DRAZENROITZ’20 tvmc presents

question
bank
i mbbs
 PREFACE

This Question bank is an aid to completing the Ist MBBS

Professional Exams. This Question bank includes the High-
weightage and repeatedly asked Essays and Short Notes. While
preparing for your exams it is recommended that you develop
a strong foundation on the core concepts of the subject before
focusing on the important questions. This will enable you to
answer MCQs and help you while studying clinical subjects in
the upcoming years. Lay down a realistic schedule for your
study and avoid leaving behind new topics for covering ahead
of the exam day. Stay healthy during your preparation as well
as your exams as it is vital for giving your best. Time
management is of utmost importance during the exam, don’t
waste too much of your time on essays as you will lose time
and may not be able to attempt some short notes. Presentation
of your paper is also equally important, Incorporate elements
like diagrams, flow charts, cycles wherever possible. Another
must follow rule is to attempt all questions irrespective of
whether one knows the answer or not as it will allow the
examiner to give grace marks. In case you have any other
doubts or clarifications regarding the exams and studying for it,
it is best you approach your seniors for insight as they have
gone through these exams in the past. All the best for your
Examinations!

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No TOPIC PAGE
ANATOMY PAPER - I
1 General Anatomy 5
2 General Embryology 5
3 General Histology 7
4 Upper Limb 8
5 Lower Limb 10
6 Abdomen & Pelvis 12
ANATOMY PAPER – II
1 Genetics 15
2 Thorax 15
3 Head and Neck 17
4 Neuroanatomy 20
PHYSIOLOGY PAPER – I
1 General Physiology 22
2 Haematology 22
3 Nerve and Muscle physiology 23
4 Gastrointestinal System 25
5 Renal System 26
6 Endocrine System 27
7 Reproductive System 28
PHYSIOLOGY PAPER – II
1 Respiratory System 30
2 Cardiovascular System 31
3 Central Nervous System 33
4 Special Senses 35

3
S. No TOPIC PAGE
BIOCHEMISTRY PAPER - I
1 Cell & Its Functions 36
2 Carbohydrate Chemistry 36
3 Carbohydrate Metabolism 37
4 Lipid Chemistry 38
5 Lipid Metabolism 39
6 Enzymes 40
7 Vitamins 42
8 ETC & Biological oxidation 43
9 Citric acid cycle & metabolic 43
integration
10 Nutrition 44
11 Heme Metabolism & Hemoglobin 45
BIOCHEMISTRY PAPER - II
1 Amino Acid & Protein Chemistry 46
2 Amino acid & Protein Metabolism 47
2 Nucleotide Metabolism 48
3 Molecular Biology 49
4 Maintenance of Fluid & 50
Electrolytes
5 Acid-Base balance and disorders 51
6 Xenobiotics 51
7 Minerals 52
8 Hormones 53
9 Organ Function tests 53
10 Miscellaneous topics 54

4
 ANATOMY PAPER - I

GENERAL ANATOMY

Short Notes
1. Blood supply of a long bone***
2. Nutrient artery**
3. Cartilaginous joint**
4. Synovial joint**
5. Pivot joint
6. Syndesmosis **
7. Classification of joints with example***
8. Functions and classification of bones*
9. Sesamoid bone*
10. Types of Ossifications
11. Skin

GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

Essays
1. Describe in detail the congenital anomalies of the heart *

Short Notes
1. Spermatogenesis*
2. Oogenesis with diagram
3. Menstrual cycle*
4. Results of fertilization (First week development)
5. 2nd week development **
6. Primitive streak ** (3rd week development)
7. Yolk sac***
8. Derivatives of 1st pharyngeal arch **

5
9. Derivatives of 2nd pharyngeal arch **
10. Derivatives of 3rd pharyngeal arch
11. Derivatives of endodermal pouch
12. Development of face and its anomalies
13. Development of tongue ****
14. Development of palatine tonsil
15. Development of pancreas **
16. Derivatives of foregut, midgut*
17. Midgut rotation **
18. Fate of aortic arches
19. Congenital anomalies of kidneys
20. Development of atria
21. Development of kidney **
22. Development of diaphragm *
23. Development of interatrial septum**
24. Development of urinary bladder **
25. Paramesonephric duct
26. Structure of sperm*
27. Foetal circulation
28. Neural tube***
29. Folding of embryo
30. Tetralogy of Fallot
31. Pituitary gland
32. Thyroglossal cyst
33. Development of thyroid gland
34. Development of lung
35. Meckel’s cartilage
36. Derivatives of endodermal pouch

6
 GENERAL HISTOLOGY

Short Notes
1. Microscopic Structure of cartilages (all 3 types) ***
2. Microscopic Structure of bone **
3. Microscopic Structure of ganglion (sympathetic and spinal) *
4. Microscopic Structure of liver and spleen ***
5. Microscopic Structure of trachea ***
6. Histology of palatine tonsil ***
7. Demilunes
8. Histology of skin **
9. Histology of submandibular gland
10. Histology of parotid gland
11. Microscopic structure of lung*
12. Microscopic structure of fundus of stomach
13. Microscopic structure of duodenum
14. Microscopic structure of appendix
15. Microscopic structure of kidneys ***
16. Histology of ureter
17. Microscopic structure of testes
18. Microscopic structure of ovary
19. Histology of hypothesis cerebri***
20. Histology of thyroid and parathyroid **
21. Histology of suprarenal gland
22. Histology of cerebellum **
23. Histology of cerebral cortex
24. Histology of cornea**
25. Histology of retina**
26. Histology of skeletal muscle*
27. Histology of cardiac muscle*
28. Histology of thymus
29. Histology of tongue

7
 UPPER LIMB

Essays
1. Breast - Location, structure, relations, blood supply, lymphatic
drainage, histology, and applied anatomy***
2. Axilla - Boundaries and contents with relations. Axillary artery -
formation, course, parts, relations, branches, and applied
anatomy*
3. Brachial plexus - Formation, variation (pre and post fixed),
branches and applied anatomy***
4. Shoulder joint - Type, articular surfaces, relations, ligaments,
muscles producing movements and applied anatomy**
5. Median nerve - Formation, course, parts, relations, branches, and
applied anatomy
6. Radial nerve - Formation, course, parts, relations, branches, and
applied anatomy**
7. Ulnar nerve - Formation, course, parts, relations, branches, and
applied anatomy*
8. Elbow joint - Type, articular surfaces, relations, ligaments,
muscles producing movements and applied anatomy

Short Notes
1. Ulnar nerve in hand
2. Cubital anastomosis
3. Profunda Brachii artery
4. Elbow Joint*
5. Erb’s point & its palsy***
6. Cutaneous innervation of palm of the hand*
7. Lymphatic drainage & Blood supply of mammary gland
8. Pectoralis major
9. Pectoralis minor
10. Serratus anterior
11. Pectoralis fascia
12. Clavipectoral fascia**

8
13. Lymphatic drainage of breast****
14. Arterial anastomosis around scapula**
15. Axillary vein***
16. Klumpke’s paralysis
17. Deltoid muscle
18. Rotator cuff muscles***
19. Movements of scapula
20. Subscapular spaces
21. Sternoclavicular joint
22. Cephalic vein*
23. Basilic vein
24. Median cubital vein
25. Dermatomes of upper limb
26. Biceps brachii*
27. Coracobrachialis
28. Musculocutaneous nerve
29. Events occurring at the level of insertion of coracobrachialis*
30. Brachial artery**
31. Anastomosis around the elbow joint*
32. Cubital fossa**
33. Flexor retinaculum**
34. Extensor retinaculum
35. Radial artery
36. Posterior interosseous artery
37. Superior & inferior radio-ulnar joint*
38. Supination & pronation****
39. Thenar & Hypothenar muscles
40. Lumbricals*
41. Intrinsic muscles of hand*
42. Spaces of Parona**
43. Anatomical stuff box
44. Wrist joint & muscles involved in its movement*
45. Boundaries & contents of axilla**
46. Axillary lymph node*
47. Trapezius*
48. Inter-muscular spaces**
49. Axillary nerve or circumflex nerve*

9
 50. Radial nerve in spiral groove
51. Superficial palmar arch**
52. Ulnar nerve in hand*
53. Median nerve in hand**
54. Carpal tunnel syndrome***
55. Palmar space, Mid-palmar space & Dorsal spaces in hand and
its clinical anatomy**
56. Movements and muscles involved in it in shoulder joint*
57. 1st carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb*

LOWER LIMB

Essays
1. 1.Hip joint - types, bones forming, ligaments, relations, muscles
producing movements, applied anatomy****
2. Femoral triangle - boundaries, contents, femoral sheath, applied
aspects***
3. Great Saphenous vein - Formation, course, relations, tributaries,
perforators, termination, applied anatomy
4. Sciatic Nerve-Root value, formation, course, branches, relations,
applied anatomy
5. Knee Joint-Type, bones forming, ligaments, relations,
movements, applied anatomy
6. Arches of foot- Types, bones forming, structures, applied
aspects

Short Notes
1. Popliteal artery
2. Cephalic vein
3. Tibialis anterior
4. Quadriceps femoris
5. Cutaneous innervation of foot
6. Gluteus Medius & anatomic basis of Trendelenburg sign**

10
7. Common peroneal nerve
8. Obturator nerve
9. Hamstring muscles**
10. Femoral Triangle**
11. Intracapsular ligaments of knee joint
12. Gluteus maximus & Gluteus minimus
13. Structures under the cover of gluteus maximus*
14. Greater saphenous vein
15. Short saphenous vein
16. Arches of foot
17. Cutaneous nerves on front of thigh
18. Femoral sheath**
19. Adductor canal***
20. Femoral nerve
21. Femoral artery
22. Profunda femoris artery
23. Obturator artery
24. Arterial anastomosis on the back of thigh
25. Popliteal fossa****
26. Anastomosis around knee joint
27. Superior extensor retinaculum
28. Inferior extensor retinaculum
29. Deep peroneal nerve
30. Dorsalis pedis artery
31. Peroneal retinaculum
32. Superficial peroneal (Fibular) nerve
33. Posterior tibial artery
34. Gastrocnemius
35. Medial plantar nerve
36. Ligaments &bursae of knee joint
37. Relations of ankle joint
38. Inversion and eversion of foot
39. Perforators of lower limb
40. Modification of deep fascia of thigh**
41. Sciatic nerve**
42. Ligaments of hip joint**
43. Locking & unlocking of knee joint

11
 44. Peroneal artery
45. Sub – talar joint
46. Fresher’s syndrome
47. Musculocutaneous nerve of leg
48. Plantar aponeurosis
49. Tibio – Fibular joint
50. Calcaneocuboid joint
51. Talacalcaneonavicular joint

ABDOMEN & PELVIS

Essays
1. Describe the Formation, Parts, Relations, Branches and
Tributaries of Portal Vein. Enumerate the sites of portosystemic
anastomosis and Clinical Anatomy*****
2. Describe the duodenum under the following headings: Parts,
Relations, Internal features of second part, Blood supply,
Histology and Clinical Anatomy**
3. Describe the uterus in detail under the following headings:*****
a. Position and parts
b. Peritoneal and visceral relations
c. Supports
d. Microstructure
e. Development
f. Clinical Anatomy.
4. Describe the urinary bladder under the following headings:****
a. Parts and relations
b. Ligaments of the bladder
c. Interior of the bladder
d. Microstructure
e. Development
f. Applied Anatomy
5. Inguinal canal -definition, boundaries, contents, applied
anatomy***

12
 6. Testis- external features, covering, structure, blood supply,
lymphatic drainage, histology, development, applied anatomy**
7. Stomach- location, external features, presenting parts, relations,
blood supply, lymphatic drainage, nerve supply, interior of
stomach, histology, applied anatomy****
8. Extra hepatic biliary apparatus- parts, relations, blood supply,
histology, and applied anatomy**
9. Pancreas – location, presenting parts, relations, blood supply,
duct system, histology, development, applied anatomy ***
10. Male urethra – Parts, features in each part, Blood supply, and
Applied aspects*
11. Prostate – Parts, coverings, structures traversing, Lobes, zones,
applied***
12. Rectum- Relations, Mucosal folds, Blood supply, Nerve
supply, Supports and Applied aspects*
13. Anal Canal – Extent, Relation, Interior features, Blood supply,
applied**

Short Notes
1. Interior of Anal canal
2. Development and descent of Testis****
3. Common bile duct
4. Lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of stomach*****
5. Ischio - anal fossa and its clinical anatomy****
6. Right supra-renal gland.
7. Inguinal canal
8. Superior mesenteric artery***.
9. Femoral hernia*
10. Vermiform appendix****
11. Umbilicus
12. Rectus sheath
13. Inguinal ligament /Poupart’s ligament *
14. Femoral sheath *
15. Inguinal hernia ***
16. Blood supply & lymphatic drainage of testes **

13
17. Mesentery
18. Hepatic renal pouch of Morrison **
19. Lesser sac/ omental bursa ***
20. Recto uterine pouch of Douglas
21. Foramen epiploicum [of Winslow] ***
22. Stomach bed ****
23. Inferior (visceral) surface of liver
24. Ligaments of liver***
25. Gallbladder
26. Second part of duodenum ***
27. Blood supply of duodenum
28. Development of pancreas **
29. Porto-caval anastomosis ****
30. Meckel’s diverticulum **
31. Arterial supply of colon
32. Inferior mesenteric artery **
33. Kidney
a) Structure **
b) Posterior relations *
34. Relations of ureter *
35. Openings of Diaphragm **
36. Perineal Pouches and its contents (Superficial and deep) ****
37. Pudendal canal **
38. Pudendal Nerve ***
39. Internal pudendal artery *
40. Ligaments of bladder **
41. Supports of Uterus ***
42. Blood supply of rectum **
43. Internal Iliac Artery **
44. Lumbar Plexus **
45. Thoraco-lumbar fascia
46. Coeliac trunk *
47. Coeliac plexus / solar plexus ***
48. Psoas major

14
 ANATOMY PAPER – II

GENETICS

Short Notes
1. Barr body (Sex Chromatin) *
2. Down syndrome **
3. Cri du chat syndrome
4. Turner syndrome ***
5. Karyotyping
6. Klinefelter syndrome **
7. Reduction division
8. Mitosis

THORAX

Essays
1. Lungs – External Features, Fissures & Lobes, Lung Root &
Relations, Segments, Nerve Supply, Arterial Supply and Venous
Drainage & Applied aspects***
2. Mediastinum – Divisions, Contents, Detailed description about
Superior, Anterior, Middle, and Posterior mediastinum**
3. Heart:
a) Interior of Right atrium & Development of Heart**
b) Blood supply of heart – Origin, Course, Distribution,
Branches, Termination, Anastomosis, and Applied
aspects****
4. Arch of Aorta – Extent, Relations, Branches, Embryological
Aspects, and Applied aspects*
5. Trachea – Dimension, Course, Relation, Histology,
Development, Blood supply, Nerve supply & Applied aspects
6. Typical Intercostal Space – **

15
 7. Pleura – Parts, Recesses, Blood & Nerve supply, Surface
marking and Applied anatomy*
8. Oesophagus – Dimensions, Course, Curvature, Constrictions,
Parts, Relations, Blood supply, Nerve supply, Lymphatic
drainage, Development &Applied aspects
9. Intercostal Nerves – Origin, Unique Features, Classification.
Typical intercostal nerve – Course, Relations, Branches &
Applied aspects
10. Left Ventricle – Gross Anatomy and its development
11. Thoracic duct, Azygous & Hemiazygous system
12. Congenital Anomalies of heart

Short Notes
1. Typical Intercostal Nerve**
2. Intercostal Arteries – Origin, Course and Termination
3. Internal Thoracic artery***
4. Recesses of the pleura*****
5. Root of the lungs and its relations
6. Bronchopulmonary segments****
7. Mediastinal surface of the lungs***
8. Hilum of the lungs****
9. Boundaries and contents of Mediastinum – Superior,
Anterior, Middle &Posterior***
10. Sinuses of the pericardium****
11. Right atrium – External & Internal Features***
12. Valves of the heart
13. Conducting system of heart
14. Right coronary artery – Origin, Course, Branches &
distribution***
15. Left coronary artery – Origin, Course, Branches &
distribution***
16. Venous drainage of heart
17. Cardiac plexuses**
18. SVC*
19. Arch of Aorta and its relations****

16
 20. Thoracic duct – Formation, Course, Termination, Relation &
Tributaries
21. Azygos and Hemiazygos veins**
22. Thoracic sympathetic trunks
23. Ligamentum arteriosum
24. Congenital anomalies of heart- ASD & VSD
25. Events at the level of sternal angle
26. Left Ventricle – External & Internal aspects*
27. Development of lung
28. Development of Interatrial septum
29. Internal features of Right Ventricle
30. Thoracic part of Oesophagus

HEAD & NECK

Essays
1. Posterior triangle of neck – Subdivisions, Boundaries, Contents,
Applied anatomy**
2. Carotid triangle – Boundaries, Contents, Clinical anatomy ****
3. Parotid gland – location, presenting parts, Capsule, Relations,
structures within the gland, Stenson’s Duct, Nerve supply,
Histology, Development and Applied anatomy****
4. Submandibular gland – Location, parts, Relations, Wharton’s
duct, Nerve supply, Development and Applied anatomy***
5. Infratemporal fossa – Boundaries, Contents, Otic ganglion,
Applied anatomy*
6. Temporomandibular joint - Type of joint, Articular surface and
disc, Ligaments, Relations, Blood supply, Nerve supply,
Movements, Applied aspects***
7. Pterygopalatine fossa – Boundaries, Communications, Contents,
and a note on Pterygopalatine ganglion, Applied anatomy*
8. Thyroid gland –Location, Parts, coverings, Relations, Blood
supply, Lymphatic drainage, Microscopy, Development,
Clinical anatomy***

17
 9. Tongue – Parts, External features, Papillae, Muscles, Nerve
supply, Blood supply, Lymphatics, Development and Applied
aspects****
10. Pharynx – Boundaries, Subdivisions, Features, Pharyngeal
wall, Muscles of Pharynx, Nerve supply, Blood supply, Applied
aspects****
11. Larynx – Cartilages, Joints, Ligaments and membranes,
Muscles, Cavity, Blood supply, Applied aspects and a note on
Rima glottidis**
12. Lateral wall of nose – Bones and cartilages, Features, Blood
supply, Nerve supply, Applied anatomy***
13. Nasal septum- Bones and cartilages, blood supply and Nerve
supply, Parts, and linings of nasal Cavity, Applied anatomy and
a note on paranasal air sinuses*
14. Middle Ear –Subdivisions, Boundaries, Contents,
Measurements, Ear ossicles, Blood supply, Nerve supply,
Applied anatomy****
15. Define boundaries and contents of orbit. Extra Ocular
Muscles*****
16. Meninges- Dural folds, Blood supply, Nerve supply and a note
on Dural venous sinuses applied anatomy**
17. Cavernous Sinus – Location, Extent, Relations, Structures in
the lateral wall, Tributaries, Communications, Clinical
Anatomy*****
18. Spinal cord- Extent, coverings, external features, internal
structure, tracts, blood supply, Applied anatomy***
19. Facial nerve- Nuclei of origin, Component, Course, Branches,
Termination. Describe lesions at various levels. Add a note on
Bell’s palsy****

Short Notes
1. Scalp - Nerve supply & blood supply**
2. Facial artery*****
3. Dangerous area of face
4. Bell’s palsy - Characteristic features

18
5. Lacrimal apparatus**
6. Platysma
7. Carotid sheath*
8. Sternocleidomastoid muscle**
9. Posterior triangle***
10. Structures in anterior median line of neck**
11. Carotid triangle*
12. Ansa cervicalis***
13. Suboccipital triangle
14. Parotid gland - Nerve supply***
15. Hyoglossus muscle****
16. Lateral pterygoid**
17. Maxillary artery
18. Mandibular nerve*
19. Otic ganglion***
20. Muscles of mastication**
21. Pterygopalatine ganglion*
22. Blood supply of thyroid gland*
23. Muscles of the tongue**
24. Inferior constrictor muscle**
25. Palatine tonsil***
26. Laryngeal cartilages*
27. Muscles of larynx
28. External carotid artery**
29. Internal jugular vein**
30. Styloid apparatus**
31. Nasal septum***
32. Middle meatus**
33. Paranasal air sinuses*
34. Maxillary sinus****
35. Tympanic membrane**
36. Extraocular muscles**
37. Ciliary ganglion*****
38. Blood supply of spinal cord****
39. Superior orbital fissure***
40. Folds of dura mater
41. Superior sagittal sinus*

19
 42. Lateral wall of nasal cavity
43. Temporo-mandibular joint****
44. Spinal meninges & its modifications*
45. Vocal cords*
46. Auditory tube*
47. Infratemporal fossa-boundaries and contents**
48. Trigeminal ganglion**
49. Subclavian triangle*
50. Scalenovertebral triangle (Triangle of Vertebral Artery)**
51. Midline structures of neck**
52. External jugular vein*
53. Digastric triangle**
54. Venous drainage of face*
55. Development of thyroid gland*
56. Parotid duct
57. Nerve supply of lacrimal gland*
58. Alanto-occipital joint*
59. Orbicularis oris*
60. Recurrent laryngeal nerve*
61. Cutaneous innervation of face*
62. Infrahyoid muscles of neck*
63. Meckel cartilage*

NEUROANATOMY

Essays
1. Sulci, Gyri, Functional areas, and blood supply of Superolateral
surface of brain**
2. Sulci, Gyri, Functional areas, and blood supply of medial surface
of brain**
3. Classify White matter of Cerebral Hemisphere and explain. Add
a note on internal capsule*
4. Blood supply of brain*
5. Nuclei, course, branches, and clinical anatomy of Facial Nerve *
6. Spinal cord and blood supply

20
 7. Cerebellum- external and internal features, blood supply, applied
anatomy*

Short Notes
1. Oculomotor nerve*
2. Trochlear Nerve**
3. Abducent Nerve***
4. Hypoglossal Nerve**
5. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
6. T.S of Medulla at the level of sensory decussation*
7. T.S of Medulla at the level of Pyramidal(motor) decussation*
8. T.S of Medulla at the level of Olivary Nucleus***
9. T.S of Pons at the level of facial colliculus***
10. T.S of upper pons**
11. T.S of midbrain at the level of superior colliculus***
12. T.S of midbrain at the level of inferior colliculus***
13. Cerebellar Peduncles***
14. Floor of 4th Ventricle / Rhomboid Fossa****
15. Third Ventricle***
16. Lateral Ventricle****
17. Base of Brain*
18. Caudate Nucleus***
19. Corpus striatum*
20. Internal capsule in detail*
21. Corpus callosum***
22. Circle of Willis*****
23. Sub arachnoid cisterns**
24. Spinal cord****
25. Wallenberg syndrome/ lateral medullary syndrome*
26. Flax cerebri*
27. Spinal meninges and its modifications*
28. Nuclei and connections of thalamus*
29. Circulation of CSF &Anatomical basis of hydrocephalus*
30. Cerebellar nuclei*
31. Inter peduncular fossa*

21
 PHYSIOLOGY PAPER – I

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

Short Notes
1. Functions of mitochondria**
2. Classify fluid compartments in our body and give their normal
values. Mention 2 methods to determine ECF volume**
3. Primary Active Transport / Na+ -K+ ATPase pump***
4. Secondary active transport*
5. Feedback Mechanisms***
6. Facilitated Diffusion**
7. Carrier Mediated Transport**
8. Aquaporins*
9. Phagocytosis**
10. Apoptosis**
11. Cell junctions*
12. G Protein*
13. Cytoskeleton*
14. Transport across cell membrane*

HAEMATOLOGY

Essays
1. Define erythropoiesis, the stages involved and the factors
affecting it?***
2. Define haemostasis? The intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of
coagulation?***
3. Define Immunity. Classify different types of Immunity. Explain
in detail the cell Mediated Immunity. Add note on Natural Killer
cells***
4. Define anaemia. Classify them and important investigations *

22
 5. ABO blood grouping and Rh blood grouping? And a note on
erythroblastosis fetalis**
6. Describe the physiological roles of the different types of
leucocytes circulating in Blood. Add a note on functions of
lymphocytes in viral infection**
7. Stages of leucopoiesis and factors affecting it. Note on
Neutrophilia and Neutropenia*

Short notes
1. Functions of plasma proteins**
2. Erythroblastosis fetalis*
3. Mononuclear phagocyte system / tissue macrophage system***
4. Functions of platelets**
5. Autoimmune disease***
6. Transfusion reactions***
7. Haemophilia***
8. Iron deficiency anaemia**
9. Lymphatic circulation**
10. Blood indices
11. Indications and complications of blood transfusion**
12. Hemolytic anemia**
13. Types of polycythemia and complication due to this condition
14. Fibrinolytic system**
15. Humoral immunity*
16. Complement system

NERVE AND MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

Essays
1. Discuss the Molecular Mechanism of Muscle contraction. Add a
note on Rigor mortis****
2. Write in detail the electron microscopic structure of skeletal
muscle and the molecular mechanism of muscular contraction**

23
 3. Neuromuscular junction –structure, mechanism, transmission
and dysfunction****
4. Excitation - contraction coupling. Add note on muscle
relaxation**
5. Explain the sliding filament hypothesis and outline the main
events in the cross-bridge cycle ****

Short Notes
1. Structure and functions of Neuromuscular junction*
2. Draw a neat, labelled diagram of Neuromuscular junction and
explain the events in neuromuscular transmission*
3. Molecular basis of action potential **
4. Chronaxie and Rheobase*
5. Negative feedback mechanism with example*
6. Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle / Sarcomere **
7. Sarco tubular system ***
8. Muscle Tone and Factors responsible for it **
9. Isometric and Isotonic contraction ***
10. Action Potential Curve *****
11. Simple muscle twitch*
12. Plasticity of smooth muscle**
13. Classification of nerve fibres
14. Wallerian degeneration*
15. Structure and properties of smooth muscle**
16. Latch bridge mechanism*
17. Rigor mortis*
18. Myasthenia Gravis **
19. Frank Starling law ***
20. Difference between skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
21. Summation and its types

24
 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

Essays
1. Types of salivary glands. Composition, function, regulation of
secretion of Saliva.
2. Phases of GI secretions and functions of the same.
3. Describe the mechanism of secretion of Hydrochloric acid in the
stomach. What are the factors regulating acid secretion? Add a
note on peptic ulcer.
4. Composition function and regulation of pancreatic secretions
5. Functions of liver and jaundice
6. Describe the digestion and absorption of glucose in the digestive
tract.
7. Describe the digestion and absorption of protein in the digestive
tract. Write a Note on Malabsorption
8. Describe the digestion and absorption of fat in the digestive
tract. Add a note on steatorrhea.

Short Notes
1. Principles of GI regulation***
2. Compositions and functions of saliva
3. Dietary fibres*
4. Phases of gastric juice secretions
5. Exocrine pancreas. Composition and functions of pancreatic
juice.
6. Composition and functions of bile****
7. Enterohepatic circulation***
8. Succus entericus
9. Stages of deglutition***
10. Gastric emptying****
11. Mechanism and causes of vomiting
12. Describe the enteric and colonic movements. Discuss the role
of the enteric nervous system.
13. Functions of large intestine**

25
 14. Intestinal and colonic reflexes. Write about the law of intestine
15. Defecation reflex**
16. Describe the phases of gastric juice secretion**
17. Functions of bile salts**
18. Explain the mechanism of gastric secretion*
19. Enterohepatic circulation**

RENAL SYSTEM

Essays
1. Glomerular Filtration, Factors affecting GFR, Measurements of
GFR*****
2. Counter current mechanisms in concentration of Urine *****
3. Juxta Glomerular Apparatus and its Functions *****
4. Describe how the counter current mechanism in the kidney
operates to produce Hypertonic urine? Add a note on Diabetes
Insipidus***

Short Notes
1. Functions of Kidney***
2. Special Features of Renal Circulation***
3. Counter Current Multiplier****
4. Role of kidneys in acid – base balance***
5. Micturition Reflex***
6. Cystometrogram**
7. Nerve supply of bladder**
8. Juxtaglomerular apparatus**
9. Renin- Angiotensin system****

26
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Essays
1. Enumerate the hormones of pituitary glands. Actions of Growth
Hormone. Add a note on acromegaly*
2. Synthesis, functions, and applied physiology of Thyroid
Hormone****
3. Regulation of Serum Calcium Concentration**
4. Glucose Homeostasis***
5. Functions and regulation of Adrenocortical Secretions. Note on
Cushing syndrome***
6. Describe the function and regulation of Insulin. Add a note on
diabetes mellitus***
7. Name the different hormones secreted by Islets of Langerhans.
Explain in detail***
8. Describe in detail about the chief hypoglycaemic hormone.
Enumerate the consequences of Insulin Deficiency*

Short Notes
1. Milk Ejection Reflex**
2. Acromegaly*
3. Somatomedins
4. Hyperthyroidism
5. Cretinism **
6. Hypocalcemic Tetany
7. Functions of Insulin
8. Diabetes Mellitus***
9. Cushing’s Syndrome*****
10. Aldosterone escape***
11. Mechanism of Action of Insulin
12. Name some second messengers
13. C peptide**
14. Calcitriol**
15. Name some hyperglycaemic Hormones

27
 16. Anti-inflammatory actions of cortisol
17. Circadian rhythm
18. Crohn’s syndrome
19. SIADH***
20. Atrial natriuretic peptide
21. Functions of glucagon
22. Permissive actions of cortisol****
23. Parathormone*
24. Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus**
25. Neuroendocrine reflex*
26. Role of Vitamin D in calcium homeostasis****

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Essays
1. Describe the Ovarian changes in Menstrual Cycle****
2. Describe the Endometrial Changes in Menstrual cycle****
3. Describe the Hormonal regulation of Menstrual Cycle****
4. Mention the various phases of menstrual cycle. Correlate the
ovarian changes with it
5. endometrial changes during the menstrual cycle***

Short Notes
1. Stages of Spermatogenesis***
2. Functions of testosterone****
3. Blood - Testis Barrier**
4. Actions of Oestrogen***
5. Ovulation*****
6. Functions of Placenta***
7. Pregnancy Tests*
8. Female contraceptives***
9. Mechanism of Parturition**
10. Structure of mature spermatozoa

28
11. Functions of Sertoli cells***
12. Contraceptives**
13. Composition n functions of semen**
14. Function of Sertoli cells ***
15. Tests for ovulation***
16. Determination of sex**
17. Contraceptives for males****
18. Phases of menstrual cycle*****
19. Barrier contraceptives***

29
 PHYSIOLOGY PAPER – II

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Essays
1. Neural control of respiration. Add a note on periodic
breathing****
2. Chemical control of respiration. Add a note on Cheyne Stoke’s
breathing****
3. Hypoxia – Causes, Types & Features***
4. Explain oxygen dissociation curve with a diagram. Add a note
on Bohr Effect**
5. Describe the mechanism of breathing. Add a note on Pulmonary
surfactants in breathing**

Short Notes
1. Non-respiratory functions of lung*****
2. Special features of pulmonary circulation***
3. Lung volume & capacities**
4. Compliance of lung**
5. Ventilation-Perfusion ratio*
6. Timed vital capacity (FEV1)
7. Functional residual capacity
8. Dead space
9. Decompression sickness (Caisson’s disease/Dysbarism) *
10. Alveolar capillary membrane/Respiratory membrane**
11. Transport of Oxygen & Carbon dioxide***
12. Hamburger Shift & Haldane effect*
13. Hering Breuer reflex**
14. Cheyne Stoke’s breathing*
15. Acclimatization of high altitude**
16. High altitude sickness
17. CPR**
18. Oxygen Therapy

30
 19. Hypercapnia
20. SCUBA
21. Hypoxia**
22. Spirogram*
23. Baroreceptors respiratory membrane

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Essays
1. Describe the structure and functions of the conducting system of
heart. Add a note on AV nodal delay and properties of cardiac
muscle***
2. Define the cardiac cycle, Describe the pressure, volume changes
& various events with a diagram***
3. Define cardiac output, Describe the various factors affecting
Cardiac output, measurement of cardiac output & regulation of
cardiac output****
4. Define ECG, Describe the normal ECG waves, segments &
intervals and add a note on ECG leads and their positioning
5. Define arterial blood pressure, Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic
blood pressure, pulse pressure & mean arterial pressure. Also
describe the mechanism of Regulation of blood pressure
6. Define Shock & enumerate its types, describe hypovolaemic
shock in detail and write about its management

Short Notes
1. Cardiac innervation – Sympathetic & Parasympathetic supply
2. Frank – Startling’s law*
3. Excitation Contraction coupling
4. Properties of cardiac muscle*
5. All or none law
6. Staircase phenomenon
7. Action potential in cardiac tissue – FRAP & SRAP**

31
8. Pacemaker potential***
9. Einthoven Triangle & Kirchoff’s law*
10. Leads of ECG***
11. Cardiac arrythmias (Sinus arrythmia)
12. Conduction block (Idioventricular rhythm & Wolff Parkinson
White syndrome) **
13. Define Heart sounds & add a note on murmurs***
14. Define JVP, Describe its waves and abnormalities*
15. Cardiac index**
16. Preload & Afterload*
17. Regulation of heart rate*
18. Enumerate the reflexes regulating blood pressure
(Baroreceptor, Chemoreceptor, Bainbridge, & Cushing’s
reflex)***
19. Describe arterial pulse with a diagram*
20. Common Abnormal pulses
21. Laplace law and its applications
22. Reynold’s Number & Korotkov’s Sounds**
23. Wind Kessel effect
24. Microcirculation
25. Regulation of cerebral blood flow**
26. Regulation & special features of coronary circulation****
27. Definition and types of shock with its treatment
28. Autoregulation of blood flow*
29. CVS changes during exercise
30. Vascular responses to injury – White reaction & Triple
response***
31. Foetal circulation***
32. Hypertension – definition & its types
33. Definition, types, and clinical features of heart failure*
34. Mechanism of oedema formation in heart failure
35. Significance of PR interval & ST segment****

32
 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Essays
1. Synapse – Definition & its types, mechanism of synaptic
transmission & properties of a synapse*
2. Descending pathway – Enumerate the pathways, describe in
detail about the pyramidal pathway & add a note no effects of
lesions at various levels***
3. Ascending pathway – Enumerate the various tracts, Describe the
posterior column pathway with a diagram & add a note on
abnormalities of dorsal column sensations**
4. Pain – Classify it into types, Describe the receptors of pain and
the pain pathway**
5. Thalamus – Describe in detail about the thalamic nuclei,
Functions of the thalamus & add a note on thalamic syndrome*
6. Hypothalamus – Enumerate the nuclei, Describe the various
connections & its functions, and add a note on global & partial
hypothalamic syndromes***
7. Reticular activating system – Enumerate its functions,
Components and Organisation*
8. Cerebellum – Enumerate the functional lobes, describe its
structure, and functions & add a note on cerebellar diseases***
9. Basal ganglia – Describe its anatomical organisation &
connections (Inputs & Outputs), pathways, Functions &
dysfunctions (Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease)

Short Notes
1. Neuromuscular transmission*
2. Synaptic potential
3. Mechanoreceptors
4. Receptor potential*
5. Properties of receptors (Law of projection)*
6. Dual pathways of pain**
7. Theories of referred pain

33
8. Gate control theory of pain*
9. Endogenous opioid system
10. Descending pain modulating system
11. Trigerminal neuralgia
12. Papez circuit*
13. Sensory homunculus*
14. Motor homunculus**
15. Spinal cord lesions (Brown-Sequard syndrome) ***
16. Muscle spindle & golgi tendon organ
17. Stretch reflex & withdrawal reflex**
18. Spinal reflexes
19. Clasp knife phenomenon & clonus
20. Medullary integration (Decerebrate rigidity)
21. Parkinson’s & Huntington’s disease with its management**
22. Stages of sleep*
23. Control of appetite*
24. Tract of Goll & column of Burdach***
25. Spinocerebellar tract
26. Degeneration & Regeneration of nerve fibres*
27. Hypothalamic thermostat mechanism*
28. Role of hypothalamus in hunger & satiety**
29. Functions of the limbic system**
30. CSF*
31. Berger rhythm (Alpha – rhythm)*
32. Waves of EEG & its clinical significance**
33. EEG changes during sleep*
34. REM & Non-REM sleep**
35. Kluver-Bucy syndrome*
36. Amnesia & dementia*
37. Types & neural mechanisms of memory
38. Functions of thalamus***
39. Saltatory conduction**
40. Brown – Sequard syndrome****

34
 SPECIAL SENSES

Essays
1. Visual pathway – Explain the pathway with a diagram & add a
note on effect of lesions at various levels***
2. Describe photoreceptors, mechanism of phototransduction &
mechanism of dark adaptation*
3. Auditory pathway – Explain the pathway with a diagram,
Describe the mechanism of hearing & add a note on conduction
deafness*
4. Refractive errors & their physiology*

Short Notes
1. Describe aqueous and vitreous humor**
2. Accommodation*
3. Refractive errors of the eye***
4. Structure of the photoreceptors
5. Dark & Light Adaptation***
6. Visual reflexes (Light & Accommodation)*
7. Colour vision & its theories***
8. Middle ear functions & transmission of sound waves***
9. Otolith organ**
10. Cochlear microphonic potential**
11. Hearing defects
12. Travelling wave
13. Transmission of sound waves*
14. Organ of corti & cochlea
15. Taste pathway with diagram****
16. Olfactory pathway with applied physiology*

35
 BIOCHEMISTRY PAPER – I

CELL AND ITS FUNCTIONS

Essays
1. Elaborate on
a) Fluid mosaic model**
b) Factors affecting fluidity of membrane
c) Membrane proteins
2. Elaborate on the Transport mechanisms***
a) Passive
b) Active
c)Transport of large molecules

Short Notes
1. Marker enzymes**
2. Lysosomes and its clinical applications*
3. Peroxisome and mitochondria**
4. Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells**

CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY

Essays
1. Mucopolysaccharides and genetic diseases associated with it ***
2. Isomerism

Short Notes
1. Anomerism **
2. Mutarotation ***
3. Principles of Benedict’s test ****

36
 4. Glycosaminoglycans ***
5. Heteropolysaccharides **
6. Glycoproteins *
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

Essays
1. Glycolysis – Definition, sequence of reaction, energetics, and
regulation***
2. Gluconeogenesis – Definition, sequence, energetics,
regulation***
3. Glycogen synthesis*
4. Glycogenolysis **
5. HMP Shunt and its significance
6. Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates**
7. Regulation of blood glucose level ***
a. In fasting state
b. In fed state
8. Diabetes Mellitus – Definition, metabolic changes,
complications, biochemical investigations, diagnostic criteria *
9. Explain how pyruvate enters Kreb’s cycle for oxidation, how
many ATPs are produced in this pathway.
10. Write in detail about Galactose metabolism and its applied
aspects

Short Notes
1. Substrate Level Phosphorylation (SLP) **
2. Luebering–Rapoport pathway ***
3. Fate of Pyruvate***
4. Lactose intolerance**
5. Oxidative decarboxylation of Pyruvate***
6. Anaplerotic reaction***
7. Cori & Cahill cycle****
8. Von Gierke’s disease*****
9. Galactosemia*****

37
 10. G6PD Deficiency****
11. Uronic acid pathway****
12. Significance of HMP shunt***
13. Pompe disease**
14. McArdle disease**
15. OGTT***
16. Essential Fructosuria***
17. Essential Pentosuria***
18. Sorbitol pathway**
19. Insulin
20. Renal Glycosuria
21. Regulation of blood glucose
22. Isomerism of Carbohydrates
23. Glycosylated haemoglobin
24. Obesity
25. Mention the types of heteropolysaccharides & their functions
26. Advanced Glycation end products
27. State Difference between
a. Starch & Glycogen
b. Dextrin & Dextran
28. Glucose transporters
29. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

LIPID CHEMISTRY

Essays
1. Lecithin / Phosphatidylcholine***
2. Composition and Function of Phospholipids

Short Notes
1. PUFA & its clinical significance***
2. Unsaturated Fatty acid*
3. Function & Clinical application of lipids

38
 4. Describe
a. Saponification***
b. Rancidity of fat*
c. Iodine number**
5. Phospholipids
6. Functions & clinical applications of lipids*
7. Lipoproteins
8. Structure of Cholesterol & its importance
9. Gangliosides
10. Phosphatidylinositol

LIPID METABOLISM

Essays
1. β - oxidation – Definition, β – oxidation of palmitic acid &
energetics, regulation and disorders associated with it***
2. Carnitine transport shuttle and β – oxidation
3. Cholesterol synthesis & substances obtained from cholesterol**
4. Synthesis and utilisation of Ketone bodies, Add a note on
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)***
5. Digestion and Absorption of Fats
6. Cardiac Biomarkers*
7. Draw the Structure of Lipoprotein, classify them & explain in
detail about reverse cholesterol transport
8. Transport of lipids in plasma along with digestion and
absorption of lipids**

Short Notes
1. Source and Fate of Acetyl CoA**
2. Carnitine shuttle
3. Refsum’s disease
4. Respiratory Distress Syndrome
5. Chylomicron metabolism**

39
 6. Adipose tissue in well fed state and fasting state**
7. White & brown adipose tissue*
8. LDL Metabolism***
9. HDL Metabolism / Reverse cholesterol transport**
10. VLDL metabolism***
11. Lipotropic factors**
12. Fatty liver**
13. Products obtained from alcohol
14. Apolipoproteins**
15. Fredrickson’s classification of hyporlipoproteinemia**
16. Prostaglandins**
17. Alcohol metabolism
18. Fatty acid synthase complex
19. Zellweger syndrome
20. Niemann pick syndrome***
21. Gaucher’s disease***
22. LCAT
23. Tay - Sachs disease***
24. Alpha & omega oxidation **
25. Cholesterol structure***
26. Atherosclerosis***
27. Abetalipoproteinemia, Tangier disease ***
28. Formation of bile acids, functions of bile and bile salts*
29. Brief the risks of cardiovascular disorders and their preventive
methods
30. Metabolic syndrome
31. Dyslipidemia
32. Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis

ENZYMES

Essays
1. What are the different types of Enzyme inhibition? Explain with
suitable examples****

40
 2. Define enzymes. Classify Enzymes with suitable examples.
Explain the concept of active site of enzymes***
3. Classify enzymes. Describe in detail the various factors affecting
enzyme action. Add a note on enzyme regulation**
4. Explain the mode of action of Enzymes and describe the factors
affecting Enzyme activity? Brief the analytical uses of enzymes
with example**

Short Notes
1. Classify enzymes with examples*
2. Metalloenzymes and zymogens*
3. Mode of action of enzymes*
4. Mechanism of enzyme action (lock and key model, hand in
glove model, Fischer's template theory and Kochland's induced
fit theory)***
5. Michaelis Menton equation, Michaelis Constant (Km) value and
its significance***
6. Linear Weaver Burk's Plot and its significance***
7. Factors influencing enzyme activity***
8. Enzyme inhibition. Km and Vmax in each case****
9. Competitive enzyme inhibition***
10. Suicide Inhibition**
11. Allosteric regulation*
12. Covalent Modification of enzymes in regulation of enzyme
activities*
13. What are Isoenzymes? Give Examples. Describe their
diagnostic importance****
14. Name 5 enzymes, serum levels of which are increased in
disease conditions, along with the corresponding disease
condition where such changes are seen**

41
 VITAMINS

Essays
1. Chemistry, source, RDA, functions, deficiency manifestations of
Vitamin A ***
2. Chemistry, synthesis, functions, deficiency manifestations and
toxic manifestations of Vitamin D ***
3. Chemistry, functions, deficiency manifestations of Vitamin B1
***
4. Chemistry, functions, deficiency manifestations of Vitamin B12
**
5. Chemistry, RDA, source, functions, deficiency manifestations of
Vitamin C ****
6. Chemistry, functions, deficiency manifestations of Vitamin
Pyridoxine***

Short Notes
1. Beriberi***
2. Wernicke korsakoff syndrome**
3. Pellagra*****
4. Biochemical functions of Pyridoxine******
5. Functions of Folic acid*****
6. Functions of Vitamin C*****
7. Wald’s visual cycle****
8. Hypervitaminosis A**
probable case-based question*
A 10-year-old boy had difficulty in vision at night.
However, his vision was quite normal during daytime except
when he
entered a dimly lit room. On investigation, his plasma
retinol levels were low.
a) suggest a probable diagnosis. Which nutrient deficiency
causes this disease?
b) enumerate any 4 functions of this nutrient

42
 c) note on Wald’s cycle
9. Deficiency manifestations of Vitamin A**
10. Dietary allowances, biochemical functions, and deficiency
11. Manifestations of Vitamin E

ETC & BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION

Essays
1. Components, reactions, and regulation of ETC. Describe the
events and inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation*
2. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Discuss the steps and
mention its significance.

Short Notes
1. Chemiosmotic theory***
2. Components affecting ETC and oxidative phosphorylation
3. Inhibitors of ETC*
4. Oxidative phosphorylation
5. Inhibitors and uncouples of ETC and oxidative phosphorylation
6. Role of cytochrome in ETC

CITRIC ACID CYCLE & METABOLIC

INTEGRATION

Essays
1. Describe the reactions of Krebs cycle, its importance &
energetics. Add a note on Anaplerotic role of TCA***
2. Metabolic adaptation during starvation and fed state**
3. Integrated metabolism at cellular and organ level

43
Short Notes
1. Anaplerotic role of citric acid cycle***
2. Amphibolic role of citric acid cycle**
3. Why is Krebs cycle anabolic in nature?
4. Interpretation of metabolism via TCA cycle
5. Metabolic profile of brain, liver and adipose tissue
6. Metabolic changes during starvation:
a) short term starvation
b) long term starvation

NUTRITION

Short Notes
1. Respiratory quotient
2. Dietary fibres
3. Essential amino acid
4. BMR and affecting factors
5. Nitrogen balance and affecting factors
6. Protein energy malnutrition
7. Obesity
8. Glycaemic index
9. Limiting amino acid
10. Biological value of proteins
11. What is Nitrogen balance? Enumerate the factors affecting
Nitrogen balance

44
 HEME METABOLISM & HEMOGLOBIN

Essays
1. Structure, biosynthesis of heme and functions of Hb
2. Describe in brief Heme synthesis and its Regulation. Add a note
on porphyria, its types, enzymes defect in each type and
findings***
3. Describe in brief degradation of heme and fate of its degradative
product**
4. Disorders of Hb Catabolism
5. Hemoglobinopathies*

Short Notes
1. Heme Catabolism - Generation, transport, and fate Of Bilurubin.
2. Define porphyria and explain any 3 in detail and its clinical
findings and diagnosis
3. Acute Intermittent porphyria**
Probable case-based question
21 y/0 woman who recently began taking Birth control pills
presents to the emergency room with cramping abdominal pain,
anxiety, paranoia, and Hallucination. A surgical evaluation,
including ultrasound and computer Tomography scan, fails to
demonstrate an acute Abdominal process. A urinalysis reveals
an increase in urine ALA and PBG.Give Reason for
development of above symptoms after taking Birth control pills.
4. Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia***
5. Conjugated hyper Bilirubinemia
6. Differential diagnosis of Jaundice
7. Obstructive Jaundice

45
 BIOCHEMISTRY PAPER – II

AMINO ACID &PROTEIN CHEMISTRY

Essays
1. Secondary structure of proteins***
2. Structural organisation of proteins**
3. Precipitation of proteins**
4. Classify amino acids based on structure and give examples. Add
a short note on essential amino acids
5. Write about the general reactions of amino acids
6. Classification of proteins
7. Quantitative estimation of proteins*

Short Notes
1. Structure of collagen
2. Isoelectric point and its significance***
3. Denaturation of proteins***
4. Optical activity**
5. Motif**
6. Biuret method**
7. Conjugated proteins*
8. Significance of heat coagulation**
9. Precipitation by alkaloid reagents**
10. Isoelectric precipitation***
11. Kjeldahl’s procedure
12. Proteomics
13. Primary &Secondary structure of protein
14. Albumin

46
 AMINO ACID & PROTEIN METABOLISM

Essays
1. Formation, transport and disposal of ammonia**
2. Why is ammonia toxic to the body? What are the ways by which
ammonia is disposed of in the body? Add a note on
hyperammonemia condition**
3. Urea cycle- regulations, significance, disorder. What is the
normal urea level and what are the causes of abnormal urea
concentration?**
4. Metabolism of phenylalanine and disorder associated with
it****
5. Tyrosine metabolism and disorder associated with it****
6. Tryptophan metabolism and disorder associated with it***
7. Metabolism of glycine and it’s disorder***
8. Branched chain amino acid – metabolism and disorder*
9. Metabolism of methionine and disorder associated with it.
Explain transmethylation with any 5 examples

Short Notes
1. Digestion and absorption of proteins
2. Transport of ammonia*
3. Transamination reactions*
4. Urea cycle ****
5. Compounds formed from Glycine ****
6. Metabolic disorders of branched chain amino acids*
7. Metabolism of creatine. Clinical relevance of serum creatinine
levels
8. Disorders of phenylalanine and tyrosine (Each separate short
notes)
9. Phenylketonuria*
10. Alkaptonuria
11. Tyrosinemia
12. Functions of tyrosine and compounds derived from tyrosine

47
 13. Compounds derived from tryptophan
14. Carcinoid syndrome
15. Hartnup disease
16. Active forms of methionine and mention its functions
17. Homocystinuria*
18. One carbon metabolism
19. Aminoacidurias
20. Polyamines
21. Formation of uric acid
22. Glutamine

NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM

Essays
1. Describe the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides. Add a note
on its regulation**
2. Explain in detail the formation, fate of uric acid and
abnormalities of urate metabolism
3. De Novo synthesis of pyrimidines and regulation
4. Uric Acid:
a) Reference range of serum uric acid
b) Source of uric acid in the body
c) Ultimate fate of uric acid
d) Causes of abnormalities in levels of serum uric acid

Short Notes
1. Purine salvage pathway and its importance in body****
2. Gout****
3. Hyperuricemia****
4. Catabolism of purines and related disorder
5. Regulation of purine (or pyrimidine) de novo biosynthesis
6. Catabolism of pyrimidine & disorders of pyrimidine metabolism
7. Formation of uric acid

48
 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Essays
1. Protein synthesis / Translation – Steps, post - translational
modifications & inhibitors of protein synthesis
2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – Steps & applications
3. DNA replication in detail with its inhibitors
4. Recombinant DNA technology – Different techniques &
applications *
5. Transcription. Note on Post transcriptional processing &
inhibitors*
6. Describe the separation of serum proteins by paper
electrophoresis.
7. Draw the pattern of electrophoresis in
a) Multiple myeloma
b) Nephrotic syndrome
8. Replication in prokaryotes. Add a note on inhibitors of DNA
replication
9. What is cloning. Mention various types of cloning. Describe
steps involved in recombinant DNA technology

Short Notes
1. Post translational modifications with examples
2. Blotting techniques
3. Genetic code & its properties
4. DNA repair mechanisms
5. Mutation & its types
6. Post transcriptional processing*
7. Reverse transcriptase
8. Plasmid
9. Gene therapy
10. Lac Operon
11. t- RNA structure

49
 12. Restriction endonuclease & their uses
13. m- RNA structure
14. Hybridoma technology & its applications
15. Cloning & its types
16. Protein targeting and degradation
17. Wobble hypothesis
18. RFLP and its application & DNA library TYT
19. Telomerase and it’s application
20. DNA Repair mechanisms with suitable examples
21. Applications of DNA recombinant technology
22. Post transcriptional processing
23. A 42-year-old male was diagnosed with poorly differentiated
adenocarcinoma. A family counselling revealed that they had
five family members with colorectal cancer diagnosed before 45
years of age. Hence all family members were counselled that
this would have been caused by a defect of DNA repair and that
all family members older than 25 years should undergo regular
colonoscopic examination. What are the different DNA repair
mechanisms? Which repair defect causes Hereditary Non
polyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC)? Describe in detail about the
repair mechanism.

MAINTENANCE OF FLUIDS &

ELECTROLYTES

Essays
1. Write in detail about sodium and its role in fluid and electrolyte
balance*
2. Write in detail about potassium and its role in fluid and
electrolyte balance**

Short Notes
1. Causes of hyper and hyponatremia**

50
 2. Renin angiotensin system**
3. Causes of hyper and hypokalemia**
4. Assessment of fluid and electrolyte balance**

ACID – BASE BALANCE & DISORDERS

Essays
1. Normal pH of blood and various mechanisms involved in its
regulation***
2. Plasma and renal buffers in acid base homeostasis ***
3. Disturbances in acid base balance

Short Notes
1. Role of lungs in acid base balance***
2. Renal regulation of acid base homeostasis****
3. Anion gap, it's importance***
4. Metabolic acidosis****
5. Respiratory acidosis and its causes**
6. Composition, action and factors affecting action of buffers
7. Compensated metabolic acidosis

XENOBIOTICS

Essays
1. Define xenobiotics. What is detoxification? Explain the phases
of detoxification in detail***

51
Short Notes
1. Cytochrome p450***
2. Detoxification by Conjugation [ a/k/a phase - 2 detoxification]**
3. Transmethylation reaction.
4. Alcohol metabolism
5. Glutathione

MINERALS

Essays
1. Iron - sources, RDA, biochemical functions, absorption and
regulation (mucosal black theory), deficiency manifestations,
toxicity****, iron homeostasis, diagnosis and treatment of iron
deficiency *
2. Calcium- sources, RDA, functions, absorption, and factors
regulating, deficiency manifestations, homeostasis ****
3. Mention the sources, recommended dietary allowance, function,
abnormal metabolism and deficiency manifestation of copper

Short Notes
1. Functions of calcium, Calcium homeostasis and disorders****
2. Factors regulating calcium homeostasis ***
3. Copper metabolism and its applied aspects *, functional role of
copper*
4. Mucosal black theory ****
5. Digestion, Regulation, absorption, and transport of iron***
6. Iron toxicity and deficiencies**
7. Wilson's disease ****
8. Menke's kinky hair syndrome
9. Lead poisoning*
10. Potassium- homeostasis, normal levels**
11. Fluorosis*
12. Functions of zinc**

52
 HORMONES

Short Notes
1. Classification of hormones (chemical nature, mode of action)
2. Mechanism of action of fat-soluble hormones (steroid
hormones)
3. Melatonin*
4. Mechanism of action of water-soluble hormones (or) G protein
coupled receptors***
5. Secondary messengers**
6. Synthesis and secretion of thyroxine
7. Reason for tachycardia and exophthalmos in Graves' disease-
explain *
8. Role of parathormone in calcium and phosphate homeostasis *

ORGAN FUNCTION TESTS

Essays
1. Liver function test and its significance ****
2. Renal function test and its significance *

Short Notes
1. Laboratory tests for adrenal hypofunction and hyperfunction
diagnosis *
2. Thyroid function test and its normal levels**
3. Classify jaundice based on liver function test**
4. Synthetic and biosynthetic functions of liver**
5. Tests to assess renal tubular functions
6. Proteinuria and its types, significance of microalbuminuria*
7. Creatinine clearance, normal levels of creatinine**
8. Nephrotic syndrome

53
 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
(Laboratory instrumentation, interpretation, AIDS, extracellular
matrix and tissue proteins, immunochemistry, molecular
diagnostics)

Essays
1. Electrophoresis- principle and definition*
2. Draw patterns of electrophoresis (normal, nephrotic syndrome,
multiple myeloma, chronic infections, liver cirrhosis) *
3. Polymerase chain reaction- steps, application, and importance *
4. Cloning- types*

Short Notes
1. Lab diagnosis of multiple myeloma**
2. ELISA**
3. Electrophoresis ***
4. Chromatography*
5. Flame photometry
6. Monoclonal antibodies
7. AIDS and anti-HIV drugs
8. Blotting techniques **
9. Immunoglobulins- types, properties, and functions of each
class**
10. Recombinant DNA technology, DNA fingerprinting-
application and importance *****
11. Collagen*, collagen structure*
12. Cell cycle**
13. Albumin, albumin: globulin ratio reversal**
14. Proto oncogene and Oncogene with clinical Significance. Give
2 Biochemical features of Cancer Cells**
15. Tumor Markers and diagnostic application***
16. Oncosuppressor genes and abnormalities associated with it*
17. Carcinogenic Viruses

54