Lab #11

Topic: Waves and Optics

Sub-Topic: Light Waves
Title: Laws of Reflection
Aim: To investigate the laws of reflection
Apparatus:
• Soft board
• Plane mirror
• Four optical pins
• A4 size paper
• Set square
• Tape
• Protractor
Diagram

Procedure:
1. The A4 size paper was placed on the soft board and the sides were taped to the board to
prevent it from moving.

2. The mirror was placed in the middle of the paper. The surface of the mirror was traced and
labelled AB at the ends as shown.

3. A perpendicular line was drawn through point O on the AB side.

o
4. A line was drawn such that the angle of incidence , is equal to 30 .

5. Pins P1, P2 were viewed after a look at the mirror. Pins P3 and P4 were placed such that the
image of P1 and , P2 appeared behind them.

6. A line was drawn through P3 and P4 such that it meets line AB at point O.

7. The angle of reflection was measured.

Results:
Table 1.1: TABLE SHOWING THE RESULTS OBTAINED THE ANGLE OF REFLECTION
AFTER ALIGNING THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
i/ o 30 40 50 60 70
r/ o 30 40 50 60 70

Analysis:
Plot a graph of sin I against sin r.
Graph:
Points to note:
1. Sin I is an independent variable while Sin r is a dependent variable

2. Label axises correctly using the correct quantity, unit and symbol.
3. Include the appropriate title for the graph

4. Include the scale used to plot point on the graph

Discussion:
1. What is the trend in the graph of sin i against sin r?
2. What is the relationship between sin i and sin r?
 3. What are the sources of errors in this experiment?

Possible sources of Errors: *Give at least two possible sources of errors.

Limitations: * State the limitations that could affect the results obtained in the experiment.

Conclusion: *State whether or not the aim was achieved and how or how not.

Lab number #12

Topic: Waves and Optics
Title: Refraction of light through a glass block
Aim: to investigate the refraction of light through a rectangular glass block
Apparatus:
• Soft board
• Rectangular glass block
• Four optical pins
• A4 size paper
• Set square
• Tape
• Protractor
Diagram

Procedure:
1. Place the A4 size paper on the soft board and tape the sides to prevent it from moving.
2. Place the glass block in the middle of the paper. Trace the shape of the block and label
ABCD as shown.
3. Draw a perpendicular line through the point 0 and side AB.
o
4. Draw a line such that the angle of the incidence, i, is equal to 30 .
5. Place pins P1 and P2 along the line as shown.
6. Look through the glass block on the side BC to view the images of P1 and P2, place pins P3
and P4 such that the images of P1 and P2 appear behind them.
7. Draw a line through P3 and P4 such that it meets side BC at point Q.
8. Connect 0 and Q with a straight line.
9. Measure the angle of refraction, r.
o o o o
10. Repeat step 1 to step 9 for i= 40 , 50 , 60 and 70 ,
o o o o
11. Repeat steps 1 to step 9 for r= 40 , 50 , 60 and 70 ,
Results:
i/ o 30 40 50 60 70
r/ o
Sin i
Sin r

Analysis:
Plot a graph of sin I against sin r.
Graph:
Points to note:
5. Sin I is an independent variable while Sin r is a dependent variable
6. Label axises correctly using the correct quantity, unit and symbol.
7. Include the appropriate title for the graph
8. Include the scale used to plot point on the graph
Discussion:
4. What is the trend in the graph of sin i against sin r?
5. What is the relationship between sin i and sin r?
6. What are the sources of errors in this experiment?

Possible sources of Errors: *Give at least two possible sources of errors.

Limitations: * State the limitations that could affect the results obtained in the experiment.

Conclusion: *State whether or not the aim was achieved and how or how not.

Lab # 13
Topic: Waves and Optics
Sub-Topic: Lenses
Title: Images formed by convex lens
Aim: To study the relationship between the image distance and the object distance formed by a
convex lens.
Apparatus:
• Convex lens
• Lens holder
• Cardboard with 1cm slit
• Meter Rule
• Torch light
Diagram

Procedure:
1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram.
2. The image distance, u was adjusted to 10cm
3. The object distance v, was adjusted until a sharp image was formed.
4. Step 1-3 was repeated while u was adjusted for 20cm, 30cm, 40cm, 50cm, 60cm
respectively.
5. Object distance at 1/u and Image distance at 1/v was calculated and tabulated.
6. A graph of 1/u versus 1/v was plotted and analyzed.
Results:
Table 1.1: SHOWING THE RESULTS OBTAINED AFTER INVESTIGATING THE IMAGE DISTANCE
FORMED BY THE OBJJECT DISTANCE USING CONVEX LENS

Object Distance u/cm 10 20 30 40 50 60

Image Distance v/cm

Table 1.2: SHOWING THE RESULTS OBTAINED AFTER INVESTIGATING THE IMAGE DISTANCE
FORMED BY THE OBJJECT DISTANCE USING CONVEX LENS
Object Distance /cm
Image Distance /cm

Analysis:
Plot a graph of Object Distance /cm against Image Distance /cm.
Graph:
Points to note:
9. Object Distance /cm is an independent variable while Image Distance /cm is a dependent
variable.

10. Label axis correctly using the correct quantity, unit and symbol.
11. Include the appropriate title for the graph

12. Include the scale used to plot point on the graph

Discussion:
7. What is the trend in the graph of Object Distance /cm against Image Distance /cm?
8. What is the relationship between Object Distance /cm against Image Distance /cm?
9. What are the sources of errors in this experiment?
Possible sources of Errors: *Give at least two possible sources of errors.

Limitations: * State the limitations that could affect the results obtained in the experiment.

Conclusion: *State whether or not the aim was achieved and how or how not.

Lab Number #14

Topic: Electricity and Magnetism

Title: Series and Parallel Circuits
Aim: To investigate resistance in series and parallel circuits.
Skills Assessed: Manipulation/ Measurement and Analysis/ Interpretation
Materials / Apparatus: -1.5V dry cell
- 3 22 ohms resistors
-Ammeter
-Voltmeter
-Connecting Wire
-Switch

Diagram:

Method: 1) The circuit was set up with one 22 ohm resistors as its load
2) The switch was closed and the current reading was taken. The switch was opened.
3) Another 22 ohm resistor was added in the series to the circuit.
4) The switch was closed and the current reading was taken. The switch was opened
5) Another 22 ohms resistance was added in series to the circuit.
6) The switch was closed and the current reading was taken. The switch was closed.
7) The resistors in series were removed and 2 22 ohms resistors are connected in
parallel
8) The switch was closed and the current reading was taken. The switch was opened.
9) Another 22 ohms resistance was added in parallel to the circuit.
10) The switch was closed and the current reading was taken. The switch was closed.

Results: TABLE SHOWING THE RESITANCES, CURRENT AND VOLTAGE IN A SERIES

AND PARAPPEL CIRCUIT.

R/ ohm Series Parallel

22 2*22 3*22 2*22 3*22

I/ A

V/V

Total resistance Req. / ohm

Discussion:

• Definition of key terms

• Comparison of current in series and parallel circuits
• Comparison of voltage between series and parallel circuits
• Effect voltage and current has on the resistence between series and parallel circuits.
• Application of observation to principles of series and parallel circuits.

Possible sources of Errors: *Give at least two possible sources of errors.

Limitations: * State the limitations that could affect the results obtained in the experiment.
Conclusion: *State whether or not the aim was achieved and how or how not.

Lab Number #15

Topic: Electricity and Magnetism
Title: IV Relationship
Aim: To determine how current varies with voltage for various lengths of a resistance wire.

Material:
• Power source
• 1m long resistance wire
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter
• Switch
• Connecting wires

Diagram:

Method:
1. The apparatus was setup as fig 1.2 in the diagram.
2. The clip was moved so that the length of the wire was 40.0cm
3. The switch was closed, and the current and voltage readings were recorded.
4. The length of the resistance wire was increased by 10.0cm.
5. Steps 3 and 4 were repeated in order to gain six (6) sets of readings.

Results:
Table 1.1: SHOWING THE CURRENT AND VOLTAGE READINGS PRODUCE BY THE
VARIOUS LENGTHS OF WIRE.
Length of resistance wire (cm) 40 50 60 70 80 90
I/A 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
V/v 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 21.2 21.4
Graph:
Points to note:
1. Potential difference (V) is an independent variable while Current (A) is a dependent
variable

2. Label axises correctly using the correct quantity, unit and symbol.

3. Include the appropriate title for the graph

4. Include the scale used to plot point on the graph

Discussion:
• State the Ohmic law.
• Describe the graphs that displays ohmic law and relate the type of materials that will
display ohmic law.
• Discuss the results as it relates to resistance and the ohmic law.

Possible sources of Errors: *Give at least two possible sources of errors.

Limitations: * State the limitations that could affect the results obtained in the experiment.
Conclusion: *State whether or not the aim was achieved and how or how not.

Lab Number 16
Topic: Electricity and Electro-magnetism
Title: Electromagnet
Aim: To conduct an electromagnet and to investigate how it works.
Skills assessed: Observation Recording Reporting
Materials/Apparatus:
Nail
Battery
Switch
Paper clips
Iron filings
Spring balance
Rheostat

Diagram:

Method: (1) A length of wire was tightly wrapped around an iron nail
(2) In order to complete the circuit a battery on a switch was connected
(3) The strength of the electromagnet was tested whereby on filing paper clips and a
spring balance was used
(4) All of the Visions were recorded

Observation/
Result:

Discussion:

• Discuss the principles of magnetism

• Describe the categories and types of materials used.
• Discuss how the principles of magnetism apples to your observations.

Possible sources of Errors: *Give at least two possible sources of errors.

Limitations: * State the limitations that could affect the results obtained in the experiment.

Conclusion: *State whether or not the aim was achieved and how or how not.

Lab number 17
Topic: Radioactivity
Title: Radioactive decay
Aim: to simulate radioactive decay
Apparatus:
• 100 dice
• Cardboard box
• Bag
Procedure:
1. Place a 100 dice in the bag.
2. Shake the bag and drop all the dice in the cardboard box.
3. Count the number of dice with side ‘one’ facing up.
4. Remove all these dice and record the number remaining.
5. Place the remaining dice in the bag,
6. Repeat step 2 to step 5 until there are only two or three dice remaining,
Results:
Number of throws Radioactive dice Removed dice
0 100

Analysis:
1. Tabulate the results for the number of throws and the number of dice remaining,
th
2. Fill up the column for the number of throws when there are 100 dice as 0 throw,
3. Plot a graph of the number of dice remaining against the number of throws.
Discussion:
1. Explain the trend of the graph obtained? How is this similar to radioactive decay?
2. What does the number of dice remaining symbolize for radioactive decay?
3. Determine from the graph the number of throws needed for 100 dice to reduce to 50 dice
and for 50 dice to reduce to 25 dice. What does this symbolize for a radioactive element?

Possible sources of Errors: *Give at least two possible sources of errors.

Limitations: * State the limitations that could affect the results obtained in the experiment.

Conclusion: *State whether or not the aim was achieved and how or how not.

Lab Number 18: Proposal

Lab Number 19: Implementation