Global warming and environmental issues are the most influence factors that should take into account

in planner consideration. The development of people, products, energy, and buildings that usually take place at the urban also create problem such as elevated temperature due to thermal stress. Thus, urban in a large scope, play important role in causing an urban heat island (UHI). Increased absorption of solar radiation and anthropogenic heat generation, increased thermal storage, decreased evapotranspiration and reduced urban winds are the possible causes of urban heat island (Yang, Lina et al,2011).Urban heat island also gives a significance impact to the surface energy balance of the city and the energy consumption due to the high demand of cooling energy. Hasid in Yang, Lina et al (2011) showed that the urban heat island can increase the cooling energy and peak demand by as much as 100% in Athens. Kolokotroni in Yang, Lina et al (2011)] showed that a rural site would only need 42% of the cooling required by an urban site due to the impact of the urban heat island on night ventilation strategies. Based on Synnefa, A. (2011) the UHI effects, beside the temperature incensement are: increasing the demand (and peak demand) of energy for cooling and energy prices, accelerating the formation of harmful smog, as increasing energy demand generally results in greater emissions of air pollutants from power plants and higher air temperatures also favor the formation of ground-level ozone, and causing human thermal discomfort and health problems by intensifying heat waves over cities. Urbanization process will produce changes on surface and atmospheric properties of a region. A change in energy flux is the result of interaction between atmosphere and human settlements, while local climate variations are between urban and rural urban areas. Surface temperature, on which mudolates the air temperature of the lowest layer of urban atmosphere, is the central of energy balance of the surface and could help to determine the internal climate of building and has impacts of the energy exchange to the comfort of city dwellers. The assessment of surface energy flux forms the as the basis of climatological and metereological predictions, in which sensible heat flux between solid surface and the atmosphere. Fluxes that intervene surface energy with no linear interactions are: the absorbed solar flux, the emitted and absorbed infrared fluxes, the heat flux by conduction into the solid, and in the presence of vegetation the latent heat flux due to evapotranspiration.

Fig.1 Schematic depiction of radiation and energy fluxes over rural (left) and urban (right) landscapes on a clear day. The width of the arrows approximates the relative size of the flux Source. C. Zhao et al. 2011

There also four significant variables in controlling and creating urban climatic environment, which also related to urban morphology (C. Zhao et al. 2011):

THEORY OF CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING | TASK 1| CYNTHIA P.D

a. Urban structure (dimension of the buildings and the spaces between them, streets width and spacing) b. Urban cover (fraction of built up, paved, vegetated, bare soil and water) c. Urban fabric (construction and natural materials) d. Urban metabolism (heat, water and pollutants due to human activity) Urban climate changes also affected the urban liveability beside global climate. Still, the urban climate can modified and improved to meet residents need through urban planning. Application of climate knowledge in urban planning process is rather low because of the lack of confidence in applying the climate knowledge, the difficult in access the literature and lack of techniques. In practice field, planners seldom transfer complex scientific concept into the planning process. Urban planning indicators usually take into account in the beginning of the planning process are: floor area ratio (FAR), building density (Bd), building height limit (Bh), green space ratio (Gsr), green cover ratio (Gcr), and parameters between building distance. According to C. Zhao et al. (2011), Green Space Ratio (Gsr) is the ratio of the total area of all green spaces (under-the-canopy) to the land, while Green Cover Ratio (Gcr) is the ratio of the total area of all green spaces (above-the-canopy) to the area of the land. The difference between Gsr and Gcr that Gcr seems more appropriate for urban meteorological research because it affects urban climate such as radiation and surface temperature. Parameters for building distance are used to determine the minimum spacing between adjacent buildings, especially for multistory buildings, including sunshine distance, fireproof distance, and ventilation distance. Okeil,A.2010 stated that atmosphere in urban area could divided into urban boundary layer (100-3000m) and urban canopy layer. It its urban boundary layer that directly influenced by urban development and respond to friction drag, pollutant emission, evaporation and transpiration, and terrain induced airflow modification. On the other hand, urban canopy layer, on which placed below the roof level, is the area that most solar energy received neither on building facades or the ground, that absorb and causing the air temperature rises. Since the air temperature is high, the airflow in urban canopy layer that slower than in rural area make the UHI worse. Streets (Okeil,A.2010) are well defined as urban canyons with constant height and width and one imaginary horizontal plane at roof level separates the urban canopy layer from the urban boundary layer. The air exchange between both layer creates three airflow regimes: (a) the isolated obstacle regime; (b) the wake interference regime; and (c) the skimming regime.

Fig.2 Regimes of airflow over an array of obstacles and the main flow features associated with each Source. Okeil,A.2010

THEORY OF CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING | TASK 1| CYNTHIA P.D

Solar energy, which falling on urban area, is received by both building and the ground between buildings. In building scale, the components that receive solar energy are roof and facades. Solar energy that fall in building still could be utilized by technology such as PV (photovoltaic) panels. On the other hand, in urban scope, it is still hard to utilize the solar energy that fall on the ground in urban surface. Pavement cover plays an important role in citys surface and on UHI effects. Conventional pavement usually use concrete and asphalt with solar reflectance value of 4%-5%, which on the summertime could reach peak temperature by 48670C. Asaeda in A. Synnefa et al (2011) found that in Tokyo, the pavement heat flux is equal to about half the energy consumption rate of the city. Beside the concrete and asphalt, there were dark paints, dark plaster, dark cladding, and bricks that absorb and store more heat than other natural surfaces in rural areas surrounding the city. The solar energy that absorb on paved grounds, roofs and facades then lead into surface temperature of urban. As the citys surface temperature increases, the overall temperature also increases. In addition to heat that produced from industrial and transportation activities. In Nanjing, China, the simulation experiment was held in investigating the underground temperatures of concrete and bare soil..

Fig.3 Temperature and moisture monitoring diagram. Source. C. Liu et al.2011.

Fig.4 Two-month average temperatures of three surface types and Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII). Source. C. Liu et al.2011.

The experiment result that the total UHI includes environmental UHI and surface UHI are about 1.680C and 2.020C (0.2-3m average), with note that the environmental UHI is approximated to

THEORY OF CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING | TASK 1| CYNTHIA P.D

the corresponding air UHI. The urban underground temperatures (concrete surface) are greater than the suburban underground temperatures, and the average difference is around 3-40C. The simulation results indicate that the soil temperature within 0.6m is influenced by diurnal temperature fluctuation. The average deviation between simulated temperatures and measured temperatures generally decreases with increasing depth. At the depths of 1 m, 2mand 3 m, the average deviations are around 0.3 0C. Moreover, the data and the corresponding error analyses showed that UHI, surface types and rainfall infiltration have a major impact on underground soil temperature and moisture. Mitigating UHI effect The mitigation of urban heat island effect could also focusing on vegetation, green UHI can increase temperature in a city by 2 0-50C and can be 120C in the evening (Okeil,A.2010). According to Okeil, A (2010) the strategies in mitigating UHI effect are: 1. Mitigating UHI trough improvement of airflow Upstream tall building cause additional vertical flow up from the street canyon to urban boundary layer. Downstream building cause additional vertical flow down from the urban boundary layer into urban canopy layer. Also, additional exchange cause by additional wakes and horseshoe vortices occurred by the present of a few widely spaced tall building that rise above surrounding urban canopy layer. Within urban canopy layer, the air exchange between streets and courts is enhanced by providing adequate apertures between these spaces.

Fig.5 Flow field at street intersection with a tall building illustrating exchanges between the streets and additional mixing processes due to the large building Source. Okeil,A.2010

2. Mitigationg UHI through transportation energy reduction For decades, the trend of urban planning followed models of separated zone. The character of housing development where separate the residential area from the places such as shopping center, work-office place, recreational and educational is no longer effective due to the fuel energy that we need to reach the supporting function above (shopping center, etc). The integrated design to achieve a sustainable city now started to create an integrated place that combine more than one function in one single buiding, usually called by mixed use building. Thus, the urban dwellers could reduce the need of fuel energy

THEORY OF CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING | TASK 1| CYNTHIA P.D

THEORY OF CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING | TASK 1| CYNTHIA P.D

REFERENCES Synnefa, A.et al (2011). Experimental testing of cool colored thin layer asphalt and estimation of its potential to improve the urban microclimate. Building and Environment 46 (2011) C. Liu et al.2011. A numerical and field investigation of underground temperatures under Urban Heat Island. Building and Environment 46 (2011) Dewanto, Rudy. http://www.rudydewanto.com/ Okeil, Ahmad. 2010. A holistic approach to energy efficient building forms. Energy and Buildings 42 (2010). Shen , Yuming . 2009. Green Design and the City.www.greendesignetc.net/ Yang, Lina and Yuguo Li.2011. Thermal conditions and ventilation in an ideal city model of Hong Kong. Energy and Buildings 43 (2011)

THEORY OF CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING | TASK 1| CYNTHIA P.D