METAMORPHISM & IGNEOUS ROCKS

1. How metamorphic rocks are formed?

2. How igneous rocks are formed?
METAMORPHISM – defined as the change that takes place within a body of rock as a result of it being subjected to conditions
that are different from those in which it is formed.
In metamorphism, rocks do not actually melt. They become more dense and more compact. Minerals may also be
changed or rearranged due to chemical reactions and it involve fluids that enter rocks.

Two Types of Metamorphism:

1. REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
2. CONTACT METAMORPHISM
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF METAMORPHIC ROCK ACCORDING TO TEXTURE:
1. FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCK – mineral flakes appear to be parallel to the rock. When rocks break, a thin rock
fragment will result.
2. NON-FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCK – minerals appear to be randomly oriented without obvious banding & have a
granular appearance. When rocks break, there will be no layers and they will not flake apart into thin layers.
 IGNEOUS ROCKS
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS – formed from cooled magma.
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS – formed from cooled lava.
 VESICULAR – many pits from glass escapes
INTRUSIVE EXTRUSIVE basalt
Location Beneath Surface  PORPHYRITIC – large and small andesite
Process Plutonic Volcanic porphyry
Origin Magma Lava GLASSY TEXTURE – glassy obsidian
Color Dark Light
Density Dense Low density CLASSIFICATION BASED ON COMPOSITION
Composition Mafic (Mg, Fe) Felsic feldspar Dependent on silica content (SiO2)- silica
(Al) determines whether the minerals will be present or
Rate of Cooling Slow Fast not in the rocks.
Size of Grains Large/coarse Small/fine
ULTRAMAFIC MAFIC
Size of Crystals Large crystals Small/no
crystals  High silica content  Low silica content
(>45%) (45-52%)
 Very dark color  Dark, black
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TEXTURE:
Texture is the size and arrangement of minerals INTERMEDIATE Felsic
in the rock  High silica content  Very high silica
(53-65%) content (<65%)
 PHANERITIC – large minerals granite  Gray  Light color
 APHAMITIC – too small minerals basalt