power to the Indicated
horse power.
Volumetric efficiency
– Ratio of actual volume of air sucked by engine to
theoretical volume.
Working Principle of an engine
Lubrication system
– Supply the lubricants at all moving parts
and reduce the friction and noise, also
protect against corrosion, extreme pressure.
Engine Systems
Cooling system
– Supply the coolant for heat dissipation and
maintain the optimum working temperature
of engine.
Governing system
– Control the supply of fuel and maintain
speed of engine as required depending upon
varying load and road conditions.
Critical components
Measurements
Following measurements required
Tappet clearance
Oil running clearance
Bumping clearance
Side clearance
Ring groove clearance
Ring end clearance
Valve guide clearance
Liner taperness
Liner ovality
Crankshaft main journal ovality
Crankshaft end float
Crankshaft fillet radius
Tightening torques for different Nuts and Bolts.
Settings and adjustments of single cylinder engine
Tappet setting
Step-1 Rotate the flywheel and bring the rocker arm into dancing position.
Step-2 Rotate the flywheel and bring the valve into fully closed position.
Step-3 Check the gap between the rocker arm and valve tip with the help of
filler gauge. If required, adjust by loosening or tightening the adjusting screw
and tighten the check nut at the set position.
Valve timing setting
Step-1 Rotate the flywheel and bring the piston to top dead centre.
Step-2 Rotate the cam shaft to bring the push rod at dancing position.
Step-3 Mesh the crank gear with the cam gear without any disturbance.
Problems in engine
Low cranking speed Lack of power
Engine does not start Excessive fuel consumption
Difficult starting Excessive oil consumption
Low engine oil pressure Blue smoke
High engine oil pressure White smoke
Excessive crankcase pressure Black smoke
Poor compression Engine knocks
Misfiring Erratic running
Overheating Vibration
Start and stop
Thank you
PPT- Compiled by
Dev Vrat Kumar
Senior Technical Assistant