HISTORY

PRESENTATION
PRESENTED BY;
SURGICAL
TECHNOLOGY
THE ROME
MAP OF ROME
Rome is roughly divided into 3 main
sections:

1. The Ancient part of Rome, where

you’ll find the Roman Forum, the
Colosseum, and other ancient sites like
the Circus Maximus and the Baths of
Caracalla.
2. The Renaissance and Baroque part
of Rome, this is where the most famous
buildings and piazzas are located,
including the Vatican City and St Peter’s
square on the other side of the river.
3. Trastevere, which means “at the
other side of the Tiber”, which is the
name of the river and here you will find
a lot of Palaces and Villas from the
Renaissance period.
 THE ROMAN
CIVILIZATION


“the eternal legacy of
romans’’
Founding (753 BC):
 Archeological evidence indicates that Rome was
developed from earlier hilltop villages in the ancient Italy
Etruria and Latium and was never singularly
known as
founded.

 It was found byRomulus and Remus , twin sons of the

god of war. Left to drown in a basket on the River Tiber by
a king of nearby Alba Longa and rescued by a she-wolf.
The twins lived to defeat that king and found their own
city on the river’s banks in 753 B.C. After killing his brother,
Romulus became the first king of Rome, which is named
for him.

 Beginning in the middle of the fourth century BCE, Rome

suddenly began an extraordinary phase of military and
territorial expansion; it had taken control of most of the
Italian peninsula.
Period of Kings (753-510 BC):
 There were 7 Legendary Kings of Rome: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius,
Ancus Marcius, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, and Tarquinius Superbus
(known as Tarquin the Proud).

Numa Tullus Julius Caesar Servius Tullius

Pompilius Hostilius
 During this brief time, Rome advanced both militaristically and economically with
increases in physical boundaries, production and trade of goods including oil lamps.
 This period saw the early formation of the Roman constitution. The end of the Period
of Kings came with the decline of Etruscan power, thus ushering in Rome’s Republican
Periods.
REPUBLICAN ROME

(510-31 BC)
 Rome continued to expand through the
Republican Period and gained control over the
entire Italian peninsula.

 It was the Punic War with some conflicts with

Greece that allowed Rome to take control of
Carthage and Corinth and thus become the
dominant maritime power in the Mediterranean.

 The Social War between Rome and its Italian

allies over citizenship and Roman hegemony
greatly expanded the scope of civil violence.
 Mass slavery also contributed to three Servile
War. After a generation, the Republic fell into
civil war again betweenJulius Caesar and
Pompey.

 Despite his victory, Caesar was assassinated

in 44 BC. Caesar's heirOctavian andlieutenant
Mark Antony defeated Caesar's assassins in
42 BC, but they eventually split.

 Antony's defeat alongside his ally and lover

Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and
the Senate grants extraordinary powers to
Octavian as Augustus in 27 BC –which
effectively made him the first Roman emperor
and he marked the end of the Republic.
THE ROMAN EMPIRE

(31 BC – AD 476)
Rise to Power (27 BCE):
 The Roman Empire began in 27 BCE when Augustus and
became the sole ruler of Rome.
 He and his successors built monumental structures, which
transformed the city of Rome.
Establishment of the Principate (27 BCE):
 Octavian returned to Rome and, declared the end of the Roman
Republic and the beginning of thePrincipate .
 It is the rule of the early Roman emperors, during which some
features of republican government were retained.
 He took the title "Augustus," which means "revered " or "majestic "
and became the first Roman Emperor.
The Pax Romana (27 BCE - 180 CE):
 Augustus' rule marked the start of the Pax Romana , a period of
relative peace and stability lasting for approximately two
centuries.
 During this time, the Roman Empire experienced economic
prosperity and cultural flourishing.
ROMAN MILITARY
 The Roman military was one of the most powerful
and sophisticated armed forces in ancient history.
It played a crucial role in the expansion and
maintenance of the Roman Empire.
 It was famed for its discipline, organization, and
innovation in both weapons and tactics.
 The Roman army was divided into groups known
as legions, with around 5,000 soldiers in each.
 In these legions were smaller groups of 80
soldiers each, these were called centuries and
were commanded by centurions.
 Some soldiers in the Roman army were not from
Roman tribes or citizens of the Roman Empire,
These soldiers were known as Auxiliary soldiers .
They were usually fighting on the front lines.
ROMAN CULTURE
 The culture of Rome was adopted from Greeks, but as the empire
grew the Romans began to develop their own culture.

CLOTH:
 In ancient Rome, the dress code distinguished one class of people from the other
class. Ancient Romans wore two types of basic garments, tunics and togas.
 Tunics were informal and indoor costumes, comfortable for working and moving
around indoors.
 Togas were official costumes of men and women of Rome, adopted by Greeks. Later
the trend changed and it was worn by men only.
 Military tunics were shorter than the ones worn by civilians.
LITERATURE:
 Roman literature was influenced heavily by Greek
authors. Some of the earliest works currently
discovered are of historical epics telling the early
military history of Rome.
 Poetry was the famous type of literature. Notable
poets include, Horace, Ovid, Lucan, and Virgil who
authored three of the most famous poems found in
The Aeneid .
Latin literature including
Cicero was a prominent philosopher and skeptic of
the time. Stoicism philosopher taught logic, order,
and rationalism.
MUSIC:
 Music was a major part of everyday life in ancient
Rome.
 Many private and public events were accompanied
by music, ranging from nightly dining to military
parades and manoeuvres.
 Some of the instruments used in Roman music are
the Roman tuba, aulos, flute, panpipes, lute, cithara,
tympanum, drums and the Scabellum.
LANGUAGE:
 The native language of the Romans was Latin, an Italic
language of the Indo-European family.
 Eventually Greek would replace Latin as both official written
and spoken language of the Eastern Roman Empire.
 It played a significant role in culture and arts and every word
in Roman language tells the story of love, struggle and
progress.
SPORTS AND ENTERTAINTMENT:
 The ancient city of Rome had a place called the Campus
Martius , as a drill ground for Roman soldiers, located near
the Tiber.
 Later, the Campus became Rome's track and field
playground. Innovative competitions showcased new skills
from acrobatics to martial arts.
 Other sports include: Chariot Races, Animal Hunts,
Gladiator battles, Swimming, Hunting, Wrestling, Board
Games, Running, Horseback Riding and Ball Games.
RELIGION AND
MYTHOLOGY
 Religion had always been a very important
aspect in Roman society. They were
primarilypolytheistic , worshiped multiple
gods & goddesses, also adopted the
religious and mythological gods and figures
of the Greeks.
 Romans persecuted others religions as well,
like Christianity began in the Roman Empire.
It was a monotheistic religion. The founder,
Jesus Christ’s followers refused to
participate in traditional religious activities
as they believed in One God.
 To Romans, Jesus was a troublemaker and
was killed by officials in theprovince of
Judea after being charged with sedition,
which made the situation even more
unstable.
 A massive fire burned much of Rome and
They were seen as outsiders by traditional Romans. Many
Christians were arrested and executed, and some were
even thrown to the lions at the Colosseum.
Despite the widespread persecution of Christians,
Christianity grew rapidly among the poor civilians
specially.
People were also drawn to Christianity because the
religion believed in equality, and that everyone was equal
without hierarchy or caste.
Christianity's spread among the poor and under the
Emperor Trajan , and was no longer be prosecuted. It took
over a hundred years before Christianity was adopted and
protected by Roman emperors.
Roman mythology includes tales of Jupitar, Juno, and
Venus, influenced art and literature.
Jupiter , the god of Venus , the goddess Juno , the goddess
thunder of beauty and love of marriage
ACHIEVEMENTS AND
INNOVATIONS
ARCHITECTURE:
 In its initial stages, the ancient Roman
architecture reflected elements of architectural
styles of the Etruscans and theGreeks .
 Over a period of time, the style was modified in
tune with their urban requirements, and civil
engineering and building construction became
developed and refined.

Carolyn Kiernat , AIA, principal at Page &

Turnbull, an architectural firm, explains,
“Simply stated, Roman architecture is about
hegemony.”
ROMAN BUILDINGS:
 Throughout the empire’s existence, Romans
designed and constructed many types of buildings;
 Amphitheaters : Amphitheaters were popular in
Ancient Rome. Many types of public events took
place within the structures, including gladiator
fights and executions.
 Temples : As a polytheistic society, the Romans
constructed various temples as tributes to
different gods.
 The Colosseum : The most famous example of
Roman architecture, the Colosseum’s architect
remains unknown. It was originally built to host
gladiatorial contests and other grand spectacles
including animal hunts, battle reenactments,
executions, and even mock sea battles.
 Pantheon:
The Pantheon is the most recognizable Roman
temple. The building sits on a site of an earlier
temple, which had been built during Emperor
Augustus’s reign. Now the structure serves as a
Catholic church.
 Aqueducts, Water Supply and Sewers in Ancient
Rome:
The Romans are renowned for engineering marvels,
among which is the aqueduct, carried water for
many miles to provide a crowded urban population
with safe, potable water and water for latrines. The
main sewer of Rome was the Cloaca Maxima,
which emptied into the Tiber River.
 Baths of Caracalla and Baths of Diocletian:
Open-air public baths were a large part of the
Roman social scene.Thermae comes from the
Greekthermos’
’ , meaning “hot”often referred to
large, imperial complexes.Balneae , on the other
hand, were smaller private or public bathing
ROMAN lAW
 Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome,
from the founding of Rome in 753 BC to the fall of
the Western Empire in AD 476. It continued in the
Eastern Empire until AD 1453.
 It evolved over many centuries and is the basis for
the legal system of most continental European
countries.
 Roman law was based on various sources,
including statutes, customs, and legal writings.
 It originally adopted the the principle of
personality, that is, the law of the state applied
only to its citizens. Foreigners had no rights and,
unless protected by some treaty between their
state and Rome.
The Twelve Tables: ( The set of law
inscribed on 12 bronze tablets ) An early
and fundamental legal code that provided
basic principles of Roman law, including
principles of property, family, and contract.
 Later, Eastern Roman Emperor, Justininan I
wroteJustinian code , laid the foundation
for many modern legal system.
 The principle like “ innocent until proven
guilty”, burden of proof rested upon
accuser rather than accused.
Roman law is a complex and rich legal
tradition with a lasting legacy and it
continues to be relevant in the study and
practice of law today.
 DOWNFALL AND
LEGACY OF ROMAN
EMPIRE
 The reasons for the fall of Rome
 The Roman empire became so vast it was
impossibe to rule the entity from single
location.
 Weak ineffective emperors and bad
governance led to inflation, starvation,
taxation. Corruption was the major problem.
 Civil wars and power struggles were
common which caused political &
economical instability.
 In 293 AD, Emperor Diocletian divided the
empire into a tetrarchy(two rulers in the
east & two rulers in the west).
 In 330 AD, Constantine relocated the
imperial capital to Byzantium city (Eastern
 During the reign of Constantine’s successor,
Theodosius I , the two empires were
reunited once again. But, when he died, in
395 AD, divided the empire between his two
sonsArcadius and Honorius , creating the
Western and the Eastern Roman Empire.
 The western empire suffered several Gothic
invasions by Barbarian Tribes (Germanic
tribes) including Vandals, Visigoths and
Ostrogoths.
 In 476 AD, the last Roman emperor,
Romulus Augustulus , was desposed by the
Germanic leaderOdoacer , marking the
traditional date for the fall of Western
Empire.
 The Eastern Roman Empire, more
commonly known as the Byzantine Empire,
 ANY
QUESTIONS?
https://www.getty.edu/news/
https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/3264/
https://www.thoughtco.com/search?q=ancient+roman+culture
https://www.studentsofhistory.com/roman-art-culture
https://www.pompeiitours.it/blog/what-did-romans-do-for-fun/

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