0318 038 001 006

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .
ï
WUJ ! WF*Ç WOUuÇ W7UOÇ
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮﺓ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬

ÉdDÇ ÊUUHMU1 ÑU2óÇ
‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬- ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‬
*
‫ ﺻﺒﺎ ﺟﺎﺑﺮ‬،‫ﺟﻨﻴﺪﻯ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻤؤﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬
êbOM4 d1U4 U ¯ÉÐU7_Ç
1 ‫ ﻉ‬,38 ‫ﻣﺞ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬

‫ﻧﻌﻢ‬ :[M:‫ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬
_l
OaGa AGQG Hl 9F]Q.= sOJl_G QaM_G b_E ?p9t m_9g_G2014
>agW BK:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬
=FA ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
Hl ?gr= ct dpa 9KFa9= dpa 9KJaT b_f I363 QaM_G B9c9pF_Ga B9Da_l_G
- 437 :‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ‬
k
?G_9gl_ ca_J Hf EJ=_G K_l_G Hl c= GOG jQaQ]_G Hl B9=a ,9Kf9r=
10.34120/0318-038-001-006 :DOI
.^QFG gPJ b_f I9cJ_G QGQlATG H9l] b_f clg_Ga h]a_G GPJ
513980 :MD ‫ﺭﻗﻢ‬
- \A9cF9tlE >TJ= ct - m_9g_G caO BGKAFG Orp u_P b_f A9F=a
Q9GA:G B9c_lf hFl 9KpOJ ,?c89ra 9K=FGaG ‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬
^g= dp‫ﺑﺤﻮﺙ‬ BF9t IOf B9T :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ‬
9cT ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬
IslamicInfo B9c9pF_9=
.9KfOQR IQaM_G :‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬
k
9KAg=AG dA_G B9T9cT_G Hc= 9f‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
acW QDt‫ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ‬
FG HKF_G d،89‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬
ra_G HKF_G Q=Agca :‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ‬
?Z9M YaQWl_G Qci 9JOaGaa IQaM_G B9c9pF_G Q9aMC Hl OJ_G dp m_9g_G caO
http://search.mandumah.com/Record/513980 :‫ﺭﺍﺑﻂ‬
9KAQGOD ?lR;_G ?cO9l_Ga ?cFp_G B9cF9tlDG 9Kcp QpGaAA : Ht9lC dp BOGa GPE
k
?tQAWl ?arF ?=9Dl= d89ra_G HKF_G H@p GP_ ,9c8c= ?lc_T sQa= 9KFl [_MA_Ga
?c_aO B9cr9pAG ctW dp gOcTGA b_E BOlf dA_G m_9g_G caO mdgl 9Kcp drA_A
[aZF b_f 9K8GaAJ9= 9lEa ,jQJaGa dT9TC ctW= 9lE ?_.Tl_G gPJ B_a9FA
.IOf ?c89ra Qc=GOA b_f [F_G Hl]AA
,I.cKl ,?_9gp ,?cPcpFA IGOC OaGa mR_ATc HKF_G GPJ m9lAE Ht_a
,dFaa_G aC dl_9g_G iaATl_G b_f AGaT ,Qc=GOA_G gPJ PcpFA b_f IQO9ra
b_f IR89J ,sWlO ?gl9G= sarJ_G ?c_t dp d8GRG_G HaF.‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬ 9r_G mTr‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬
dp gG‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬
QaAtO.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬
?=_9a )2024
*( ©
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬،‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬
cQW
‫ﺃﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬.H‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ A ?gl‫ﺃﻭ‬9G‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ?c_t d
= sarJ‫_ﺃﻭ‬G‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‬ p IO،‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻨﻊ‬ cgl ,‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬
sWlO ?g‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
l9G Hl Qc‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
ATG9l‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬
_G ?‫ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬
GQO ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ‬
.‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ( ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬
363 å 2014/1 ÏbFÇ

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
ï
‫ﻟﻺﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﻢ ﺑﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺇﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ‬
ÉdDÇ ÊUUHMU1 ÑU2óÇ :‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬
APA ‫ﺇﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬
*
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬.(2014) .‫ ﺻﺒﺎ ﺟﺎﺑﺮ‬،‫ﺟﻨﻴﺪﻯ‬
‫ ﻣﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻦ‬.437 - 363 ،1 ‫ ﻉ‬,38 ‫ ﻣﺞ‬،‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮﺓ‬

http://search.mandumah.com/Record/513980
[MLA
M_l‫ﺇﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬ :
‫ "ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬.‫ ﺻﺒﺎ ﺟﺎﺑﺮ‬،‫ﺟﻨﻴﺪﻯ‬
Oa‫ﻣﻦ‬
Ga ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ‬
AGQG Hl 9.437
F]Q.=- s363 _G QaM_G b
OJl:(2014) 1_E‫?ﻉ‬,38
p9t m‫ﻣﺞ‬ _G >agW‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬
_9g‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ BK=F".‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺮﺓ‬
A
Hl ?gr= ct dpa 9Khttp://search.mandumah.com/Record/513980
Fa9= dpa 9KJaT b_f IQaM_G B9c9pF_Ga B9Da_l_G
k
Q9GA:G B9c_lf hFl 9KpOJ ,?c89ra 9K=FGaG ^g= dp BF9t IOf B9T9cT
.9KfOQR IQaM_G B9c9pF_9=
k
9KAg=AG dA_G B9T9cT_G Hc= 9facW QDtFG HKF_G d89ra_G HKF_G Q=Agca
k
b_f IR89J ,sWlO ?gl9G= sarJ_G ?c_t dp d8GRG_G HaF.‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬ 9r_G mTr‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬
dp gG‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬
QaAtO.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬
?=_9a )2024
*( ©
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬،‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬
cQW
‫ﺃﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬.H‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ A ?gl‫ﺃﻭ‬9G‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ?c_t d
= sarJ‫_ﺃﻭ‬G‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‬ p IO،‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻨﻊ‬ cgl ,‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬
sWlO ?g‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
l9G Hl Qc‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
ATG9l‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬
_G ?‫ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬
GQO ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ‬
.‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ( ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬
363 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
ï
ÉdDÇ ÊUUHMU1 ÑU2óÇ
*
:[M_l
OaGa AGQG Hl 9F]Q.= sOJl_G QaM_G b_E ?p9t m_9g_G >agW BK=FA
Hl ?gr= ct dpa 9KFa9= dpa 9KJaT b_f IQaM_G B9c9pF_Ga B9Da_l_G
k
Q9GA:G B9c_lf hFl 9KpOJ ,?c89ra 9K=FGaG ^g= dp BF9t IOf B9T9cT
.9KfOQR IQaM_G B9c9pF_9=
k
9KAg=AG dA_G B9T9cT_G Hc= 9facW QDtFG HKF_G d89ra_G HKF_G Q=Agca
k
b_f IR89J ,sWlO ?gl9G= sarJ_G ?c_t dp d8GRG_G HaF9r_G mTr dp gGQaAtO ?=_9a )*(
.HcQWA ?gl9G= sarJ_G ?c_t dp IOcgl ,sWlO ?gl9G Hl QcATG9l_G ?GQO
363 å 2014/1 ÏbFÇ

IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= Q9GA:G ?Jp9tl dp ?g=Alo _G ?c89ra_G ?T9cT_G
V
IaGQl_G ?c9j_G Qc=GOA_G gPJ srJA EcJ= ;IQaZ HTJ.=a \Ga mAC b_f
.9KfOQa IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= ?faQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf hFl dp 9KFl
9KDGOJE mAc ?clatJ B9ldFla B98cJ b_E ?cPcpFA_G BGaOFG gPJ mTrFAa
HaCW= ?Z9M IQGRa aC ?8cJ EGOJ@t ?latJ_G c=r Hl 9KTTC mcdFAa
Hl RQ=A ?clatJ Qci B9ldFla B98cJa ,9K_ ?g=9A B98cK= 9Kr9pQEa ?8c=_G
h]aa 9KTcT.A= OGQpFG marc dA_G ?Z9M_G B9cglG_Ga B9tQJ_G c;M
dA_G qGOJFG scrJA Hl HtlAA_ 9K_calAa 9K_ ?ld9F_G OfGar_Ga m9tJFG
O] 9KFf Y9pO_Ga 9KAc9lJa ?8c=_G b_f e9pJ_G dp ?_DlAl_Ga 9K_GF Bl9r
.9KDca_A QJ9dl Hl QKdl jC
: ?lOr*G
?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G :caFG EJ=l_G
?c_aO_G s89Da_G dp ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G :caFG >_al_G
acQ H;fE :caFG YQp_G
cR9= ?cr9pAG :dF9D_G YQp_G
?_Z_G BGP B9cr9pA:G :E_9D_G YQp_G

?cFaa_G B9gcQWA_G dp ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G :dF9D_G >_al_G
?c=FGFG B9gcQWA_G dp :caFG YQp_G

?clc_rDG B9ldFl_Ga B98cK_G :dF9D_G YQp_G
?cFaa_G B9ldFl_Ga B98cK_G :dF9D_G >_al_G
?clatJ_G B9ldFl_Ga B98cK_G :caFG YQp_G

)?c_JFG( ?clatJ_G Qci B9ldFl_Ga B98cK_G :dF9D_G YQp_G
.?lA9M_G
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 364

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
:?lOrl
,?rcrOa ?lc_T UTC b_f \l89fO bTQCa ,Hat_G - cGa Rf - \__G s_M
OcOg_G BRQpC ?DcOJ_G B9cFrA_G HC :E .QlATca Hat_G 9K= Qlgc dA_G mdF_G OGaCa
Hl miQ_G b_gp .9FA9cJ >FGaG mdgl B_9a dA_G B;tWl_Ga 9c9]r_G Hl
,?Wcgl_G iaATl Y9pAQGa jO9ZAr:G Q9JOR:Ga QaaA_G b_E BOC dA_G 9KA9c=9GcE
k
,?cM9Fl BGQccjA= >=TA_9t H9TFDGa ?8c=_G b_f ?c=_T GQ9DB B=AQ c=9rl_9= 9KF@p
.IQaM_G B9c9pF_G Hl QcDt_G Oc_aAa
BgT 9l_9a dA_G m_9g_G caO m9lAJG )1(IQaM_G B9c9pF_G ?c]r BQ9DC Ora
QcaaA c;M Hl d_9l_G 9Kgral mfOa ,?cO9ZAr:G Iar_G Qcc9gl u;Al:
QZJ : ?lG QGQ].= caO_G gPJ mdgl ?8c= ?=9ZE >n =VT jP_G QlFG ;9KA9f9FZ
IOJGa_G ?_aO_G OaOJ OFf ?c8c=_G QGQ]FG gPJ IQaaM qrA m_a .OOf :a 9K_
?=TF O9cORG RQpC Orp .AGaT OJ b_f IOcg=_Ga IQa9Gl_G caO_G b_E BOAlG 9lFEa
YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G 9JRQ=C ,9c9]r_G Hl OcOg_G OaGa_G b_E IQaM_G B9c9pF_G
caO_G dgT ?GcAF IQcMFG ?Fa6G dp \A:9J BOGORG jP_G ,)2(B9c9pF_G gPK=
?cO9ZAr:G ?cF9TFDG B9a9WF_G Hl ?GA9F_G B9c9pF_G 9KF.= IQaM_G B9c9pF_G qQVgn A

o
)1(
c9gAW;_ ?c_=9r_G ,Q9GpF;_ ?c_=9r_9t IQaaM_G B9pZ iOJE clJA dA_G ,?clOM_Ga
maKpl dp cMOc \c_f A9F=a .N_E ...,?clT_G ,IOTtFG ,Of9Tl cl9f OaGa= aC 9KAGP=
9JQcia ?caaF_Ga ?c=a_Ga ?cfGQR_Ga ?cf9FZ_G B9c9pF_G EJ=_G GPJ dp IQaM_G B9c9pF_G
IQGOE m9dF Hl )1(m .IQaaM_G B9pZ iOJE 9Kcp BQpGaA BlGO 9l B9c9pF_G Hl
.m2003 m9g_ 9cQaT dp ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?l9g_G ?8cK_G Hf QO9Z_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_G
B9c9pF__ crF jCz \F.= )21/1(m dp YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G cR9= ?cr9pAG BpQVf )2(
?cr9pAG Hl ?gT9A_G IO9l_G dp A9Ga .y)9(m dp OQGa_G aJF_G b_f OaOJ_G Q=f IQaM_G
:cR9=
:iQMC B9c9pF_ aC IQaM B9c9pF_ OaOJ_G Q=f crF jC H@p ,?cr9pA:G gPJ ^Qj_z
k
.?cr9pA:G gPJ m9tJ.= ;lf ?cFgl_G caO_G hclG Q9aME HaO - 1
k
.?cr9pA:G gPJ m9tJ.= ;lf ?cFgl_G caO_G ?rpGal b_f caZJ_G HaO - 2
=
365 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
k
b _f 9=_T QDC 9ll ;9KA9f9FZ Hf ?lG9F_G B9c9pF_G Hl [_MA_G AGQa ?lOrAl_G
caO_G B9c9pF_ OcJa_G .G_l_G 9KFl cgGa ,?Z9M 9KFl IQcrp_Ga IOcg=_G caO_G
?r=9T_G ?_JQl_G b_f Aa]_G bc_TA dp EJ=_G GPJ ?clJC HltA \c_fa .?lOrAl_G
o
bFgA PE ,mcQGA_G [aZF sc=aAa IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= Q9GA:G mQG >9tAQG b_f
GPJ Yara b_f s=9T Bra dp 9JP9MAG >GGa_G ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_9= ?_JQl_G gPJ
k
jP_G QlFG gOKl dp gOCa_ ?_a9Jl dJ sOC bFgl= aC \fara_ 9gFl mQG_G
.H9tlDG QOr Q9GA:G B9c_lf mcGJA_ ?clGQ_G ?c_aO_G OaKG_G qcDtA mR_ATG
,IQaM_G B9c9pF__ ?cDQ9t_Ga ?c=_T_G BGQcD.A_G Hf ?lG9F_G Q9aMFG ?KGGal_a

k k
bAW GOaKG m_9g_G caO B_P= ,9c8c= ?lc_Ta ?FlB sQa= 9K_ IO_al_G OGal_Ga
Q=f 9KAtQJ_ Qcc9gla b=Ga] h]aa ,IQaM_G B9c9pF_G crF B9c_lf mcdFA_
?latJ m9cr u_P ;A .?c_aO_G s89Da_G Hl OcOg_G u_P cc=T dp BQOZCa ,OaOJ_G
IOQGa_G Qc=GOA_Ga BGAGQGD9= ?lRA_l ?cFaa B9gcQWAa HcFGar mcdFA= ?_aO ct
k
IQpGaAl_G ?cFp_Ga ?cO9l_G B9cF9tlDGa ,jO9ZAr:G h]a__ 9g=A ?c_aO_G s89Da_G dp
.IOJ b_f ?_aO ct dp
k
B9c_lf b_f A9]r__ 9c_lf dptc : ?c89ra Qc=GOA h]a OQGl HC :E
k k
9cFpa 9cO9l ?_JCl IAapt ?cPcpFA IRKGC aC R9KG OaGa Hl O= : PE ;Q9GA:G
mC dlc_rDG mC d_aO_G OcgZ_G b_f AGaT ,cDlFG IQaZ_9= Qc=GOA_G gPJ PcpFA_
IRKGFG gPK_ 9JQ9cAMG dp caO_G BfaFAa .dlatJ_G Qcia dlatJ_G dFaa_G
iCQ ,?8c=_G HaCW dp ?ZZMAl_G BGQGRa_9= ^g=_G bpAtG 9lFc=p ,?cPcpFA_G
?_rATl ?Z9M B98cJ b_E ?c8c=_G 9c9]r_9= ?r_gAl_G m9Kl_G O9FTE IQaQ] HaQMB
Xj_G aC >P9t_G A9fO:GQcaRA_G scQa Hf ?cFgl_G caO_G ?rpGal b_f caZJ_9= - 3

aC =
q
.?_9J_G >TJ OQaATl_G aC QOZl_G >F9G Hl
.s89Da_G hl ?cO9l_G ?cJ9F_G Hl spAc : - 4
9ll iQMC B9c9pF aC IQaM B9c9pF Hl )sGQiDG cDl( OlgAl [_MA Hf HAFc - 5
k
.yYaQWl Qci GQ9GAG Q=Agc .d_aO_G HaF9r__ ?l9g_G O9=l_Ga ?cr9pA:G gPJ hl ^r9FAc
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jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
k
HCa ?8c=_G HaCW_ IQGRa EOJATA HC BQ9AMG caO_G Hl OcOg_G Ht_a ,9cQGOE
o
.?ZZMAl_Ga ?cT9TFG m9Kl_G ^g== 9K_ctaA mAc U_9Gla B98cJ 9K= sJp _A
:dA6G aJF_G b_f HKF_G GPJ EJ= d_c 9lcp mAcTa

?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G :caFG EJ=l_G
?c_aO_G B9cr9pA:G dp ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G :caFG >_al_G
?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G PcpFA B9KG :dF9D_G EJ=l_G

?c_aO_G B9ldFl_Ga B98cK_G :caFG >_al_G
?cFaa_G B9ldFl_Ga B98cK_G :dF9D_G >_al_G
367 2014/1
å ÏbFÇ
V
caFG EJ=*G
?c89ra_G |=GOA_G
?l9f ?c89ra Qc=GOA 9J9c9]ra ?8c=_G HaCW= ?lAKl_G ?c_aO_G s89Da_G BFl]A
?rOp 9Zlo _G A9]fFG caO_G b_f ?]aQpl B9lGRA_G ctW b_f BA9G ?8c=_G ?c9lJ_
q_AMl b_f hTal ctW= Aa]_G A9r_E mAcT d_c 9lcpa .)1(B9cr9pA:G gPJ b_f
Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lg= ?r_gAl_G ?c_aO_G s89Da_G 9K= BA9G dA_G ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G
iOl UQOFT mD Hla ,caFG >_al_G c;M Hl IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G
>_al_G EJ= ^Qgl dp ?cFaa_G 9KA9gcQWA dp Qc=GOA_G gPK_ caO_G OcTGA

:dA6G spa dF9D_G
?c_aO_G s89Da_G dp ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G :caFG >_al_G

caFG >_a*G
?c_aO_G s89Da_G v ?c89ra_G |=GOA_G
BcFfo dA_G ?c_aO_G s89Da_G mJC Hl cR9= ?cr9pAGa acQ H;fE Hl ct Q=Agc
?cr9pAG Hl ct BZQJ 9lt .IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G ?_.Tl=
?cr9pAGa ,IOW= IOcV rlo _Ga IQadJl_G ?c89clct_G OGal_9= BZAMG dA_G mGOQAaQ
n
?=GGa_G ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G QtP b_f ?A=9D_G ?ca]g_G B9Da_l_G [aZM= m_aKtATG
IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G mGOMATG Hf ?lG9F_G Q9aMFG Hl cc_rA__ Y9=A:G
k
jOCA u_P=a ,OGal_G gPK_ 9c8c= ?lc_T c8GO= O9GcE b_E caZa_Ga B9p6G BGOc=la
k k
B9c9pF__ ?GAFl_G OGal_G Hl cc_rA_G dp 9lKl GQaO HcAcr9pA:G HcA9J Hl ct
l
;dFaa_G hcQWA_G Hl ARGt 9K_ O9lAfGa ,?cr9pA:G m9tJ.= mGRA_:9= ca=r ?rO9Zl_9p )1(
9KFcFGar Hl] 9KGGQOEa 9Kf9=AG >GGa ?gral_G qGQaFG caO_G sA9f b_f dr_co 9ll
.?c_MGO_G
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jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
,?cG;fa ?c89ra Qc=GOA 9KZaZF BFl] dA_G cR9= ?cr9pAG 9KA_a9FA dA_G IQaM_G
B9F9lC Hc= Ha9gA B9r;f ?l9rD 9fO jP_G QlFG ;calW_G ?pZ B=TAt9p
d89ra HKF b_E caZa_G ?cj= - m_aKtATGa mGOQAaQa cR9= - E;D_G B9cr9pA:G
9JQ9DB B_9a dA_Ga ,9KFf IO_aAl_G B9c9pF_Ga OGal_G gPJ Q9aMC Hl 9FA8c= dlJc
O9=l_G mJC EJ=_ YQp [cZMA d_c 9lcp mAcTa .^QFG Y9r= Hl ?gr= ct
?cr9pA:G 9JQ9=Af9= cR9= ?cr9pA: ^QgA__ Hm9D YQpa ,acQ H;fE 9K= A9G dA_G
EJ=_ E_9D_G YQp_G [cZMA mD Hla ,IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= ?r_gAl_G ?cT9TFG
?Jp9tl b_E ?=TF_9= ?caF9D B9cr9pAG 9JQ9=Af9= m_aKtATGa mGOQAaQ dAcr9pAG
.IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf
caFG YQp_G
acQ H;fE
?falGl BF=Aa )1(aQcF9G jO acQ ?FcOl dp m_9g_G caO mdgl BglAGG
,?KG Hl 9KA9f9FZ QcaaA dp caO_G sJ Hc= scpaA_9= BlAJG dA_G O9=l_G Hl
O9=l_G BQ9WC Orp .iQMC ?KG Hl 9KA8c= ?c9lJ Hf ?tQAWl_G ?c_aCTl_Ga
B9ca_aC Hl] 9Kg]aa ,?8c=_9= m9lAJ:G IQaQ] b_E acQ H;fE Hl )2(b_aFG
mGOMATGa ,QcaaA_G dp ?_aO ct sJ H;fDG GPJ OtC 9lt .QcaaA_G ?c_lf
?c_lg= m9cr_G A9FDC dp H9TFDGa ?8c=_G I9fGQl >Gc Ht_a ?Z9M_G 9JOQGal
n o
.9KFf cRgA :C >Gc dA_G QcaaA_G
k
IQaQ] b_E acQ H;fE \Ga Orp GOcOJA ?c8c=_G 9c9]r_G b_E ?=TF_9= 9lC
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ctW= s=aA HC >Gc dA_G d8c=_G QaJOA_G hFl= ?_cpt_G ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G P9MAG
dp aQcF9G jO acQ ?FcOl dp m1992/6/14-3 Hc= IQAp_G dp caO_G gPJ BglAGG )1(
acQ H;fE 9K= A9G dA_G O9=l_G UTCAa .^QFG ?lr= Y9lAG:G GPJ dlT o a ccRGQ=_G
:?8c=__ IOJAl_G mlFG Hl9FQ= hral .m1972 m9g_ m_aKtATG H;fE O9=la Q9tpC b_f
.http://www.unep.org/2010/10/30/Documents
.acQ H;fE Hl h=9T_Ga h=GQ_Ga caFG : O9=l_G ?Z9M )2(
369 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

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k
EJ Orp QMB >F9G Hla .)1(Qc=GOA_G gPJ sc=aA_ ?_aO ct ?c_=9r_ 9g=A hTGa
QOr - cc_rA_Ga qcpMA__ 9KFc= 9lcp Ha9gA_G b_f A9]fFG caO_G acQ H;fE
jPCA aC d8c=_G QaJOA_G >=TA dA_G ?aWFFGa OGal_G Qa=fa c9rAFG Hl - H9tlDG
9lK_ ,HcAlKl HcA_.Tl H;fDG GPJ Oct.A u_P b_E q9]ca .)2(?cF9TFDG ?JZ_G
:9lJ ,IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf Hl OJ_G dp 9lJQaO
:?J~r*G B9faQWl__ d8c=_G QDFG mccrA - 1

:\cp A9G jP_G acQ H;fE O9=l Hl )3()17( CO=l_G dp Qc=OA_G GPJ OQa
?aWFFG b_f - ?cFaa IGOC gQ9=Af9= - d8c=_G QDFG mccrA CO=l sc=aA dj=Fcz
.y?8c=_G b_f Q9] d=_T QcD.A 9K_ Hatc HC Htll_G Hl dA_G
:?c8c=_G B9la_g*G QcpaA - 2

?cF9tlE Hcl.A >GGa caO_G sA9f b_f acQ H;fE Hl
)4(
)10( CO=l_G br_C
k
:acQ H;fE Hl /15/ CO=l_G \= A9G 9l_ 9rpa u_Pa )1(
Principle /15/: "In order to protect the environment, the precautionary
approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities.
Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific
certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to
prevent environmental degradation".
Principle /14/: "States should effectively cooperate to discourage or prevent the )2(
relocation and transfer to other States of any activities and substances that cause
severe environmental degradation or are found to be harmful to human health".
Principle /17/: "Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be )3(
undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant adverse impact
on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent natinal authority".
Principle /10/: "Environmental issues are best handled with participation of all )4(
concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall
have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by
public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in
their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making
processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation
by making information widely available, Effective access to judicial and adminis-
trative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided".
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 370

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>aGaa ,9JQGOZ@= ?l9g_G B9a_T_G marA dA_G ?c8c=_G B9la_gl_G b_E caZa_G
Hl HcFaGal_G B98p q_AMl iO_ ?tQ9Wl_Ga uGQODGa dfa_G hcGWAa ccKTA
B9c_lf dp uGQAW:G ?ZQp QcpaAa ,hTGa ctW= B9la_gl_G gPJ QWF c;M
?aWFFGa OGal_9= s_gAc 9l ct B9la_gl_G gPJ clWA HC >Gca .QGQr_G hFZ
.mKA9glAGl dp ?T n Qn 9ll_G IQaM_G
:?c8c=_G 9c9]r_G v {FaGa*G ?tQ9Wl - 3

9KAG_9gl ?c8c=_G 9c9]r_G dp HcFaGal_G ?tQ9Wl H.W Hl HC acQ H;fE OtC
9l_ QcaaA_G ?c_lfa ?8c=_G IQGOE dp ICQl_G QaO ?clJC b_f RtQa .c]pC ctW=
>9=W_G Qtp_ HC 9lt .m8;l_G QaaA_G scrJA dp Qc=t QDC Hl ?_l9t_G 9KAtQ9Wl_
9KpOJ ?cl_9f B9r;f HcatA dp 9JOcFGA dfOATA IQc=t ?clJC mKA9fGO=Ea
. hclG__ c]pC c=rATl H9l]a m8;l_G QcaaA_G scrJA dT9TFG
)1(
b_f A9G dA_G Qc=GOA_Ga O9=l_G HE car_G d_ Htlc 9l=Q H.W_G GPJ dpa
QcaaA_G ?c_lg= 9Kldgl m9lAJG Hl miQ_G b_f - dA_Ga ,acQ H;fE 9JQtP
QKdca .IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G ?Jp9tl ?_.Tl mfOA - ?clFA_Ga
- OJGa_G hlAGl_G B98p Hc= aC caO_G B9latJ Hc= Ha9gA_G c;M Hl u_P
^QC b_f Ha9gA_G GPJ OcTGA c9J dpp - >9=W_Ga c9paFGa A9TF_G ?Z9M
k
9Kc_f e9pJ_G IQaQ] dgAa ,9Kcp XcgA dA_G ?8c=_9= mAKA :9cGC UTCF hrGa_G
?r_gAl_G B9la_gl_G uaF= Hcl.A_ HC 9lt .9JQaJOAa 9KDca_A >9=TC O] 9KAc9lJa
?aWFFG YGaFC mJC qQgA dp iQ=t_G IO89p_G IQaM_G ?aWFFGa OGal_9=
k
Hatc u_P=a .H9TFDGa ?8c=_G b_f 9=_T QcD.A_G 9KF.W Hl dA_G B9TQ9ll_Ga
?Jp9tl dp AO=__ ?cT9TFG O9=l_Ga ?]cQg_G baaM_G h]a Or acQ H;fE

.acQ H;fE Hl /21/ CO=l_Ga /10/ CO=l_G )1(
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IOFGFG gPJ BFl]A PE ;GOcOJA QDtC BA9G Orp )1()21( v_G acQ IOFGC 9lC
k k k
.?Z9M ?gWl_G B9c9pF_9= QMB ;Zpa ?l9f IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= 9Z9M ;Zp
?falGl= caO_G yIQaM_G B9c9pF_G IQGOEz v= HaFgl_G )20(

cZp_G mR_C Orp
:d_c 9lcp cDlAA ,B9lGRA_:G Hl
Ynn
qcdF_G L9AFDG ?f9FZ sQa c9Gl dp B9fGO=DGa BGQ9tA=:G >_aA - 1
B9c_lg= ?cFgl_G B9cFpA_Ga ?c89ra_G B9cFrA_G b_E ?p9]D9= ,9Kc_f IOf9Tl_Ga
.QcQtA_G
.IQaM_G B9c9pF_G >=T= ?c_9f Q9aMC 9KFf HAFA dA_G B9c_lg_G A9j_E hcGWA - 2
k
IQGOE HcTJA_ 9c_9J IOaGal_G B9f9FZ__ ?c8c=_G B9gGGQl_G IQGOEa mcdFA - 3
.IQaM_G B9c9pF_G
k
9c8c= ?lc_T_G [_MA_G sQa Hf ?c_aCTl_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_G dGAFlo cclJA - 4
.9JOc_aA= Halarc dA_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_G Hl
c9lg_ IRKGl >cQOA_G HlGQ= HC H9l]a ?l9g_G B9la_gl__ Hl9FQ= UcT.A - 5
Hl cc_rA_G ?c]r ?Z9Ma IQaM_G B9c9pF_G 9c9]r dp ?latJ_Ga ?f9FZ_G
.bFOFG OJ_G b_E B9c9pF_G
aC dFaa_G iaATl_G b_f AGaT IQaM_G B9c9pF_G ?G_9gl_ RtGQl A9F= - 6

n o n o
mAc mD Hla 9KlGOMATG O9gcoa QQVtAa H_9gA HC dj=Fc ?f9FZ_9p ,dlc_rDG
.9KFl ?=cQr Ht9lC dp aC 9KG9AFE Ht9lC dp 9KFf ?lG9F_G B9c9pF_G Hl [_MA_G
HRGaA_G scrJA b_E qOKA )21( v_G HQr_G clf ?aM aC c9lfC caOG aC acQ IOFGC )1(
gPJ QpaA 9lt .^QFG b_f I9cJ_G b_f e9pJ_G ?cF9tlEa H9tT_Ga u;KAT:G Hc=
B9=9j_G ?c9lJa A9l_Ga AGaK_Ga ^QFG QaJOA ?KGGal_ ?Ftll_G BGQ9cM_G ?aM_G
?JZ_Ga Qrp_9t 9c9]r_G q_AMl hl cl9gAA 9lt ,^QFG b_f I9cJ_G YGaFC q_AMla
9c9]r dp QaKlG_Ga ?clatJ_G Qci B9ldFl_G ?tQ9Wl ?clJC OtCAa .?8c=_Ga mc_gA_Ga
.?8c=_G ?c9lJa ?clFA_G
http://www.iisd.org/2010/10/30/rio%2B5/agenda.declaration.html
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jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
k
Hl GOOf )21( acQ IOFGC Hl )22( cZp_G Hl]A iQMC ?KG Hla
?gWl_G B9c9pF_G IQGOE UTC h]a 9K= caO_G mGRA_G H.W Hl dA_G B9=GGa_G
k
:9KlJC Hla ,9c8c= ?lc_T sQa=
.L9AFDG GPJ OccrA aC ?gWl_G B9c9pF_G L9AFE Hl cc_rA_G hcGWA - 1
.?gWl_G B9c9pF_G Hl Hl6G [_MA_Ga crF_Ga qcctA_Ga ?G_9gl_Ga HcRMA_G Hcl.A - 2
aC ?gWl_G B9c9pF_G hl cl9gA_G b_f IOf9Tl_G B9cFrA_9= ?cl9F_G caO_G OcaRA - 3
.9KcGAFl b_E ?gWl_G OGal_G mGOMATG IO9fD cKTC cl9gA_G GPJ cgG
k
IQGOE dp 9c8c= ?lc_T_G sQa_G mGOMATGa Hl6Ga mc_T_G bcaMA_G HcaQA - 4
.d8c=_G QDFG mccrA dp 9KFcl]A Htlc dA_G aC ?gWl_G B9c9pF_G
.QJ=_G dp ?gWl_G B9c9pF_G Hl [_MA_G hFl b_E caZa_G hcGWA - 5
bcQW_G Hl >Qr_9= 9KFl [_MA_G aC ?gWl_G B9c9pF_G HcRMA= M9lT_G mOf -
?8c=_9= Q]c H_ [_MA_G GPJ HC B=Dc m_ 9l ?JaApl_G Q9J=_G dp aC d_J9T_G

.?cQJ=_G
.9JOGQcATG BgFl dA_G caO_G b_E ?gWl_G B9c9pF_G QcOZA mOf - 7
baaM_G Bg]a Or )21( HQr_G IOFGCa acQ H;fE Hl ct Hatc u_P=a

YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf ?Jp9tl dp AO=__ ?cT9TFG O9=l_Ga ?]cQg_G
aC IQaM_G B9c9pF_G Oc_aA mcGJA= mGRA_G s_M c;M Hl AGaT IQaM_G B9c9pF_9=
sQa= - 9JOc_aA c9J dp - B9c9pF_G gPJ Hl [_MA_G sQa mfO c;M Hl

k
?r=Tl UTC O9lAfG c;M Hl Ma]a= d89ra_G >F9G_G QKdca .9c8c= ?lc_T
k k
?cfaAa ,9ZaZM ?gWl_G B9c9pF_Ga 9lalf IQaM_G B9c9pF_G IQGOE H9l]_
B9la_gl_9= mJOcaRAa ,B9c9pF_G gPK_ ?cDQ9t_G Q9D6G b_E hlAGl_G B9r=a q_AMl
Hl acQ H;fE ?clJC RQ=A u_Pta .9JQaM Hl ?c9ra_G aC 9Kgl cl9gA__ ?lR;_G
Hf Y9FAl:G ?Z9M cR9= ?cr9pAG 9K= BA9G dA_G OfGar_Ga UTFG UcQtA c;M
\_cZpA mAcT 9l aJa ,9JOGQcATG BgFl dA_G caO_G b_E IQaM_G B9c9pF_G QcOZA
.d_9A_G YQp_G dp
373 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

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dF9D_G YQp_G
cR9= ?cr9pAG
qcQgA_G c;M Hl IQaM_G B9c9pF_G ?_.Tl= )1(cR9= ?cr9pAG Ba9JC

>c_9TC mcdFAa B9c9pF_G gPJ qcFZAa ,?Z9M 9KFl IQaM_Ga ?l9f B9c9pF_9=
[_MA_G Qcc9gl OcOJAa OaOJ_G Q=f 9K_rF b=Ga] h]aa 9K= cl9gA_Ga 9KAQGOE
gPJ BZAMG 9lt .9JQGQ]Ca 9JQ9aMC Hl ?8c=_G ?c9lJ Hl]A UTC spa 9KFl
KlTc Or 9ll IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G ?_.Tl ?G_9gl= ?cr9pA:G
cR9= ?cr9pAG BZQJ Orp .IQaM_G B9c9pF__ ?l9g_G ?cr9pA:G qZa 9JA9afE 9F_
c;M Hl aC 9KAF9lC scQa Hf AGaT - m1992 m9f dp P9pF_G RcJ 9K_aMO PFl
Q9GA:G B9c_lf hFl= ?_cpt_G Qc=GOA_Ga BGAGQGDG P9MAG b_f - qGQaFG QlACl
.Y9aATl_G QOr 9KFl qcpMA_G aC
HC qQa ?_aO ct sJ Hl HC b_E QcWA_ ?cr9pA:G Hl ?g=GQ_G IO9l_G BA9Gp

QdJ_G GPJ Hatc bAJa ,9KFl [_MA_G OZr= IQaM_G B9c9pF_G OGQcATG QdJA
o k
mRp _A P8OFfa ,QdJ_G QGQr 9Ki;=E Hl O= : qGQaFG caO_G sJ dp GPp9F
?_aO_G gPJ b_E IQaM_G B9c9pF_G QcOZA Hf Y9FAl:G A9]fFG caO_G ?cr9pA:G
n
Oln gA Ora .9Kc]GQC b_E B9c9pF_G gPJ cDl 9K_aMO QdJ dp 9KrJ BTQ9l dA_G
k
9K_ QMB sJ ?TQ9ll b_E - 9KAGP ?g=GQ_G IO9l__ 9rpa - qGQaFG caO_G dr9=
OGQcATG b_f s=Tl ctW= ?ZAMl_G ?c_Jl_G 9KA9a_T ?rpGal bGQAWG dp cDlAc
o
Q=f 9KFl [_MA_Ga IQaM_G B9c9pF_G crF dp mtJA_G H.W= cR9= ?cr9pA9= qQn gA )1(
Q=f 9KAtQJa IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= ?r_gAl_G ?c_aO_G B9cr9pA:G mJC Hl dJa ,OaOJ_G
n o
Hla .m1992 m9f dp P9pF_G RcJ B_MOa ,m1989/3/22 dp BOlp AfG Ora ,OaOJ_G
9KFc= Hl IOf ?c=Qf caOa ,9cF9acQ=a 9tcQlCa 9TFQp 9Kc_f ?rO9Zl_G caO_G Hc=
:cR9= ?cr9pAG hral .?cOagT_Ga HOQFGa H9F=_a QZla 9cQaT
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jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
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Biomedical waste: consists of used medical supplies that could potentially
contain disease. That includes waste from laboratories, like live vaccines, tissue,
bone and blood samples, body fluids or waste from humans or animals, and
anything sharp that has been used to break the skin or scrape skin cells, plus
things like disposable hospital gowns, latex gloves, catheters and wound
dressings,. In short, anything that might have been exposed to the samples,
bodily fluids or waste of a person or animal that might be diseased.
http://www.ehow.com/2010/07/24
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Oc_aA Hl OJ_G ?ca]g_G B9Da_l_Ga IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G L9AFE OccrA aC QdJ H.W
HcA9J HC 9FQ=AfG GP_ ;9K= Q9GA:G ?Jp9tl dp U9TFG IaaM_G dJa IQaM_G B9c9pF_G
^QgA_G OQGl HE PE .IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= Q9GA:G ?Jp9tl= IQW9=l ?_Z BGP HcAcr9pA:G
B9c9pF_G Oc_aAa L9AFE ^cpMA= ?r_gAl_G BGAGQGDG b_E IQ9WE aJ HcAcr9pA:G HcA9K_
YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf ?Jp9tl dp BGAGQGDG gPJ ?clJC Oct.Aa ,IQaM_G
.IQaM_G B9c9pF_9=
o
OGal_G ^g= b_E ?=TF_9= m_f Hf ?r=Tl_G ?rpGal_G AGQGE H.W= mGOQAaQ ?cr9pA9= qQn gA )2(
,m1998/9/10 dp BOlAfG .?c_aO_G IQ9GA_G dp ?_aGOAl_G IQaM_G B9p6G BGOc=la ?c89clct_G
m9f ?cGO= bAJ ?_aO )102( 9KpGQaC OOf k_= ,m2004/2/24 dp P9pF_G RcJ B_MOa
H9F=_a QZla 9cQaT 9KFl ?c=Qf caO 9Kc_f ?rO9Zl_G caO_G Hc= Hl .m2006
http://www/pic.net/2008/08/18 :mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAG hral .HOQFGa ?cOagT_Ga
381 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

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B9=ctQAa )2(IOW= IOcrl_G aC )1(IQadJl_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G QcOZA b_E ?=TF_9=

n \ o
Hl uQAWl ctW= 9JQT ?F9lC B_tW Ora .y IQaaM_G IOcOW B9p6G BGOc=l
)3(
mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAG QpaAa .?8c=__ IOJAl_G mlFG Hl9FQ=a ,AGPj_Ga ?fGQR_G ?ldFl c=r
Hl IQaaM_G ?c_9f BGOc=l__ ?_lAJl_G Q9aMFG c9Gl dp caO__ Qt=l QGPFE m9dF
k
,IOW= IOcrl_G aC 9cFaa IQadJl_G OGal_9= ?r_gAl_G B9la_gl_9= ?tQ9Wl_G c;M
caO_G caZJ ?cr9pA:G gPJ cptAa .)4(?cPFGa ?clT_G ?GQO B9F9c= u_Pta
marA dt IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G Hf 9KG9AJA dA_G B9la_gl_G b_f qGQaFG
hFl dJ u_P Hl ?cT9TFG ?c9j_Ga ,B9la_gl_G gPK= IQcFATl Qa9Ml_G mccrA=
k k k
QcTcAa ,9c8c= 9lc_T 9lGOMATG 9KlGOMATGa ,IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_9= Q9GA:G
BQdJ ?c89clct IO9l jC :dA6G spa OGal_G gPJ mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAG Hl )>/2(m BpQq f )1(
^Qj= d89KF dlcdFA AGQGE >Gal= QDtC aC mGOMATG ?8p dp 9KA:9lgATG hclG
9Kc_f ?rpGal_G ^pQ mA dA_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G clWAa ,?8c=_G aC QW=_G ?JZ ?c9lJ
n
Hl B=Jp T o aC ?c_Jl_G saT_G Hl ?cf9FZ ?KG 9KA=JT aC b_aFG IQl_G mGOMATG dp
HC b_f K]Ga cc_O OGac 9lDcJa ,?c_Jl_G ?rpGal_G ?c_lf dp iQMC IQl 9Kcp QdF_G
.?8c=_G aC QW=_G ?JZ ?c9lJ_ PMAG Or AGQGDG u_P
jC dJ IOW= IOcrl_G ?c89clct_G IO9l_G :mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAG Hl )L/2(m [F dp A9G )2(

k
QDtC aC IOJGa mGOMATG ?8p dp 9=cQrA 9KA:9lgATG hclG QdJA ?c89clct IO9l
9K_ cdA Ht_a ?8c=_G aC QW=_G ?JZ ?c9lJ ?cj= d89KF dlcdFA AGQGE >Gal=
?rpGal_G ^pQ mA ?c89clct IO9l jC clWAa ,9K= MalTl ?Fcgl IOOJl B9lGOMATG
k
aC ?c_Jl_G saT_G Hl ?cf9FZ ?KG 9KA=JT aC 9=cQrA 9KA9lGOMATG hclG b_f
cc_O OGac 9lDcJa ?c_Jl_G ?rpGal_G ?c_lf dp iQMC IQl 9Kcp QdF_G Hl B=n Jp To
.?8c=_G aC QW=_G ?JZ ?c9lJ_ PMAG Or AGQGDG u_P HC b_f ,K]Ga
dp 9K_9lgAT: ?=tQl ?c89clct IO9l jC dJ IQaaM_G IOcOW B9pB BGOc=l B9=ctQA )3(
o
eJn ;A ,9KlGOMATG qaQd BJA IO9J ?c8c= aC ?cJZ Q9DB 9KFf HAFA B9p6G IO9=E
.BGQl IOf aC IOJGa IQl 9K_ ^QgA_G Og= IQcZr ?cFlR IQAp c;M
k
IQM.Al aC ?cQap GQGQ]C 9Kr;aE >=Tc dA_G B9c9pF_G aC OGal_G :?8c=__ ?l9T_G OGal_G )4(
?cr9pAG .?c89cJFG mdF_G b_f ?l9g_G 9JQ9DB aC/a ?cJ_G B9F89t_G dp 9KltGQA cgp= ?8c=__
.E_9D_G sJ_l_G ,cR9=
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 382

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
H.W= ?cFaa_G BGQGQr_G hFZ ?c_lg_ OGOfDGa 9KZGaM Hf B9la_gl_G cO9=A

. qGQaFG caO_G b_f BGQGQr_G gPJ mclgAa ,9KAGOQGaa 9KAGQO9Z
)1(
B9c9pF_9= : ?c89clct_G OGal_9= Q9GA:G hFl= ?cr9pA:G gPJ BlAJG Orp

k
mC OGal BF9tC AGaT IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G clWA HC 9K= 9cQJ H9ta ,IQaM_G
k
?lKl ?lOrl m9lAJ:G GPJ Ht_a ,9F9cJC 9KFl IQaaM OWC 9KA9c9pF HE c= B9c9pF
dA_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= Q9GA:G hFl b_E 9K= PMFG c9J dp jOCA HC Htlc
OGal_G L9AFE OccrA aC QdJ H.W Hl HE PE ;9Kr9aF Hl ?cr9pA:G gPJ 9KAFDATG

aC OGal_G gPJ Hf ?GA9F_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= Q9GA:G hFl IQaM_G ?c89clct_G
IQaM_G B9c9pF_G Oc_aA ^pM_ ?_aP=l_G OaKG_G HE PE ;H9tlDG QOr \Fl cc_rA_G
clg_Ga ,9K_ IO_al_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G mGOMATGa L9AFE OccrA aC QdJ scQa Hf
k
Q9GA:G B9c_lf hFl_ c89Ta_G mJC Hl aJ 9c8c= ?lc_T ?FlB c8GO= O9GcE b_f
.IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci
)2( k
:?A=9D_G ?ca]g_G B9Da_l__ m_aKtATG ?cr9pAG - 9cF9D
9lFEa IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G ?_.Tl ?cr9pA:G gPJ ca9FAA m_
GPJ ^pM crFG b_f aC ?A=9D_G ?ca]g_G B9Da_l_G E9g=FG ?_GRE b_E 9Kl9lAJG BKGa
B9GAFl_Ga B9c9pF_G IQGOE IQaQ] b_E ?TO9T_G 9KAO9l dp BQ9WC Orp .E9g=F:G
)C(spQl_G dp ?GQOl ?c89clct OGal b_f jaAJA B9c9pF b_E 9K_aJA OQGl= OGal_Ga
)3(
.mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAG Hl b_aFG IO9l_G )1(
Hl Ul9M_G QKW_G dp P9pF_G RcJ B_MOa ,m2001 m9f dp ?cr9pA:G gPJ BOlAfG )2(
9KFc= Hl ,m2006 m9f ?cGO= bAJ ?_aO 118 9Kcp qGQaFG OOf k_=a ,m2004 m9f
.H9F=_a QZla 9cQaT 9KlJC Hl ?c=Qf caO ?falGl
9JQcOZA ,9JOGQcATG ,9KlGOMATG ,9KG9AFE QdJ OGQl_G B9Da_l_G )C( spQl_G m]c )3(
HcRF=_G Qa_t dTGOTa Qa_t_G df9=Ta HcQOFEa HcQO_cOa HcOQa_ta HcQO_C :dJa
.Qa_t_G OOgAl ccFcp_G ?c89FD B9=tQla Hcp9TtaAa UtQc9la
383 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

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:9KlJC Qc=GOA_G Hl ?falGl u_P_ Bg]aa )>( aC

)2( )1(
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b_f clg_Ga IQaM_G B9GAFl_Ga OGal_G OcOJA_ ?l8;l ?cGcAGQATG h]a - C
.9JPcpFA
?lc_T sQa= )L( ,)>( ,)C( E;D_G spGQl_G OGal Hf IO_aAl_G B9c9pF_G IQGOE - >
k
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?rcQa= 9KFl [_MA_G aC 9K_rFa B9c9pF_G gPJ hlG_ ?lR;_G Qc=GOA_G P9MAG - L
?ca]g_G B9Da_l_G [89ZM \c_f QKdA : EcJ= \_aJA aC 9JGaAJl QlOA

.?A=9D_G
HaO Hl ?c_aO_G OaOJ_G Q=f B9c9pF_G gPJ crF mOf >aGa b_E BQ9WC 9lt
.?_Z_G BGP ?cKcGaA_G O9=l_Ga Qcc9gl_Ga OfGar_G I9fGQl
QcWA ?cr9pA:G gPJ HE car_G Htlc ?cr9pA:G gPJ [aZF AGQrAT9=a

YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G ?Jp9tla hFl clGaf mJC OJC HC b_E QW9=l Qci ctW=
[GaM_G BGP ?c89clct_G OGal_G L9AFE Hl cc_rA_G aC ,QdJ aJ IQaM_G B9c9pF_9=

?lc_T ?_cO= OGal= 9KFf ?]9gAT:Ga IQaM B9c9pF b_E ccJATA dA_G ?clT_G
k
aC mGOMATG aC L9AFE QdJ aC ^cpMA_ 9JGQA dA_G Qc=GOA_G mJC b_E IQcWl 9c8c=
,)>( ,)C( ?D;D_G spGQl_G dp 9Kc_f BZF dA_G OGal_G gPJ QcOZA aC OGQcATG
qQa ct P9MAG IQaQ]= )>( a )C( HcrpQl_G OGal ?cr9pA:G gPJ BZMa ,)L(
QcOZAa OGQcATGa mGOMATGa L9AFE b_f A9]r__ ?cQGODGa ?cFaF9r_G Qc=GOA__
OGal__ \lGOMATGa \G9AFE Hl OJ_Ga ,)3()C( spQl_G dp IOQGa_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G
9KG9AFE Hl OJ_G >a_al_G B9Da_l_G Hl aJa D.D.T IO9l )>( spQl_G Hl]A )1(
.9KlGOMATGa
gPJa .?cgFZ IQaZ= ,OZr Qcj= s_aFA dA_G ?ca]g_G B9Da_l_9= spQl_G GPJ s_gAc )2(
Qa_t_G OOgAl HGQacpaRF= d89FDa Qa_t_G OOgAl HcTtacOGQ9=aRF= d89FD dJ B9Da_l_G

.Qa_t_G OOgAl ccFcp_G B9c89FDa HcRF=_G Qa_t dTGOTa
.m_aKtATG ?cr9pAG Hl ?D_9D_G IO9l_G Hl b_aFG IQrp_G Hl )C( OF=_G )3(
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 384

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
k
b_E ?p9]D9= .)1(spQl_G GPJ m9tJF 9rpa )>( spQl_G dp ?GQOlo _G ?c89clct_G
dp ?GQOl ?c89clct IO9l jC OGQcATG mOf ?_9pt_ mR_c 9l= qQa ct m9cr IQaQ]
k
dp mGOMAT;_ aC 9c8c= mc_T_G [_MA_G ^Qj_ :E )>( spQl_G aC )C( spQl_G
OGal 9lC ,)>( spQl_G aC )C( spQl_G >Gal= qQa_G u_P_ \= MalTl ^Qi
:Hl]AA clf ?aM h]a b_f clg_G >aGa BFl]A Orp )L( spQl_G
.hraAl_Ga d_9J_G s;aDG mccrA - 1
B:9J cDl IQGO@= s_gAc 9lcp qGQaFG B9T9cTa HcFGar_G ?lA;l iOl mccrA - 2
.gPJ s;aDG
.?]aQpl_G B9lGRA_:9= A9pa__ B9cGcAGQATG h]a - 3
B9cGcAGQAT:G gPK= s_gAc 9lcp >cQOA_Ga mc_gA_G hcGWA_ BGaaM P9MAG - 4
.9KF.W= ?cfaA_Ga
.B9cGcAGQAT:G u_A_ BGaFT ) 5( ct ^GQgATG AGQGE - 5
IOOJl_G Qc=GOA_Ga B9cGcAGQAT:G u_P dp 9l= clg_G ?aM PcpFA_ caOG h]a - 6
.9Kcp
?fQT= srJA HC Htlc dA_G ?c_lg_Ga ?Ftll_Ga ?J9Al_G Qc=GOA_G sc=aA RcRgA - 7
k k
.gQO9Zl ?_GRE aC s;aDG ^pM_ GOcpla 9cgrGa iaATl
aC?_cO=_G B9c_lg_Ga B9GAFl_Ga OGal_G mGOMATG bGQAWG QcaaA= ^aKF_G - 8
hl )L( spQl_G dp ?GQOl_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G s;aEa HatA hFl_ ?_Ogl_G

dp IOQGa_G ,s;aDG ^pMa hFl_G Qc=GOA H.W= ?l9g_G B9KcGaA_G I9fGQl
.qGQaFG QlACl Hl QGQr= 9JO9lAfG QQrl_G ?cKcGaA_G O9=l_Ga )L( spQl_G
L9AFE QdJ b_f 9JO9lAfG dp mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAG hl ?cr9pA:G gPJ spAA

,H9tlDG QOr 9KFl cc_rA_G aC ?clT_G [GaM_G BGP ?c89clct_G OGal_G mGOMATGa
k
hFl clGaf mJC OJC gQ9=Af9= 9c8c= ?lc_T ?_cO= OGal= 9KFf ?]9gAT:Ga
.m_aKtATG ?cr9pAG Hl ?D_9D_G IO9l_G Hl b_aFG IQrp_G Hl />/ OF=_G )1(
385 2014/1
å ÏbFÇ
V
H.W Hlp ,gQ9aMF jOZA_Ga IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G ?Jp9tla
^pM ,?cf9FZ_G ?aWFFG dp 9K_9lgATGa IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G L9AFE QdJ
IQaM_G OGal_G L9AFE Hl cc_rA_G H9t GP_ ,IQaM ?c89clct B9c9pF Oc_aA ?=TF
Hl c_rc 9ll ;IQaM_G B9c9pF_G Oc_aA Hl cc_rA_G scQa dp b_aFG IaaM_G
.B9c9pF_G gPK= Q9GA:G B9c_lf
cR9= ?cr9pAG dp IOQGa_G IQaM_Ga ?cO9g_G B9c9pF_G maKpl H@p jQcOrA=a

mGOQAaQ dAcr9pAG 9KAFl]A dA_G IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G hclG clWc
.B9c9pF ccJATA 9lOFf m_aKtATGa
mGOMATGa L9AFE QdJ scQa Hf B9c9pF_G gPJ Oc_aA Hl cc_rA_G HC 9lt

?lc_T c8GO= mGOMATGa ,\Fl cc_rA_G aC ,B9c9pF_G gPK_ IO_al_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G
k k
Q9aMC Hl 9KA98c= b_f 9d9pJ m_9g_G caO \= marA d89ra Qc=OA mJC aJ ,9c8c=
:)1(E;D_G B9cr9pA:G {= QR5A_Ga Ha9gA_G [Qp

b _Em_aKtATG ?cr9pAG dp qGQaFG QlACl >_a Orp s=T 9l b_f A9F=a
Hc= Qp9]A_G \GaCa Ha9gA_G HcTJA ?cpct EJ= caFG \f9lAGG dp ?F9lFG
.mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAGa cR9= ?cr9pAG B9F9lC

k
- >_a_G GPJ OFf :aRF - ?rcDa_G gPJ m_aKtATG ?cr9pAG ?F9lC BOfC Ora
cR9= B9cr9pAG B9F9lC ?aWFC dp ?tQAWl_G QZ9Fg_G OcOJA 9KFl qOK_G H9ta
9Kcp b=GQA_G HcTJA Hatc dA_G B:9Gl_G ?TGQO_ U9T.t m_aKtATGa mGOQAaQa
mGOQAaQa cR9= B9cr9pAG B9F9lC Hc= QR5A_Ga Ha9gA_G HcTJA H.W= ?TGQO Hf QcQrA )1(
b_f m_f Hf ?r=Tl_G ?rpGal_G AGQGE sc=aA= ?r_gAl_G mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAG ,m_aKtATGa
,qGQaFG QlACl ,?c_aO_G IQ9GA_G dp ?_aGOAl IQaM ?Fcgl BGOc=la ?c89clct OGal
mlFG ?ldFla IOJAl_G mlFG Hl9FQ= ,m2006/10/13-9 ,qcFG ,E_9D_G Y9lAG:G

:BFQAFDG ?t=W b_f mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAG hral b_f QaWFl ,?fGQR_Ga ?cPiI_ IOJAl_G
www.pic..int/2010/04/30
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 386

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
k
.E;D_G B9cr9pA:G dp qGQaI_ GOcpl
\AQaO A9FDC dp ?ca]g_G MaApl cl9g_G scQp_G >_a IafO_G gPK_ ?c=_Aa
m_aKtATGa mGOQAaQ dAcr9pAG dAF9lC hl Ha9gAA HC cR9= ?cr9pAG ?F9lC b_E ?g=GQ_G
.Hl9D_G \f9lAGG A9FDC dp cR9= ?cr9pAG dp qGQaFG QlACl b_E B9cZaA= mOrA_Ga
:Hl ct hl Ha9gA_9= cR9= ?cr9pAG marA u_P b_f A9F=a
k
Hvl HavtvAvA dvAv_G B9vc9vpvFv_v_ 9vcv8vcv= ?vlvcv_vTv_G IQGODG H.vWv= mv_avKvtvAvTG ?vcvr9vpvAG ?vF9vlC -
.9K= ?Da_l aC 9Kc_f clAWA aC ?A=9D ?ca]f B9Da_l
>vcQOvAv_G c9vGvl dvp ?vtQvAvWvlv_G OavKvGv_9v= sv_vgvAvc 9vlvcvp mGOQvAaQ ?vcvr9vpvAG ?vF9vlC -
RvcRvgvA ^Qvjv= cR9v= ?vcvr9vpvA: ?vcvlvcv_vrDG RvtGQvlv_G uv_P dvp 9vlv= BGQOvrv_G A9vFv=a
.PcpFA_G
AGQGEa Ha9gA_G B:9Gl ?TGQO_ ?_Kl B=_a Orp mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAG 9lC
?cQGODGa ?c_9l_G qc_9tA_G Hcl.A ?cF9tlE ?TGQO ?cj= ?cQGODGa ?c_9l_G B9=cAQA_G
H6G dJa ,HcTJA_Ga Ha9gA__ ?GcAFt CQaA HC Htlc dA_G B;cOgA_Ga spGaAc 9l=
?cFrA_G IOf9Tl_G Hcl.A ^Qj= cR9= ?cr9pAG ?F9lF ?clc_rDG RtGQl_G hl Ha9gAA
.BGQOr_G A9F=a
Hc= gPJ Ha9gA_G IQO9=l B_aA dA_G m_aKtATG ?cr9pAG ?F9lC c9J GPta
k
IOJAl_G mlFG ?ldFla cR9= ?cr9pAG ?F9lC hl 9c_9J Ha9gAA ,E;D_G B9F9lFG
.B9p6G BGOc=l Hl ?A=9D_G ?ca]g_G B9Da_l_G H.W= ?fGQR_Ga ?cPiI_
9Kc_Dll O9pc@= ?tQ9Wl__ 9Kc_E IafO \cGaA OFf E;D_G B9F9lFG marAa
,?cl_9g_G IQ9GA_G ?ldFl_ ?g=9A_G ?clFA_Ga IQ9GA_G ?FG__ ?Z9M_G BGQaO_G ?=rGQl_
?tQAWl_G ?c=cQOA_G clg_G B9r_J mcdFA c;M Hl Hl9]A_Ga ^aKF_9= marAa

,u_P b_E 9la qcFZA_G aC P9pFDG aC QcQ9rA_G OGOfE aC B9la_gl_G H.W= BGaOF_Ga
B9c9pF_G H.W= ?cl_g_Ga ?cFrA_G clg_G B9falGl dp B9F9lFG gPJ uQ9WA 9lt
.9cGa_aFtA Hl 9K= b=AQc 9la ?c89clct_G OGal_Ga
387 å 2014/1 ÏbFÇ

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dp B9F9lFG q89da q_AMl hclGA dp b_GAA IOf O8Gap Ha9gA_G GPK_

dp qGQaI_ mOrl_G mfO_Ga B9lOM__ RRgl iaATl QcpaA ?cj= IOQpFl BGOJa
.?cFgl_G B9cr9pA:G
9KFcFGar Hcl]Aa ,B9cr9pA:G gPJ OaF== qGQaFG caO_G mGRA_G iOl 9lC
.d_9A_G >_al_G \Wr9FcT jP_G Ya]al_G HatcTp B9lGRA_:G gPJ ?cFaa_G
dF9D_G >_a*G
?cFaa_G B9gcQWA_G v ?c89ra_G |=GOA_G
B9c9pF_9= Q9GA:G hFl_ ?clAJ IQaQ] ?_9gp ?cFaa ?cgcQWA ?8c= OaGa HE
k k
OcOJA_ 9tQAWl 9GKFl PpFAa ,9KA9gcQWA QaaA HC caO_G b_f HcgAc GP_ ;IQaM_G
dA_G B9gcQWA_G gPK_ c9DAl:G ?p9rD hcGWA_ B9ca_aFGa ?c_MGO_G B9G9cAJ:G
,?KG Hl ?c_aO_G B9cr9pA:G 9K= BA9G dA_G O9=l_G hl mA;AA HC >Gc

IPMAl_G ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G mJC dp EJ=__a .iQMC ?KG Hl ?c_MGO_G B9=_aAl_Ga
9JQtP b_f BA9G dA_G B9lGRA_;_ ^QgA_G mAcT ?cFaa_G B9gcQWA_G dp

b_f BA9G dA_G B9lGRA_;_ [ZMcTp dF9D_G YQp_G 9lC ,?c=FGFG B9gcQWA_G
.?c=Qg_G B9gcQWA_G 9JQtP
caFGYQp_G
?c=FGFG B9gcQWA_G v
k
Hl IQc=t B9clt 9cO9ZArG ?lOrAl_G caO_G dp ?TQ9ll_G ?aWFFG Hf HAFA
,9KAQGOE >c_9TC mdFA B9gcQWA h]a b_E ?G9J_G RQ=c 9ll ;IQaM_G B9c9pF_G
^Qj= iQMC caO b_E B9c9pF_G gPJ crF c9J dp ?Z9M [_MA_G sQaa
baQW_G Hl ?falGl h]a dfOATc 9l aJa ,9KAG_9gl aC 9KFl [_MA_G
Q=AgAa ,?faQWl_G ?pZ_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_G crF ?c_lf b_f k=TA dA_G Qcc9gl_Ga
gPK= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf hFl 9KF.W Hl ?c89ra Qc=GOA \AGP Bra_G dp
B9c9pF_G crF ?JZ baQWa Qcc9gl ?TGQO_ YQp_G GPJ [ZMcTa .B9c9pF_G
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 388

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
?lOrAl_G caO_G Hl 9lJQ9=Af9= dF9l_FGa dtcQlFG HcgcQWA_G dp IOQGa_G IQaM_G

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.9cO9ZArG
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:dtcQlFG hcQWA_G - :aC
5/1 ?=rGQl_ K8Ga_ m1976 m9f PFl ?ctcQlFG ?8c=_G ?c9lJ ?_9ta BQOZC
80000 >Q9rc 9l jC - 9tcQlC dp ?lOMATl_Ga IOaGal_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G
BQOZC m1989 m9f dpa .?cDQ9t Qa9Ml b_f jaaFA dA_G ,- ?c89clct IO9l
Hl 9K_ 9l_ UaAT=T:G B9lGOMATG mdgl_ dGcQOA_G A9j_DG OfGar ?_9ta_G
)1(
IQaQ] ?ctcQlFG ?8c=_G ?c9lJ ?_9ta iQAa .H9TFDG ?JZ b_f MO9p QQ]
IO9fE 9KlJC , O9=l_G Hl ?falGl c9MOEa ,?c89clct_G Qa9Ml_G IQGOE HaF9r ccOgA
,QW=_G ?JZa ?8c=_G ?c9lJ U9TC b_f 9Kg]aa ,?l;T_G Qcc9gl dp QdF_G
BGQ9=AfG b_E brp OFATA dA_G UTFG spa ?c89clct_G OGal_G qcFZA mD Hla
Q9tA=:G hcGWA b_E ?p9]D9= .BGQ9=Af:G Hl gQci aC O9ZAr:G Uc_a Qa9Ml_G
B9cGcAGQAT:G O9lAfGa ,mc_gA_Ga EaJ=_G mfOa ,AGQ]M_G A9clct_G c9Gl dp
k
mAc HC >Gca ,?lGOATG QDtCa 9F9lC QDtC ?c89clct OGal HlCA HC 9KF.W Hl dA_G
mJC b_f Y;a:G dp QaKlG_G sJ b_f [QJ_Ga ?cp9pW_G Hl QcDt= u_P
. ?_9ta_G c=r Hl IOlAgl_G B9cGcAGQAT:Ga B9a9WF_G
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^QgAAa ,IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= ?lAKl B9gcQWA IOf 9tcQlC dp BQOZ

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d89KF_G [_MA_G HcJ b_E 9JO_aA ?dJ_ Hl GAO= 9Kcp QlA dA_G cJGQl_G q_AMl_
:a jara HQl aJa ,q9c_FG \=WA ?lf9F_G HO9gl_G Hl ?falGl aJ UaAT=T:G )1(
GPE IQcaM ?cJZ B;tWl= >=TAc HC Htlc .?c89clct_G B9=tQl_G mdgl= QD.Ac
http://www.marefa.org/2010/04/30 :?pQgl hral .IQc=t B9clt= sWFATG

mKFt_a ,brp ?_aO_G >9rf Hl Uc_ s_r_9= HaQgWc mKTpFC HcGAFl_G HC iQA dJa )2(
dpA B9GAFl_G gPJ H.= ?rD b_f QaKlG_G H9t GPE :E QJORA H_ mKA9f9FZ HC Hal_gc
?c9lJ ?_9ta Uc8Q yHaTt9G GRc_z >9aM b_E IOag_9= hTaA_G Htlc .?l;T_G Qcc9gl=
hral b_f QaWFl ,9cFQapc_9t dp m2009/9/29 NcQ9A= \Ar_C jP_G ?ctcQlFG ?8c=_G
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389 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

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B;cOgA_G EOJF 9rpa ?l9T_G OGal_9= mtJA_G HaF9r B9gcQWA_G gPJ Hl ,9KFl
OGal_G b_f HaF9r_G GPJ s=ac .)1(m2002/12/13 dp 9JQMB H9t dA_G
dp 9K_aMO Hf HAFc dA_Ga ,m8GO ctW= 9KG9AFE mAca QaaAA dA_G B9=tQl_Ga
.?l9g_G ?JZ_Ga ?8c=_9= QGQ]E 9KgcRaAa 9KAG_9gla ?f9FZ_G
?8c=_G ?c9lJ ?_9ta QcOl b_f - \Fl )3(m >Gal= - HaF9r_G GPJ >GaC
Q9aMFG O] ?cp9t ?c9lJ Hcl.A_ ?cQaQ]_G BGAGQGDG Hl ?falGl P9MAG
mGOMATG OccrA aC hFl u_P Hl .IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G gPJ OaGa_ ?rpGQl_G
dp ?l9T_G ?c89clct_G B9=tQl_G aC OGal_G Hl IOOJl B9clt aC ?Fcgl YGaFC
gPJ cDl ?G_9gla hcFZA B;GT= e9pAJ:Ga ,9KgcRaA aC 9KAG_9gl aC ?f9FZ_G

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B9lGRA_:Ga baQW__ 9rpa ,9KlGOMAT9= [cMQA_G mA c9J dp B9=tQl_Ga OGal_G
- jQcOrA= - u_P dpa .?ctcQlFG ?8c=_G ?c9lJ ?_9ta QcOl c=r Hl IOOJl_G
OGal_G mGOMATG OccrA aC hFl ?KG Hl mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAG \= BA9G 9l_ c9DAlG
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OGQcATG OccrA c;M Hl 9c_gp u_P QKdca ,IOW= IOcrl_Ga IQaM_G ?c89clct_G
?l9T_G OGal_9= mtJA_G HaF9r 9K=_aA dA_G baQW_9= B9=tQl_Ga OGal_G gPJ
?c89clct_G OGal_G OGQcAT9= 9AZAMG HcA__G \Fl )13(a )12( HcAO9l_G >Gal=
V
HC OGQC aC [MW QOZ GPE \FC )2/12(m dp A9G Orp .9JQcOZAa IQaM_G
?c9lJ ?_9ta QcOl Z;=E \c_f >GVaA 9l ?_aO b_E ?c89clct B9=tQla OGal QOZc
?latJ b_E dlTQ >_a mcOrA mD Hla ,gPJ QcOZA_G ?c_lg= ?ctcQlFG ?8c=_G
B9=tQl_Ga OGal_G 9lC .QcOZA_G b_f ?rpGal__ ?lR;_G B9la_gl_9= spQl O_=_G GPJ
9KlcdFA= [AMG Orp ?ctcQlFG d]GQFG b_E 9K_9MOE OGQc dA_G IQaM_G ?c89clct_G
B9=tQl_Ga OGal_G caMO ^pQ dp sJ_G ?c_9l_G QcRa bafC jP_G )13(m
m9tJI_ ?p_9Ml_9= 9K_9MOE mA c9J dp ?ctcQlFG d]GQFG IQaM_G ?c89clct_G
\AG_9gl aC ?f9FZ_G dp 9K_9lgATG OfGar_ ?p_9Ml_9= aC ,HaF9r_G GPJ dp IOQGa_G
Z;=@= ?c_9l_G QcRa marc ?_9J_G gPJ dpa .?ctcQlFG d]GQFG dp 9KgcRaA aC
http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/2010/04/30 :?ctcQlFG ?c8c=_G B9gcQWA_G hral )1(
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 390

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
,?ctcQlFG d]GQFG b_E OGal_G gPJ c9MOE ^pQ QGQr= QcOZA_G >_a mOrl
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b_E OGal_G gPJ IO9fE ^pQ_G QGQr \i;=E NcQ9A Hl 9lac )90( c;M \c_fa
.?cZMW_G 9JQOZl ?rpF b_f 9KAO9f@= QcRa_G marc :Ea QOZl_G ?_aO_G
Q9WC )1((RCRA) OQGal_G ?c9lJa P9rFE HaF9r cDl iQMC B9gcQWA u9FJa
.L9AFDG ?c_lf A9FDC dp 9KA9fGQl >GGa_G B9=_aAl_G Hl ?falGl b_E HaF9r_G GPJ
B9clt= qQgA dA_G B;GT_9= e9pAJ:G >aGa dp B9=_aAl_G gPJ cDlAAa

Hl AGaT 9KFcatA dp cMOA dA_G QZ9Fg_Ga ,9JOc_aA mAc dA_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_G
b_E ?p9]D9= .?8c=_G aC ?JZ__ \==TA jP_G iPFG ?KG Hl mC 9KAclt ?KG
.IQaM_G B9c9pF__ d89clct_G >ctQA_G Hf B9la_gl_G Hcl.A
GPJ Hl )3017(m dp A9G Orp IQaM_G B9c9pF_G QcOZA_ ?=TF_9= 9lC

:d_c 9l HaF9r_G
GPJ >Gal= IOOJl_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_G Hl jC QcOZA= OJC marc :C dj=Fcz

IQrp_G >Gal= >a_al_G Q9aMD9= OaRl [MW c=r Hl u_P mA GPE :E HaF9r_G
?rpGal_G sJ IQaM_G B9c9pF__ ?_=rATl_G ?_aO_G ?latJ_a .IO9l_G gPJ Hl )3(

9KAZM dA_G HPDG kcZ hl spGaAA HC >Gc dA_G B9c9pF_G gPJ cDl ca=r b_f
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IQaM_G B9c9pF_G QcOZA jaFc [MW jCz HC b_f )3( IQrp_G [FAa
HaF9r_G GPJ dp ?GQOl_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_G QO9jA HC c=r HaF9r_G GPJ dp IOOJl_G
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mTG Q9aMDG GPJ clWc HC >Gc .QcOl_G b_E 9lOrl Q9aMDG Hatc HC dj=Fc
?p9]D9= ,c9MODG @FGala ,9JOGQcATG OGQl_G B9clt_Ga YGaFFGa ,\FGaFfa QOZl_G
?_aO_G b_E IQaM_G B9c9pF_G crF 9K=Gal= mAcT dA_G >a_TFG aC ?rcQa_G b_E
HaF9r_G GPJ Ogc (RCRA) The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act )1(
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Solid Waste Disposal Act - ?=_Z_Ga IQaM_G B9c9pF_G ?G_9gl= [AMl_G HaF9r__ ;cOgA
k
?c8c=_G B9gcQWA_G hral .m2002/12/13 dp 9JQMB H9t dA_G B;cOgA_G EOJI_ 9rpa -
.http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/2010/01/23 :?ctcQlFG
391 å 2014/1 ÏbFÇ

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9lt .OGQcAT:G ?_aO dp 9KFl [_MA_Ga 9KFcRMAa 9KAG_9gl ?rcQaa ?_=rATl_G

.[_MA_Ga HcRMA_Ga ?c89KF_G ?G_9gl_G ?_cTa H9c= >Gc
Z;=DG aC Q9aMDG Hf ?MTF c9TQE dp ?rpGal_G >_a BGAGQGE cDlAAa

QcOZA hFlc IOJAl_G B9c:a_G HaF9r H.= 9Ki;=Ea ,?_=rATl_G ?_aO_G ?latJ b_E
B9c9pF_G ?FJW b_f ?_=rATl_G ?_aO_G ?latJ spGaA m_ 9l IQaM_G B9c9pF_G
aC ?=aAtl ?rpGal= IQGRa_G OcaRA ?latJ_G b_E OQaATl_G >_aca .IQaM_G
mcdFA__ qZa ?_=rATl_G ?_aO_G ?latJ b_E cTn Qcoa .Z;=DG kcZ b_f ^GQAfG
[_MA_G aC 9KFcRMA aC IQaM_G B9c9pF_G ?G_9gl b_f s=acT jP_G d_GQOcp_G
c;M QO\Zl_G b_E ?=aAtl_G ?rpGal_G crF mAc mD Hla .IOJAl_G B9c:a_G dp 9KFl
k
aC - ?_=rATl_G ?_aO_G Hl ?=aAtl_G ?rpGal__ IQGRa_G m;ATG Hl 9lac 30
QcOl_G b_fa ,^GQAfG aC ?r=Tl ?rpGal b_f s=9T c9ZAG jC aC - ^GQAf:G

sJca .QO\Zl_G b_E QMB OQT jC aC ^GQAf:G aC ?rpGal_G gPJ cDl c9TQE
.IQaM_G B9c9pF_G QcOZA_ iQMC Qcc9gl h]a QcOl__
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cl9gAl_G 9K=_aAc dA_G B9=_a_Ga [cMGQA_G LP9lF QWF 9Kc_f >Gc 9lt .9K_lg=
?c9lJ ?_9ta Q=AgAa .IAaQrl_Ga ?falTl_Ga ?c8Ql_G m;fDG c89Ta hclG=a 9Kgl
mcOrA Hf ?_aCTl - B:9ta_G dr9=_ ?=TF_9= c9J_G aJ 9lt - ?ctcQlFG ?8c=_G
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GQT br=A HC >Gc dA_G B9la_gl_G GOf 9l 9K_lg= ?r_gAl_G B9F9c=_Ga B9la_gl_G
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:?ctcQlFG ?c8c=_G B9gcQWA_G hral ./175-110/
http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/2010/01/23
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jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
dp IOQGa_G Qc=GOA_G 9lC IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf B_a9FA
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?lc_T_G ?G_9gl_G cGC Hl PMAA dA_G BGAGQGDGa c89Ta_G hclG Hl]Ac Hl9FQ=
qOKca .?p9t 9KfGaF.= B9c9pF_G HcRMAa qcFZA clWca ,?8c=_G Ea_A B;tWl_
HcGAFl_G ?cfaA c;M Hl 9JOaGa >FGA aC B9c9pF_G hFl b_E Hl9FQ=_G GPJ
c9Gl dp QcaaA_Ga EJ=_Ga ?cfaA_Ga >cQOA_G B9c_lf mfOa ,Hct_KATl_Ga
B9c_lg_ ?ragl_G OfGar_G ?_GRE b_f - H9tlDG QOr - clg_Ga ,B9c9pF_G O9ZArG
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AGQ=M OGac 9lt ,B9c:a_G q_AMl dp Hl9FQ=_G GPJ s=aca .B9c9pF_G QcaOA IO9fE
B9TGQO_G H89AF QWF mAca ,YaQp_G gPJ IQGOD IQGODGa O9ZAr:G B:9Gl dp
.?Z9M BGO_Gl dp ?8c=_G >Atl c=r Hl Hl9FQ=_G GPJ Hf IQO9Z_G
:?c_9A_G Qc=GOA_G P9MA9= Hl9FQ=_G GPJ m9r qGOJFG gPJ mfO_a

:B9c9pF_G IQGOE
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,9KAG_9gla 9KpcFZA= marA dA_G B9KG_Ga 9KpcZaAa B9c9pF_G YGaFC
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O9ZAr9= ?r_gAl_G B:9Gl_G hclG dp ?c_aO_G B:9ZA:G Orfa ,?8c=_G
?G_9gl dp Hc_l9g_G mKA ?cQaO BGQWF ?falGl_G gPJ QOZAa .B9c9pF_G
.B9c9pF_G
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?=QGA__ 9KFl IO9pATl_G UaQO_Ga ?cO9JA:G 9cF9l_C dp ?c8c=_G ?T9cT_Ga B9gcQWA_G

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:B9c9pF_G IQGOE
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dp ?_l9g_G ?Z9M_G B9tQW__ ?a=GQt m1961 m9g_G dp ?a=GQ_G gPJ BFatA
.B9c9pF_G IQGOE O9ZArG ?a=GQ BJ=ZC m1986 m9f dpa ,HOl_G ?p9dF c9Gl
?Z9M_G B9tQW_G K_9Zl cDlAa dlar iaATl b_f ?a=GQ_G gPJ clgA
.c9lfFG >9JZF O9JAG ?=9Dl= dKp B9c9pF_G ?G_9gla crF c9Gl dp ?_l9g_G
:B9c9pF_G Hl
[_MA_G Qc=M ?pcda EGOJATG - 4
B9c9pF_G caCTl c9lfF ?ldFl_G ?J8;_G >Gal= ?pcda_G gPJ EGOJATG mA

hclGA RtGQl b_f >Gc 9K=Gal= dA_Ga m1977/10/26 dp IQO9Z_Ga
Qc=M 9JQOGat dp m]A HC B9c9pF__ ?==Tl_G ?cO9ZAr:G BGOJa_Ga B9c9pF_G
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I.WFl_G cMGO :aCTl Hatc_ Qc=M_G GPJ >cQOA mAca ,B9c9pF_G Hl [_MA_G
Hla ,B9c9pF_G Hl [_MA_9= ?Z9M_G OfGar_G PcpFA b_f ?=9rQ_Ga qGQWDG Hf
:dp ?Z9M ?pZ= \A9=GGa RtQAA mD
HcatA b_E jOCA dA_G c89Ta_Ga sQa_G b_f ?=9rQ_Ga qGQWDG - 1
.9KFl [_MA_Ga 9KgclGA mAc bAJ B9c9pF_G
.?8c=_G ?c9lJ= ?r_gAl_G HcFGar_G PcpFA ?=rGQl - 2
.B9c9pF_9= s_gAc 9lcp I.WFl_G cMGO QaZr_G ?G_9gl dp uGQAW:G - 3
.?8c=_G HcFGar PcpFA [Mc 9lcp \A9JQArla \A9cZaA A9afE - 4
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b_E 9K_rFa 9KAG_9gla B9c9pF_G cc_rA= ?Z9M_G B9lc_gA_G sc=aA I9fGQl - 6
.B9c9pF_G ?G_9gl BGOJa

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?clJFG Hl ?c_9f ?GQO b_fa GRcll - jQcOrA= - Qc=OA_G GPJ Q=Agc
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Hl HC 9lt ,9c8c= ?lc_T sQa= 9KAQGOEa ?JcJZ sQa= 9Kgl cl9gA_G b_f Of9Tc
9KFf O_aAA dA_G OGal_G mGOMATGa B9c9pF_G gPJ L9AFE cc_rA b_f clg_G \F.W
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O_aAA dA_G B9c9pF_Ga 9KFcatA EcJ Hl 9c8c= ?lc_T c8GO= O9GcEa IQaM B9c9pF
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b_aAcTp u_P H9c= 9lC \rcrJA 9lalf ?c=Qg_G B9gcQWA_G B_a9J 9l aJa .9KFf
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BA9G 9l b_f GO9lAfG ?cFaa_G 9KA9gcQWA QcaaA b_f ?c=Qg_G caO_G B_lf
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gPK_ LP9lF ?cF9F=__Ga ?cQZl_Ga ?cQaT_G HcFGar_G PMAFTa 9cO9ZArG ?lOrAl_G
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m9g_ )50( mrQ ?8c=_G HaF9ra ,m2004 m9g_ )49( mrQ ?p9dF_G HaF9r 9KlJC
B9c9pF_G IQGOE m9dFa ,m2004 m9g_ )17( mrQ HaF9r_9= cOgl_Ga ,m2002
?c89ra Qc=GOA ?cC Hl]AA m_ HcFGar_G gPJ HC :E .)1(m2003 m9g_ IQaM_G
HaF9r Hl )57(m [F ;M 9l IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= Q9GA:G B9c_lf hFl= ?Z9M
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9ZF Ogc jP_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_G IQGOE m9dF Hl )3()3(m [F u_Pta ,?p9dF_G
?8c=_G ?c9lJ= ?cFgl_G ?cgcQWA_G mcTGQl_Ga HcFGar_G Hl ?falGl 9cQaT dp QOZ 9lt )1(
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aC ?c89l_G ?8c=_9= QQ] 9KFf HAFc IQW9=l ?cOGQE ?rcQa= B9p_Ml aC B9c9pF aC
.yQJ=__ ?faQWl_G iQMFG B9lGOMAT:G aC ?l9g_G ?JZ_G
?c89clct_G OGal_G c9lgATG ,)38(m \= BA9G 9l spa ,HaF9r_G GPJ QdJ 9lt
miQ_G b_fa .?JZ_Ga ?8c=_G b_f 9JQQ] B=D Or mGO 9l B9p6G BGOc=l XQa
b_E mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAG 9K= BA9G dA_G B9lGRA_:G hl spAc IO9l_G gPJ [F HC Hl
QZl HC jC ;mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAG b_f ?rO9Zl_G caO_G Hl P8Ara HtA m_ QZl HC
aC 9K_aMO= M9lT_G aC IQaM_G B9c9pF_G OGQcATG QdJcz :d_c 9l b_f )32(m BZF )1(
?cQGODG ?KG_G Hl KcQZA Qcj= QdJca ,?c=Qg_G QZl ?cQaKlG d]GQC dp 9JQaQl
aC dlc_rDG QJ=_G dp IQaM_G B9c9pF_G clJA dA_G HpT_G QaQl= M9lT_G ?ZAMl_G
.y?c=Qg_G QZl ?cQaKlG_ ?Z_9M_G ?cO9ZAr:G ?cQJ=_G ?raFl_G
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 402

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
c9lgAT9t IQaM_G B9c9pF_G Oc_aA 9KF.W Hl dA_G c9gpFG hFl dp ?r9=T BF9t
?c_9g_G ?cQWJ_G BGOc=l_G c9lgATG dp bGQpDGa IQcaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G
;IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= Q9GA:G hFl dp \AclJC BA=D jP_G AGQGDG aJa IQaaM_G
k
.9Kc_f e9pJ_Ga ?8c=_G ?c9lJ b_f 9=9GcE UtgFc jP_G QlFG
m9cr_Ga B9la_gl_G cO9=A ?clJC jQZl_G YQWl_G OtC Orp iQMC ?KG Hla
ctW= ?8c=_G b_f ?dp9Jl_9= ?r_gAl_G ?l9g_G Qc=GOA_G Hl 9JQcia ?cfaA B;lJ=
.m9f
^QgA_G s=T dA_G ?c=Qg_G HcFGar_G q_AMl HE car_G Htlc m9f ctW=a
B9c9pF_9= Q9GA:G B9c_lf hFl_ ?c89ra Qc=GOA ?cC b_f aAJA m_ 9KFC Hc=A Orp 9K_
9KJ9cl aC 9Kc]GQC dp IQaM_G B9c9pF_G QaQl aC c9MOE QdJ GOf 9l IQaM_G
Qc=GOA HcFGar_G gPJ BFl]A Orp .?Z_9M_G ?cO9ZAr:G ?raFl_G aC ?clc_rDG
HaO m9f ctW= Ea_A_G c9gpC hFla 9Kc_f ?dp9Jl_Ga ?8c=_G ?c9lJ_ ?l9f ?c89ra
B98p Hc= dfa_G QWF IQaQ] b_f BglG.p ,Hcgl QZFf aC ?c]r_ [cZMA
,QaKlG__ 9KAJ9AEa ?8c=_G HaCW= ?r_gAl_G B9la_gl__ uaF= Hcl.Aa ,?p9t hlAGl_G
,?c=Qg_G B9gcQWA_G dr9= dp \Fl K]aC dF9F=__G hcQWA_G dp Qc=OA_G GPJ aO=ca
:E .?p9t ?TGQO_G cJGQl dp ?clc_gA IO9lt ?c8c=_G ?c=QA_G c9MOE b_E ?p9]D9=
>_aAA dA_G B9c_lg_G gPJ cDl hFl_ ?cp9t_Ga ?lR;_G ?GQO_G b_E brQc : u_P HC
B=D HC Og= ?Z9M 9KAKGGala B9c_lg_G gPJ cDl_ jOZA_G mAc_ Iar QDtC Qc=GOA
Hl OcOg_G g9cla d]GQC dp YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf Hl OcOg_G EaOJ
caO_G ^g= d]GQC b_E ?gWl_Ga ?caaF_G B9c9pF_G c9MO@t ?c=Qg_G caO_G
9KFpOa - ?cFcaT_p_G d]GQFGa ?cQaT_G ?cO9=_Ga A9FcT AGQJZt - ?c=Qg_G
dp ?faQWl Qci Q9GAG B9c_lf EaOJ HC dp Qc=GOA_G gPJ ?clJC aO=Aa .9Kcp
?lR;_G B9cF9tlDGa BGQOr_G bFOC u_AlA : dA_G ?c=Qg_G caO_9t ?cl9F HGO_=
k k
QQ]_9= 9lAJ OagcT ,9c8c= ?lc_T sQa= 9KFl [_MA_Ga B9c9pF_G gPJ ?G_9gl_
.?Fa9r_G 9K=agWa ?c=Qg_G ?8c=__ u_Kl_Ga Qc=t_G
403 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
dF9D_G EJ=*G
?c89ra_G |=GOA_G PcpFA B9KG
BKGA9p .?p9t m_9g_G caO dp ?cFaF9r_G b9TaFG m9lAJG ?8c=_G 9c9]r BQ9DC
?cFp_G B9cF9tlDG spa 9K_ ca_J_G O9GcE b_f clg_Ga ,9KA;tWl dp EJ=__
?c]ra ,IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= Q9GA:G ?c]r 9c9]r_G gPJ mJC Hla .?J9Al_G ?cO9l_Ga
OGal_9= mtJA__ 9l_ Q9GA:9= Ba=AQG dA_G ?c89clct_G OGal__ ?c=_T_G BGQcD.A_G
.?faQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf Hl OJ_G dp QDC Hl 9KA9c9pFa IQaM_G ?c89clct_G
IGOFG O9lAfG 9KlJC Hl H9t ,IOOgAl QaZ dp dl_9g_G m9lAJ:G OTGA

B9TTCl_G EGOJATG mAp ;IPp9F_G HcFGar_G PcpFA b_f IQO9r_G ?_9gp_G ?cPcpFA_G
Qcia dlatJ_G ,dFaa_G aC d_aO_G iaATl_G b_f ?8c=_G HaCW= ?ZAMl_G
c9Gl dp cf9pa dT9TC QaO= B9TTCl_G gPJ marAa .\gral dp ct dlatJ_G
H9t GP_ ;?8c=_G 9c9]r Hf Y9pO_Ga ,IPp9F_G ?c8c=_G ?ldFFGa HcFGar_G sc=aA
k
BA9G dA_G - ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_Ga ?c8c=_G HcFGar_G h]a >_aAca .9cT9TC 9JOaGa
?c8c=_G B9TTCl_G gPJ Ha9gAA HC PcpFA_G h]al - HcFGar_G gPJ 9JQtP b_f
ctW= ?c_aO_Ga ?cFaa_G iQMFG B9a_T_Ga B9ldFl_Ga B98cK_G hla ,9KFc= 9lcp
.QlATla m8GO
:b_E EJ=l_G GPJ mTrcT u_P b_f A9F=a

.?c_aO_G B9ldFl_Ga B98cK_G :caFG >_al_G
.?cFaa_G B9ldFl_Ga B98cK_G :dF9D_G >_al_G
caFG >_a*G
?c_aO_G B9ldF*Ga B98cK_G
Hl H9t IOOgAl QaZ dp ?8c=_G c89Tl= hTGa_G dl_9g_G m9lAJ:G OTVGA
iaATl_G b_f AGaT ?8c=_G HaCW= ?ZAMl_G B9TTCl_G EGOJATG 9lKJC
.Hcc_9A_G HcfQp_G dp d_c 9lcp \_cZpA mAcT 9l aJa ,dlc_rDG aC dl_9g_G
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 404

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
caFG
YQp_G
?c*9g_G B9ldF*Ga B98cK_G
IOJAl_G mlFG Hl9FQ= c;M Hl dl_9g_G d8c=_G QaO_G IOJAl_G mlFG bfQA
?tQJ dp c9J_G aJ 9lt dl_9g_G iaATl_G b_f B98cJ OGaA c=9rl_9=a ,?8c=__
ccZpA d_c 9lcp mAcT GP_ ,?cl_9f ?c8c= ?8cJ mJC Q=AgA dA_G Q]MFG m;T_G
.IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G ?Jp9tl dp B98cK_G gPJ Hl ct QaO
k
:(UNEP) ?8c=__ IOJA*G mlFG Hl9FQ= - :aC
k k k k
aJ ?8c=_9= 9Z9M ,9K_ 9g=9A ,9cfQp GR9KG IOJAl_G mlFG ?ldFl BDOJC
Ha9gA_G ?crQA b_f Hl9FQ=_G GPJ clgc .(UNEP) ?8c=__ IOJAl_G mlFG Hl9FQ=
?c8c=_G ?pQgl_G QWFa ?clFAa ,?c8c=_G HlGQ=_G ?g=9Ala ,?8c=_G c9Gl dp d_aO_G
mlFG m9dF ct9cJa B9a9WF scTFAa ,c9Gl_G GPJ dp ?c_aO_G OaKG_G scTFA_
cGaJC ?=rGQla ,ct9cK_G gPJ OaKG RcpJA b_f clg_G c;M Hl ?8c=__ IOJAl_G
k
?c8c= ?clFA RcRgAa ,?8c=_G c89Tl= B9latJ_G m9lAJG Hl Ot.A_Ga 9cl_9f ?8c=_G
. ?lGOATla ?lc_T
)1(
?cFrA c89Ta= IQaM_G B9c9pF_G Oc_aA cc_rA ?_.Tl Hl9FQ=_G GPJ h]a
mlI_ ?g=9A B9ldFl BT hl mJ9T u_P cc=T dpa .\A9ca_aC mJC iOJE IQaaAl
B9ca9lct__ ?lc_T_G IQGO<_ B9ldFl_G Hc= uQAWl_G Hl9FQ=_G UcT.A= )2(IOJAl_G
:IOJAl_GmlFG hral ,?c89clct_G OGal__ ?c_aO_G IQGO<_ dGcAGQAT:G HKF_G )1(
,H9lQf OlJl UQ9p .O b_E IOag_G Htlc 9lt ,http://www.unep.org/2010/04/30
,9KAc9lJ dp IOJAl_G mlFG QaOa Qara QZl dp ?8c=_G ?c9lJ_ ?cgcQWA_G ?T9cT_G
.73-70[ ,m2005 ,b_aFG ?g=a_G ,QZl ,?cQOFtTDG ,EcOJ_G dgl9G_G >Atl_G
?ldFl ,(ILO) ?c_aO_G clg_G ?ldFl ,(FAO) AGPj_Ga ?fGQR_G ?ldFl :dJ B9ldFl_G gPJ )2(
?cf9FZ_G ?clFA__ IOJAl_G mlFG ?ldFl ,(OECD) jO9ZAr:G c9Gl_G dp ?clFA_Ga Ha9gA_G
?cl_9g_G ?JZ_G ?ldFl ,(UNITAR) EaJ=_Ga >cQOA__ IOJAl_G mlFG OKgl ,(UNIDO)
.s=9T_G hGQl_G ,?c89clct_G OGal__ ?c_aO_G IQGO<_ dGcAGQAT:G HKF_G ,(WHO)
405 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
k
?8c=_G caJ IOJAl_G mlFG QlACl Hf IQO9Z_G B9cZaA__ GPcpFA )1((IOMC)
.m1992 m9f aQcF9G jO acQ dp Orf jP_G ?clFA_Ga
sQa= B9ca9lct_G mGOMATGa L9AFE H9l] Hl9FQ=_G GPJ qGOJC mJC Hla
bFOFG OJ_G b_E H9TFDG ?JZa ?8c=_G b_f ?lKl_G ?cTtg_G BGQcD.A_G c_rA
.B9ca9lct__ ?c_aO_G IQGODG scrJAa ,2020 m9g_G ca_J=
c9Gl dp 9KlTaa B9ca9lct_G qcFZA HlGQ= mfO= Hl9FQ=_G GPJ marc

P9MAG dp Ocpc 9JQa9Mla 9KpcFZA ?pQgl HF ;?c8c=_Ga ?cJZ_G Q9aMFG
hFl_ ?cT9TC IaaMt 9KA9lGOMATG OccrAa ,9JQ9DB Hl OJ__ ?lR;_G BGAGQGDG
k
Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf hFl b_f 9=9GcE QDCc 9l= 9KFf ?GA9F_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_G O_aA
c;M Hl mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAG PcpFA dp caO_G mfOc 9lt .B9c9pF_G gPK= YaQWl_G
,?8c=__ IOJAl_G mlFG Hl9FQ=a AGPj_Ga ?fGQR_G ?ldFl Hl ct HlGQ=a ?aWFC mfO
.PcpFA_G GPK_ IOgl_G ?cFaa_G ?aM_G QcaaAa m_aKtATG ?cr9pAG PcpFA dpa
IQGO<_ dGcAGQAT:G HKF__ \cF=A aKp

Hl9FQ=_G GPJ \= m9r 9ll mJC 9lC
P9MA9= ?=_9al_9= (UNEP) IQGOE U_Gl m9r PE ;(SAICM) B9ca9lct__ ?c_aO_G
B9cO9ZAr:G BGP caO_Ga ?cl9F_G caO_G mfO_ ?aWFC Org_ ?lR;_G B9=cAQA_G
.B9ca9lct__ ?c_aO_G IQGO<_ dGcAGQAT:G HKF_G PcpFA dp ?c_9rAF:G
OlFG ?aTaAl ?cGcAGQATG OGOf@= (UNEP) Hl9FQ= m9r iQMC ?KG Hla
iOJ@t IQaM_G B9c9pF_Ga ?cPCl_G OGal_G ?_.Tl 9Kcp OOJ
)2(
)2013-2010(
gPJ Hl IaGQl_G qGOJFG scrJA b_f \AQOr HC b_E Q9WCa ,?ca_aFG BGP c89Tl_G
OGal_G hl ?rpGQAl_G ?c8c=_G BGOcOKA_G OcOJA b_f \AQOr b_f qraAA ?cGcAGQAT:G
.9JPcpFAa 9JQWF ccKTAa ?l8;l ca_J MGQArGa ,IQaM_G B9c9pF_Ga ?cPCl_G
mlFG hral IQ9cR Htlc (CAICM) Hl9FQ=a (IOMC) Hl9FQ= qQgA OcRl_ Hl )1(
.http://www.unep.org.2010.04.30 :IOJAl_G
:IOJAl_G mlFG hral IQ9cR c;M Hl ?cGcAGQAT:G gPJ Hal]l b_f caZJ_G Htlc )2(
.http://www.unep.org.2010.04.30
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 406

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
c;M Hl 9KrcrJA b_E IOJAl_G mlFG Hl9FQ= h_aAc dA_G qGOJFG cDlAAa
:dp ?cGcAGQAT:G gPJ
mccrA_ ?cp9t_G ?c_9l_G OQGal_Ga BGQOr_Ga dp9t_G dfa_G ?cl9F_G caO_G u;AlG - C
OGal_G Hf mGFA dA_G ,?8c=_Ga H9TFDG ?JZ b_f Qa9Ml_G ^pMa IQGOEa
.IQaM_G B9c9pF_Ga ?cPCl_G
dFp_GKZF_G mcOrA b_E ?p9]D9= ,?tT9lAl ?c_aO ?T9cT b_E caZa_G - >
IQaM_G B9c9pF_Ga ?cPCl_G B9ca9lct_G IQGOE cGC Hl ?cl9F_G B9KG_Ga caO__
k
.9cGa_aFtA_G YGaFC c]pC mGOMAT9= ,9c8c= ?lc_T sQa=
BGP ?cPCl_G OGal_G cGC Hl IQacT mdFa ?l8;l ?T9cT OGOfEa h]a - L
hl spGaA_9= 9JP9pFEa ,OaOJ_G Q=f IQaM_G B9c9pF_G crFa dl_9g_G m9lAJ:G

crF_G b=]_ ?ldFFGa B9T9cT__ cf9p_G PcpFA_Ga ?_aO__ ?c_aO_G B9lGRA_:G
.IQaM_G B9c9pF__ Ocrl_G Qci sGQiDGa YaQWl_G Qci
hl Ha9gA_9= (UNESCO) atTcFac_G ?ldFl Bl9r Orp iQMC ?KG Hla

,d8c=_G mc_gA__ d_aO Hl9FQ= QWF= m1975 m9f ?8c=__ IOJAl_G mlFG Hl9FQ=
d8c=_G >cQOA_Ga mc_gA_G HlGQ=a ?c8c=_G ?aWFFG Hl QcDt_G \cGaA dp mJ9T
. ?clFA_G baMa
)1(
Hl OJ_G dp c9gpa d=9GcE QDC Hl d8c=_G mc_gA__ 9l OJC b_f bpMc :a

?=9W_G carg_G b_E \GaAA dKp ,IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf
V
dp KGFA 9K_f ,9KA8c= Hl br=A 9l b_f e9pJ_G ?c_aCTl b_aAAT dA_G ?cAp_G
k
aC ,9c8c= ?lc_T Oa9la mGOMATG ?KG Hl AGaT ?r=9T_G c9cGFG A9aMC KcJZA
u_AlA : caO b_E 9K_9TQE mOfa ,9Kg=9Fl OFf B9c9pF_G Hl [_MA_G b_f clg_G
?cFaF9r_G O9g=FG( ?clFA_Ga ?8c=_G ,dF9Fg_G OlJl mcJGQ=E .O b_E IOag_G bGQc hTaA__ )1(
caFG dl_g_G QlACl__ mOrl QcQrA ,QZl dp ?8c=__ ?cFaF9r_G ?c9lJ_G ,)?c_aO_G
,hcQWA_Ga A9ZJDGa dT9cT_G O9ZAr;_ ?cQZl_G ?cglG_G ,HccQZl_G HccFaF9r__
.20-18[ ,m1992 ,IQJ9r_G
407 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
Hl IQcaM_G YGaFFG gPJ ?G_9gl_ ?cFrA_Ga ?cFp_G BGQOr_Ga B9cF9tlDG bT=C

.B9c9pF_G
k
:Q]MFG m;T_G ?tQJ - 9cF9D
HF IOaGal Q]MFG m;T_Gz :c89r_G Q9gW_G 9KTpF_ ?tQJ_G gPJ BPMAG
n o
?G9J= ,ca_J b_E ?G9J= 9KFE .Qc=gA_G sJ KFlr A HC sJATA ?WK_G ^QFG gPJ
. yclf b_E ?G9J= ,QccjA b_E
)1(
B;lJ= marA ,)2(?_rATl ?cl_9f ?c8c= ?ldFl dJ Q]MFG m;T_G ?tQJ

e9pJ_Ga ?8c=_G ?c9lJ cGC Hl caO_G ua_Ta B9latJ_G qrGal QccjA_ ?cl_9f
.m;T_G RcRgAa 9Kc_f
"Greenpeace exists because this fragile earth deserves a voice. It needs )1(
solutions. It needs change. It needs action"

:dFaQAt_DG 9Kgral dp OQa 9lt Q]MFG m;T_G ?ldFl Q9gW aJ GPJ
http://www.greenpeace.org/2010/01.21.international
k
aC B9tQW_G Hl :GalC c=rA : ?ldFl_G gPJ H@p s_al_G 9K_;rATG b_f e9pJ__a )2(
dp ?ldFl_G jOcCl B9fQ=A b_f OlAgA 9lFEa ,?cT9cT_G >GRJFG aC B9latJ_G

k
GQrl mGOQATlC ?FcOl Hl ?tQJ_G gPJ BPMAG .?8c=_G ?c9lJ_ ?cl_T_G 9KA;lJ ?_ZGal
k k k k
9K_a ,m_9g_G A9JFC hclG dp 9clc_rEa 9cFaa 9=Atl )28( b_E ?p9]D9= ,9K_ 9cTc8Q
k
9cTBa HcAtcQlFGa 9=aQaC A9JFC hclG dp GO_= )40( Hl QDtC dp mafOl Qa]J
)2,9( Hf EOJAF HJFz :9JaTTCl carc u_P dpa . O9K_G bcJl_G ?raFla 9crcQpEa
9F_lg= m9cr__ Hcc;l_G Hl OcOg_G 9FgGWca m_9g_G A9JFC hclG dp 9FQ9ZFC Hl Hac_l
9JPcpFA dp dAGP \=W mtJ= ?clc_rDGa ?cFaa_G 9K=A9tl hAlAAa .ymac ct dp
,dFaa_G s9cT_G Hl] ?tQAWl IQaZ= 9Kc_f spAl_G ?cl_9g_G B;lJ_G B9cGcAGQAT:
V
hclG dp ?c_Jl_G ?c8c=_G B98cK_G Hl] Iar= cDlAa ,cMGO_G Hl >A9tl_G gPJ QGOAa
m;T_G ?tQJ hral .QaKlG_G hl QW9=la m8GO c9ZAG b_f A9r=__ m_9g_G A9JFC
.s=9T_G hGQl_G .Q]MFG
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 408

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
)1(
, B9latJ_G b_f bj]_Ga ,?8O9K_G ?cT9la_=O_G Hl ?ldFl_G gPJ PMAA
scrJA_ c89Taa MaApl_G QJ_G dfGa_G X9rF_Ga ,?G9J_G afOA 9lOFf Iar_Ga
b_f ?JaQal_G ?c8c=_G B;tWl__ ca_J_G O9GcE b_f clg_9= mRA_A 9lt .9KpGOJC
scTFAa QcaaA b_aAA u_P cc=T dpa ,?lc_T sQa= dl_9g_G iaATl_G
9lt ,m_9g_G A9JFC hclG dp 9KA;lJ scTFAa ,?cl_9g_G ?c8c=_G B9cGcAGQAT:G
QcaaA u_Pta ,Q]MFG m;T__ ?clc_rDGa ?cFaa_G >A9tl_G AGOCa QaaA h=9AA
.?ldFl__ h=9A_G HpT_G caaTC ?F9cZa
k \ o
b_f IQOr_G Hat_Alc Hll m_9g_G A9JFC hclG Hl 9Z9MWC ?ldFl_G qdaAa
OQGal_G jQ9WATla ,HcDJ9=_G m]A u_Pta B9fQ=A_G hlG ,B;lJ_G IQGOE

B:9ZA:Ga ?T9cT_Ga ?p9JZ_G B:9Gl dp Hc_l9g_Ga ,?cFaF9r_Ga ?cQW=_G
9KA9a9WFa ?ldFl_G gPJ B;lJ M9GF Hl]c 9ll dFaF9r_G scTFA_Ga ?lGQA_Ga
qGOJC scrJA_ 9JOaKG Qp9]AA dA_G BGQ9Kl_Ga BGQ=M_G Hl OcOg_G 9K8GaAJ:
.9Kc_f e9pJ_Ga ?8c=_G ?c9lJ dp ?ldFl_G
H.= ,Q]MFGa dl_T_G m_9g__ mKAcCQ Hl hpGO=a ,?ldFl_G aTTCl OrAgca

k k o k k
m9r O9rAf:G GPJ b_f GO9lAfGa .GQccjA GaDOJc HC Htlc OGQpFG Hl ;c_r GOOf
GaFatc_ mcOr >Q9r dp GOFt b_E QpatF9p Hl Q9J=D9= HcaW9F_G Hl scQp
dp ^QFG BJA ?caaF >Q9GA AGQG@= IOJAl_G B9c:a_G m9cr b_f HcOJ9W
IOJGa dp - 9tT:F d=Qj_G cJ9T_G ?_9=r IQcjZ IQcRG - 9tAcWlC IQcRG

n o k
^Qp AfG mK=Q9r HC Hl miQ_G b_fa .cR:R__ 9]QgA m_9g_G sa9Fl QDtC Hl
n n
.dl_9g_G m9lAJ:G BQ9DC ?_JQ_G gPJ H@p 9tAcWlC b_E \_aZa c=r sQia
p
k
mAc GOc_rA yb_f OJ9W_Gz B;JQ Hl ?ldFl_G gPJ BPMAG Bra_G u_P PFla
k k
H9t u_P=a .?_lJ ct dp mK_lf Hl 9lKl GARG HpT_G ctWAa .?cl_T sQa=
?cTFQp_G ?latJ_G b_f Baj] 9lOFf >a_TFG GPJ yQ]MFG m;T_Gz BlOMATG )1(
Orp cgp_9=a ,P9pF_G RcJ 9K_aMO >9ZF clAtc dt m_aKtATG ?cr9pAG b_f sO9ZA_
V
m9g_G dp IQW9=l P9pF_G RcJ B_MO dA_G ?cr9pA:G gPJ b_f ?cTFQp_G ?latJ_G Bgra
.s=9T_G hGQl_G ,Q]MFG m;T_G ?tQJ hral .m2004
409 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
V Gp ,9KprGal_ HcOcCl_Ga HcgGWl_G Hl

GaOT OcOg_G Q]MFG m;T_G ?tQJ_
?tQJ_G gPJ OGQpC c=r Hl AGaT dlc_rDG iaATl_G b_f ?tQJ_G gPJ B9a9WF
V
.d_9A_G YQp_G dp cZpcT 9l aJa .\TpF qOK_G 9K_ iQMC B9tQJ c=r Hl mC
dF9D_G YQp_G
?clc_rDG B9ldF*Ga B98cK_G
IOf ?p9rD A9rA_G ?GcAF dlc_rDG s9aF_G dp B98cK_G gPJ b9WF c9Gl RtQAc
AGQRa U_Gla d=aQaFG O9JA;_ Q]MFG m;T_G ?tQJ dp c9J_G aJ 9lt caO
:dA6G spa \F9c= YQp_G GPJ b_aAcT 9l aJa ,>Qg_G ?8c=_G

k
:d=aQaFG O9JA;_ Q]MFG m;T_G ?tQJ - :aC
Q]MFG m;T_G ?ldFl Hl ARGt d=aQaFG O9JA;_ Q]MFG m;T_G Bl9r
k
cc_JAa OZQ= ?tQJ_G gPJ marAa .9K_ GQrl cTtaQ= ?FcOl Hl BPMAGa ,?c_aO_G
jOJAa ,IQZ9r_G \FcFGara \A9T9cT K]pa ,d=aQaFG O9JA:G B9TTCl clf
m;T_G sQp Bl9r m1994 m9f dpp .?c=cQOA_G ca_J_G PcpFA_ QGQr_G dgF9Z
jO9ZAr:G Ha9gA_G ?ldFl 9K= marA dA_G ?l9T_G B9c9pF_G IQ9GA K]p= Q]MFG
.9Kcp A9]fFG Qci HGO_=_G b_E
?cFaQAt_E B9tQW Q9=G@= Q]MFG m;T_G sQp Bl9r u_P b_E ?p9]D9=
?cFaQAt_DG 9KA9c9pF QcaOA ?T9cT P9MAG b_f HFaTl9Ta U=c_cp c9DlC ?r;lf
k k
,?G_9gl HaO Hl 9K89r_E Hl :O= 9c8c= ?lc_Ta ?faQWl sQa= 9KFl [_MA_Ga
o
B_TQC ?l9T_G B9c9pF_9= ?_lJl ?lcOr ?c=QJ ?FcpT IO9fE b_f 9TFQp BQn =p GCa
o
dp scrJA s;aE b_f 9cFaATC BQ=GC 9lt ,OFK_G dp B9c9pF_G gPJ A9r_E ^Qj=
)3( mGO Q9ZJ Og= [9MWC )8( Bala q:6G mclTA B==T ?l9T B9c9pF ?_r9F
. L9g_G cJ9T dp 9KA9c9pF A9r_@= ?_r9F_G gPJ m9cr_ ?ldFl_G sQp \A]Qp m9cC
)1(
Hl BGaFT Og= P9pF_G RcJ m_aKtATG ?cr9pAG caMO ?ldFl_G gPJ BGR9GFE Hl] Hl )1(
.s=9T_G hGQl_G ,Q]MFG m;T_G ?tQJ hral .bj]_G
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 410

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
k
:)1(>Qg_G ?8c=_G AGQRa U_Gl - 9cF9D
)17( IQaO_G dp ?8c=_G HaCW Hf Hc_aCTl_G >Qg_G AGQRa_G U_Gl OlAfG
[9M_G IQJ9r_G H;fE m2005 m9f ?cGO= dp ?c=Qg_G ?gl9G_G Qrl dp IOrgFl_G
?c_aO_G ?c8c=_G B9cr9pA:Ga B9ca9lct__ ?c_aO_G IQGO<_ dGcAGQAT:G HKF_9=
:H;fDG GPJ \= A9G 9l mJC Hl cg_a ,IQaM_G B9c9pF_Ga OGal_9= ?Z9M_G
iOJE 9JQ9=AfGa ,IQaM_G B9c9pF_Ga ?c89clct_G OGal__ ?lc_T_G IQGODG O9lAfG - 1
.?c_aO_Ga ?clc_rDGa ?cFaa_G ?T9cT_G B9ca_aC
EcJ Hl ?Z9M ?c89clct_G OGal_9= ?r_gAl_G qQ9gl_Ga B9la_gl_G QWFa QcpaA - 2
9KAJ9AEa ,?8c=__ 9K_lJA dA_G Qa9Ml_Ga QW=_G ?JZ b_f ?c=_T_G 9KAGQcD.A
.QaKlG__
IO9pAT:G ?_a9Jl hl ,?r;g_G BGP ?c_aO_G ?c8c=_G B9cr9pA;_ cf9p_G PcpFA_G - 3
?c_aO_G B9T9cT_G Q9aE dp BGQjD_G Hl OJ_Ga ,9KFc= 9lcp spGaA_G \GaC Hl

.?c89clct_G OGal__
k
?j_9= GQGQ]C >=Tc jP_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G dp YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G hFl - 4
.?cl9F_G caO_Ga ?c=Qg_G caO__
QcaaA ?_ZGala PcpFA dp ?p9pWa ?_l9Wa ?JApFl IQaZ= cl9t_G Ha9gA_G - 5
. B9ca9lct__ ?c_aO_G IQGO<_ dGcAGQAT:G HKF_G

)2(
dp d=Qg_G clg_G ?g=9Ala scTFAa \cGaA b_aAc ,?c=Qg_G caO_G ?gl9G_ ?g=9A ?8cJ aJ )1(
:jQZl_G ?8c=_G HaCW R9KG hral .?8c=_G ?c9lJ c9Gl
http://www.eeaa.gov/2010/01/05
k
HKF_G dp ?c=Qg_G QdF_G ?KGa Utgca d_=rATl_G uQJA__ 9T9TC H;fDG GPJ Q=Agc )2(
b_f Y;a;_ .?r;g_G BGP ?c8c=_G B9cr9pA:Ga B9ca9lct__ ?c_aO_G IQGO<_ dGcAGQAT:G
IQJ9r_G H;fE YaQWl :b_E IOag_G Htlc H;fDG GPJ 9K= A9G dA_G iQMFG OaF=_G
HKF_G H.W= ?8c=_G HaCW Hf Hc_aCTl_G >Qg_G AGQRa_G U_Gl Hf QO9Z_G

?8c=_G HaCW R9KG hral b_f QaWFl ,B9ca9lct__ ?c_aO_G IQGO<_ dGcAGQAT:G
.http://www.eeaa.gov/2010/01/05 :jQZl_G
411 2014/1
å ÏbFÇ
V
k
OGal_G dp YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G ?_.Tl ?c=Qg_G caO_G B_aC Orp ,GPE
BGAGQGDG Hl ?falGl 9KF;fE BFl]p ,?Z9M ?clJC IQaM_G B9c9pF_Ga ?c89clct_G
:Qc=GOA_G gPJ mJC Hla ,Q9GA:G B9c_lf Hl OJ__ 9JP9MAG Htlc dA_G Qc=GOA_Ga
.?cFaa ?c8c= ?cgcQWAa ?cT9cT IQGOE Hcl.A -
.9JPcpFAa ?c8c=_G baM_G h]a_ ?cA9TTCl IQGOE Hcl.A -

k
Qvcvi Q9vGvA:G ?vcv]vrv=a 9vlavlvf ?v8vcv=v_9v= ?vrv_vgvAvlv_G B9vlav_vgvlv_G cO9v=vAa dvfav_G Hvcvl.vA -
.IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G
.?c8c=_G hcQ9Wl_Ga baM_G PcpFA Hf Hc_aCTl_G BGQOr A9F=a >cQOA -
Q9vGvA:G B9vcv_vlvf qvWvtv_ ?vcv_aOv_Ga ?vcvlvcv_vrDG B9vlav_vgvlv_G B9vtv=vW hvl Ha9vgvAv_G -
.IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci
bv v_v vf mvvKvv=vvcQOvvAa ,?vvfavv]avvlvv_G bvvavvMvv_G PvvcvvpvvFvvA bvv_vvf uQ9vvlvvGvv_G c9vvGQ >vvcQOvvA -
IQO9v v=v vl O9v vlv vAv vfG c;v vM Hv vl uv v_Pa ,OaOv vJv v_G Ov vFv vf Qv va9v vMv vlv v_G B::O mGOv vMv vAv vTG
.BGQOr_G A9F=a ,?c=cQOA XQa ?l9rEa ,AGQ]M_G uQ9lG_G
dv vFOv vlv v_G

hvvlvvAvvGvvlvv_G iOvv_a ,B9vvT9vvcvvTvv_Ga BGQGQvvrvv_G dvvgvvF9vvZ iOvv_ dvvfavv_G IO9vvcR -
cavMOv_ ?vcv=v_vTv_G Q9vD69v= sv_vgvAvc 9vlvcvp HvcvFvaGavlv_Ga ?vcvlavtvJv_G Qvcvi B9vlvdvFvlv_Ga

bv_vf AGavT ?vfaQvWvl Qvcvi IQavZv= IQvavMv_G B9vc9vpvFv_Ga IQvavMv_G ?vcv89vcvlvcvtv_G OGavlv_G
.?cfaA_G gPJ mfO_ m;fDG c89Ta mGOMATGa ,?l9g_G ?JZ_G b_f mC ?8c=_G
.ca=QAFDGa ?cl_9g_G uQ9lG_Ga ?cFaa_G uQ9lG_G Hc= ?r;g_G scDaA -
IQaM_G OGal_G gPJ c8GO=_ HcaQA_G

)1(
. -
mOrl QcQrA ,?c=Qg_G caO_G dp ?c89clct_G OGal__ ?c_aO_G IQGO<_ dGcAGQAT:G HKF_G PcpFA )1(
IQaO_G ,?c89clct_G OGal_G IQGO@= dFgl_G d_aO_G QlACl_G ,?c=Qg_G caO_G Hf ?=9cF QZl Hl
hral ,SAICM/ICCM.2/INF.45 mrQ ?rcDa_G ,m2009/5/15-11 qcFG ,?cF9D_G

IOJAl_G mlFG Hl9FQ= ,(SACIM) ?c89clct_G OGal__ ?c_aO_G IQGO<_ dGcAGQAT:G HKF_G
http://www.chem..unep.ch/2010/04/30 :?8c=__
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 412

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
k
b9TaFG m9lAJG ;gp BQ9DC Or ?8c=_G 9c9]r HE car_G 9F_ Htlc s=T 9ll
9K_ ca_J_G O9GcE b_f clg_Ga ,9K_t9Wl dp EJ=__ BKGA9p ?cl_9g_Ga ?c=Qg_G
B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G 9c9]r_G gPJ Hla .?J9Al_G B9cF9tlDG spa
UTC spa 9KAQGOE b_f clg_Ga ?c89clct_G OGal__ ?c=_T_G BGQcD.A_Ga ,IQaM_G
k
Qci Q9GA:G ?c]r ?Wr9Fl ^Qgl dp BWraF 9l GQcDt ?c]r_G gPJa .?lc_T
9KFf HAFA dA_G IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_9= mtJA_G HC Q9=AfG b_f YaQWl_G
k
9=_9ia ,YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf Hl OJ_G b_f Qc=t QcD.A \_ ,IQaM B9c9pF
mGOMATG aC L9AFE Hl cc_rA_G aC QdJ 9KF.W Hl dA_G Qc=GOA_G b_f [F_G mA 9l
u_P scrJAa ,YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf hFl qOK= ?c89clct_G OGal_G ^g=
hla ,?KG Hl 9KFc= 9lcp B9ldFl_Ga B98cK_G Hc= QlATl_Ga m8GO_G Ha9gA_G >_aAc
YaF= \Jc]aA d_9A_G >_al_G b_aAcT 9l aJa .iQMC ?KG Hl ?cFaa_G B9a_T_G
.ccZpA_G Hl
dF9D_G >_a*G
?cFaa_G B9ldF*Ga B98cK_G
m_ 9l \_ ?lcr : calW_Ga ?rO_G Hl c9f iaATl b_f B9gcQWA OaGa HE

caO_G Bl9r GP_ ,m9Kl_G O9FTE dp ?rO_Ga ?c_9gp_9= HcFGar_G gPJ PcpFA eJc
HcFGar_G sc=aA ?=rGQl ?lKl ?cQGOE ?KG ct_ BtQAa IOOgAl B9gcQWA QGOZ@=
B98cK_G b_f QZArc m_ ?8c=_9= m9lAJ:G HC :E .9KZ9ZAMG dp cMOA dA_G

q_AMl= dFOl_G hlAGl_G uGQAWG c;M Hl u_P QKdca ,?clatJ_G B9ldFl_Ga
c;M Hl u_P H9c= mAcTa .?c8c=_G ?aWFFG Hl OcOg_G dp \A98pa \J8GQW
B98cK__ dF9D_G YQp_Ga ,?clatJ_G B9ldFl_Ga B98cK__ caFG YQp_G [cZMA
.?clatJ_G Qci B9ldFl_Ga
413 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
caFG
YQp_G
?clatJ_G B9ldF*Ga B98cK_G
?8c=_G HaCW= mAKA ?8c=_G HaCW_ IQGRa A9WFE b_E caO_G ^g= BKGAG
?fRal B9cJ;Z_G gPJ BF9t HC Og= u_P_ ?lR;_G B9cJ;Z_G 9KA_aV Ma ,?p9t
BGQGQr_G ^Q9gA H9cJFG ^g= dp \Ff HAF jP_G QlFG ;IOf B9KG Hc=
k
?c9lJ \Ga dp 9r89f qra 9ll ;?cPcpFA_G B98cK_Ga B9KG_G gPJ Hf IQO9Z_G
.?p_AMl_G ?8c=_G QZ9Ff
HaCW= ?cFgl ,?_rATl ?Z9M B98cJ A9WF@= iQMC caO Bl9r c=9rl_9=a
k
dp 9r89f H9cJFG ^g= dp ctWc jP_G jQGODG HcAaQ_G Y9=AG Hl I9pgl ,?8c=_G
.?8c=_G ?c9lJ= ?Z9M_G IRKGF9t HcFGar_G ^g= sc=aA \Ga

aC?8cJ A9WFEa ,?8c=_9= ?Z9M IQGRa EGOJATG g9GA9= E_9D scQp >JPa
?aaFl_G B9Z9ZAM:Ga 9KFl ct m9Kl OcOJA mAca ,BGQGRa_G gPK_ ?g=9A B98cJ
.?KG ct=
QZla 9cQaT Hl ct dp >c_9TFG gPJ Hf ?_DlC ?TGQO d_c 9lcp mAcTa

.9tcQlCa 9TFQpa 9cF9l_Ca
k
:9cQaT dp - :aC
n o
mrQ dgcQWA_G maTQl_G >Gal= ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?l9g_G ?8cK_G BDOp JATG
)50( mrQ ?8c=_G HaF9r_ 9Kl9tJC dp ?8cK_G gPJ h]MAa .m1991 m9g_ )11(
k
BA9G 9l_ 9rpa u_Pa ,m2004 m9g__ )17( mrQ HaF9r_9= cOgl_Ga ,m2002 m9g__
dA_G m9Kl_G ?g=GQ_G \AO9l dp OOJ jP_G HaF9r_G GPJ Hl )2( IO9l_G \=
)1(
:9KlJC Hl dA_Ga ?8cK_G gPJ 9K= h_a]A
HaCW_ ?l9g_G ?8cK_G h]MAz :d_c 9l b_f jQaT_G ?8c=_G HaF9r Hl )2(m BZF )1(
dp ?Fc=l_G m9tJFG b_E m1991 m9g__ )11( mrQ dgcQWA_G maTQl_9= ?DOJl_G ?8c=_G
.yHaF9r_G GPJ
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 414

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
q_AMl= ?8c=_G b_f e9pJ_9= ?_cpt_G B9TGQO_Ga ?ldFFGa B9gcQWA_G OGOfE - 1
.9JQZ9Ff
.9KAG_9gl ?c_Ba 9KAQaaM ?GQO OcOJAa B9c9pF_G qcFZA_ B9lc_gA_G h]a - 2
,9KFcRMAa ,9KpcFZAa ,?8c=_G b_f IQaM_Ga IQ9]_G OGal_G caGOA UTC h]a - 3
n
mc_rDG b_E 9KFl \_9MOE hFlco 9l OcOJAa ,9KFl [_MA_Ga ,9Kp;AEa ,9K_rFa
k
.HaF9r_G GPJ m9tJC b]Arl= QOZc m9dF_ 9rpa jQaT_G
.\cp 9JQla aC jQaT_G mc_rDG b_E B9c9pF jC c9MOE hFl_ ?lR;_G BGAGQGDG P9MAG - 4
k
jP_G IQaM_G
B9c9pF_G IQGOE m9dF h]a= 9Kl9Kl_ GPcpFA ?8cK_G gPJ Bl9r
)1(
^Qj= 9JQcOZA=z BJlT HcJ dp B9c9pF_G gPJ OGQcATG \=Gal= BQdJ

Og= u_Pa ?lR;_G [_MA_G spGQl 9KcO_ ?_aO b_E 9KFl Hl6G d89KF_G [_MA_G
V
, y9Kc_E QOZl_G ?_aO_G dp ?cFgl_G ?clTQ_G ?KG_G ?rpGala ?8cK_G ?rpGal PMC
)2(
aC ?cQaT_G d]GQFG b_E 9K_9MOE YaFll_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= ?l89r Bg]a 9lt
.?Z_9M_G ?cO9ZAr:G ?raFl_G aC ?clc_rDG g9cl_G dp 9JQa=f
:d_c 9l= marc jP_G ?c_aO_G B9r;g_G >Atl= ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?l9g_G ?8cK_G b=AQAa
) 3(
,Qla__ dFp_G cc_O_G ,OclQA__ dFp_G cc_O_G ,9K_rFa BGOc=l_G HcRMA cc_O Bg]a 9lt )1(
.?faFll_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G BOOJa ,IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G HcRMA_ dFp cc_O
.IQaM_G B9c9pF_G IQGOE m9dF Hl ?g=GQ_G IO9l_G )2(
>Atla ,m9g_G QcOl_G >Atl :dJ ,iQMFG >A9tl_G Hl OOg= ?8cK_G gPJ QcOl b=AQc 9lt )3(
dp B9a9WF_G hclG ?g=9Al= marc jP_G ?c8c=_G IQGODG mdF >Atla ,?l9g_G B9r;g_G
>cQOA_G ?cQcOl hl scTFA_9= BGQaO_G mcdFAa ,9KAGaOCa ?c8c=_G IQGODG mdF B:9Gl
hl sTFc 9lt ,B9f9ar_G ?p9t dp mdF_G gPJ sc=aA RcRgA_ clg_G B9r_Ja ?cfaA_Ga
qdFFG L9AF<_ dA9TTCl_Ga dFaF9r_G Q9aDG h]a_ ?ZAMl_G B9KG_Ga ?cFgl_G B9cQcOl_G
c9Gl dp OaKG_G scTFAa ?g=9Al b_E ?p9]D9= ,u_P_ [ZMAl RtQl EGOJEa Qar_G dp
)14000( aRc6G ?c8c=_G IQGODG mdF B9rc=aAa O9=l QWF b_f clg_Ga ,?8c=_Ga IQ9GA_G
hral .sa9Fl_G gPJ LQ9M ?cpQJ_Ga ?cf9FZ_G B5WFl_Ga ?cf9FZ_G sa9Fl_G hclG dp
http://www.gcea.gov.sy/2010/11/12 :9cQaT dp ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?l9g_G ?8cK_G
415 2014/1
å ÏbFÇ
V
IOOgAl_Ga ?clc_rDG B9cr9pA:Ga ,mJ9pA_G BGQtPla ,?c89FD_G B9cr9pA:G ?TGQO - 1
.9JPcpFA h=AAa ,?cFg_G B9KG_G hl scTFA_9= qGQaFG
,mJ9pA_G
BGQtPla ,B9cr9pA:9= ?r_gAl_G ?cPcpFA_G HlGQ=_G sc=aAa PcpFA h=AA - 2
HcOcgZ_G b_f B9ldFl_Ga B98cK_Ga caO_G hl 9Kc_f spAl_G B9a9WF_Ga
.?8c=_G ?c9lJ c9Gl dp d_aO_Ga d=Qg_G
KFl_G mclgA_ ,?c8c=_G m;fDGa ?cfaA_Ga >cQOA_G ?cQcOl hl scTFA_9=a ,clg_G - 3
?c=Qg_G B9ldFl_G Hl ?8cK_G 9J9r_AA dA_G B:aOG_Ga ?c=cQOA_Ga ?cf;a:G

.?_aO_G bcaMA ?8cJ Hla ?c_aO_Ga
?8c=_G ?c9lJ c9Gl dp d_aO_G Ha9gA_Ga B9r;g_G hrGa Hf jaFT QcQrA OGOfE - 4
drTFl hl ?c_aO_G ?c8c=_G BGOJ9gl_G h=AA QcQ9rA ?g=9Ala ,?cQaT dp
.?8cK_G dp B9cr9pA:G
dp ?tQ9Wl_Ga Qc]JA_G cGC Hl ?8cK_G dp ?ZAMl_G B9cQcOl_G hl scTFA_G - 5
?c9lJ c9Gl dp \GQ9Ma Qar_G cMGO B9f9lAG:Ga BGaOF_Ga clg_G XQa

.?8c=_G
c;M Hl 9KA9=GGa= m9cr_Ga 9JQalC QccTA b_f ?8cK_G gPJ clgAa

c9Gl dp - 9KlJC Hl dA_Ga )1(IQW9=l g9K= ?a=AQl_G ?cfQp_G 9KA9cQcOl
,?c89clct_G ?l;T_G ?cQcOl - IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G ?Jp9tl
.d8c=_G m;fDGa ?cfaA_Ga >cQOA_G ?cQcOla ,d8c=_G QDFG mccrA ?cQcOla
c9ltATG YaQWl 9JRQ=C ,hcQ9Wl IOg= ?c89clct_G ?l;T_G ?cQcOl Bl9r

gPK_ ?_l9tAl ?G_9gl RtQl A9WFD iaOG_G ?TGQOa ,IQaM_G B9c9pF_G OQG
HaCW_G ?cQcOl :dJ ,?cfQp_G B9cQcOl_G Hl OOf ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?l9g_G ?8cK_9= b=AQc )1(
?cQcOla ,d8c=_G QDFG mccrA ?cQcOla ,A9ZJDGa bcaMA_G ?cQcOla ,?cQGODGa ?cFaF9r_G
?cQcOla ,d]GQFG ?l;T ?cQcOla ,jaG_G q;j_G ?l;T ?cQcOla ,g9cl_G ?l;T
>cQOA_G ?cQcOla ,?cgc=a_G B9clJl_Ga jacJ_G YaFA_G ?cQcOla ,?c89clct_G ?l;T_G

.s=9T_G hGQl_G ,9cQaT dp ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?l9g_G ?8cK_G hral .d8c=_G m;fDGa ?cfaA_Ga
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 416

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
?c89clctaQA=_Ga ?c89clct_G B9f9FZ__ Q9aMFG IQGOEa mccrA YaQWla ,B9c9pF_G

?c8c=_G EOGaJ__ ?=9GAT:Ga OGOgAT:G YaQWl b_E ?p9]D9= ,9cQaT dp ?l89r_G
.?8Q9a_G ?c89clct_G
m;fDGa ?cfaA_G ?cQcOl Q=f ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?l9g_G ?8cK_G Br_aC Orp u_Pta
9lt ,?8c=_G ?JZ 9c9]r dp ?cglAGl_G ?tQ9Wl_G RcRgA_ dFaa_G Hl9FQ=_G d8c=_G
k
.qdFFG L9AF<_ dFaa_G RtQl_G mfO YaQWl 9]cC ?8cK_G gPJ Bg]a
mfOa m9dF hral= b=AQA dKp d8c=_G QDFG mccrA ?cQcOl b_E ?=TF_9= 9lC
mccrA mfO_ m9dF aJa (EIA Supports System) 9cQaT dp d8c=_G QDFG mccrA
ct_ mfO_G mcOrA= m9dF_G GPJ ?cPcpFA_G B9lc_gA_G mRp _Aa .9cQaT dp d8c=_G QDFG
?p9t= mJOcaRA b_E ?p9]D9= ,d8c=_G QDFG mccrA BGAGQG@= HccFgl_G Hc_l9g_G
B9a_T_9= m9lAJ:G mA Ora .mK_lg= m9cr_G A9FDC 9KFaG9AJc dA_G B9la_gl_G
HcQlDATl_9=a ,d8c=_G QDFG mccrA BGAGQGE Hl] BGaa]M_G ct Hf ?_aCTl_G
>Gc dA_G ?graAl_G ?c8c=_G BGQcD.A_9= ?r_gAl_G B9la_gl_G mcOrA Hf Hc_aCTl_G

hclG_ Hag_G m9dF_G GPJ mOrc HC ^QApc 9lt .d8c=_G QDFG H9c= Hl] 9KGGQOE
d8c=_G QDFG mccrA c9Gl dp HcZMQl_G AGQ=M_9t c9Gl_G GPJ dp Hc_l9g_G
)1(
.YaQWl_9= mJQD.A clAJc HcP_G ?l9g_Ga ?cFgl_G qGQaFGa
iQMC ?8cJ EGOJATG b_f ?8c=_G HaF9r Hl )15(m BZF iQMC ?KG Hla
. ?8c=_G ?c9lJ U_Gl dJ ?8c=_G HaCW= ?cFgl
)2(
k
[9M mcdFA dJa .9cQaT dp d8c=_G QDFG mccrA AGQ=M ?t=W UcT.A GQMCl mA )1(
Y9ar_G dp Hc_l9g_G Hl GaF9tC AGaT \AGAGQGEa d8c=_G QDFG mccrA c9Gl dp Hc_l9g_9=
k
Hl )2(m dp A9G 9l_ 9rpa Qc=M IO9KW A:CJ Hl OJGa ct clJca ,[9M_G mC m9g_G
d8c=_G QDFG mccrA mfOa m9dF hral .d8c=_G QDFG mccrA BGAGQGD ?cPcpFA_G B9lc_gA_G
http://www.eia-susy.yourweb.de/2010/11/12 :9cQaT dp
b_f [aZFl_G ?8c=_G ?l;T_ b_fFG U_Gl_G cJl ?8c=_G HaF9r >Gal= U_Gl_G GPJ cJ )2(
\_ctWA dp U_Gl_G GPJ m]ca ,m1991 m9g__ )11( mrQ dgcQWA_G maTQl_G dp \_ctWA
.?fGQR_Ga ?f9FZ_Ga crF_Ga ?JZ_Ga ?c_MGO_Ga ?8c=_G BGQGRa 9KlJC Hl IOf BGQGRa
417 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
:U_Gl_G GPK= 9KAa9FE BlA dA_G m9Kl_G mJC Hla

bvavMv_Ga ,9vKv_ ?vcvFvaav_G ?vcvGvcvAGQvAvT:Ga ?v8vcv=v_G ?vc9vlvJv_ ?vl9vgv_G ?vT9vcvTv_G QGQvrE -
.?_aO__ ?l9g_G ?T9cT_G Q9aE dp 9K= ?Z9M_G HlGQ=_Ga
m9vtvJC PvcvpvFvAv_ ?vlR;v_G ?vcPvcvpvFvAv_G Kv8Gav_v_Ga BGQGQvrv_Ga B9vlvcv_vgvAv_G O9vlvAvfGa QGQvrE -
.\=Gal= IQO9Z_G ?ldFFGa ,HaF9r_G GPJ
IQGRa_ Hcg=9A ?8c=_G ?c9lJ U_Gla ,?8c=_G HaCW_ ?l9g_G ?8cK_G BF9t
m2009 m9g__ )25( mrQ dgcQWA_G maTQl_G QGOZE c=r ?8c=_Ga ?c_Jl_G IQGODG
:\Fl ?g=9T_G IO9l_G dp A9G jP_G ,?8c=_G HaCW_ ?_aO_G IQGRa EGOJAT9= d]9r_G
BF9t dA_G B9Z9ZAM:Ga B9cJ;Z_G ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?_aO_G QcRa UQp 9lco - Cz
o
?c8c=_G B9TGQO_G RtQl_ ?=TF_9= ?8c=_Ga ?c_Jl_G IQGODG QcRa c=r Hl UQn 9lA
.\= H9a=AQca ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?l9g_G ?8cK_Ga
k
9=89F Q=Agca ?8c=_G ?c9lJ U_Gl b_E ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?_aO_G QcRa mTG q9]co - >
.yUc8Q__
BF9t dA_G B9Z9ZAM:Ga m9Kl_G ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?_aO_G IQGRa b_aAA mD Hla
.IPp9F_G ?ldFFGa B9gcQWA_G >Gal= ?8c=_Ga ?c_Jl_G IQGODG IQGRa 9J:aAA
HaCW= ?Z9M IRKGC EGOJATG >a_TC BOlAfG Or 9cQaT HatA u_P=a

IQGRa_ ?g=9A B9TTCla B98cKt ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?_aO_G QcRa= 9Kr9J_Ea ,?8c=_G
\F.W Hlp ,gOcc.A_ cclC dF_gGA dA_G 9cGRl_G Hl OcOg_G >a_TFG GPK_a .?8c=_G
n o
IRKGC 9K= sJ_c ,?8c=_G HaCW= ?ZAMl ,9c_f ?cgGQla ?cQGOE ?KG Hcl.A
,BGQGQr_G ^g= P9MA9= ?]apl ,?cRtQl : ?cPcpFA BGaOC ?_RFl= HatA B98cJa
jP_G QlFG ;?8c=_G IQGRa b_E YaGQ_G HaO Hl ?cPcpFA_G B9T9cT_G ^g= O9lAfGa
P9MAG dp ?fQT_G 9KAG_9gl >_aAA dA_G 9c9]r_G ^g= ?G_9gl ?c_lf YQ\Tco
m_ ?cQdF ?T9cT cGRA : 9KF@p ?T9cT_G gPJ ?clJC Hl miQ_G b_fa .QGQr_G
IRKGFG gPJ OKf ?DGOJ_ d_lg_G sc=aA_G dp9Zl b_E caZa_9= eJ_G 9Kp_9Jc
Q9GA:G B9c_lg= ?r_gAl_G ?c_lg_G 9c9]r_G - IQOF iQJF9= aC - ?_ra ,?KG Hl
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 418

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
?KG Hl jQaT_G A9]r_G b_f ?]aQgl_Ga IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci

k
Qci GQlC ?c_lg_G ?cJ9F_G Hl ?cQGODG B98cK_G gPJ mccrA cgGc jP_G QlFG ;iQMC
V
. d_9J_G Bra_G dp crFG b_f ,QaZAl
)1(
k
:QZl dp - 9cF9D
?8c=_G HaCW_ ?_aO_G IQGRa dp QZl dp ?clatJ_G IRKGFG mJC cDlAA
IQGRa dJa ,?_Z_G BGP iQMFG BGQGRa_G ?clJFG dp 9Kc_A ,9K_ ?g=9A_G IRKGFGa
,QclgA_Ga H9tTDG IQGRa ,?f9FZ_G IQGRa ,?fGQR_G IQGRa ,jQ_G IQGRa ,?JZ_G
. ?c_MGO_G IQGRa ,caQA=_G IQGRa

)2(
R9KG aJa .)3(?8c=_G HaCW R9KG ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?_aO_G IQGRa_ h=Aca
q_AMla AGQRa_G U_Gl ?T98Q Hc= cZGaA_G Hl\Cc ,?8c=_G ?clFAa ?c9lJ_
.?8c=_G HaCW= ?cFgl_G iQMFG B98cK_Ga BGQGRa_G
b _f e9pJ__ ?lR;_G baM_G OGOfEa ,?l9g_G ?T9cT_G mTQ= R9KG_G GPJ marc
.?ZAMl_G B9KG_G hl scTFA_9= baM_G gPJ PcpFA ?g=9Ala ,9KAclFAa ?8c=_G
caO_Ga QZl Hc= ?c8c=_G B9r;g_G mfO= ?ZAMl_G ?clar_G ?KG_G aJ R9KG_G
?lR;_G ?cFaF9r_G BGAGQGDG P9MA9= dZaca ,?clc_rDGa ?c_aO_G B9ldFl_Ga
B9faQWl Oq gp coa ,?8c=_9= ?r_gAl_G ?clc_rDGa ?c_aO_G B9cr9pA:G b_E m9l]F;_
k
:9]cC \l9Kl Hla . B9cr9pA:G gPJ PcpFA_ ?lR;_G BGQGQr_Ga HcFGar_G
)4(
?cQaT_G ?cO9=_G dp ?caaF_G B9c9pF_G HpO= HccQaT_G Hc_aCTl_G OJC m9cr b_E ?=TF_9= )1(
k
dp H9t jP_G ?8c=_G HaCW= ?ZZMAl IQGRa EGOJATG b_f ?r=9T ?DO9J :aC dKp
.d8GRG_G mO9rA_9= ?c]r_G gPJ barT Og= :E 9Kp9WAtG mAc m_ \FC 9lt ,m2009 m9f
>Atl_G ,Qara QZl dp ?8c=_G ?c9lJ_ ?cgcQWA_G ?T9cT_G ,HGQlf OlJl UQ9p .O )2(
.47-44[ ,m2005 ,EcOJ_G dgl9G_G
o
jP_G ?8c=_G HaCW= [AMl_G QcRa__ h=Ac ,AGQRa_G U_Gl ?T98Q Hf QO9Z QGQr= @WFC )3(
.WFca ,IQJ9r_G dp gRtQl .R9KG_G GPJ dp 9c_g_G ?a_T_G Q=Agco jP_G \AQGOE U_Gl UCQc
.B9dp9Jl_G dp R9KG_G GPK_ YaQp ?8c=_G HaCW= [AMl_G QcRa_G Hl QGQr=
dJa EJ=_G GPJ 9K_a9FAc dA_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= ?cFgl_G ?c_aO_G B9cr9pA:G 9KFl] Hla )4(
.m_aKtATGa mGOQAaQa cR9= B9cr9pAG
419 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
IQaM_G B9c9pF_Ga OGal_G >QTA O] O;=_G Hcl.A ?aM OGOfE dp ?tQ9Wl_G - 1

\
.?8c=__ ?Da_l_Ga
dA_GBGQcjA_Ga ,d8c=_G h]a_9= ?Z9M_G ?c_aO_Ga ?clar_G B9la_gl_G hlG - 2
,iQMFG B9KG_G dp B9la_gl_G RtGQl hl Ha9gA_9= ?cQaO ?pZ= \c_f CQaA
.9JQWFa ,d8c=_G bcaMA_Ga IQGODG dp 9KlGOMATGa ,9KlcarAa
hl uGQAW:Ga ,9JPcpFA dp ?Fa9gl_Ga HcFaGal__ d8c=_G qcrDA_G HlGQ= h]a - 3
HlGQ= s9aF dp ?8c=_G ?c9lJ_ ?c=cQOA HlGQ= OGOfE dp mc_gA_Ga ?8c=_G IQGRa
. dT9TFG mc_gA_G ?_JQl dp ?p_AMl_G ?TGQO_G
)1(
cctWA= [9M_G QZl Uc8Q QGQr b_E IQ9WDG Hl O= : Q9aDG GPJ dpa
jP_Ga ,m1997/8/10 NcQ9A= QO9Z_Ga ?8c=_G ?c9lJ B;tWl EJ=_ ?FG_
:d_c 9l b_f ?cF9D_G \AO9l BZF
IOQGa_G ?8c=_G ?c9lJ= ?Z9M_G B9faQWl_G Hc= scTFA_9= ?FG__G [AMAz

:[MFG b_f 9K_a ,B9dp9Jl_G hclG dp ?cFgl_G BGQGRa_G HlGQ==
.?8c=_G ?c9lJ B9faQWl_ ?_l9W ?aM MGQArG -
.9JQZ9Ff q_AMl= ?8c=_G ?c9lJ srJA dA_G c89Ta_G MGQArG -
,?v 8v cv =v _G ?v c9v lv J qOv Kv Av Tv A dv Av _G B9v faQv Wv lv _Ga B9v JGQv Av r:Ga Qv cQ9v rv Av _G ?v TGQO -
. yHcFaGal_G ?JZ= A9rAQ:Ga

)2(
Oc_G h]a_ >aCO_Ga O9G_G clg_G c9Gl dp IOcG IaaM ?FG__G gPJ cctWA
Hcl_l_Ga AGQ=M_G c=r Hl 9K_ ?=T9Fl_G ca_J_G O9GcEa ,?c8c=_G 9c9]r_G mJC b_f
IOcQG_G dpQaWFl_G ,m1994 m9g_ )4( mrQ jQZl_G ?8c=_G HaF9r Hl )6-2( OGal_G )1(
Hl )6-2( OGal_Ga ,m1994/2/3 NcQ9A= QO9Z_G )5( OOg_G ?cQZl_G ?clTQ_G
NcQ9A )338( mrQ AGQRa_G U_Gl QGQr= IQO9Z_G ?8c=_G HaF9r_ ?cPvcvpvFvA_G ?vJ8;_G
.m1995/2/18
d=_J_G BGQaWFl ,m_9g_G dp ?8c=__ dFaF9r_G mcdFA_G ,mATQ c9lG O_9M OlJl .O )2(
.496-494[ ,m1996 ,b_aFG ?g=a_G ,H9F=_ ,BaQc= ,?crarJ_G
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 420

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
- IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G ?c]r 9KlJC Hl dA_Ga 9c9]r_G gPK=
B9c9pF_9= Q9GA:9t ?lKl ?c]r= gPKt ?FG_ mAKA a_ GP=VJa .- EJ=_G GPJ Ya]al
B9c_lf QWF= marA HC crFG b_f aC ,?J9Al_G ?cFaa_G BGQOr_G Aa] dp IQaM_G
, 9JP9MA9= Bl9r dA_G BGAGQGDG mclgA aC ,9KpWt dp BlJ9T dA_G Q9GA:G
)1(
OcgZ_G b_f ?_D9ll ?FG_ cctWA_ ?8c=_G HaCW= ?cFgl_G B98cK_G hl Ha9gA_Ga
mAc dA_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf ?KGGal_ d=Qg_G
m9lC 9K]Qf mOf Hl miQ_G b_f IQDt= EOJA dA_Ga ?c=Qg_G caO_G dp 9KATQ9ll
k
gPJ cDl g9r_A jP_G dT9cT_Ga d_9l_G mfO_G PE ;9F_f 9K= EOJA_G aC A9]r_G
k
.?=agZ_G dp ?c9i GQlC A9]r_G m9lC c9gpFG gPJ d=tAQl caDl Hl cgGc B9c_lg_G
hl - \AcF9tlEa u_P IQaQ]= m_g_G hl - ?FG__G gPJ Ha9gA H.W Hla

B9cFrA_G c]pC b_E caZa_Ga ,?c_aO_Ga ?clc_rDGa iQMFG ?cFaa_G B9KG_G
Hl 9JQcia ,?faQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf ?Jp9tla ?G_9gl cc=T dp ?Ftll_G
mAc HC 9Fl ct gaGQc 9l cta .H9tl= ?clJFG Hl Q=AgA dA_G ?t89W_G 9c9]r_G
o
.\_GC Hl BQn Op ZC jP_G ^Qj_G scrJA_ cf9p ctW= BGQGQr_G gPJ PcpFA
)2( k
:9cF9l_C dp - 9D_9D
dp dT9TC ctW= ?c8c=_G ?T9cT_G ?f9FZ= mAKA dA_G B9TTCl_G cDlAA
h]a= AGQRa_G marca ,?cFgl_G BGQGRa_Ga Q9WATl_G dp ?_Dll_G ?latJ_G
.9K_ ?g=9A_G ?cFgl_G ?ZAMl_G B9a_T_G hl uGQAW:9= ?latJ__ ?c8c=_G ?T9cT_G
Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lg= s_gAc 9lcp ?FG__G gPK_ b9WF jC b_f qara_G Hl HtlAF m_ )1(
HaO Hl - \F.W Hl 9Kl9Kla 9KA9cJ;Z hcTaA HC :E IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G
QcpaAa Q9GA:G B9c_lf qWt_ Hag_G mcOrA dp ?FG__G gPK_ sJ_G A9afE - uW
9K=FGA ?cpct=a 9K= >gW_G B98p q_AMl OcaRAa 9KFf QpGaAA Or dA_G B9la_gl_G
.9JQa9Ml >FGAa
BHartkopf, G., Bohn, Umweltpolitik. Bd. 1: Grundlangen, Analysen und )2(
M;Z .O iO_ OQa Perspektivcen Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen, 1983m p.114.

.21-20[ ,s=9T hGQl ,9cF9l_C dp ?c8c=_G ?cT9cT_G B9gcQWA_G QaaA ,HcO_G HcR
421 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
\c pmA jP_G m1986 m9g_G bAJ ?8c=_G HaCW= ?p_tl ?c_MGO_G IQGRa BF9t
>Gal= ?caaF_G B;f9pl_G ?l;Ta ?gc=a_G ?c9lJa ?8c=_G IQGRa EGOJATG
B9=GGaa B9Z9ZAMG HaF9r_G GPJ hn ln Gn .m1986/6/5 NcQ9A= QO9Z_G HaF9r_G
b_E HaCW_G gPK= qc_tA_G crFa ?8c=_G HaCW= h_a]A BF9t dA_G BGQGRa_G
)1(
OGal_G QGQ]C >FGAa B9c9pF_G IQGOE O9ZArG m9Kl_G gPJ mJC Hla ,?8c=_G IQGRa
Y9gWDG Q9aMC Hl ?c9lJ_G b_E ?p9]D9= ?caaF_G B5WFl_G ?l;Ta ?c89clct_G
.?8c=_G HaCW= ?_ZAl_G B9a9WF_G Hl 9JQcia
:9lJ ,9K_ H9Ag=9A H9A8cJ 9Kl9Kl AGOC dp 9JOf9Tca
.Hc_Q= dp ?8c=_G >Atl -
.?gc=a_G ?c9lJ= [9M_G EaJ=_G RtQl -
clg_G scTFA cGC Hl B9TTCl_Ga B98cK_G ^g= hl ?8c=_G IQGRa Ha9gAAa

9c9]r dp AGQ=M_G U_Gl ?cQ9WAT:G B98cK_G gPJ mJC Hla ,BGQGRa_G ?cr= dp
.?8c=_G
B98cK_G hl m8GO_G 9KFa9gAa ,m9Kl_G gPK= ?8c=_G IQGRa Y;a]G H.W Hla
?clt ^9pMFG mD Hla ,IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G L9AFE OccrA iQMFG ?cFaa_G
uQ9lG_G hl Ha9gAA HC 9Kc_f c=9rl_9= Ht_a .9KFf IO_aAl_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_G
k
;gp Hl]A_ LQ9M_G Hl IOQGa_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_G B9FJW ?=rGQl_ ?cFaa_G
.9K]QC b_f IOaGal_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_G ?=TF ^cpMA
k
:9TFQp dp - 9g=GQ
o n o
mJC Hl BQn =p AfGa m1971 m9f PFl ?8c=__ ?_rATl IQGRa 9TFQp dp B8Wp FC
IQGRa_G Bln T\ ro .crF_Ga ?fGQR_Ga ?f9FZ_9t IOf B:9Gl dp 9Ka9=AQ: BGQGRa_G
>9=W_G IQGRa ,?c_MGO_G IQGRa ,B9=9j_Ga ?cPiFGa ?fGQR_G IQGRa dJ BGQGRa_G gPJ )1(
,HcO_G HcR M;Z .O iO_ OQa s=9T_G hGQl_G ,BHartkopf, G. .?JZ_Ga IQTFGa
.21-20[ ,s=9T hGQl ,9cF9l_C dp ?c8c=_G ?cT9cT_G B9gcQWA_G QaaA
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 422

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
B9GAFl_G IQGO@t ?c8c= ?c]r aC d8c= QZFg= 9KFl ct [AMA IOcOf BGQGOE b_E
c9gpF jOZA_9= IQGRa_G gPJ marAa .Ea_A_G Hl A9l_G ?c9lJ IQGOEa ?c89clct_G
EaJ=_G QGOZEa 9KFcTJAa 9Kc_f ?dp9Jl_G b_f clg_Ga ?8c=_9= QGQ]DG
dfa_G QWF= m9lAJ:G >F9G b_E ?8c=_G HaCW= mAKA dA_G ?p_AMl_G B9TGQO_Ga
dp iQ=t ?clJC 9Kcagc 9ll ?p_AMl_G ?cQGODG IRKGFGa >gW_G OGQpC Hc= d8c=_G
q
HlGQ=_G O9lAfG ?lKl IQGRa_G gPJ d_aA u_P b_E q9]ca .)1(c9Gl_G GPJ
s_gAc 9l cta K8Ga__Ga HcFGar_G MGQArGa 9KAF9cZa ?8c=_G ?c9lJ_ ?lR;_G baM_Ga
.I9cJ_G Q9a@=
Hc= Hl 9TFQp BF9t IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= Q9GA:G B9c_lf b_E ?=TF_9= 9lC
caZJ bQW= Ht_a 9JQcOZAa IQaM_G B9c9pF_G OGQcAT9= BJlT dA_G caO_G
aC ?raFl_G mTr Uc8Q ?rpGal b_f IQaM_G B9c9pF__ d_ZFG u_9l_G aC cr9F_G
Hl YGaFFG gPJ c9=rAT: IRKGl_G BGOgl_Ga c89Ta_G b_f jaAJc jP_G mc_rDG
.IQaM_G B9c9pF_G
c9J dp IQaM_G B9c9pF_G QcOZA b_f ?rpGal_G A9afE ?8c=_G QcRa caV Mcoa
k \
dp Ga]f BF9tC AGaT iQMC ?_aO b_E B9c9pF_G gPK_ IQOZlo ?_aO 9TFQp Hat
u_9l aC cr9F caZJ ?_9J_G gPJ dp bQAWc Ht_a ,: mC d=aQaFG O9JA:G

caO_Ga ,- OGQcAT:G - OZrl_G O_= dp ?ZAMl_G B9a_T_G ca=r b_f B9c9pF_G
QcRa H@p ,Qa=f ?_aO 9TFQp BF9t c9J dp GPta .B9c9pF_G gPJ 9Kcp Qq lAT dA_G
dp IQaM_G B9c9pF_G Qa=g= M9lT_G mOf aC M9lT_G Hf caCTl_G aJ ?8c=_G
. ?cTFQp_G g9cl_Ga d]GQFG

)2(
mOrl QcQrA ,?8c=_G ?c9lJ_ ?cPcpFA_G IQGODGa ?cgcQWA_G ?T9cT_G ,jaGOFJ HcO_G QaF .O )1(
?cglG_G ,QZl dp ?8c=__ ?cFaF9r_G ?c9lJ_G Hf HccQZl_G HccFaF9r__ caFG QlACl__

.15-13[ ,m1992 ,QZl ,IQJ9r_G ,hcQWA_Ga A9ZJDGa O9ZAr;_ ?cQZl_G
.m1990/3/23 NcQ9A= QO9Z_G )267-90( mrQ maTQl_G Hl )34(a )18( H9AO9l_G )2(
.http://www.thermya.com/2010/07/03 :d_9A_G dFaQAt_DG hral_G
423 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
?8c=_G HaCW= ?r_gAl_G m9Kl_G ctaC Or dTFQp_G YQWl_G mGO 9l Ht_a

k
OGQcATG [cMGQA KFl O9FTE 9c_lf >TFFG Hl H9t 9l=Q ?ZAMl IQGRa_
O9JA:G dp a]f ?_aO Hl AGaT ,9JQa=fa 9JQcOZAa IQaM_G B9c9pF_G
jQcOl_ m9Kl_G ^g== ^capA_G ?cF9tlE hl ?8c=_G QcRa b_E ,: mC d=aQaFG
.?cTFQp_G HOl_Ga B9dp9Jl_G dp ?8c=_G IQGRa YaQp
?cOaOJ_G sa9Fl_G dp ?8c=_G IQGRa Hf Hc_Dll OaGa >aGa b_E ?p9]D9=

?ctQlG_G B9a_T_Ga ?8c=_G IQGRa Hc= Ha9gA_G H9l]_ BGQ9al_Ga @pGQl_Ga
k
.9JQOZl H9t 9cC ?faQWl Qci Qa=f aC QcOZA aC OGQcATG ?_a9Jl jC qWt_
k
:9tcQlC dp - 9Tl9M
gPJ marAa ,m1970/12/2 dp )1(?ctcQlFG ?8c=_G ?c9lJ ?_9ta BTT.A
o
Hl ,- Congress - ?cgcQWA_G ?8cK_G 9JQq rA dA_G ?c8c=_G HcFGar_G PcpFA= ?_9ta_G
hl B9la_gl_G cO9=AA 9lt ,9Krc=aA b_f clg_Ga ?cPcpFA_G K8Ga__G h]a c;M
.9JQcia ?clcO9tFG B9TTCl_Ga [9M_G Y9ar_G B9ldFla iQMFG caO_G
Hl]Ac jaFT QcQrA= ?cgcQWA_G ?8cK_G ?8c=_G ?c9lJ ?_9ta QcOl OaqRca
k k k
,?fa]al_G ?cFaa_G ?cGcAGQAT;_ 9rpa 9KAQW9=l mA dA_G c9lfI_ 9c_cZpA 9pZa
k k
.IQaM_Ga ?l9T_G ?c89clct_G B9c9pF_Ga OGal__ ;c_JAa ,B9F9c=__ 9lccrAa
dp Ea_A_G hFl HaF9r Hl ?Fl9D_G IO9l_G BZF Orp iQMC ?cJ9F Hla
AGQ=M_G Hl ?cQ9WATG ?FG_ UcT.A b_f m1990 m9f dp QO9Z_G 9tcQlC
Hc=QOAl_Ga Hcl_gAl_G Hl 9Kcpdal mdgl ,?8c=_G IQGRa m9rl marA ?_rATl ?8cJ dJ )1(
k k
Hl Qc=t OOf >F9G b_E B9T9cT_G d__Jla A9l_g_Ga HcTOFKl_Ga 9cFrA 9=cQOA
B9la_gl_G IQGOEa ?c_9l_Ga ?l9g_G HaCW_Ga ?cFaF9r_G c9lfF9= HclAKl_G Hcpdal_G

?G_9gl ?cj= O;=_G A9JFC q_AMl dp A:CJ clgca .QAac=lt_9= HcZZMAl_Ga
?c9lJ ?_9ta dp QaKlG_G ?rD OcOGAa ,Ea_A_Ga malT_G Hf ?GA9F_G ?cJZ_G Q9aMFG
>A9tl IQWf b_E ?p9]D9= ,HaFWGa ?lZ9g_G dp Hltc dTc8Q Qrl ?_9ta__a .?8c=_G
:?ctcQlFG ?8c=_G ?c9lJ ?_9ta hral ,B9c:a_G dp ?fRal ?clc_rE
http://www.epa.gov/2010/05/26
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 424

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
HaCW= ?lAKl_G B9f9lG_G Hf Hc_Dlla ,?f9FZ_G Hf Hc_Dll clWA HccFrA_Ga

HcTJA_ sQa_G c]pC H.W= IQaWl_Ga KZF_G mcOrA= ?FG__G gPJ marA .?8c=_G
Oc_aA ^pM ?cj= d=cQOA Hl9FQ= h]aa ,B9F9c=_G QWFa ?c8c=_G Y9]aFG
. clf B9WQa ?l9rEa ?cKcGaA s89Da QGOZEa ,QOZl_G OFf B9c9pF_G
)1(
GPJ ca=r QlC Oagcp IQaM_G B9c9pF_Ga OGal_G OGQcAT9= s_gAc 9lcp 9lC
m9lC OGQcAT:G ^pQ QGQr ?gGGQl Htlca ,?FGRM_G QcRa_ \]pQ aC OGQcAT:G
k
GO89f QcOZA_G RGaG QcQrA Hatc HcJ dp .?ctcQlFG ?8c=_G ?c9lJ ?_9ta QcOl
dA_G B9c9pF_Ga OGal_G HC OGa GPE QcOZA_G ^pQ \_ Htlc jP_G ?_9ta_G QcOl_
k o
Ht_a .?8c=_Ga ?cF9TFDG ?JZ__ ?cPCl ,?_a=rl Qci GQ9aMC HAFAT 9JQcOZA OGQc
M9lT_G 9JOFf Htlcp ,?8c=_Ga ?JZ__ ?cPCl Qci OGal_G gPJ BF9t c9J dp
n
OGQcAT:G O_= ?latJ OcaRA Hf caCTl_G aJ ?_9ta_G QcOl Q=n Agca 9JQcOZA=
OGQl_G B9c9pF_Ga OGal_G b_f 9JCGQGE mA dA_G BGQ9=AM:9= ?r_gAl_G B9la_gl_9=
. OGQcAT:G O_= ?latJ 9K=_aA Or iQMC B9la_gl jC b_E ?p9]D9= ,9JQcOZA
)2(
Hl cR9= ?cr9pAG m9tJC PcpFA_ 9K_lGl= ?r=9T_G HcFGar_G ccl s=T 9ll aO=c
IQaM_G B9c9pF_G QcOZAa OGQcATG [cMGQA KFl_ ?ZAMl ?a_T HccgA c;M
>9gcATG b_f 9KA98c= IQOra 9KA9glAGl B9=_aAla >T9FAA dA_G baQW_G Hl]
k
,9KFl ct dp O89T_G m9dF_G hl mA;Ac jP_G >a_TI_ 9rpaa ,B9c9pF_G gPJ cDl
Q9GA:G mQG b_E ?=TF_9= ?c=Qg_G caO_G dp B9KG_G gPJ QaO QZArc HcJ dp
IQOr mOg_ 9JOGQcAT9= M9lT_G HaO IQaM_G B9c9pF_G QcOZA= [cMGQA KFl b_f
?cFp_G BGQOr_Ga B9cF9tl<_ 9Kt;AlG aC B9c9pF_G gPJ cDl ?G_9gl b_f caO_G gPJ
k
.9c8c= ?lc_T IQGOE 9KAQGOD ?lR;_G ?cFrA_Ga
Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, http://epa.gov/2010/01/23 )1(
Section /12/ and Section /13/, Title 1 "Control of Toxic Substances", Toxic )2(
Substances Control Act, 31, December, 2002, http://www.epa.gov/2010/01/23.
425 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
dF9D_G YQp_G
?clatJ_G |i B9ldF*Ga B98cK_G
?lKl Iart HcQWg_G HQr_G B9cFcF9lD PFl ?clatJ_G Qci B9ldFl_G BRQ=
hFZ B9c_lf b_f daGQrlcO_G h=9a_G A9p]E b_f clgA ?cl_9g_G ?J9T_G b_f
UlC dp mJ Hl_ ?cT9TFG B9lOM_G QcpaAa ,H9TFDG sarJ ?c9lJa ,QGQr_G
.9Kc_E ?G9J_G
>gW_G Hl ?Fcgl B98p clC ?=cM b_E B98cK_G gPJ QaKd dp >=T_G Oagca
?p9]D9= ,?lGOATl_G ?cQW=_G ?clFA_G QalC QcTcA dp ,9JQaO= ?_aO_G m9cr dp
cl9gA_G dp QDtC ?FaQl 9K_ HlCA B98cK_G gPJ ?cRtQl: H.= O9rAf:G b_E
. QaO_G GPK= Y;a];_ ?=a_al_G BGQ9Kl_G 9KcagAa
)1(
m9r ?Z9M B98cJ aC B9cglG aC B9tQJ ctW b_f B98cK_G gPJ BQKd
YGaFC ^g=_ ^QgA_G d_c 9lcp mAcTa .dFaa_G iaATl_G b_f 9KFcatA= OGQpFG
.QZla H9F=_a 9cQaT dp ?c_JFG B9cglG_G

k
:9cQaT dp - :aC
mrQ HaF9r_9= cOgl_G m2002 m9g__ )50( mrQ ?8c=_G HaF9r Hl]Ac m_
?clatJ_G Qci B9ldFl_Ga B9cglG_G A9WF@= s_gAc [F jC m2004 m9g_ )17(
>9=TC .cJ 9cQaT dp OaGal_G dFa9gA_Ga daGQrlcO_G N9Fl_G Ht_a ,9KlcdFA aC
?cglG 9KlJC Hl ?8c=_G Qal.= ?cFgl_G B9ldFl_Ga B9cglG_G Hl QcDt_G QaKd
Qci ,?clatJ Qci ?cglG dJa ,?cQaT_G ?8c=_G ?c9lJ ?cglGa ,?8c=_G A9rOZC
Hl ?falGl Oc b_f m1992 m9f BTT.A ,m9f hpF BGP ,?_rATl ,?cJ=Q
?FcOl dp ,?c8c=_G ?clFA_Ga ?8c=_G Qal.= HccFgl_G HcZAMl_Ga AGQ=M_Ga IPA9TFG
?c=Qg_G ?ldFl_G ,?c=Qg_G ?raFl_G dp ?=_Z_G ?cf9FZ_G B9c9pF_G IQGOD OcOG_G QadFl_G )1(
hral_G b_f QaWFl c9rl ,?c=Qjl_G ?t_ll_G - b9=Q_G ,HcOgA_Ga ?cf9FZ_G ?clFA__
IQtp_G ca9FA 9lt .aidmo@arifonet.org.ma/2010/04/30 BFQAFDG ?t=W b_f d_9A_G
.48 [ ,s=9T hGQl ,?8c=_G ?c9lJ_ ?cgcQWA_G ?T9cT_G ,HGQlf OlJl UQ9p .O 9KAGP
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 426

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
o
,?cQaT dp ?cgc=a_G BGaQD_G b_f e9pJ_Ga ?8c=_G ?c9lJ= bFgA dJa ,sWlO
B9cFrA_G ^g= O9lAf: ?rpGQl_G ?c8c=_G Q9aMFG b_f mKKc=FAa U9F_G ?cfaAa
.?DcOJ_G BGRcKGA_Ga
B9F9tlDG Hl] hrGa_G ^QC b_E 9K_rFa 9KpGOJC scrJA_ ?cglG_G bgTAa
c9Gl dp c9lfFGa hcQ9Wl_G Hl OcOg_9= Bl9r Ora ,9K_ M9Al_Ga QpaAl_G mfO_Ga
B9KG hl Ha9gA_9= u_Pa ?c8c=_G ?cfaA_G c9Gl aC 9Kc_f ?dp9Jl_Ga ?8c=_G
?c_Jl_G ?aWFFG b_f 9KA9c_9gpa 9JOaKG BRtQAa ,iQMC B98cJa B9ldFla
?cfaA B;lJ ,?p9dFa QcGWA B;lJ ,?c8a] QcaZA B9r=9Tlt ?cFp sQa=
,jQaT_G hlAGl_G K8GQW q_AMl Hc= ?c8c=_G c89TQ_Ga ?pQgl__ QWFa qcrDAa
dp Ha9gA_Ga EaJ=_G ?ldFl dJ ?clatJ Qci ?c_9acE ?ldFl hl ucQWt B_MOa

k
BOrf 9lt ,sWlO= d=aQaFG O9JA:G ?Dg= Hl 9c8RG call dp9rD dFp YaQWl
OGal Hf ?cFp_G c9lfI_ ?r=9Tl ?l9rE Hl]Ac sWlO= d=aQaFG O9JA:G ?Dg= hl
.9JQcaOA aC 9K_9lgATG O9gc
b_E bgTA dA_G ?l9g_G qGOJFG Hl ?falGl ?cglG_G gPJ Bg]a Ora
dfa_G QWF b_f clg_G 9KlJC Hla ,9KA9a9WFa 9KA9c_9gp c;M Hl 9KrcrJA
Ha9gA_Ga ,?c8c=_G B9TGQO_Ga EaJ=_G OGOfE dp ?lJ9Tl_Ga ,?c8c=_G ?p9rD_Ga
B9ldFl_Ga ?8c=_G Qal.= ?cFgl_G 9KA9TTCla ?_aO_G BGQGRa hl scTFA_Ga

clf XQaa BGaOFa BGA9r_ Orf b_E ?p9]D9= ,?clatJ_G Qci ?c8c=_G B98cK_Ga
dp ?lJ9Tl_Ga ?J_l_G ?8c=_G B;tWl ?G_9gl qOKATA dFaa_G OcgZ_G b_f
?clc_rDGa ?c=Qg_G B9a9WF_G dp ?tQ9Wl_Ga ?c8c=_G B9gcQWA_G QcaaAa ?i9cZ

.?8c=_G HaCWa 9c9]r= ?r_gAl_G ?c_aO_Ga
BGQWF QGOZE IQaQ] ?cglG_G gPJ iQA qGOJFG gPJ scrJA cc=T dpa
,9K_=rATla ?cQaT_G ?8c=_G hrGa= ?_Z BGP hc]Gala B:9rla B9TGQO Hl]AA
mcOrA dp IQO9=l_G PMCa ,?l9f B9f9lAGGa BGQaO ?l9rEa ?cfaA B;lJ mcdFAa
QcD.A_Ga ?JaQal_G ?c8c=_G 9c9]r_G Hl ?A=9D qrGal O9lAfGa B9cZaAa B9JGQArG
427 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
baQW_Ga B9=_aAl_G ?c=_Aa mGQAJG aJF QGQr_G dgF9Z qrGala B9J9GAG b_f
. hlAGl_G B9a9WFa B:9Gl ct dp ?c8c=_G
)1(
k
:H9F=_ dp - 9cF9D
gPJ m2002 m9g_ )444( mrQ ?8c=_G ?c9lJ_ dF9F=__G ?8c=_G HaF9r b_aC
k k
\= A9G 9l_ GPcpFAa , 9Kcp Ga]f dF9F=_ HaGal ct Q=AfGa iQ=t ?clJC B98cK_G
)2(
?8c=_9= ?cFgl_G B9cglG_Ga B9ldFl_G Hl OcOg_G A9WFE mA Orp HaF9r_G GPJ

?8c=_G ?clcO9tC B9cglG_G gPJ Hla IOOgAl_G 9JQZ9Ffa ?p_AMl_G 9K=FGaG=
H9F=_= ?gc=a_G b_f ?dp9Jl__ ?cFaa_G ?FG__Ga ,?l8;l_G ?clFA_Ga E9J=I_ ?r9a_Ga
scDaAa B9TGQO RtQla ,c9lW_G - ?8c=_G ?c9fQ ?FG_a Q]MFG Q=Fl_G ?ldFla
Hf IQ9=f aJa ?8c=_G ?c9lJ_ dF9F=__G hlGA_G b_E ?p9]D9= . ?8c=_G ma_fa
)3(
RtQAAa ,BaQc= ?lZ9g_G 9JQrl ,m1991 m9f dp BTTC ,?clatJ Qci ?ldFl
:dp 9KpGOJC BOOJ Ora .?clFA_Ga ?8c=_G c9lfC dp ?cT9TFG 9Ka9WF B:9Gl
.\_GFa H9TFDG Hl ?8c=_G ?c9lJ -
.9KAc_f9p IO9cRa 9K_lf scTFA_ ?c8c=_G B98cK_Ga B9cglG_G clW hlG -
.sa9Fl_G hclG dp IOcOG B9cglG A9WFE hcGWA b_f clg_G -

k k
.9c_aOa 9cFaa ?8c=_9= ?cFgl_G B98cK_Ga BGQGRa_G hl scTFA_G -
?aM h]a 9KlJC ,B9a9WF_G Hl ?falGl= Bl9r 9KpGOJC scrJA ?cj=a

,H9F=_ dp ?c8c=_G B9cglG_G QaO ccgpA_ clf ?WQa mcdFA ,H9F=_ dp ?8c=__ clf
.H9F=_ dp ?c8c=_G B9cglG__ dFaa_G QlACl_G Org= Bl9r 9lt
:BFQAFDG ?t=W b_f ?cglG_G gPK_ dFaQAt_DG hral_G )1(

gshahin@scs-net.org/2010/04/30
d_9A_G hral_G IQ9cR c;M Hl ?cglG_G gPJ Hf B9la_gl b_f
caZJ_G Htlc 9lt
http://ar..wikipedia.org/2010/04.30 :BFQAFDG ?t=W b_f
HaF9r Hl )1( IO9l_Ga ,dF9F=__G ?8c=_G ?c9lJ HaF9r Hl )19( ,)18( ,)4( ,)3( OGal_G )2(
.IQaM_G OGal_Ga IQ9]_G B9c9pF_G Hl Ea_A_G O] ?8c=_G b_f ?dp9Jl_G
www.raednetwork.org/lebanon.doc/2010/04/10 )3(
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 428

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
Qci ?c8c=_G B9ldFl_G c9Gl dp ?lKl IaaM BaM Or H9F=_ HatA u_P=a
k
.9c=Qf gPKt ?c8c= ?ldFl BOGa a_ Ocpl_G Hl H9t 9l=Qa ?clatJ_G
k
:QZl dp - 9D_9D
k
\pral b_E QcWc [F jC Hl 9c_9M m1994 m9g_ )4( mrQ ?8c=_G HaF9r A9G
Ht_a ,9Kc_f e9pJ_Ga ?8c=_G ?c9lJ dp \AlJ9Tla ,dFOl_G hlAGl_G B98p ?tQ9Wl Hl
:9Kcp A9G dA_G )65(m [F c;M Hl QaZr_G GPJ BtQOATG ?cPcpFA_G \AJ8:
?cQGODG IRKGFG b_E AaG__G ?8c=_G ?c9lJ= ?cFgl ?cglG aC HaGal ct_ RaGcz
.y...?J8;_G gPK= OQa 9la ?8c=_G HaF9r m9tJC PcpFA ^Qj= ?ZAMl_G ?c89]r_Ga
dfa_G IO9cR qOK= IQc=t OaKG cP== jQZl_G dFOl_G hlAGl_G m9r 9lt
k
QaO_G GPJ ?clJF ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?_aO_G IQGRa Hl 9tGQOEa .?8c=_G ?c9lJa d8c=_G
Ha9gA_Ga QGaJ_G mfO_ IOf B:a9Jl= Bl9r ?c8c=_G qaQd_G HcTJAa mfO dp
Hc_Dll m]A B9cglG_G Hl ?FG_ cctWA c;M Hl u_Pa ,?c_JFG B9cglG_G hl
^Qj= ?clatJ_G Qci B9ldFl_G O9JAGa ,jPcpFA_G 9JR9KGa ?8c=_G HaCW IQGRa_
mAca .?c_JFG B9cglG_Ga R9KG_Ga IQGRa_G Hc= Ha9gA_G hcGWA_ O9G Hl9FQ= OGOfE
k
?c_JFG B9cglG_9= ?Z9M ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?_aO_G IQGRa= IOJa cctWA ?TGQO 9c_9J
. B9cglG_G gPJ hl Ha9gA_G mfO_ cZa ?r_Jt clgA
)1(
IQWf m]c \FC ?8c=_G HaCW R9KG IQGOE U_Gl cctWA b_f eJ;ca
jQZl_G YQ\Wl_G g9GAG Hf KZpc 9l aJa ?clatJ Qci B9f9ar Ha_Dlc A9]fC
?c8c=_G B9T9cT_G mTQa QZl dp ?8c=_G IQGOE dp ?c=gW_G ?tQ9Wl_G Oct.A b_E
. ?8c=_G IQGOE B:9Gl dp QGQr_G hFZa
)2(
HaCW_ ?_aO_G IQGRa ,?8c=_G HaCW R9KG ,m2001/2000 m9g_ jaFT_G QcQrA_G )1(
http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/2010/04/30 :?8c=_G HaCW_ ?_aO_G IQGRa hral ,?8c=_G

?c8c=_G ?c_aO_G B9cr9pA:G B9=_aAl= 9KlGRA_G iOla ?c=Qg_G caO_G dp ?c8c=_G B9gcQWA_G )2(
Hc_aCTl_G >Qg_G AGQRa_G U_Gl_ ?cFp_G ?F9lFG c=r Hl IOgl ?TGQO ,?DcOJ_G mcJ9pl_Ga
?clFA_Ga H9tTDGa ?8c=_G IQGOE ,?c=Qg_G caO_G ?gl9G_ ?l9g_G ?F9lFG ,?8c=_G HaCW Hf
.87-86[ ,2007/5 ,?lGOATl_G
429 å 2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
Orp ?clatJ_G Qci B9ldFl_Ga B9cglG_G B9a9WF mfO Hl Q9aDG GPJ dpa
?cglG_G 9KlJC Hl ,?8c=_G HaCW= ?lAKl_G B9cglG_G Hl OcOg_G QZl dp Bl9r
?cglG_Ga ,?c8c=_Ga ?cJZ_G B9gcQWA__ ?cQZl_G ?cglG_Ga ,?8c=_G ma_g_ ?cQZl_G
>Atl_Ga ,B9f9FZ_G >a_ ?cQZl_G ?cglG_Ga ,?8c=_G b_f ?dp9Jl__ ?cQZl_G
dJa ,?c8c=_Ga ?cJZ_G ?clFA_G ?cglG b_E ?p9]D9= , ?8c=_Ga >9=W__ d=Qg_G
)1(
o
QKW dp ?cf9lAG:G HaCW_G IQGRa= BQn KpWCa BTTC ?clatJ Qci ?ldFl
b_E 9K_cGTA ccOgA mAa ,)3527( mrQ BJA m1987 m9f Hl dF9D_G HcQWA
?cglG_G m]A .m1998 m9f dp ?p9t QZl B9dp9Jl iaATl b_f clgA ?ldFl
?cglG_G clgAa .?faFAl B9ZZMA Ha_Dlc a]f ?89l Hl >Qrc 9l ?clalg_G
?JZ_G B:9Gl dp ?l8;l mdFa B9T9cT sc=aAa QcaaA b_f IOf9Tl_G dp
,?_l9tAl_G ?clFA_Ga ,H9TFDG sarJa ,IGa9Tl_G O9=l 9K_lf dp bF=AAa ,?8c=_Ga
. hlAGl_G c=r Hl ?_f9p_Ga ?aWF_G ?tQ9Wl_Ga
)2(
B9a9WF_G mJCa ,9K8aWF ?cpct b_f Y;a:Ga B9ldFl_G gPJ qQgA Og=a
HC 9JO9pl ?GcAF b_E cZF ?c_JQl_Ga ?l9g_G 9KpGOJC scrJA_ 9K= marA dA_G
9cQaT dp h]a_G aJ 9lt - ?l9f ?c8c= B9l9lAJG BGP ?cFaa_G B9ldFl_G mdgl
Hl QZFg= ?lAKl HatA_ B.WF B9ldFla B9cglG OaGa dpFc : GPJ Ht_a -
q
a_ GP=Ja ,H9F=_a QZl dp B.WF dA_9t ?Fcgl ?c8c= ?c]r= aC ?8c=_G QZ9Ff
L9AJA dA_G ?c8c=_G 9c9]r_G q_AMl= 9Kl9lAJG B9cglG_Ga B9ldFl_G gPJ Brlq f
dp c9J_G aJ 9lt ?cG;g_Ga ?c89ra_G ?TGQO_Ga ?g=9Al_Ga m9lAJ:G Hl QcDt_G b_E
9c9]r_G Hc= ?clJFG Hl 9KAF9tl cAJA ?_.Tl dKp ,IQaM_G B9c9pF_G ?c]r
AGOA=G ^QFG Y9r= hclG dp H9TFDGa ?8c=_G b_f ?c=_T_G 9JQ9DB Q9WAF: ?c8c=_G
k k
m9lAJG Hl GQc=t 9=F9G R9J 9l aJa ,9KFl [_MA_G H9tl b_E 9K8aWF H9tl Hl
http://www.ceme.org.eg/2010/04/30 :?8c=_Ga m;f<_ ?cRtQl_G ?cglG_G hral )1(
:BFQAFDG ?t=W b_f ?c8c=_Ga ?cJZ_G ?clFA_G ?cglG hral )2(
www.ahedegypt.org/2010/04/30
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 430

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
?c8c=_G 9c9]r_G dp 9KAQGOG BA=DC dA_G Q]MFG m;T_G ?tQJt ?cl_9g_G B9tQJ_G
9JOGQpC ?lcRfa IOGQD H9ta ,?Z9M IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= Q9GA:G B9c_lfa ?l9f
iaATl_G b_f srJAA_ BF9t 9l dA_G qGOJFG Hl QcDt_G scrJA dp c]p_G
o
9KFc= 9lcp Ha9gA B9r;f ?cFaa_G B9ldFl_Ga B9cglG_G mcrA a_ GP=Ja dFaa_G
9KrcrJA_ 9KFl ct bgTA dA_G qGOJFG scrJA H9l]_ ?tQJ_G gPJ YaQp Hc=a
.dl_9g_G iaATl_G aC dFaa_G iaATl_G b_f AGaT
431 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
?lA9M_G
k
iO_ 9gTGa iOZ Br: ?8c=_G Ea_A ?_.Tl HC EJ=_G c;M Hl Hc=Ac
iaATl_G b_f mC d_aO_G iaATl_G b_f AGaT BQO9= dA_G m_9g_G caO q_AMl
B9c_lf Hl OJ_G 9KF.W Hl dA_G ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_Ga BGAGQGDG P9MA: dFaa_G

Bl9rp ;H9tlDG QOr 9KFl cc_rA_G aC IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G
k
BA9G 9l_ GOcTGA 9K_lGl dp BF9t dA_G ?cFaa_G HcFGar_G Hl ?falGl h]a=
IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G ?_.Tl BG_9f dA_G ?c_aO_G s89Da_G \=
b_f 9KfalGl= BRtQ dA_G ,m_aKtATGa mGOQAaQa cR9= B9cr9pAGa acQ H;fE cDl
k o
IOcOf 9fGaFC HAFA dA_G IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G L9AFE OccrA aC QdJ IQaQ]
k
,GQQ] crC iQMC OGal= OGal_G gPJ Hf ?]9gAT:Ga ,IQaM_G B9c9pF_G Hl
k
IQGO@= ?_cpt_G Qc=GOA_G P9MAGa ,9c8c= ?lc_T c8GO=a ca_J O9GcE b_f clg_Ga
iO_ dfa_G IO9cR_ ?cFaa_Ga ?clc_rDGa ?c_aO_G B;lJ_G mcdFAa ,IQaM_G B9c9pF_G
?lJ9Tl__ ?lR;_Ga ?cQaQ]_G ?cFrA_G BGOgl_9= 9JOcaRAa hlAGl_G B98p q_AMl

B9F9c=_G cc_JAa hlG HcTJA b_E ?p9]D9= ,Q9GA:G B9c_lf Hl OJ_G dp
.9KF.W= B9la_gl_Ga BGQ=M_G cO9=Aa B9c_lg_G gPK= ?r_gAl_G
\F.W Hl Uc_ IOl9G ?cFaF9r [aZF OaGa HC caO_G gPJ BFrcC Ora
IQ9]_G ?aWFFG Hl 9Kc_f e9pJ_Ga ?8c=_G ?c9lJ dp I9jA=l_G ?c9j_G scrJA
k k
b_E BKGA9p ,9ZaZM IQaM_G B9c9pF_9= Q9GA:G B9c_lf Hla ,9lalf ?8c=_9=
?cFaF9r_G [aZF_G gPJ h]a b_f IQO9r ,?_JV Cl ,?cPcpFA BGaOC EGOJATG
9lFc=p ,9KAOlAfG dA_G ?cQGODG mdF_G >c_9TC dp caO_G BfaFAa .PcpFA_G h]al
?ZAMl ?Fcgl ?KG ?clTA c;M Hl ?cRtQl_G m9dF sc=aA b_E 9K]g= \GAG
n o
^g=_G \GAG ,9KFaZa ?8c=_G ?c9lJ= ?r_gAl_G m9Kl_G 9Kc_E OFTA ?8c=_G HaCW=
9K_ ?g=9A B9KGa 9c_f ?cQGOE ?8cJ EGOJAT9= cDlAl_G ?cRtQl;_G m9dF b_E QM6G
o
?KG_G b_E YaGQ_G HaO Hl 9JQccTA 9K_ Htlc dA_G m9Kl_G ^g== m9cr_G caMA
.c9Gl_G GPJ dp Rcll >a_T.t g9FOlAfG 9l aJ QcMFG jCQ_G GPJ H9ta ,?cRtQl_G
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 432

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
?arF B_tW dA_G acQ ?lr Og= BQKd Orp ,?clatJ_G Qci B98cK_G 9lC
?lr_G gPJ BlJ9T Orp .?c8c=_G 9c9]r_G hl caO_G cl9gA ?cpct_ ?=TF_9= caJA
Hl u_P BTQVta ,?8c=_G 9c9]r q_AMl= cf9p_Ga jOG_G m9lAJ:G aJF \GaA_G dp
cc_rA_Ga ,?8c=_G ?c9lJ_ ?cFaa B9cGcAGQATG h]a caJ dl_9g_G H;fDG c;M
?TGQO dp dFOl_G hlAGl_G B9ldFl uGQWE IQaQ]a ,IQaM_G B9c9pF_G Oc_aA Hl
QZFgt ?8c=_G L9lOEa ,Ea_A_Ga d8c=_G QaJOA_G ?KGGal dp B9cGcAGQAT:G PcpFAa
k
B98cK_G Hl OcOg_G EGOJATG mA s89Da_G gPK_ GPcpFAa .?_f9p ?clFA_ dT9TC
Qc=t QaO \_ H9t jP_G ?8c=__ IOJAl_G mlFG ?8cJ Hl9FQ=t ?cl_9g_G B9ldFl_Ga
Hc= uQAWl_G Hl9FQ=_G scQa Hf IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G IQGOE HcTJA dp
IQGO<_ dGcAGQAT:G HKF_Ga ,(IOMC) B9ca9lct__ ?lc_T_G IQGO<_ B9ldFl_G
?c89clct_G OGal_G mGOMATG OccrA aC QdJ cDlc PE ;(SAICM) B9ca9lct__ ?c_aO_G

Hl OJc jP_G QlFG ;IQaM_G B9c9pF_G Oc_aA Hl cc_rA__ U9TFGa IOf9r_G IQaM_G
Qc=t_G c]p_G Q]MFG m;T_G ?tQJ_ H9t Ora .YaQWl_G Qci Q9GA:G B9c_lf
d]GQC dp IQaM_G B9c9pF_G kcQpAa sGQiE B9c_lf Hl OcOg_G ?Jp9tla hFl dp
B9tQW_G b_f ?pDtl_G baj]_G BTQ9l 9lt ,m_9g_G dp caO IOf g9cla
BgTa ,QaM_G Hl ?c_9f ?GQO b_f OgA dA_G 9KA9c9pF ?G_9gl_ ?cFaQAt_DG
c8GO= mGOMATGa ,HtlC HE 9JQdJ aC OGal_G gPJ L9AFE Hl cc_rA_G b_f 9JQ9=GD
ct dpp .9KFf IO_aAl_G B9c9pF_G ?KG Hl mC 9KFcatA ?KG Hl AGaT IQaaM crC
o
?lcOr_G QAac=lt_G IRKGCa ,?cFaQAt_DG B9c9pF_G Hl q:6G B98l br_A m9f
aC ,B9c9pF_G HpGOl dp ?l9T ?c89clct OGal b_f ?caAJl_G ?_alJl_G qAGaK_Ga
o
mAc B9c9pF_G gPJ Hl iQ=t_G ?=TF_G HC :E u_P_ IOgl QJ9Zl dp sQn JA
k
u_P mAc 9l 9=_9ia ,9cTB b_E H9=9c_Ga IOJAl_G B9c:a_Ga 9=aQaC Hl B9JQcOZA
. dFaF9r Qci ctW=
)1(
q
?GAFl_G B9tQW_G mJC Hl Ofa b_f caZJ_G Hl Q]MFG m;T_G ?tQJ BFtlA )1(
GPta ,Nokia ,Samsung ,Sony ,Sony Ericsson ,Dell ,HP ,LG cDl B9cFaQAt_<_
=
433 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
HC aO=c ?cl_9g_G B98cK_G 9KArrJ dA_G BGR9GFDG ?clJC Hl miQ_G b_fa

k
dp 9Ka9WF QZJ Hl bA.Ac ?c_9gp QDtC GQaO ?clc_rDG B9ldFl_Ga B98cK__
iaATl b_f Q]MFG m;T_G ?tQJ m9cr dp QKd 9l aJa ,IOOJl sa9Fl
OcOJA= B98cK_G gPJ marA PE ;>Qg_G ?8c=_G AGQRa U_Gla ,d=aQaFG O9JA:G
Hl Q9AMAa ,\_GC Hl clgA jP_G mc_rDG OaOJ dp ?c8c=_G 9c9]r_Ga B;tWl_G
k
c9J aJ GPJa .mc_rDG GPK_ ?cFaF9r_Ga ?cpGQjG_G ?gc=a__ 9g=A 9KgGFC ca_J_G
b_f dFOl_G hlAGl_G B98p q_AMl hlGA dA_G ?cFaa_G B9ldFl_Ga B9cglG_G
BlJ9T Orp .I9cJ_G m_9gl mdgl 9KAaWFC B_9a dA_G dFaa_G iaATl_G
dp - ?TGQO_9= EJ=_G 9K_ ^QVgA dA_G - ?c=Qg_G caO_G dp ?c_JFG B9cglG_G
dA_G 9c9]r_G Hl 9JQcia 9KFt9lC dp ?l9lr_G dlQa ,BGQll_Ga s8GOJ_G qcdFA
9Kl9lAJG HC :E ?pcdF ?8c= dp Xcg_G dp H9TFDG sJ H9l] 9KF.W Hl

k
?_r ?GcAF 9l OJ b_E :aGM H9t Orp IQc=t_Ga ?t89W_G ?c8c=_G 9c9]r_9=
9l aJa 9c9]r GPtJ hl cl9gA__ ?lR;_G ?cO9l_Ga ?cFp_G BGQ=M_Ga B9cF9tlDG
,?KG Hl ?8c=_9= ?cFgl_G ?cl_9g_G B98cK_G hl Ha9gAA HC B98cK_G gPJ b_f >Gac
?cpct dp IQ=M_G >9TAtG ?cj= u_Pa iQMC ?KG Hl ?clatJ_G B98cK_G hla
B;tWl_G gPK= \pcQgAa HaGal_G ?cfaAa ,IQaM_G ?c8c=_G c89Tl_G hl cl9gA_G
k
B9cglG_G b_f 9lGR_ K=Zc mD Hla .\Al;Ta \A8c= OOKA dA_G ?lKl_G ?c8c=_G
k
>FG b_E 9=FG ?cFaa_G ?clatJ_G B98cK_G hl clgA HC ?cFaa_G ?c_JFG B98cK_Ga
H9t 9l ?c8c=_G ct9Wl_G ?G_9gl dp ?g=Al_G B9T9cT_Ga ,?c8c=_G HcFGar_G QcaaA_
dp Hc_l9g_G ?caT hpQ mAc m_ 9l srJAc HC u_P_ Htlc :a .HatcT 9la 9KFl
?lR;_G B9cJ;Z_G mKJFl b_E ?p9]D9= ,?clatJ_G Qcia ?clatJ_G HcAKG_G

.9K_GF Bl9r dA_G qGOJFG scrJA_
IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G mGOMATG b_f A9]r_9= IQaM_G ?c89clct_G OGal_G dGAFl Hl =
gPJ M9GF Ogca .?8c=__ ?rcOZ 9KA9GAFl aOjA dt Qa_t_G ccFcp d_a=_G IO9l ?Z9M
k
O9G_G clg_9= ?FQArl_G IOGQDG IQOr b_f ;c_O 9KpGOJC scrJAa 9KA9a9WF dp ?tQJ_G
.s=9T hGQl ,Q]MFG m;T_G ?tQJ hral .\c_E bgTA 9l scrJA b_f >aCO_Ga
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 434

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
,?cFaa mC ?clc_rE mC ?c_aO BF9tC AGaT ?glAGl B98cK_G gPJ b_f dj=Fca
m_r.AA IQtA=l ca_J O9GcE dp 9JQaO UQ9lA HC ?clatJ Qci mC ?clatJ
s89Da_G 9K= BA9G dA_G B9clalg_9= dpAtA :Ca ,IOJ b_f ?_aO ct h]aa
k k
\F@p 9lKla 9cQaQ] B9cr9pA:G OaF=_ ?cFaa_G B9gcQWA_G dF=A H9t HEa .?c_aO_G
,9KAldFC QclOAa 9KFcFGar B9t9KAFG ?KGGala ?8c=_G QZ9Ff ?c9lJ_ q9t Qci br=c
s_gAc 9l ct= m9l_DGa ,9KpaQda ,IOJ b_f ?_9J ct >9=TC ccZpA Hl O= : PE

clg_G dJa ?clJC QDtFG ?_JQl_G b_E c9rAF:Ga ,B;tWl_G gPJ ?G_9gl ?cj= 9K=
.HtlC 9l 9KDaOJ hFla 9KAJp9tl b_f
435 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

V
hGGQ*Ga QO9Z*G
:?cFaF9r_G >At_G
9v vcv vF9v vlv v_C dv vp ?vvcv v8v vcv v=v v_G ?v vT9vvcvvTvv_Ga B9v vgvvcQv vWv vAv v_G Qav vav vA ,Hv vcOvv_G HvvcR M;v vZ .O -
?vcvFavF9vrv_G ?vc9vlvJv_G ,?vcQvZvlv_G ?v=QvGvAv_v_ 9vKvFvl IO9vpvAvTvlv_G UaQOv_Ga ?vcO9vJvA:G

- 25 HvcvcQvZvlv_G HvcvcvFavF9vrv_v_ caFG dvlv_vgv_G QvlvACvlv_G E9vJv=C ,QvZvl dvp ?v8vcv=v_v_
A9v v Zv v JDGa dv v T9v v cv v Tv v _G O9v v Zv v Av v r;v v _ ?v v cQv v Zv v lv v _G ?v v cv v gv v lv v Gv v _G ,1992/2/26
.m1992 ,QZl ,IQJ9r_G ,hcQWA_Ga
,Qvavra QvZvl dvp ?v8vcv=v_G ?vc9vlvJv_ ?vcvgvcQvWvAv_G ?vT9vcvTv_G ,HGQvlvf OvlvJvl UQ9vp .O -
.m2005 ,EcOJ_G dgl9G_G >Atl_G
,?v8vcv=v_G ?vc9vlvJv_ ?vcPvcvpvFvAv_G IQGODGa ?vcvgvcQvWvAv_G ?vT9vcvTv_G ,jaGOvFvJ HvcOv_G QavF .O -

V
?v8vcv=v_v_ ?vcvFavF9vrv_G ?vc9vlvJv_G Hvf HvcvcQvZvlv_G HvcvcvFavF9vrv_v_ caFG QvlvACvlv_v_ mOvrvl QvcQvrvA
o
,IQv J9v rv _G ,hv cQv Wv Av _Ga A9v Zv JDGa O9v Zv Av r;v _ ?v cQv Zv lv _G ?v cv gv lv Gv _G ,Qv Zv l dv p
.m1992 ,QZl
dv=v_vJv_G BGQavWvFvl ,mv_9vgv_G dvp ?v8vcv=v_v_ dvFavF9vrv_G mvcvdvFvAv_G ,mvAvTQ c9vlvG OvlvJvl .O -
.m1996 ,b_aFG ?g=a_G ,H9F=_ ,BaQc= ,?crarJ_G
:?c_aO_G s89Da_G
http://www.unep.org acQ H;fE -
http://www.iisd.or acQ IOFGC -
http://www.basel.int cR9= ?cr9pAG -
http://www.pic.net mGOQAaQ ?cr9pAG -
.m_aKtATG ?cr9pAG -
http://www.unep.org c9cQAFal cataAaQ= -
å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 436

jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .C
:?cFa~t_DG b=GaQ_G
http://www.greenpeace.org/international Q]MFG m;T_G ?tQJ hral -
http://www.epa.gov ?ctcQlFG ?8c=_G ?c9lJ ?_9ta hral -
http://www.gcea.gov.sy 9cQaT dp ?8c=_G HaCW_ ?l9g_G ?8cK_G hral -
:9cQaT dp d8c=_G QDFG mccrA mfOa m9dF hral -
http://www.eia-susy,yourweb.de
gshahin@scs-net.org ?cQaT_G ?8c=_G ?c9lJ ?cglG -
www.ahedegypt.org ?cQZl_G ?c8c=_Ga ?cJZ_G ?clFA_G ?cglG hral -
www.raednetwork.org ?cF9F=__G ?c8c=_G B9cglG_G hral -
http://www.eeaa.gov.eg jQZl_G ?8c=_G HaCW R9KG -
:?ldFFGa {FGar_G
mvvrQ Hav vF9v vrv v_9v v= cOvvgvvlvv_Ga ,m2002 m9vvgvv_ )50( mvvrQ jQavvTvv_G ?vv8vvcvv=vv_G HavvF9vvr -
.?cPcpFA_G \A9lc_gAa ,m2004 m9g_ )17(
.9cQaT dp IQaM_G B9c9pF_G IQGOE m9dF -
.m2004 m9g_ )49( mrQ jQaT_G ?p9dF_G HaF9r -
.m2002 m9g_ )444( mrQ ?8c=_G ?c9lJ_ dF9F=__G HaF9r_G -
B9v c9v pv Fv _G Hv l Eav _v Av _G Ov ] ?v 8v cv =v _G bv _v f ?v dv p9v Jv lv _G H.v Wv = dv F9v Fv =v _v _G Hav F9v rv _G -
.m1988/8/12 NcQ9A= QO9Z_G IQaM_G OGal_Ga IQ9]_G
.?cPcpFA_G \AJ8:a ,?8c=_G ?c9lJ H.W= m1994 m9g_ )4( mrQ jQZl_G HaF9r_G -
.9tcQlC dp m1990 m9g_ Ea_A_G hFl HaF9r -
.9tcQlC dp ?l9T_G OGal_G dp mtJA_G HaF9r -
.9tcQlC dp OQGal_G ?c9lJa P9rFE HaF9r -
.9tcQlC dp B9la_gl_G ?cQJ HaF9r -
.dTFQp_G B9c9pF_G m9dF -
437 å 2014/1 ÏbFÇ
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jOcFG Q=9G 9=Z .

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363 å 2014/1 ÏbFÇ

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363 å 2014/1 ÏbFÇ

?c_aO_G s89Da_G dp ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G :caFG >_al_G

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cR9= ?cr9pAG :dF9D_G YQp_G

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?c=FGFG B9gcQWA_G dp :caFG YQp_G

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å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 364

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365 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

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.IOJ b_f ?_aO ct dp

iCQ ,?8c=_G HaCW dp ?ZZMAl_G BGQGRa_9= ^g=_G bpAtG 9lFc=p ,?cPcpFA_G

Xj_G aC >P9t_G A9fO:GQcaRA_G scQa Hf ?cFgl_G caO_G ?rpGal b_f caZJ_9= - 3

.s89Da_G hl ?cO9l_G ?cJ9F_G Hl spAc : - 4

å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 366

:dA6G aJF_G b_f HKF_G GPJ EJ= d_c 9lcp mAcTa

?c_aO_G B9cr9pA:G dp ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G :caFG >_al_G

?cFaa_G B9gcQWA_G dp ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G :dF9D_G >_al_G

?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G PcpFA B9KG :dF9D_G EJ=l_G

?cFaa_G B9ldFl_Ga B98cK_G :dF9D_G >_al_G

>_al_G EJ= ^Qgl dp ?cFaa_G 9KA9gcQWA dp Qc=GOA_G gPK_ caO_G OcTGA

?c_aO_G s89Da_G dp ?c89ra_G Qc=GOA_G :caFG >_al_G

å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 368

.acQ H;fE Hl h=9T_Ga h=GQ_Ga caFG : O9=l_G ?Z9M )2(

369 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

:?J~r*G B9faQWl__ d8c=_G QDFG mccrA - 1

:?c8c=_G B9la_g*G QcpaA - 2

å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 370

:?c8c=_G 9c9]r_G v {FaGa*G ?tQ9Wl - 3

?Jp9tl dp AO=__ ?cT9TFG O9=l_Ga ?]cQg_G baaM_G h]a Or acQ H;fE

.acQ H;fE Hl /21/ CO=l_Ga /10/ CO=l_G )1(

371 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

?falGl= caO_G yIQaM_G B9c9pF_G IQGOEz v= HaFgl_G )20(

.9JOc_aA= Halarc dA_G IQaM_G B9c9pF_G Hl

c9lg_ IRKGl >cQOA_G HlGQ= HC H9l]a ?l9g_G B9la_gl__ Hl9FQ= UcT.A - 5

Hl cc_rA_G ?c]r ?Z9Ma IQaM_G B9c9pF_G 9c9]r dp ?latJ_Ga ?f9FZ_G

.bFOFG OJ_G b_E B9c9pF_G

aC dFaa_G iaATl_G b_f AGaT IQaM_G B9c9pF_G ?G_9gl_ RtGQl A9F= - 6

å2014/1 ÏbFÇ 372

.L9AFDG GPJ OccrA aC ?gWl_G B9c9pF_G L9AFE Hl cc_rA_G hcGWA - 1

.?gWl_G B9c9pF_G Hl Hl6G [_MA_Ga crF_Ga qcctA_Ga ?G_9gl_Ga HcRMA_G Hcl.A - 2

aC ?gWl_G B9c9pF_G hl cl9gA_G b_f IOf9Tl_G B9cFrA_9= ?cl9F_G caO_G OcaRA - 3

.d8c=_G QDFG mccrA dp 9KFcl]A Htlc dA_G aC ?gWl_G B9c9pF_G

.QJ=_G dp ?gWl_G B9c9pF_G Hl [_MA_G hFl b_E caZa_G hcGWA - 5

bcQW_G Hl >Qr_9= 9KFl [_MA_G aC ?gWl_G B9c9pF_G HcRMA= M9lT_G mOf -

?8c=_9= Q]c H_ [_MA_G GPJ HC B=Dc m_ 9l ?JaApl_G Q9J=_G dp aC d_J9T_G

.9JOGQcATG BgFl dA_G caO_G b_E ?gWl_G B9c9pF_G QcOZA mOf - 7

baaM_G Bg]a Or )21( HQr_G IOFGCa acQ H;fE Hl ct Hatc u_P=a

sQa= - 9JOc_aA c9J dp - B9c9pF_G gPJ Hl [_MA_G sQa mfO c;M Hl

373 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

qcQgA_G c;M Hl IQaM_G B9c9pF_G ?_.Tl= )1(cR9= ?cr9pAG Ba9JC

363 å 2014/1 ÏbFÇ

363 å2014/1 ÏbFÇ

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