Summary

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURAL TIME PERIOD

PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD MEGALITHS (Ancient Stone Monuments); MONUMENTAL; EARLY SETTLEMENTS
STONE AGE
46,000 YA PALEOLITHIC Period Old Stone Age; Nomadic; Hunting & Gathering; Cro-Magnons Cave Painting
MESOLITHIC Period Mid-Stone Age
10,000 YA NEOLITHIC Period New Stone Age; Agriculture, domestication
BRONZE AGE MINOAN Period – Crete & Greek
IRON AGE Use of Iron; Development of written language
40,000 BCE UBBIR ABORIGINAL ROCK PAINTINGS
30,000 BCE LASCAUX, FRANCE ANIMAL CAVE PAINTINGS
22,000 – 14,000 BCE PEAK & DECLINE OF ICE AGE NEW LAND RIDGES; MIGRATION
12,000 BCE CAVES NEAR WATER PROLIFERATION OF HUMANS ACROSS GLOBE
ST
10,000 – 5,000 BCEEARLY NEOLITHIC PERIOD 1 STRUCTURE BUILT; RELIGIOUS CENTERS
9,000 BCE GOBLEKI TEPE, TURKEY 3m HIGH MONOLITH LIMESTONE PILLARS; RELIEFS PRE-EXIST
6,000 BCE NABTA PLAYA, S. EGYPT 4m DIAMETER STONE CIRCLE, 4,500 YRS EARLIER
3,500 – 3,000 BCE NIUHELIANG RITUAL CENTER, MONGOLIA 14 (40x60m) BURIAL MOUNDS & ALTARS OVER RIDGES
2,600 BCE STONEHENGE, SALISBURY, WILTSHIRE, ENGLAND MODIFIED BY THE BEAKER PEOPLE (THEORY)
“SARCEN CIRCLE;”CONTEMPORARY W/ UR &THE END OF PYRAMID AGE; BUILT & MODIFIED IN PHASES
CALLANISH STONES, Scotland – Prehistoric Stones, Circular, Ritual Purpose
TEMPLE OF TARXIEN, Malta – Famous for its Carved Stones
UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Organization
RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS
MENHIR MONOLITH THAT MARKS A BURIAL MOUND; Single / Parallel Rows, Upright Monolith, memorial or tribe victory
Monoliths or Menhirs – prototypes of EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS
DOLMEN tomb, standing stone capped with stone slab
COVE 3 standing stones (2 at sides, 1 at rear)
TRILITHON 2 upright stones with a lintel on top
CROMLECH circular MEGALITH stone enclosure (e.g. Stonehenge, England)
BURIAL MONUMENT
TUMULUS PASSAGE GRAVE / BARROW; PREHISTORIC BURIAL MOUND (e.g. Treasury of Atreus, Greece)
EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENTS
The 1st Architectural Developments were TOMBS to preserve the memory of CLAN LINEAGES
BARROW TOMBS SLAB STONE CHAMBER; narrow passage, artificial earth mound cover or BARROW
1ST HOUSES – TENT LIKE STRUCTURES
AMERICAN INDIAN
TEEPEE cooler climate; conical tent, wood poles as framework& animal skins; portable Indian shelter
WIGWAM forest area; round/oval shape; tree bark as wood framework
HOGAN drier area; logs as wood framework & mud; Navaho Indian dwelling
SOUTH ITALY
TRULLO stonework; square chambers, conical vaulted roof (e.g. Apulia, Italy | Alberobello, Bari Province)
MONGOLIA
YURTS circular tent made of wool felt stretched over a wooden frame
OTHER PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS
BEEHIVE HUT CLOCHAN; dry wall stone shelter, corbelled roof (e.g. Kerry, Ireland)
IGLOO Inuit (Eskimo) snow block dome house
NIGERIAN HUT mud walls, roof of palm leaves
IRAQI MUDHIF made of Reed mats and Reed platform
SUMATRAN HOUSE multi-family house, made of Timber & Palm leaves, has fenced pen & livestock underneath
EARLY CITIES hunters started farming communities, permanent settlements

JERICHO Oldest continually-inhabited city, hilltop city with stone houses (e.g. Tell Es-Sultan, Jordan)
KHIROKITIA (Cyprus) Earliest Neolithic Village, hilltop city, circular limestone houses (2-9m diameter), plastered floors
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RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS
5,000 BCE MESOPOTAMIA (now IRAQ) MONUMENTAL; ARCTUATED Structures; Conglomeration of Babylonian & Assyrian AR
Fertile Crescent; Between TIGRIS & EUPHATES RIVER
Largest network of village & cities in the world
Reunited Kingdom under the Kings of UR – King UR-NAMMU
UBAID – Prehistoric Period of Mesopotamia
FALL OF MESOPOTAMIA – DEFORESTATION & MINING – Changed region’s microclimate & caused desertification
SUMERIAN (5000 – 2000 BC) Monumental Temples of Sun-dried bricks, CUNEIFORM

AKKADIAN (5000 – 2000 BC) With Sumerians
BABYLON (2000 – 1600 BC) or CHALDEA; Lower Mesopotamia
ASSYRIAN (900 – 700 BC) City of ASHUR– Now SYRIA
PERSIAN & MEDIAN (500 – 331 BC) PERSEPOLIS
ORIENTATION 4 CORNERS TOWARDS CARDINAL POINTS

(2) TWO ECONOMIC ORIENTATIONS
UPHILL – Mining Region
DOWNHILL – Agriculture Region
DWELLINGS known as MEGARON, Early GREEK Dwelling; Entrance at end rather than on the long sides
TELL HILLROCK; MOUND W/ MUD-BRICK HOUSE REMAINS
CATAL HUYUK KONYA PROVINCE, TURKEY
Largest & most preserved Neolithic Village; One of the earliest towns recorded; central of metal trade
Cluster / architectural mass of rectangular, flat roof, mud houses; no streets/passageways
Belief: stacked houses; build new house over old house where family member is to be buried
5,000 – 2,000 BC SUMERIANS & AKKADIANS North; Agriculture & Mining

First to develop societal system / class hierarchy; alongside Ubaids
SUMERIAN Monumental Temples of Sun-dried bricks
CUNEIFORM 1ST Recorded Writing System
ZIGGURAT, UR Stepped structure for worship (Fire Altar at the Top); 7-Storey, 21m High, 65 x 100m, 3 monumental staircases
Also called “SOURCE OF LIFE”
Painted Terraces – Depicts Myth – EA defeating APSU
West – White – Symbolizes Mesopotamian Deity APSU; Middle – Black – Symbolizes Mesopotamian Deity EA
Highest – Red – Symbolizes Sun Burnt Air; Topmost – Blue –Symbolizes Heavens
AKKADIAN Under the rule of SARGON; joined & dominated Sumerians; Mountain Tribes; Metalwork;
Changed Village-Based Civilization to Royalty/Ruler Concept
ASSYRIAN City of ASHUR – Now SYRIA; War-like; Military Superiority (Manifested in buildings); control over Nile River & Egypt
Built City Palaces and Interior Courts; took precedence over Religious Structures;
Apartments in an Assyrian Palace:
SERAGLIO Palace Proper
HAREM for Private Family / Private Chamber
KHAN Service Chamber
RELIGION POLYTHEISM – worship heavenly bodies, deities
CONSTRUCTION ARCH & VAULT; BATTLEMENTED CRESTINGS on top of walls
VENTILATION TERRA COTTA PIPES in Assyrian palaces
DECORATION Colossal Winged Bulls – low relief sculpture in stone murals, guarding chief portals
LAMASSU (Bull-Man) Mythical Beast on Doorway; Protective Spirit
APSASU (Female); SHEDU (Male) has 5TH Leg
DUK–SHARRUKIN PALACE OF SARGON, Khorsabad, Iraq, Sargon II
Squarish Parallelogram City within Walls with a 7-staged Ziggurat
Palaces, temples, government bldgs., harem, stables, & public reception rooms
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BABYLONIAN or CHALDEA Decline on Assyrian Empire under NEBUCHADNEZZAR

Last great Mesopotamian City before falling into the PERSIAN EMPIRE
FLOODS & HEAVY RAINS in ASSYRIA & BABYLON; Hence, the use of BRICKS than earthen clay
Floods & Heavy Rains = “ZIGGURATS”
(2) TWO Residential Districts Adjacent to Shore Palace Compound & Ziggurat Compound
RELIGION MARDUK – God of BABYLON; POLYTHEISM
DECORATION Bull & Lion idols
LAW OF HAMMURABI / HAMMURABI’S CODE 282 Rules written by the KING HAMMURABI
First list of laws carved onto a black stone STELE (pillar)
ETEMENANKI Candidate for the TOWER OF BABEL; Made to worship Babylonian god Marduk
Described in the Bible, built in Babylon, by King Nebuchadnezzar II to “rival Heaven”
CORNERS face the CARDINAL POINTS
HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON SUMMER PALACE COMPLEX; Irrigated by Chain Pumps
One of the “7 WONDERS OF ANCIENT WORLD”
ISHTAR GATE Icon of Mesopotamian Architecture; 4-STOREY Portal gate, glazed brick, colorful tiles, bull & dragon décor
ZIGGURAT AT BORSIPPA Rebuilt by NEBUCHADBEZZAR
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION First PROTO-URBAN ENVIRONMENT; Associated themselves with their trade
No ritual sites and No burial cults Mastered GRAIN CULTIVATION – Multi-room Granaries or Silos
Masters of Manipulating Water– Man-Made Lakes
(4) FOUR RIVER VALLEY SYSTEM
Nile River – Egypt
Indus River – INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION OR HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
Yellow River – Chinese Civilization
Meso River
CONSTRUCTION Drainage System Defensive Walls; Road Networks; Uptown and Downtown
DHOLAVIRA Reverse HYDRO-ENGINEERING problem; retain water from man-made lakes for irrigation, etc.
MOHENJO DARO Dominant South Indus City; prone to Flash floods
Culverts & Raised Brick Platforms; Drains which lead to Settling Tanks
MOHENJO DARO, RAKHIGARHI, GANWERIWALA Rebuilt 7 times; series of flash floods
THE GREAT BATH City Social Center; BITUMEN WATERPROOFING; 12x7x3 pool accessed by stairs
HARAPPA One of the Dominant Cities
GHAGGAR HAKRA RIVER
MESO AMERICA CIVILIZATION MIDDLE AMERICAN PERIOD

Fall of Civilization – Wipeout via Disease from Europeans
OLMECS LA VENTA PYRAMID; COLLOSAL HEAD SCULPTURES, MEXICO

MAYANS TIKAL AND PALENQUE – Similar to Ziggurat
AZTECS TEMPLO MAYOR – main temple in the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlan
INCANS MACCU PICCHU – Most Famous; Elevated/Mounted; Large Materials; Level of Accuracy; Cyclopean Walls
HITTITE ARCHITECTURE 1400 – 1190 BC HITTITE EMPIRE (ANCIENT ANATOLIA) – Present-day TURKEY
Located at Asia minor & Northern Syria – in a rocky land with limestone cliffs; The Hittites had plentiful natural resources for building
Remains of heavy stone construction shows its architecture with a clear defensive purpose.
CONSTRUCTION ROCK RELIEFS; Fortifications of CYCLOPEAN STONE MASONRY& PORTAL GATEWAYS
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EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (April 2021) Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) / Giza Museum
3050 BC - 900 BC; 3200 BC – 1st Cen. AD SIMPLICITY, MASSIVENESS, MONUMENTALITY; GRANEUR
MONARCHY – Form of Government
30 dynasties (3rd Millennium BC to Roman Period) Egypt was Part of Persian
Empire for 2 Centuries before invasion of Alexander the Great
OSIRIS PILLARS – Forerunners of the Caryatids of Greece
ROSETTA STONE – Granodiorite Stele; Key to Deciphering Egyptian Writing (Hieroglyphs); Decree by PTOLEMY V
Contains Hieroglyphic Script (top); Demotic Script (middle), and Ancient Greek (bottom)
PYLONS – Monumental Gateway to Temple, Slanting Walls, Flanking to Entry Portal (Temple of Isis, Philae)
FORTRESSES – located at West bank of Nile or on Islands
FORTRESS OF BUHEN– Largest Fortified town near Nubia, from here they could trade & invade lands to the South
MATERIALS Stone; Mud bricks – for houses, palaces; Sand-Dried Bricks – clay& stone for pyramids & temples;
Date Palm & Palm Leaves – for Roofing; Acacia – boats; Sycamore – Mummy Cases;
Soft Stones ( Limestone; Sandstone; Alabaster ) & Hard Stones ( Granite; Basalt; Quartzite )
Other materials, metals and timber were imported
ORIENTATION Faces Toward CARDINAL POINTS NOT CORNERS its SIDES face towards Cardinal Points
CONSTRUCTION Post & Lintel; Columnar or Trabeated
HYPOSTYLE HALLRow of Columns supporting Flat Roof
HYPAETHRAL or KIOSK – Classical Temple; wholly / partly open to the sky; Freestanding stone canopy
Flat Roofs –Due to absence of Rain; No Windows – to cut heat penetration and sandstorm
BATTERED WALL Inclination from base to top of façade; Unbroken Massive Walls – Protects interior from heat
DECORATION Gorge, Hollow, Bead, Roll, & Torus Moulding (inspired by reeds);
Lotus, Papyrus, Palm Capitals (inspired by plants, fertility symbol)
ANCIENT / OLD KINGDOM (1ST to 10TH Dynasty) – Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt
CONSTRUCTION Scale Difference; imposing human scale, to separate divine & mortal world
3RD DYNASTY KING ZOSER – Politically Stable
MASTABA Egyptian BURIAL MOUND; 1st Type of Egypt Tomb,Tomb means “House of Eternity”
Rectangular, flat-top, Battered sides, Tomb made for the Nobility or Royal family
Parts:
1) SERDAB – Inner Secret Chamber, Has Statue Of Deceased
Narrow Chamber with STELAE – deceased name inscribed and an offering table
2) OFFERING CHAPEL
3) SARCOPHAGUS CHAMBER
STEPPED PYRAMID of Zoser, Saqqara 1st Large-Scale Monument in Stone; Oldest Surviving Masonry Building
Designed By IMHOTEP (1st Architect)
MORTUARY TEMPLE OF ZOSER
MEMPHIS Geographic Term: HUT–KA–PTAH / HAYKUPTAH;
means “MANSION OF PTAH;” “Ptah” as Origin of the word, “EGYPT”
TH
4 DYNASTY SNEFRU
Built a Stepped-Faced Pyramid at MEIDUM Unfinished & Abandoned
BENT PYRAMID SENEFERU (2600 BC) 54 to 43 degree inclination; 150m High
RED PYRAMID 1ST TRUE PYRAMID; Red Cast Stone – His Actual Burial Place
Perfect System of Tomb Chambers; Model of Subsequent Pyramids
PYRAMIDS OF GIZA Most magnificent of Pyramids SIDES (NOTCORNERS i.e. Ziggurats) face towards Cardinal Points
THI – Architect-In-Charge / Supervisor of Pyramid Complex
Pyramid of CHEOPS KHUFU (Tallest; equated to the St. Peter Cathedral)
Pyramid of CHEPREN KHAFRA or KHAFRE
Great Sphinx King CHEPREN as a Man-Lion (Represents Horus)
Pyramid of MYKERINOS MENKAURE (Smallest)
PARTS OF A PYRAMID COMPLEX:
(1) PYRAMID – Massive Funerary Structure of Stone or Brick, came in Complexes
(2) MORTUARY CHAPEL; (3) VALLEY BUILDING; (4) ELEVATED & ENCLOSED CAUSEWAYS
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MIDDLE KINGDOM (11TH to 17TH Dynasty) Shifted from PYRAMIDS to TOMB TEMPLES
TEMPLE TYPES:
1) MORTUARY TEMPLES – Worship, in honor of Pharoahs
2) CULT TEMPLES – Worship, in honor of god Temple of Khons – Has Avenue of Sphinx, Typical Hypostyle Hall
3) ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMB – for Nobles MENTUHETEP II – 1ST to Develop Rock-Cut Tombs
Tomb of The Kings, Thebes; Tombs at Beni Hasan
OBELISK, HELIOPOLIS, by SENUSRET 1ST upright square stone; electrum-capped pyramidion; hieroglyphics on 4-sides, usually in
pairs, height of 9-10 times the diameter at the base, symbolizes sun-god Heliopolis
VALLEY BUILDINGWhere EMBALMENT & RITES TOOK PLACE
NEW EMPIRE(18TH to 30TH Dynasty) AMUN–RE – (Sun/Heaven god) became National Deity of the new kingdom; dozens of temple built in his honor
COLUMNS & CAPITALS 1st to develop columns as more than just a load-bearing device
Archetype of a DJED PILLAR (Ancient Egypt) – placing a capital
ORNAMENTS Scarab Beetle – Resurrection; Solar Discs & Wings – Protection;
Lotus, Papyrus Palm – Fertility; Spirals & Feathers – Eternity
OBELISK, PIAZZA OF S. GIOVANNI– 4-sided monolith w/ Pyramidion cap; originally from TEMPLE OF AMMON, KARNAK
DER–EL–BAHARI( MORTUARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT) Most Impressive Rock-Cut Temple in Size; Carved off a Cliff
Dedicated to Hathor, does not contain her tomb; ANUBIS SHRINE
SENMUT – Built DER–EL–BAHARI
GREAT TEMPLE OF AMMON, KARNAK GRANDEST FREESTANDING STRUCTURE of all Egyptian temples built
AMENEMHAT 1ST– founded Great Temple of KARNAK (Grandest of all temples)
THOTMES 1ST – ADDITIONS to KARNAK temple INENI – Architect of KARNAK Temple
RAMESES 1ST –began construction of the HYPOSTYLE HALL
RAMESES 2ND – finished construction of the HYPOSTYLE HALL; great builder, fascinated w/ AR
TEMPLE OF LUXOR, KARNAK Has AVENUE OF THESPHINX; Cult Temple
Alternating Sphinxes – Androsphinx (man); Hieracosphinx (Falcon); Criosphinx (Ram)
TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL, by RAMESES 3RD Pinnacle of Egyptian Rock-Cut Temple RAMESES II – Constructed by
Most STUPENDOUS (INTRICATE) Rock-cut Temple; 22m Tall
4 rock-cut colossal statues of RAMESES 3RDwith Queen & Children at foot; has Baboon Sculptures
MAMMISI TEMPLE Became the prototype of Greek Doric Temples
RAMESSEUM, by RAMESES 2ND Funerary Temple, Dedicated to Rameses 2ND& Amon, Also has 4 Colossal Figures
COLOSSI OF MEMNON One of the Wonders of the Ancient World; Erected by AMENOPHIS 3RD
PTOLEMAIC PERIOD
PTOLEMY 2ND Built the ancient lighthouse “LIGHT HOUSE, PHAROS” or “LIGHTHOUSE OF ALEXANDRIA”
In honor of Alexander the Great Architect SOSTRATUS OF CINDUS
PTOLEMY 3RD Founded the “GREAT SERAPEUM, OF ALEXANDRIA” – Housed the LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA
Dedicated to SERAPIS, Largest of all Serapa in Alexandria Architect PARMENISKOS
PERSIAN EMPIRE: PALACE COMPLEX OF PERSEPOLIS
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PERSIAN EMPIRE (500–550 BCE Achaemenid Dynasty to 331 BCE conquest by ALEXANDER THE GREAT – looted & burned the city after)
Major influence on Western & Central Asia – took advantage & expanded after the collapse of EGYPT, ASSYRIAN, & BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
Characterized by a SYNTHESIS OF ARCHL ELEMENTS of surrounding countries, such as Assyria, Egypt, and Ionian Greece
CLIMATE Dry & Hot Climate = Open Column-Type Temples;
MATERIALS Rarely rains in Persia, hence the use of TIMBER & COLORED LIMESTONE
RELIGION MONOTHEISM – believers of good & evil, ethical forces
MATERIALS Greek + Egyptian influence; Stone mostly for fire-temples & palace platforms due to scarcity
CONSTRUCTION Massive stone or marble blocks
WALLS Double mud-brick walls for stability
COLUMNAR &TRABEATED with Flat Roof Timbers rather than vaults, sometimes domed
CLERESTORY LIGHTING of Temples
ARCHES Circular & Pointed Arch
PERSIAN TILES World famous for their texture & colors
MOULDINGS Ogee, Bead, & Hollow molding
COLUMNATION &CAPITALS Introduced the use of columns; DOUBLE-BULL / GRIFFIN / HORSE Capitals & Ionic Scroll
SASSANIAN Link between older Mesopotamia & Byzantine; Palaces with elliptical vaults & domes set on Squinches & stuccoed masonry walls
PERSEPOLIS Fars Province, Iran, Darius; Not war but negotiation, Multi-cultural; Dynastic Burial Site; Hillside Tombs
City of Persians; Built an extensive ROAD NETWORK, Drainage & Water System on its Complex
PALACE COMPLEX OF PERSEPOLIS (300m x 45m) BIGGEST PALACE IN MESOPOTAMIA
Eight (8) Parts of the Palace Complex:
1.) PALACE OF DARIUS has reliefs Started & Finished by DARIUS
2.) TREASURY ARMORY & ROYAL STOREHOUSE; Former Reception Hall before the Throne Hall was finished
Started & Finished by DARIUS
3.) APADANA Grand columnar AUDIENCE HALL in a Persian Palace Started by DARIUS ; Finished by XERXES
4.) GATE OF XERXES Only access to Throne Started & Finished by XERXES
5.) PALACE OF XERXES Twice bigger than the Palace of Darius Started & Finished by XERXES
6.) COUNCIL HALL Three (3) entries to the Royal Apartments; one led to the Harem Started & Finished by XERXES
7.) HAREM ROYAL LADIES’ RESIDENCE Started & Finished by XERXES
8.) THRONE HALL 2nd Largest; HALL OF 100 COLUMNS Started by XERXES ; Finished by ARTAXERXES the 1st
HYPOSTYLE HALL OF XERXES 72 black marble columns supports flat roof

PALACE PLATFORM OF PERSEPOLIS Grand Steps leading to Apadana (Audience Hall) of Persepolis
GREEK ARCHITECTURE 850 BC - 476 AD REFINEMENT OF LINE & SIMPLICITY OF DETAIL; CLARITY, STRENGTH & REPOSE
Mainland Greece, Cyclades, & Crete Island, Italy & Sicily; Archipelago & Islands: Sea as means of Trade
Rugged Mountains Made Communication Difficult; Mountains separated inhabitants into groups, clans, states
Destroyed by Volcanic Eruptions & Fire; Sea Trade takeover by Mycenaean
CLIMATE Rigorous cold to relaxing heat; Clear atmosphere & intense light – conducive to create precise forms
RELIGION Nature worship; Greek gods & Roman counterparts, deities
Religious rites; Ritual dances; Sacred games; Sacrifices; Greeks sought advice from oracles – oracle at Delphi
ORIENTATION Entrances& Temples faced EAST
Greek Architecture has Spiritual Appeal; Judicial activities, dramatic presentations, public ceremonies took place in the open air
Perfected Proportions In Construction Systems; Sophisticated Optical Corrections Mathematical Ratios
CONSTRUCTION First Evidence of WOODEN STRUCTURE Upright Posts, Supporting Beams & Sloping Rafters
▪ POST & LINTEL Construction ● Roof Truss – made large spaces to be unhindered by columns
▪ COLUMNAR &TRABEATED ● Major Public Bldgs. – Built with Limestone & Marbles held in
▪ Doric, Ionic, & Corinthian Orders place by Bronze/Iron Pins set into molten lead
MATERIAL MARBLE main material
DECORATION MOULDINGS; Refined & delicate in contour, due to fineness of marble and the clarity of atmosphere and light
METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING No windows
CLERESTORY – At roof & upper portion of wall; &SKYLIGHT – Made of thin, translucent marble
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GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREECE: Now TURKEY

(3000 BC - 1100 BC)AEGEAN CIVILIZATION also called, ANCIENT ATHENS– Refers to BRONZE AGE; Greek Civilization around Aegean Sea
Consists of MINOAN AND MYCANAEAN
Flourished in Crete, after King Minos of Knossos – Knossos was the largest city
Trade and communications produced a unity of culture and economic stability
ORIENTATION Temples- Facade at EAST
RELIGION Primitive stage of nature worship;
Priestesses conducted religious rites, sacred games, ritual dances, worship on sacrificial altars
MATERIALS Terracotta, Limestone & Marble, Timber, Stone
PLAN HIPPODAMIAN GRID SYSTEM; Rectilinear Town Layout By: Ionian Hippodamus of Miletus (5th Cen. BC)
CONSTRUCTION Trabeation; Corbelled Arch; Bulbous Echinus & Square Abacus Capitals
CYCLOPEAN WALLS Large Stones w/o Mortar On Clay Bedding
Types of Wall Construction CYCLOPEAN BLOCKS; POLYGONAL; RECTANGULAR / DOWELED
DECORATION Plastered Walls with Colored Frescoes
(1800 BC – 1300 BC) MINOAN PERIOD (Early Bronze Age) – HELLADIC PERIOD GRACEFUL, BEAUTIFUL, &COLORFUL
Grand Palaces & “Court-Centered Bldgs.”; More of Traders than Warriors. Hence, palaces had no fortification walls
Centered in Crete; famous for PALACE COMPLEX, KNOSSOS; named after King Minos of Knossos
PALACE COMPLEX, KNOSSOS Largest 3-Acre Complex; Largest Palace built by Minoans
Contained residences kitchens, storage rooms, bathrooms, ceremonial rooms, workshops & sanctuaries
Drainage System, Baths, Toilets, 16 Storage Rooms (for oil, wool, & grain) Theatres & Ritual Centers
Decorated with FRESCOES; Tapered down CYPRESS COLUMNS
PALACE OF KING MINOS Labyrinth Construction to retain Minotaur Son; Created by DAEDALUS
(1550 to 1100 BC) MYCANAEAN PERIOD (Late Bronze Age) – LATE HELLADIC PERIOD
Sea-faring people, city was close to the sea; Pirates; active in Sea Trading; became a unified social order;
building techniques from Minoans; Architecture centered on MEGARON (Great Hall)
Unlike the Minoans, the Mycenaeans built more fortresses (cyclopean walls)
With CITADELS than religious shrines; has LION GATE ENTRANCE
MEGARON (HOUSE) Single-storey, central room, portico entry, columns, support roof; has
THALAMUS (BEDROOM)
THOLOS or BEEHIVE TOMBS – “false dome” construction with inner chambers Large Circular Burial
TOMB OF AGAMEMNON / TREASURY OF ATREUS Tholos; Most Finely Built BEEHIVE TOMB; made of Fine-cut Ashlar Blocks
Has 2 half column at Entry with chevrons & spirals; Six (6) Chamber Tomb;
15m Circular Chamber; 36m X 6m DROMOS / Passageway to Tholos
(650 / 480 BC – 323 BC) CLASSICAL PERIOD HELLENIC PERIOD

Emergence of DORIC, IONIC, & CORINTHIAN ORDERS
Greek Enterprise relied on SEA TRADE; Persians relied on Road Networks; Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Persia, Asia Minor, Egypt, Syria, Afghanistan
The "polis" emerged – City-states developed on the plains between mountains
Sparta and Athens; different forms of government: Oligarchic, Tyrannic, Democratic;
MATERIALS Marble Carpentry, Terracotta, stone, & timber
CONSTRUCTION TEMPLE Chief building type; Columnar & Trabeated
ENTASIS Optical Illusion, Swelling Columns Perfected Corrections
LACUNARIA Sunk Panels at ceilings of Temples
DECORATION Sculptures, Ornamented Buildings with Color & Murals
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GREEK ORDERS Capital – Latin: “Caput”; came from Greek: “Kranion,” means “Skull”; inspired from Egypt Tomb Columns
DORIC Top square abacus, bottom round echinus, oldest & massive of the orders; widely used Order
IONIC Formalization of PROPORTION SYSTEM from Spiral volutes, made in ionian islands, for smaller bldgs. & interiors;
Derived from symbolic headdress/poles with vegetation; Has Dentils, Egg-&-Dart and Bead-&-Reel Moulding;
Three-Fasciae Architrave; Fluted Column Shaft; Torus with Horizontal flutes;
PINACOTHECA Gallery of Paintings; 1st Acropolis Temple built in Ionic Order& in Pentelic Marble
CORINTHIAN – city of Corinth, Callimachus (inventor), 2 tiers of Acanthus leaves, similar to Ionic but more slender & ornate
TEMPLE OF APOLLO EPICURIUS – Ictinus, Bassae (Corinthian Order 1st used)
PARTHENON, Athens, Greece (447 – 438 BC) Also called, HEKATOMPEDOS; Rebuilt after Persians
Ionic Capital – Temple in honor of Athena (Nike), the city patron goddess
NOT FLAT – Curved, Large Sphere (20mm Entasis)
2n+1 proportion used – to determine number of columns on sides
Designed by ICTINUS & CALLICRATES
Sculptures by PHIDIAS
Restoration made by drawings of JACQUES CARREY
PLAN OR PARTS OF THE PARTHENON:
NAOS or CELLA Enclosed Principal Chamber, Cult Image kept here
ADYTON Innermost Chamber in Cella; Reserved for Priests or Oracles
PRONAOS or ANTICUM Open Vestibule before Cella
EPINAOS or POSTICUM Rear Vestibule
OPISTHODOMOS Small Room in Cella as for a Treasury
Notable Architects
PARTHENON & TEMPLE OF APOLLO ICTINUS
PARTHENON also; TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE CALLICRATES
Sculpting Works of PARTHENON PHIDIAS & SCOPAS
PROPYLEA & ERECTHEUM / ERECHTHEION MNESICLES
TEMPLE OF ZEUS, OLYMPIA LIBON OF ELIS
PARTS OF A TEMPLE Basic element of a temple is its colonnade

PROSTYLE PORTICO Has Columns across the entire front of Temple
AMPHIPROSTYLE Temple with Prostyle Porticoes at both ends
ANTA Refers to the thickening of the projecting end of one of the lateral walls;
And if columns are set between them / Column in Antis
TRYGLYPH One Triglyph per column and per intercolumnation
METOPE Decorated with Paintings / Relief; depicts story on local heroes / myths
CREPIDOMA Podium, Also called, STEREOBATE; Building Foundation & Platform
STYLOBATE top portion of Stereobate / Crepidoma;
TYPES OF COLONNADE SURROUNDING NAOS

PERIPTERAL One row of Columns; DIPTERAL – 2 Rows; TRIPTERAL – 3 Rows
PSEUDOPERIPTERAL Colonnade at one/each end; Columns engaged/attached at sides
PSEUDODIPTERAL Dipteral but without inner colonnade
NUMBER OF COLUMNS at Entry of Greek Temple

HENOSTYLE One Column HEXASTYLE 6 Columns
DISTYLE 2 Columns HEPTASTYLE 7 Columns
TRISTYLE 3 Columns OCTASTYLE 8 Columns
TETRASTYLE 4 Columns ENNEASTYLE 9 Columns
PENTASTYLE 5 Columns DECASTYLE 10 Columns
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ACROPOLIS TEMENOS; Upper City; Citadel; City on a Height

Elevated land on Hill; Multiple Buildings; Sacred enclosure at highest part of a Greek city
(Research Parts of Acropolis)
ERECTHEUM Named after ERECTHEUS: Mythical Founder of Attica; Earth-born King of Athens; Has Human-Like Columns
GREEK LEGEND: Founding Myth of Athens; Erectheus selects patron god for city; Athena vs. Poseidon;
Athena gifted city the 1st Olive Tree- for food, oil, & firewood;
Poseidon gifted Saltwater Spring from Rock- promising no drought
TYPICAL STRUCTURES
PROPYLEA Entry Gateway
TEMPLES RELIGIOUS Architecture mostly; Early Temples made of Mud Brick with Thatched Roof
AGORA Market or Meeting Place; Main Square ( ROMAN: FORUM )
STOA Long Colonnaded Building; Portico, used as promenade or meeting place around public places
STOA OF ATTALOS, In the Agora of Athens, Greece – Used both Doric & Ionic
PRYTANEION Senate House; Executive House; Seat of Prytaneis; Public Town Hall, Assembly Hall ( ROMAN: CURIA )
BOULEUTERION Council House with Stepped Benches Surrounding Central Platform
STADIONElongated Sports Venue, for Foot Race
HIPPODROME Open or Roofed Track, for Chariot & Horse Race
PALAESTRA Wrestling School/House & Athletics, can be inside a Gymnasium& Thermae
GYMNASION Centre for PHYSICAL EXERCISE, Sports, Playing Areas & Baths
ODEION Roofed Musical Theatre; for vocal and instrumental music performance
THEATRON Open-air theatre where plays, choral & dance presentation
Parts of a Theatre
ORCHESTRA Stage
CAVEA Seating Area
SKENE Stage Bldg
PARADOS Side Passage
DIAZOMA Aisles
CERCIS Wedge Sections
PARASCENIUM Wings
(323 BC - 30 BC) HELLENISTIC slowly transcend to Roman Period DIGNIFIED & GRACIOUS STRUCTURES; SYMMETRICAL, ORDERLY
CIVIC STRUCTURES – With Roman Architecture inspiration
ORIENTATION Entrances faced EAST
DECORATION Mouldings
PROSTAS or ANTEROOM – Greek Dwelling from Street Via Passage or Courtyard
PASTAS – Dwelling Type, Courtyard at Center Of South Side, Columned Veranda
PERISTYLE – Dwelling Type, Open Courtyard Surrounded by Columns on all Sides
More Luxurious then Prostas or Pastas House
INTERCOLUMNATION Applies mainly to Hellenistic and Roman Temples PSEDA

PYCNOSTYLE 1.5 Diameters
SYSTYLE 2 Diameters
EUSTYLE 2.25 Diameters
DIASTYLE 3Diameters
ARAEOSTYLE 3.5 Diameters
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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE 750 BC - 100 BC / 300 BC - 365 AD / 2nd Cen. - 4th Cen.
● PRETENTIOUS (of EXAGGERATED WORTH & STATURE)richly ornate but less fundamental (as oppose to Greeks)
● Was the intermediary in spreading art and civilization in Europe, West Asia and North Africa
● Roman Empire were tagged as engineers than architects; Provinces run by governors; Applied roman system of laws
● Not sea-faring people – Depended on conquest by land to extend their power
● Ostentatious Interiors –(300 BC – 365 AD) Elaborately Ornamented, Exteriors Unadorned
● Emphasis on Monumental Public buildings; Developed complex, of several stories; Utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials
● Large-scale undertakings, like city walls and sewers, Draining marshes, controlling rivers and lakes by using channels
800 -300 BC RISE OF ROMAN EMPIRE
2 PERIODS:
750 BC to 146 BC ETUSCAN or ETRUSCAN Influenced by Etruscans’ arch vault and dome w Greek’s columns
146 BC to 365 AD CLASSICAL ROMAN Developed constitutional republic; Farmers & soldiers, concerned with efficiency and justice
ITALIAN PENINSULA – Central and commanding position on Mediterranean Sea

For 500 years Rome was ruled by elected leaders called consuls
27 BC Rule of Emperor AUGUSTUS Succession of military dictatorships of which Julius Caesar’s was most famous
114 AD Emperor TRAJAN Empire grew 4000km wide with 60 million inhabitants;
Built fortified walls, such as Hadrian’s Wall in England
300 AD to 400 AD Etruscans introduced CONCRETE; Stone or brick rubble with POZZOLANA (Volcanic Ash)
POZZOLANA A Thick Volcanic Earth Material as Mortar
ROMAN CONCRETE Pozzolana + Lime + Sand + Water + Gravel
VITRUVIUS – MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO Wrote “DE ARCHITECTURA (ON ARCHITECTURE) – TEN BOOKS OF ARCHITECTURE”
Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas (Durability, Usefulness, and Beauty)
ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE 750 BC - 100 BC Etruscan Civilization – Now ITALY

Influenced by Greek AR, developing at the same period
Early Etruscan Houses were Oval in plan, wattle & daub construction with a thatched roof
Etruscan towns and cities were square & divided into grid, surrounded by thick walls; situated to take advantage of water supply
ORIENTATION Temples oriented SOUTH; Temples Faced FORUM

MATERIALS Perishable Nature of the materials
Wattle & Daub Construction – Bundled Sticks & Mud overlay
Tufa Blocks & Ashlar Masonry in foundations, buildings, & walls
"TUFA" is a porous volcanic rock common in Italy & "ASHLAR" describes large, squared stones
CONSTRUCTION Specialized in MASONRY; introduced ARCUATED SYSTEM &introduced the use of CONCRETE
TUSCAN Order or TOSCANA – created & derived from the Greek Doric order; Simplified Version
Rectangular Houses – Built after on a stone foundation with wooden framing & unbaked mud brick
SUBTERRANEAN TOMBS, Foundation Walls, Models of Huts & Houses, & Fragments of Terracotta Roof Decoration
2 Types of Earliest Etruscan Burials:
1) Pit Burial With Urn
2) Trench Burial For The Deceased
NOTABLE ARCHITECTS
PANTHEON AGRIPPA
TEMPLE OF VESPATIAN DOMITIAN
COLLOSEUM VESPASIAN & DOMITIAN
TEMPLE OF VENUS and BASILICA OF TRAJAN APPOLODORUS OF DAMASCUS
CONQUERED JERUSALEM EMPEROR TITUS
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CLASSICAL ROMAN PERIOD Expanded under rule of HADRIAN VASTNESS, OSTENTATION, ORNATENESS
City had streets, squares, fountains, gates, & public buildings; based from CASTRUM – Old Roman Fortress / Military Town
North–South Axis Main / Primary Street; shorter axis CARDO
East West Axis Road / Secondary Main Street DECUMANUS
ORIENTATION Temples – Facade FACED FORUM

RELIGION POLYTHEISTIC, several cults; Roman mythology slowly derived attributes from those of Greek gods
LANGUAGE LATIN – Official Language
MATERIALS Concrete for vaults of magnitude never equalled until 19th century steel
PRIMARY FACING MATERIALS Marble, Granite & Alabaster
STONE Tufa, Peperino, Travertine, Lava Stone, Sand, Gravel
MARBLE Mostly white
EARTH For terra cotta and bricks
STUCCO, FRESCOES, & MOSAICS
CONSTRUCTION Greek orders used as decorative features; Temple, Palaces, Baths

Invention of CONCRETE; Plumbing, Heating, and Water Supply
Arch, Vault, Dome – Round Arch and Pier; Vaulting Systems; Tunnel and cross vault; Columnar & Trabeated style of Greeks
PROTHYRUM Entry Gateway
COLUMNATION
TUSCAN (Doric with base) Simplified version of Doric order
COMPOSITE (Ionic volute + Corinthian leaves) Most decorative
Evolved in 100 AD, combining prominent volutes of Ionic with acanthus of Corinthian
COLUMNS Adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks

Arch and vault system started by Etruscans - combined use of column, beam and arch (arctuated)
Orders of architecture, used by Greeks constructively, were used by Romans as decorative features which could be omitted
ROOF & CEILING / TYPES OF VAULT

Wagon Vault / Tunnel Vault – Semi-circular or wagon-headed, borne on two parallel walls throughout its length
Wagon with Intersecting Vault
Barrel Vault
Cross Vault– Formed by the intersection of two semi-circular vaults of equal span - used over square apartment or bays
Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola – Used over circular structures
DECORATION MOSAICS – Small stones or glass tiles set in mortar to form a pattern
OPUS ALEXANDRIUM Geometric pieces of COLORED STONE
OPUS MUSIVUM Mosaic work; COLORED GLASS or ENAMEL
OPUS TESSELATUM Use of Small Tesserae – uniform small cubes of stone, marble, glass, ceramic
OPUS VERMICULATUM Emphasize outline around an object
OPUS SECTILE Forms figural patterns, follows outline of design
WALL MASONRY METHODS OPUS – Opera in Plural; Latin For “Work;” Stonework & Walling Construction
OPUS INCERTUM Irregular work; irregularly-shaped / random uncut stones; small stones, loose pattern
resembling polygonal walling. Rectangular blocks, with or without mortar joints
OPUS SIGNINUM Unpatterned aggregates cemented in lime or clay
OPUS SPICATUM Masonry Units in Herringbone Pattern or “Spike Work”
OPUS QUADRATUM Masonry work; Square Blocks set in Parallel Courses; with / without mortar joints
OPUS RETICULATUM Diamond-shaped Bricks forming Net-like Pattern; fine joints running diagonally
OPUS TESTACEUM Triangle-Form; also called LATERICIUM
OPUS MIXTUM Mixed Work; Reticulatum on center & Latericium on Edges
OPUS QUASI–RETICULATUM
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DWELLINGS
ATRIUM HOUSE Roman Dwelling which has main central space, open to the sky
CASA DI TREBIUS VALENS
DOMUS PATRICIAN TOWNHOUSE – its entry at street front, enclosed at back, walls on flanks
VILLA Large 2-part Classical Roman Country House; Pars Urbana (Living Area) &Pars Rustica (Working Area)
VILLA DE MISTERI
CURIA Senate House; in Greek: PRYTANEION

INSULA / INSULAE 3- or 4- storey tenement type buildings; Prototype for the modern condominium
CASA DI DIANA, ITALY
IMPORTANT STRUCTURES / CIVIC BUILDINGS

TEMPLE
RECTANGULAR TEMPLE MAISON CAREE, NIMES
CIRCULAR TEMPLE PANTHEON, ROME, ITALY
World’s Largest Unreinforced Concrete Dome
Serves as temple, church, and tomb for centuries
PALACE PALACE OF DIOCLETIAN, SPLIT CROATIA – Part Fortified Camp, Part City, & Part Villa
FORUM MARKETPLACE; Open Space Town Center within grid pattern streets (GREEK: AGORA)
Surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts and shops
IMPERIAL FORUM No streets, No spatial/axial connections between the spaces;

bonded elements; colonnaded sequence and enclosed spaces
FORUM ROMANUM – Oldest Republican Forum in Rome; Open Spaced and Rectangular
BASILICAS For MEETINGS & LAW / legal matters to be carried out and a place for business transactions
Large public building with multiple functions, typically built alongside the town's forum
Used as Hall Of Justice for Romans
BASILICA IN THE FORUM, POMPEII

BASILICA OF SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, LEPCIS MAGNA
BASILICA OF MAXENTIUS / BASILICA OF CONSTANTINE / BASILICA MAXENTII, ROME
TRIUMPHAL ARCHES Arched urban public monument; commemorates a great event, usually victory in war
ARCH OF SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, THE FORUM, ROME
ARCH OF CONSTANTINE, ROME
PONS (Bridge) BRIDGE OF AUGUSTUS, RIMNI, ITALY
AQUEDUCT Carried water in pipes from the country to the heart of the city; Latin: “Aquae Ductus;” or “conveyance of water”
PONT DU GARD, NIMES, FRANCE
SEGOVIA AQUEDUCT, SPAIN
DRAINAGE – ex. CLOACA MAXIMA – World’s Earliest Sewage System
Main Storm Drainage System
CIRCUS Enclosed U-Shaped Arena for Chariot & Horse Racing (HIPPODROME in GREEK)
CIRCUS MAXIMUS, ROME
QUADRIGAS 4–Horse Roman Chariot
THEATERS Theatrical Works Production & Performance; Arena with Stage and Auditorium
AMPHITHEATERS Gladiators trained to fight each other at organized contests; for entertainment
COLOSSEUM, ROME Superimposed Orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, & Composite Order)
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THERMAE PUBLIC ROMAN BATH; Romans liked to keep clean and fit; Built elaborate public baths open to men & women
THERMAE OF CARACALLA
BATHS OF DIOCLETIAN, ROME
HYPOCAUST System of flues in floor / walls for central heating via furnace
Furnace that provided warm baths to the thermae
PARTS OF THE THERMAE
APODYTERIA Dressing Room
LACONICUM (Dry); SUDATORIUM (Wet) Sweat Room, Rubbing With Oil
TEPIDARIUM Warm Bath
CALDARIUM Hot Bath
FRIGIDARIUM Cold / Unheated Bath
UNCTUARIA Oils and Perfumes Room
OTHER Parts of the Thermae

PALAESTRA Wrestling Area
AMBULATIO Exercise
BALNEUM Bathing Pool
NATATIO Swimming Pool
DESTRICTARIUM Massage
SCHOLA Conversation
HELIOCAMINUS Solar–heated room
EXEDRAE Libraries & Lecture Halls
XYSTUS Gardens, Parks
STADIUM or WATERFALL
TABERNAE Shops, Restaurant
476 AD THE FALL OF ROME – START OF THE DARK AGES

Hun Invasion (also Barbarians, Germanic Tribes, Visigoths, Vandals, & Saxons);
Weakened Army – Betrayed by Hun Refugees raised and trained to become Roman soldiers
Political Corruption; Financial Crisis; Rise of the East (Roman Byzantium) Empire
Rise of Christianity – Edict of Milan by Constantine – Loyal to the Religion than to the Emperor
SEPARATION OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN EMPIRE OF ROME

3rd Century Crisis – Became too large to be ruled by one emperor – Emperor DIOCLETIAN – divided into a TETRARCHY
WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE – Destroyed by Invasions from Germanic Tribes
EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE – or BYZANTINE / BYZANTIUM EMPIRE; due to its largely Greek-speaking population
Ruled by Constantine I – Became the Capital City of Constantinople (330 AD)
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( 5th to 15th CENTURY )

DARK AGE / MEDIEVAL AGE / MIDDLE AGE ARCHITECTURE
WESTERN EUROPE – Demographic, cultural, & economic deterioration
MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE European Middle Age Architecture; comprising of Architecture from the
BYZANTINE, PRE-ROMANESQUE, ROMANESQUE, & GOTHIC PERIOD
MIDDLE AGE 476 CE European history between Classical Antiquity and the Renaissance
DARK AGE 476 CE – 1100 Early part of the Middle Ages
CHIEF STRUCTURES
HOUSES Used readily-available materials; Usually 2-rooms for people & animals;
No chimneys, heated by central fire; lost to the Great fire in London
CRUCK-FRAMED HOUSE
Open Timber Ceiling; Thatched Roof / Slate; Daub & Wattle Walls;
White Color from Slaked Lime & Chalk
MOTTE & BAILEY 10th–12th Cen. NORMAN CASTLE
MOTTE Steep Earth mound surrounded by a ditch & surmounted by a timber stockade and tower
BAILEY Outer wall of a castle; enclosed courtyard
STONE KEEP KEEP / DONJON Innermost & Strongest Tower structure of Castle; Place in times of siege
CASTLES Fortified group of buildings dominating the surrounded country and held by a prince / noble on feudal times
ENCIENTE (Curtain / Fortified Wall) with TALUS (Slope)
BATTLEMENTS / EMBATTLEMENT – Parapet with MERLON (solid)&CRENEL (open) for Defense &Décor
MOAT Deep Ditch filled with water surrounding a fortified town
DRAWBRIDGE Bridge that can be raised to allow or prevent access to fortified town
LOOP HOLES or ARROWSLIT; Small / narrow slits in medieval walls for archers fire arrows at attackers
FORTIFIED TOWERS Defensive Medieval structure
MURDER HOLES Holes in the ceiling of a fortification’s gateway / passageway
MACHICOLATIONS Projecting parapet / gallery on top of castle wall; supported by Corbeled arch;
has floor openings to cast molten lead/oil/stones upon enemy beneath
CASTLE vs. PALACE
Castel, Village Palais, Royal Residence
For Defense, Design Is Secondary For Comfort, Defense Is Secondary
To Prove Supremacy To Prove Royalty
FORT / FORTIS Such as HILLFORTS; STARFORTS; became obsolete with the introduction of CANNONS & EXPLOSIVE SHELLS
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EARLY CHRISTIAN 313 AD - 800 AD / 200 – 1025; 4th to 12th Cen.; Final Phase of Roman Architecture; SIMPLICITY; HORIZONTALITY
313 CE – CONSTANTINE; up to 800 CE – Coronation of CHARLEMAGNE
EASTERN ROME CHRISTIANITY was practiced before in CATACOMBS before the rise of Christianity – EDICT OF MILAN
WESTERN ROME PAGANISM; Christians were persecuted
RELIGION Christianity – State Religion

ORIENTATION Facade –EAST; Priest stood behind altar – facing East
Entrance –WEST
ORNAMENT MOSAIC & FRESCO
PLAN BASILICAN PLAN; RECTANGULAR
CONSTRUCTION
HOUSE-CHURCHES Early Religious Venue
GREEK CROSS PLAN Churches
CHURCHES RIBBED VAULTING & Timber Trussed Roof
First to introduce a BELFRY (CAMPANILE) & BAPTISERIES
Arctuated & Trabeated; Roman Mouldings & Glass Mosaics
VAULT or DOME Structural System / Feature
ARCHIVOLT – Semi–Circular Arches; used widely spaced columns
Mouldings Recycled from Romans
3 TYPES OF DOME The Dome was the Prevailing Motif of Byzantine AR
SIMPLE – Pendentives and domes are of same sphere
COMPOUND– Dome of separate sphere, rises independently over sphere of pendentives or dome raised on high drum
SPECIAL DESIGNS – Melon, Serrated, Onion or Bulbous Shape
CEMETERIA changed to CATACOMBS

ROMAN BASILICA (HALL OF JUSTICE) Converted into CHURCHES or patterned after one – Entry moved to short side
Still has Roman Character; but simpler and executed coarsely
Example: BASILICA DI SAN CLEMENTE, ROME
On A Canonical Sense
BASILICA Name given to certain churches granted special privileges by the POPE / VATICAN
Criteria are based on special spiritual, historical, and/or architectural significance
Highest permanent designation for a church building
MAJOR BASILICA PAPAL BASILICAS; Highest-Rank of Roman Catholic Churches

ARCHBASILICA OF ST. JOHN IN THE LATERAN
ST. PETER’S BASILICA
BASILICA OF ST. PAUL OUTSIDE THE WALLS
BASILICA DI SANTA MARIA MAGGIORE
MINOR BASILICA There are 13 Minor Basilicas in the Philippines as of 2015

Basilica Minore Del Santo Nino, Cebu
Basilica of the Black Nazarene, Quiapo
Metropolitan Cathedral–Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Manila
Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila
Basilica of Our Lady of Manaoag, Pangasinan
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BAPTISTERY BAPTISTERY, RAVENNA Octagonal Bldg., Separate from Church for Baptism
Has Mosaics Representing Christ’s Baptism
CONVERTED BASILICAN CHURCHES Built under burial place of a SAINT

Marked by the CONFESSION with a BALDACHINO above
PARTS OF A CHURCH
ATRIUM Forecourt with Fountain of Ablution (dedicated to sinner); has natural light
NARTHEX Transition from Atrium to Nave; VESTIBULE
NAVE Central Aisle
SIDE AISLES 1/2 Nave width
CHOIR End of Nave; partially enclosed by a Saint
ALTAR Under the BALDACCHINO
BEMA Stage (at Front row) reserved for the Clergy
APSE Semicircular or polygonal termination to the choir or sanctuary
Facing EAST, Entrance to WEST
Church Layout / Concept: Man’s Journey to God

SANCTUARY Represents HEAVEN / END OF TIME
SCHOLA CANTORUM Represents PURGATORY / also END OF TIME
NAVE Represents ROAD TO SALVATION; Anno Domini (A.D.) – “In the year of the Lord”
FORECOURT Represents LIFE WITHOUT GRACE
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BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE 850 BC - 476 CE / 330 AD - 1453 AD / 527 - 565 AD / 4th Cen. SIMPLE EXTERIOR; RICH INTERIOR
Flourished because of JUSTINIAN the 1st; City has 12-meter high defense walls;
SUCCESSFULLY DEFENDED Empire from the Arabs; Exiled ICONOPHILES
ICONOCLASTIC MOVEMENT Accession of Iconoclast Emperor LEO III; forbade the use of statues or icons (Defacement)
Recognized the recurring Earthquakes as God’s Anger – Sign of the Times / Judgement Day
Hence, cleansed the church of Images and exiled Iconophiles
(1453) FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE Conquered by MUHAMMAD II on May 29, 1453; Divide from Religious people; Civil Unrest
ORIENTATION Facade faced WEST

PLAN DOMED; CENTRALIZED Plan; Circular Or Polygonal
CONSTRUCTION Mostly Church Construction; Simplicity in Exterior, Richness in Interior

Built from Ruins of Roman Buildings; Varied Roman Moldings and Glass Mosaics
Timber Trusses for Roof; Arcuatedand Trabeated Construction
INTRODUCTION OF DOMES made from stone, brick, and concrete

SIMPLE Sphere
COMPOUND Above Pendentive
MELON–SHAPE With Fluting Treatment
DOSSERET BLOCK Abacus / Supplementary Capital above column under arch; transcends columns to be slender Posts
CHURCH PLAN GREEK CROSS – Intersecting the Nave at a right angle is called a TRANSEPT
Centrally Planned central nave with aisles on either side, separated by a colonnade, and an apse at one end
TRANSEPT Instead of a BEMA; Became a Secondary Aisle
GREEK CROSS Dominant middle- and late-period Byzantine churches’ design

Featuring a square center with an internal structure shaped like a cross, topped by a dome
DECORATION Adopted Roman system of MOSAICS – hand-laid construction; and FRESCOES of Victorian Decoration
PENDENTIVE Pictures of 4 EVANGELISTS – Apostles Matthew, Mark, Luke & John
DOME Mosaic or Fresco of head and shoulder of Christ
APSE Mosaic or Fresco of Virgin Mary and Child Jesus
WALLS Mosaic or Fresco of Saints or Life of Christ / Biblical Stories
CAPITAL & ORNAMENT Byzantine Capital & Ornament; Arch with DOSSERET Block; ABACUS or IMPOST Block
PEACOCK Ornament Symbolizes Immortal Life
KNOT Ornament Symbolizes Eternity
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NOTABLE STRUCTURES
BASILICA DI SAN VITALE, RAVENNA, ITALY Prime example of West Byzantine AR
ST. MARK’S BASILICA, VENICE, ITALY Golden Mosaics – “Church of Gold”; Greek Cross Plan
HAGIA IRENE (Holy Peace) Only surviving Byzantine Church; defined by its large Atrium
NOT converted into a MOSQUE; Model Church of HAGIA SOPHIA
Built by Constantine the 1st, Reconstructed by Justinian the 1st
HAGIA SOPHIA HOLY GRAND MOSQUE (Holy Wisdom) Official Name; Symbol of the Ottoman conquest of Istanbul;
6th Cen. Byzantine church; 13th Cen. Catholic Church, Mosque in 1453 until Current 2020
Built by Justinian I; Designed by Anthemius of Tralles, & Isidorus of Miletus
SULTAN AHMED MOSQUE / BLUE MOSQUE Built by AHMED the 1st; Interior predominantly Painted Blue
Adorned by IZNIC STYLE Ceramic tiles made of Quartz / Quartzite;
Has 5 Main Domes, 6 Minarets, and 8 Secondary Domes
BYZANTINE BATH of Upper Town, Thessaloniki / Bath of the Citadel or KULE HAMMAM; Surviving Byzantine Bath, Greece
ST. BASIL’S CATHEDRAL / CATHEDRAL OF VASILY THE BLESSED

Orthodox Church in Red Square of Moscow, Russia; Now a Museum
Most distinct features are the Bulbous-shaped domes and unusual details
Officially known as the CATHEDRAL OF THE INTERCESSION OF THE MOST HOLY THEOTOKOS ON THE MOAT
Or POKROVSKY CATHEDRAL
1555–1561; Built by IVAN THE TERRIBLE (Ivan IV Vasilyevich)
Architects IVAN BARMA and POSTNIK YAKOVLEV
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Also MUSLIM or SARACENIC Architecture; Belief in ALLAH; MUHAMMAD as Prophet
MOSQUES & TOMBS – MASJID or MUSJID; Most important / distinct buildings type; place of public worship
Surface Ornaments Walls w/ Stone Carvings, inlays & Mosaics; Glazed Tile (Interior / Exterior)
MUQARNAS STALACTITE Ornaments; icicle-like elements hanging from the ceiling
Squinches Supports under Dome; Bulbous Dome; Horseshoe Arch; Ogee Arch; Tunnel Vaults
Mnemonic Inscriptions from QURAN; Arabic Scripts
Superimposed Ornaments Abstract Patterns, Foliage Motifs, & Calligraphy; Floral Ornaments, Geometric Shapes
ORIENTATION MECCA – Where all the Mosques point at
Kinds of Mosque
FAMIMASJID or JAMI; Congregational or Friday Mosque; for main weekly service; usually larger than a Masjid
MADRASAH Collegiate or Teaching Mosque
IDGAH Place of Community Prayer; open praying area with nothing but a QIBLA Wall & a MIHRAB
TOMB MOSQUE
Parts of a Mosque
MINARET Tower; where MUEZZIN calls Muslim to prayer
IWAN / IVAN / LIWAN Vaulted Portal to Atrium opening to the central courtyard of a Mosque
LIWANATColonnade
SAHN Atrium / Open Courtyard
FAWWARA Or MEDA; Washing Fountain before prayers
DIKKA Reading Desk
MIMBAR Or MINBAR; Pulpit where IMAM delivers Sermons
MAQSURA Screen; protective barrier of MIMBAR
QIBLA Wall in a Mosque where MIHRAB is set; oriented to MECCA
MIHRAB Niche with MIMBAR; decorative panel designating the QIBLA
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Notable Examples
MASJID AL–HARAM Mosque, Mecca – “The Great Mosque” World’s Largest Mosque; Haj Pilgrimage Site
KA’BA / KAABAH “House of God;” At the center of Al-Haram Mosque; corners face Cardinal Points
Thought to be the center of the world with the gate of heaven directly above
Small Cubical Stone Building (contains sacred black stone) in the Great Mosque’s Courtyard
DOME OF THE ROCK, Jerusalem

Islam’s Oldest Monument; used as a Shrine for Pilgrims; Octagonal Plan
Patterned after Byzantine Style; sacred rock where Muhammad ascended to heaven
OTHER AREAS
MOORISH Islamic AR of North Africa; regions of Spain under Moorish Domination
Developed in the Western Islamic World (Spain, Portugal)
Built Large Mosques and Elaborate Fortress-Palaces
Horseshoe, Polylobed, Lamrequin Arches
ZELLIJ/ AZUELJO Decorative Tile work
The MEZQUITA MIHRAB; Hypostyle Hall
PALACE FORTRESS OF ALHAMBRA, Granada, Spain
MUGHAL ONDO-ISLAMIC / India & Islam; GOLDEN AGE of Islamic AR in North India
Amalgam of Islamic, Persian, Turkic, & Indian Architecture; peak during reign of Shah Jahan
Bulbous Domes; Slender Minarets, Delicate Ornamentation
PARCHIN KARI Marble inlay art
JAMA MASJID (The Great Mosque) One of the biggest in India

Tomb of SHAIKH SALIM (Sufi Saint) at centre of court
DIWAN–I–KAS Hall of Private Audience, divided by overhanging mouldings called CHAJJA
DIWAN–I–AM Hall of Public Audience
BADSHAHI MOSQUE Designed by AURUNGZEB; last of the great Mughal Architects
LAHORE FORT Shows Hindu Influence Built by Emperor AKBAR
FATEHPUR SIKRI (City of Victory) Capital of Mughal Empire Built by Emperor AKBAR
HUMAYUN’S TOMB, New Delhi, India –Oldest of Mughal Monuments; forerunner of Taj Mahal
TAJ MAHAL, Agra, India “Crown Palace;” Most Renowned Sample of Mughal AR
(Placed on a) CHAHAR BAGH; a platform at the end of a walled garden divided by canals
Marble main material Built by SHAH JAHAN for wife, MUMTAZ MAHAL
PIETRA DURA Inlay of floral motifs (cut, fitted, & polished colored stones to create images)
JALI used as decor; Perforated Stone or Screen with Geometric patterns; PARCHIN KARI
OTTOMAN
KHAN or CARAVANSERAI Inns for Travelers
HAMMAMS Public Baths
HAGHIA SOPHIA
CAMLICA MOSQUE Largest Mosque in Turkey; Completed in 2019
BLUE MOSQUE (mistaken for Camlica Mosque; difference Blue Mosque–4 Minarets; Camlica–6 Minarets)
SELIMIYE MOSQUE, Turkey – Ultimate Ottoman Külliye AR expression; Architect SINAN
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ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ( 800 – 1180 ) SOBER& DIGNIFIED HORIZONTALITY Emphasis CHURCH AR

“Roman–like;” imitating Roman AR; Major developments in ITALY, FRANCE, & GERMANY
Known in England as NORMAN ARCHITECTURE
MATERIAL Stones & Bricks

ORIENTATION Churches & Cathedrals; Facade at WEST
CONSTRUCTION Started from simple Timber Roof to Barrel Vaults; Principle of Equilibrium– intro of RIB & PANEL VAULTING
Blind Arches & Pilasters; Round Arches, Vegetable-form Mouldings; Sparse Ornaments
Simple Vaults, and (sometimes) Corinthian Capitals
LATIN CROSS PLAN Basilican type planning; formed with wings called Transepts & the Choir
Church with MONASTERIES and BELL TOWERS; Towers at West & East Side
Narrow Opening PORTAL DESIGN with TYMPANUM &TRUMEAU
TRUMEAU Center column at door entry
Arcaded with WHEEL / ROSE WINDOW introduction & ORDER (Recessed Door Jambs)
Quadripartite &Sexpartite Vault –Vault intersection were adorned with BOSS
Every Church Has An Adjacent Chapter Room
Monastery Consisting Of: Abbot’s House
Monastic Church Monks / Nuns’ Rooms
Cloister Court Refectory
Inner Court Hospital
Common Court
ADDITIONAL:
ITALIAN ROMANESQUE
NORTHERN ITALY Facade with Projecting Porch
SOUTHERN ITALY & SICILY Strike of Colored Marble; Muslim Influence
Notable Examples
PIAZZA DEL DUOMO / PIAZZA DEI MIRACOLI (Present Name), Pisa; Tuscany, Italy
PISA COMPLEX Icon of Romanesque AR
Designed Pisa’s Cathedral Square: BUSCHETO
PARTS OF THE PISA COMPLEX
Pisa Cathedral
Campanile(Bell Tower) by BONNANO PISANO
Baptistery(Separate bldg. for Baptismals) by DIOTSALVI
Campo Santo (Cemetery)
ENGLISH ROMANESQUE
DURNHAM CATHEDRAL Largest & Finest example of NORMAN AR. in England (UNESCO)
WORCESTER CATHEDRAL Has 2 Transepts crossing the Nave (as with Salisbury & Lincoln)
CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL Romanesque & Perpendicular Gothic elements combined (UNESCO)
FOUNTAINS ABBEY; MONASTERY Largest & Best Preserved Medieval Ruins in the UK (UNESCO)
SPANISH ROMANESQUE
SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA Romanesque & Baroque; Religious Pilgrimage site
Housing Relics of St. James and the Portico de la Gloria (UNESCO)
LOARRE CASTLE Representative example of defensive AR in the Romanesque Style (UNESCO)
FRENCH ROMANESQUE
NORTHERN & SOUTHERN FRANCE Pointed Arch; No Side Aisles; Flanking Towers both sides
ST. MARY MAGDALENE CATHEDRAL
VEZELAY ABBEY
NOTRE DAME DU PORT Use of inlaid décor formed of different colored lavas (UNESCO)
GERMAN ROMANESQUE Western Apse; Entry on Lateral Sides

AIX–LA–CHAPELLE CATHEDRAL Tomb house of Charlemagne
NOTRE DAME LA GRANDE
WORMS CATHEDRAL, Central Europe Castle–like; representative cathedral of the period; Has two (2) Apses
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GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 12th to 16th Cen.; LOFTY & ASPIRING Quality; LIGHTENING & HEIGHTENING of Structure; VERTICALITY Emphasis
Departure from Classical AR; Structural Honesty & Economy; “period of intense religious passion”
LATIN CROSS PLAN; Arranged for convenience; Used Stained Glass Windows depicting Biblical Stories – Rose window at WEST Facade
MATERIALS Stone& Timber DOORS Jambs

OPENINGS Pointed Arches; Style Ogivale; Arctuated WINDOWS Tracery
COLUMNS On Higher Pier
GOTHIC COMPOUND PIER – Colonettes facing the Nave go upward to Vault;
Colonettes inside become part of the ribs of the Vaults in the side aisles
MOULDINGS Varied Per Country ORNAMENTS Stained Glass, Figure & Sculpture
WALLS Rubble Masonry W/ Flying Buttresses ROOF Slate or Lead Coverings; Ribbed & Panel Vaulting
CONSTRUCTION Pointed Arches, Slender Piers, Flying Buttresses, Together With Stained Glass Windows
LANCET ARCHES GARGOYLES
FLYING BUTTRESSES CROCKETS
VAULTED CEILINGS STEEPLES
TOWERS PINNACLES; SPIRES
OTHER BUILDING TYPES

CATHEDRAL Large, principal church of a DIOCESE (District under the Pastoral Care of a Bishop)
CATHEDRA Seat of Bishop
CASTLES CHATEAU D’AMBROSE, FRANCE – Built on mounds above rivers; thick walls & small windows
PALAIS DE JUSTICE; PALAIS DE JUSTICE DE ROUEN, FRANCE
MANOR HOUSE IGHTHAM MOTE, ENGLAND – Moated Merchant’s House
ENGLISH GOTHIC vs. FRENCH GOTHIC
ENGLISH GOTHIC
EARLY ENGLISH Also known as Lancet, 1st Pointed or Early Plantagenet
Use of Lancet-shaped Arches and PLATE TRACERY
PLATE TRACERY – Using Masonry into Which Shapes Has Been Cut
WORCESTER CATHEDRAL – Early English
DECORATED STYLE Also Geometrical & Curvilinear, Middle Pointed, Edwardian, or Later Plantagenet
Rich tracery; Ornamental Vaulting; Refined Stone Cutting Techniques
WESTMINSTER ABBEY – Decorated
PERPENDICULAR Also Rectilinear, Late Pointed, or Lancastrian; Intricate Stonework; Elaborate Fan Vaults
Perpendicular Tracery – Lacework of Vertical Glazing Bars
GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL, Gloucester, England– Perpendicular Gothic
BATH ABBEY; Somerset, England; KING’S COLLEGE CHAPEL; Cambridge, England – Fan Vaults
FRENCH GOTHIC: Three Phases of French Gothic

PRIMAIRE LANCETTE Pointed Arches; Geometric Tracery Windows
SECONDAIRE RAYONNANT Circular Windows; Wheel Tracery
TERTIAIRE FLAMBOYANT Flowing & Flame-like Tracery
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ENGLISH GOTHIC ( French Gothic ) Famous Architect HENRY YEVELLE HUGH HERLAND
Geometric TRACERY Ornamental stonework on upper part of gothic window
3 Circles – Trefoil; Quatrefoil; Pointed Quatrefoil
Major Eras Geometric; Intersecting; Reticulated; Flowing; Perpendicular
Intersecting Tracery Intersecting Lancet Lines
Reticulated Tracery Transition from Geometric to Flowing Style
Perpendicular Tracery Grid–like due to Black Death / Plague
SALISBURY CATHEDRAL Highest Spire in England; Double Transepts

WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL Longest Gothic Cathedral in Europe (170 m)
YORK CATHEDRAL Has the Great EAST Window; Largest Stained Glass from Medieval times
WELLS CATHEDRAL
WINDSOR CASTLE Royal Residence; Fortification, Palace, & Small Town Features
WESTMINSTER ABBEY Building Complex – Church, Monastery, Palace, & Tombs
CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL
DURHAM CATHEDRAL The Earliest of Cathedrals; initially with a Rib-Vault System
FRENCH GOTHIC ( French Gothic ) Famous Architect VILLARD DE HENECOURT

MAJOR ERAS
LANCET Style Early Gothic; Pointed Arches & Geometric Tracery Windows
RAYONNANT Style Decorated / High Gothic; Circular Windows w/ Wheel Traceries
NOTRE DAME DE PARIS(1220–69) Architects: Robert of Luzarches; Thomas & Renault of Cormont
AMIENS CATHEDRAL(1220–69) ARs: (also)Robert of Luzarches; Thomas & Renault of Cormont
RHEIMS CATHEDRAL Coronation of French Kings; Mary Figures; Houses Mary’s Tunic Relic
BEAUVAIS CATHEDRAL Has the Loftiest / Elevated / Highest APSE
CHARTRES CATHEDRAL Finest example of French gothic;
Known for its Famous 176 Stained Glass Windows; Epitome of New
Cathedral Design where the Nave outside is obscured behind a tangle of
buttresses
FLAMBUOYANT Style Late Gothic; Flame–like of Free Flowing Tracery
NOTRE–DAME d’ EPINE
BELGIAN GOTHIC Numerous Spires, Towers, Belfries, & Steep Gables

ANTWERP CATHEDRAL 400 ft. / 122 m Spire
GERMAN GOTHIC ( German Gothic ) Famous Architect PETER PARLER

General use of BRICKS; Single Western Apse; NO Triforium & Clerestory;
ULM CATHEDRAL 162 m Spire; Tallest Cathedral in Europe / the World
COLOGNE CATHEDRAL Tower is higher than Spire
ITALIAN GOTHIC ( Italian Gothic ) Famous Architect ARNOLFO DE CAMBIO

Flatness of Roofs; Projecting Entry Porches; Small windows w/ Tracery
NO Flying Buttresses; Colored Marble Stripes instead of Mouldings; Abundance of Pinnacles;
MILAN CATHEDRAL 3rd Largest Church in Europe
SIENNA CATHEDRAL Known for its Stripe Marbles at (mostly) interior & exterior
DOGE’S CATHEDRAL Residence of Doge of Venice; Supreme authority of former Republic of Venice
SPANISH GOTHIC– French & Moorish Influences; Single span with Vaulted Interior; Pierced Stone Tracery; use of Horse Shoe Arch
RETADO / REREDO ICONOSTASIS; Intro of REJAS
BURGOS CATHEDRAL
BARCELONA CATHEDRAL
SEVILLE CATHEDRAL Largest MEDIEVAL Cathedral in SPAIN
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RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE ( 1420 – 1550 ; 15th–18th Cen.) “REBIRTH” or Revival of CLASSICAL ARTS; DIGNITY & FORMALITY
Different Arts & Sciences Flourished; Cathedrals; in Symmetry with Dome
Personality of the architect has increased in importance
Pure Renaissance AR was based on regular order, symmetry, impressive facades and a central axis with grandiose plans
Palazzos, & Chateaux; Frescoes, Carvings, Scroll Decors; Column, Beam, & Arch Construction; focus on HORIZONTALITY
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
✔ Blocked East trade routes by the Ottoman Turks in Constantinople led to sea explorations by Spain and Portugal in 1450
✔ Invention of Gunpowder > Transformed Warfare > Necessitates New Building Types> PALAZZI (Palace-Type Building)
✔ Invention of Printing > Mass Production & Circulation of Books > Understanding of Science and the Arts
✔ Martin Luther and John Calvin &Protestants in Germany, Scandinavia and England>Break in the Evolution of European Church AR
✔ Departure from Gothic, With the Employment of Classic Roman “Orders of Architecture”
IMPORTANT STRUCTURES Churches & Palaces
PLAN Symmetrical ROOF Barrel Vault; Dome W/ A Drum; Flat Roofs
WALL Ashlar; Rustication (Exterior) COLUMNS Classic Order
OPENINGS Semi-Circular Arch MOULDINGS Adapted From Romans
DOOR Jambs Recessed ORNAMENTS Fresco (Wall & Ceiling);
SGRAFFITO(Scratched & Colored Plaster)
GIACOMO BAROZZI DA VIGNOLA “Regola Delli Cinque Ordini D’architettura”
Proportional derived from actual measurements of ROMAN MONUMENTS
Return &Standardization of the 5 CLASSICAL ORDERS
DOME ON A DRUM; 2nd Celebration of Domes; Rusticated Masonry
PHASES OF RENAISSANCE PERIOD
EARLY RENAISSANCE Adoption of Classical Detail & Ornamentation
BRUNELLESCHI– Formulated the pictorial device of LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
Dome of Florence Cathedral (Duomo – Principal Work) & Riccardi Palace By: BRUNELLESCHI
RICCARDI PALACE – Example of Rusticated Bldg. with heavy crowning Cornice (in which Florentine Style is noted)
LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI– Largely Influenced People on reviving Roman Style via his Book, “DE RE AEDIFICATORIA;”
Helped promote AR from an Artisan’s Trade to a Profession
Santa Maria Novella & Sant’Andrea, Mantua By: LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI
SANTA MARIA NOVELLA – One of the 1st churches where consoles were placed
In the Facade over the side Aisles to connect them w/ the Nave
SANT’ANDREA, MANTUA – Type of Modern Renaissance Church; Single Nave w/ Transepts;
Interior Ornamented w/ a single order on Pedestals supporting a Barrel Vault
HIGH RENAISSANCE Pinnacle of Classical Simplicity & Harmony in Renaissance Art & Architecture
DONATO BRAMANTE
TEMPIETTO OF SAN PEDRO – Martyrium, Place of Martyrdom / Shrine w/ Relics dedicated to a Martyr;
Crucifixion Site of St. Peter; considered one of the High Renaissance Bldgs. of Rome
By: DONATO BRAMANTE
LATE RENAISSANCE Featured a general relaxation of the severe simplicity & order of the High Renaissance
ANDREA PALLADIO– Author of “FOUR BOOKS OF AR”; systemized relationship of ground plan, section & elevation of a bldg.
VILLA ROTONDA – Transforming a House into a Classical Temple By: ANDREA PALLADIO
GIACOMO BAROZZI DA VIGNOLA – Other Works: Sant’Andrea, Rome & 2 small Cupolas at St. Peter
GESU CHURCH – Jesuit Mother Church in Rome By: GIACOMO BAROZZI DA VIGNOLA
MICHELANGELO BUONAROTTI
FARNESE PALACE – Famous Florentine Sculptor & Painter of the SISTINE CHAPEL, VATICAN
Finished the Farnese Palace &carried out the Dome of St. Peter
By: MICHELANGELO BUONAROTTI
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PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT
ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
ST. PETER’S BASILICA Orientation at EAST; Officially the BASILICA DI SAN PIETRO, VATICANO
Architects increased the importance of the dome by lifting it boldly from its substructure and placing it on a "Drum. “
DONATO BRAMANTE won Pope Julius II Della Rovere’s Design Contest for the new Church
1506 Proposed ORIGINAL GREEK CROSS PLAN DONATELLO BRAMANTE ( 1st Renaissance Architect )
1513 Proposed LATIN CROSS PLAN RAPHAEL; with Giulano Da Sangallo & Fra Giocondo
1536 Proposed a Central Dome & Lofty Campanili ANTONIO DA SANGALLO
1546 Also Proposed GREEK CROSS PLAN; Constructed the Dome MICHAELANGELO BUONARROTTI
Carried out the DOME MICHAELANGELO BUONARROTTI
1564 Added the Cupolas on either side of the Great Dome VIGNOLA
1605 – 1612 Lengthened Nave to form a Latin Cross & erected present Facade CARLO MADERNA
Put Piazza in front with Obelisk DOMENCIO FONTANA
1629 – 1667 Designed Entry Piazza; Added Colonnade; 284 Tuscan Columns; BERNINI
Designed Baldachino W/ Twisted Columns;& Sculpture”, Rape Of Persephone”
FLORENCE CATHEDRAL Orientation at WEST

GATES OF PARADISE Bronze Doors of Florence Baptistery by: LORENZO GHIBERTI(Goldsmith & Sculptor)
Architect ARNULFO DI CAMBIO
Dome by FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
THE TEMPIETTO
SANTA MARIA NOVELLA Has Scroll–like Designs
PALAZZO / Palaces Have ASTYLAR Face w/o Pilasters; Use of QUOINS; Rusticated Masonry; Built inside a CORTILI
Always have a FORMAL GARDEN; Alternating Round & Triangular Pediments
PALAZZO FARNESE
PALAZZO MEDICI
PALAZZO PITTI Architect FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
Italian Renaissance: PALLADIAN ARCHITECTURE By: ANDREA PALLADIO
Palladian AR. / PURIST / PIANO NOBILE

Popular in 18th Cen.; Roman Tradition; Having a Portico & Temple–like Facade; LOGICAL & SERENE
Visible Columns & Stonework due to his work as a Stone Cutter; famous for its Grand & Orderly Look;
PALLADIAN WINDOW – Recognizable Feature of a Central Window w/ a Semicircular Arch, each side framed by a Pilaster
VILLA CAPRA “LA ROTUNDA” RENAISSANCE VILLA; Model for most CIVIC BLDGS. today
VILLA ARCHITECTURE; The name La Rotonda refers to the central circular hall with its dome
● Symmetrical building having a square plan with four facades, each of which has a projecting portico
● Each portico has steps leading up, and opens via a small cabinet or corridor to the circular domed central hall
● 'ROTONDA' is technically incorrect, as the building is not circular but rather the intersection of a square with a cross
MANNERISM Reaction against Classical Perfection of the High Renaissance; Non–Roman Design; free, illogical, & decorative
Responded w/ rigorous application of Classical Rules; flaunted Classical Convention in terms of scale & shape
UFFIZI PALACE, Florence, Italy By: GIORGIO VASARI
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PROTO – BAROQUE More confidence in freely using the acquired vocabulary by Michelangelo; VIVID, VIRILE, & INTENSE
BAROQUE French for Bizarre / Fantastic / Irregular; Most Lavish of All Styles; DRAMATIC, RICH, GRAND, & ALIVE
Reaction to the “Artificiality” of Mannerism; An attempt to impress& make art more natural / Life-like / Sensual
Robust Proportions; Rich Colors; Variegated use of Marbles; saw AR, Painting, Sculpture, & Arts as a unified whole
FREESTANDING BELL TOWER Feature; Style Reached PH; “Represents Power of the Church”
CHURCH OF THE GESU (Jesuits), Rome – 1st Truly Baroque Facade; By: GIAGOMO VIGNOLA & GIACOMO della PORTA
PIAZZA SAN PIETRO By: BERNINI
SAN CARLO ALLE QUATTRO FONTANE By: BORROMINI, FRANCESCO
BAROQUE RENAISSANCE – AR of the CURVED LINE; Twisted Columns; Curve & Broken Pediment; Opulent & Dramatic Churches
Symmetry of Forms; Explorations of Form, Light & Shadow & Dramatic Intensity
MIAGAO CHURCH, Iloilo, PH Year 1786; Statue on top of a Scroll; Baroque Fortress Church
Also called, STO. TOMAS DE VILANUEVA PARISH CHURCH; UNESCO World Heritage Site
ROCOCO PERIOD BAROCO; Final Phase of Baroque; ASSYMETRY of Forms; more elaborate version of Baroque AR
Baroque artists gave up their symmetry and became increasingly ornate, florid, and playful
Profusion and confusion of detail, presenting a lavish display of decoration
Lightness, Swirling forms, Flowing Lines, Ornate Stucco Work, & Arabesque Ornament; scrolls & shells
FRENCH ROCAILLE – Stone & Coquilles/ Shells; Lighter Proportions & Colors; White w/ Gold Trim; French in Origin
SANT’AGNESE, Rome, Italy By: BORROMINI, FRANCESCO

CATHERINE PALACE, St. Petersburg, Russia – Summer Residence of the Russian Tsars
FRENCH RENAISSANCE Mix of GOTHIC & CLASSICAL Details; Square Head windows; Steep Roofs
CHATEAU – French Palazzo
CHATEAU DE CHENONCEAUX Both a Palace and a Bridge
CHATEAU DE BLOIS Famous for its Staircase
ENGLISH RENAISSANCE Large windows; Ornate Facades; Stronger use of Classical details
ELIZABETHAN PERIOD Oriel & Bay window; Topiary Hall
ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL Model for the U.S. Capitol Dome Architect SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN
***( U.S. Capitol Dome by: THOMAS U. WALTER )***
SPANISH RENAISSANCE
SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA Romanesque Church added w/ a Spanish Baroque Facade
PLATERESQUE – Earlier Period

CHURRIUERRESQUE– Later Period
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REVIVALIST ARCHITECTURE ( 18th & 19th Century )

NEOCLASSICISM Revival of Classical AR; GREEK & ROMAN Orders as Decorative Motifs; Style of US Government Buildings
Simple, strongly geometric composition; shallow reliefs on facades; “Temple–Like” as ideal form
Style was influenced by Vitruvian Principles & Works of Andrea Palladio
US CAPITOL BUILDING / CAPITOL HILL, Washington D.C.

MONTICELLO, Thomas Jefferson Neoclassical Style w/ Native American Materials
PARIS OPERA HOUSE By: CHARLES GARNIER
COLONIAL STYLE– the Renaissance movement reached the easier colonies through the GEORGIAN STYLE by the way of England;
Simple, Symmetrical AR; Combined Refined Delicate Mouldings With Slender, Graceful Columns
GREEK REVIVAL Remained the accepted Style of Churches in the U.S. into the 20th Cen
Greek Forms & Details – Pleasing to Eye but Illogical in Function; only an AR of Facade Arrangements
Pedimented Gable; Symmetrical Shape; Heavy Cornice; Wide, Plain Frieze; Bold, Simple Moldings
STRAWBERRY HILL By: HORACE WALPOLE

HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT, London Rebuilt By: CHARLES BARRY & AUSUSTUS WELBY NORTHMORE PUGIN
GOTHIC REVIVAL People began to tire the Greek style formality, thus they turned into the informality of Gothic
Style Adaptation was not successful in capturing the spirit of the style which resulted to hard and cold structures
which also lacked flexible quality of European buildings
VICTORIAN STYLE70’s & 80’s Brought romance through the medium of architecture & interior decoration
Beauty with meaningless turrets, gables & jigsaw ornaments& resulted with no structural sense
Was exemplified by the so-called “EASTLAKE STYLE” & THE VICTORIAN GOTHIC
TUDOR REVIVAL Simple, Rustic & the less impressive aspects of Tudor AR, imitating medieval cottages or country houses
More Modest Characteristics; Gave Tudor Revival Its More Striking Effects
● Steeply Pitched Roofs; High Chimneys, Jettied (Overhanging); Often Thatched Roofs
● Half-Timbering Often Infilled With Herringbone Brickwork
● First Floors Above Pillared Porches
● Tall Mullioned Windows or Dormer Windows Supported By Consoles
ROMANESQUE REVIVAL RICHARDSONIAN ROMANESQUE

Bold & Massive Details; Features More Simplified Arches & Windows than their historic counterparts
Style was popularized byHenry Hobson Richardson; Richardson is one of "the recognized Trinity of American Architecture"
Along with Louis Sullivan& Frank Lloyd Wright
RENAISSANCE REVIVAL NEO-RENAISSANCE AR Neo-Renaissance style was in reality an eclectic blending of past styles
Due of its diversity; an AR style to have existed in so many forms, yet still common to so many countries
Great StaircasesOf CHATEAUX OF BLOIS & CHAMBORD– Most widely copied feature of Renaissance AR
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT Urban planning by DANIEL BURNHAM; Characterized by Monumentally-Placed Buildings,
Grand Promenades, Spacious Plazas,& Classical Sculpture
MCMILLAN PLAN – Comprehensive plan of Washington DC’s Monumental Core & Park System
Has National Mall; Lincoln Memorial (bottom); Washington Monument (center); & US Capitol (top)
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MODERN ARCHITECTURE Product of Industrial Age; Functional AR; Material Innovation; Skyscrapers; Sophisticated Bldg. Systems
Reinforced Concrete; Cast Iron, Steel Framing System, Glass / Curtain Wall
( ANTECEDENTS OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE )
INDUSTRIAL AGE / REVOLUTION Began in BRITAIN; Vast economic & social upheavals, MECHANIZATION & MASS PRODUCTION
1820 – 1870 Required new building types for industry, commerce, & transportation
Major turning point in history
MATERIALS Cast Iron; Steel; Reinforced Concrete; Cheaper Glass Manufacturing

CRYSTAL PALACE, London, England (1848) – Victorian; Cast Plate Glass; Pre-Fabricated & Wrought Iron Elements
By: SIR JOSEPH PAXTON
BROOKLYN BRIDGE – World’s Largest Steel Suspension Bridge
By: JOHN AUGUSTUS & WASHINGTON ROEBLING
EIFFEL TOWER, Paris, France By: ALEXANDRE GUSTAVE EIFFEL
SKYSCRAPERS An American Invention; invention of the ELEVATOR; sophisticated heating, plumbing, & Electric Lighting
HOME INSURANCE BLDG. Considered the 1st Skyscraper By: WILLIAM LeBARON JENNEY
WAINRIGHT Bldg., St. Louis, Missouri By: LOUIS SULLIVAN
TRINITY OF AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE – HENRY HOBSON RICHARDSON, FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, & LOUIS SULLIVAN
NOTABLE ARCHITECTS
LOUIS SULLIVAN FORM (EVER) FOLLOWS FUNCTION; used “ORGANIC” / Nature-Inspired decor
FATHER OF SKYSCRAPERS & MODERNISM; 1st Modern Architect;
CHICAGO – Birth Place of Skyscraper; Influential architect & critic of the Chicago School
Inspiration to the Chicago group of architects / Prairie School; mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright
Greatest Contribution to the Skyscrapers– Strong Visual Identity; Organization of Identical, Stacked Floors
THREE LEVELS: Base; Shaft; & Top Floor By: LOUIS SULLIVAN
WAINRIGHT Bldg., St. Louis, Missouri – SULLIVANESQUE STYLE (Ornament & DS to Outline Bldg.)
PRUDENTIAL (GUARANTY) Building, Buffalo, NY
CARSON PIRIE SCOTT DEPARTMENT STORE (SULLIVAN CENTER), Chicago, Illinois
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT Prefer Horizontally-Built Buildings; Promoter of ORGANIC AR

PRAIRE HOUSE –Has Overhanging Roofs& Flowing Forms By: FLW
BROADACRE CITY – Visionary Plan of a Low-Density Settlement w/ an Acre Of Land Per Family
ROBIE HOUSE, Chicago, Illinois
FALLING WATER / KAUFFMAN HOUSE, Pennsylvania
JHONSON WAX COMPANY ADMINISTRATION CENTER, Racine, Wisconsin
ART DECO / STYLE MODERNE GEOMETRIC MOTIFS; STREAMLINED & CURVILINEAR FORMS; Dynamic Ornamental Style
1920s Lavishness is attributed to reaction to the forced austerity imposed by WORLD WAR I
Began in PARIS 1920’s. Eclectic Form of Elegant &Stylish Modernism, from Various Influences
MATERIALS Aluminum, Stainless Steel, Lacquer, Bakelite, Chrome & Inlaid Wood. Exotic materials
such as animal skins; Sharply Defined Outlines; Bold Colors & Synthetic Mat’ls (Plastics)
CHRYSLER BUILDING, NY (Terraced Crown; Radiating Arches) By: WILLIAM VAN ALEN, Built in 1930
EMPIRE STATE BUILDING By: WILLIAM LAMB, Built in 1931
MANILA METROPOLITAN THEATER By: JUAN ARELLANO
ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT The main developer of the Arts and Crafts style was WILLIAM MORRIS
Abolish HISTORICISM & REVIVALISM. Design “honest buildings” that expressed universal values
Advocacy of traditional craftsmanship; simple forms& often medieval, romantic or folk style décor
RED HOUSE – Exemplifies the early Arts and Crafts style Designed for William Morris By: Ar. PHILIP WEBB
Design based on British vernacular AR; Has well-proportioned solid forms, wide porches, steep roof,
pointed window arches, brick fireplaces & wooden fittings; Webb rejected the grand classical style
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BEAUX–ARTS ECLECTICISM –19th & Early 20th Cen.; French “Fine Arts”; Rich Neo-Classical Style favored by the PARIS based arts
1880 – 1930 Symmetrical plans; eclectic use of AR’l features; MASSIVE, ELABORATE Ornamentation, OSTENTATIOUS Effect
Classical Details& a tendency to Eclecticism; Symmetry; Subtle Polychromy; & Hierarchy of Spaces
Statuary, Artwork; Flat roof; Rusticated and raised first story; Arched windows; Arched and pedimented doors
Style Popularized during 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago – Advocated by Daniel Burnham
ECOLE DES BEAUX–ARTS – School of Fine Arts in 1819 established by the French Government; taught a way of
Organizing a building into a balanced hierarchy of spatial elements and planning principles
SAN FRANCISCO CITY HALL – Alternating male & female Mascarons decorate keystones
ART NOUVEAU / “NEW ART” WHIPLASH LINES, FLUID, UNDULATION MOTIFS, often derived from NATURAL FORMS
1890s – 1910 Return to Craftsmanship& Integration of Art, Design, & AR
1st AR’l Style INDEPENDENT of the Tradition of antiquity after Gothic Style
Art Nouveau In: Others:
Germany JUGENDSTIL Stile Floreal "Floral Style"
Spain MODERNISMO Lilienstil "Lily Style"
Italy STILE LIBERTY Style Nouille "Noodle Style"
Portugal ARTE NOVA Paling Stijl "Eel Style"
France LE STYLE METRO / FIN DE SIECLISM Wellenstil "Wave Style"
Austria SEZESSION / SECESSION / SECESSIONSTIL
ART NOUVEAU FOUNDING ARCHITECTS
(BELGIUM) HENRY CLEMENS VAN DE VELDE One of the main founders and representatives of Art Nouveau in BELGIUM
(BELGIUM) PAUL HANKAR Belgian architect; Principal architect for Art Nouveau style in Brussels at the turn of the 20th Cen.
(BELGIUM) VICTOR HORTA Famous in Art Nouveau AR; First to introduce the style to architecture from the decorative arts
HOTEL TASSEL, Brussels, Belgium (1892-3) (Exterior & Staircase Details) By: VICTOR HORTA
VICTOR HORTA’S HOUSE (Exterior)
HORTA MUSEUM (Interior)
(SPAIN) ANTONI GAUDII CORNET “THE STRAIGHT LINE BELONGS TO MEN, THE CURVED ONE TO GOD”
Combined Moorish & Gothic Elements W/ Naturalistic Forms
Gaudí’s Roman Catholic faith permeates his work; earned him the nickname "GOD'S ARCHITECT"
Textured, Undulating Shapes Recall Waves, Sea Coral, & Fish Bones
Catalan architect (Catalan, Capital of Barcelona) and figurehead of CATALAN MODERNISM
PARK GUELL, Barcelona, Spain By: ANTONI GAUDI

CASA MILA, Barcelona, Spain– Controversial Design in its time; predecessor Biomorphic Buildings:
i.e. Guggenheim Museum, Notre dame du Haut, Einstein Tower & Disney Concert Hall
CASA BATLLO / HOUSE OF BONES – Due to its visceral, skeletal quality; Arched Roof like a Dragon/Dinosaur’s Back
has TRENCADIS (Mosaic By Broken Ceramic Tiles)
SAGRADA FAMILIA, Barcelona, Spain – To be completed by 2026-2028; November 2010
Consecrated& proclaimed a minor basilica by Pope Benedict XVI
(FRANCE) HECTOR GUIMARD Best-known representative of the French Art Nouveau orFIN DE SIECLISM
Employed Some Structural Innovations; Abstract Plants & Organic Matter Style
Flexible Mouldings; Sense Of Movement Found In Stone & Wood Carvings
PARIS METROPOLITAN ENTRANCES By: HECTOR GUIMARD
(UNITED KINGDOM)
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH –Scottish architect, designer, water colourist; main representative of Art Nouveau in the U.K.
Developed His Own Style: a contrast between strong right angles & floral-inspired motifs with subtle curves
e.g. the Mackintosh Rose Motif, & other references to traditional Scottish architecture
Designs also influenced by Industrial Revolution, Asian Style & Emerging Modernist Ideas
GLASGOW SCHOOL OF ART – AR School named after GSA's most famous alumnus, Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Highly rated by the AR profession By: CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH
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CONTEMPORARY MOVEMENT Said to be made up of three (3) attitudes of mind reflected in their representative structure:
1) Traditional Eclectics– Architects that work in any style of the past& their development is only in the direction of the use of traditional motifs.
They maybe Classicists – preferring formality & purity of form or Romanticists – clinging to the picturesqueness of the medieval.
2) Traditional Modernists– Architects who give first consideration to the use of buildings but use historic style as basis for design. The old and
new styles are merged to produce an architectural age of this style.
3) Non-Traditional Modernist– Believes in functionalism. “FORM follows FUNCTION”
ECLECTICISM Style that incorporates mixture of architectural styles. It draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain
complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.
STRUCTURALISM Iron Construction, initiated by Sir Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace, brought about a trend in Architecture
SEAGRAM BUILDING, NY By: SIR JOSEPH PAXTON
CRYSTAL PALACE By: MIES VAN DER ROHE
WILLIS TOWER / SEARS TOWER Tallest building in the United States; World’s 7th – tallest freestanding structure
By: SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL
GLASS HOUSE / JOHNSON HOUSE An influential example; earliest uses of industrial materials like glass & steel in home design
By: PHILIP C. JOHNSON
WORLD TRADE CENTER (Early 1960 / 1973 – Sept. 11, 2001) The original7-Building complex featuring landmark twin towers
By: MINORU YAMASAKI
MONUMENTALISM In Architecture, one aspect of individualism stands out: the Idea of building monuments
EIFFEL TOWER, 1899 By: Engr. GUSTAVE EIFFEL CHICAGO
TRIBUNE (1922 Design Competition Proposal, Column-shaped Building) By: Ar. ADOLF LOOS
ADOLF FRANZ KARL VIKTOR MARIA LOOS – He explored the idea that the progress of culture is associated with the deletion
of ornament from everyday objects, and that it was therefore a crime to force craftsmen or builders to waste their time on
ornamentation that served to hasten the time when an object would become obsolete
GATEWAY ARCH/ GATEWAY TO THE WEST – Largest Flattened Catenary Arch Monument By: EERO SAARINEN
Westward US expansion; 630 feet (192 m); tallest man-made US monument; Missouri's tallest accessible building
LONDON EYE, London, England Giant Ferris Wheel at the River Thames
By Architects: Frank Anatole, Nic Bailey, Julia Barfield, Steven Chilton, Malcolm Cook, David Marks, Mark Sparrowhawk
QUEZON MEMORIAL CIRCLE National Park & Shrine; The park is an ellipse bounded by the Elliptical Road
Features a mausoleum of 2nd Former President, Manuel L. Quezon, & his wife, First Lady Aurora Quezon
By: Filipino Architect, FEDERICO S. ILUSTRE
MODERNISM Term to describe the New, Socially Progressive, Undecorated Cubic Democratic (CUBISM), & functionalist
architectural intentions of the first half of the 20th Century
VILLA SAVOYE, POISSY By: LE CORBUSIER

SALK INSTITUTE By: LOUIS KAHN
ROBIE HOUSE – Best Example of FLW’s Prairie Style House By: FLW
PETER BEHRENS – He was important for the modernist movement, as several of the movements leading names (for
example Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier & Walter Gropius) worked for him when they were young.
He was one of the leaders of architectural reform at the turn of the century; major designer of factories &office buildings in brick,
steel & glass.
AEG TURBINE FACTORY – In 1907, AEG (Allgemeine Elektrizitäts–Gesellschaft) retained Behrens as artistic consultant. He designed the
entire corporate identity (logotype, product design, publicity, etc.) and for that Behrens is considered the first industrial designer in
history
Page 29 of 40
MODERN – “ISMS” & OTHER ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
1900s / EXPRESSIONISM European Movement; Jagged & Dynamic Forms in Both Painting & AR as a work of art
Early 20th Cen. Emotional effect VIA form Distortion; often natural biomorphic forms by new technical possibilities
EINSTEIN TOWER, Potsdam, Berlin, Germany By: ERICH MENDELSOHN

US AIR FORCE ACADEMY By: SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL
BAHAI HOME OF WORSHIP / LOTUS TEMPLE By: FARIBORZ SAHBA (Iranian Ar.)
SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE (1973) By: JORN UTZON (Danish Ar.)
BEIJING NATIONAL STADIUM (BNS) By: JACQUES HERZOG & PIERRE DE MEURON
1908 ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE– AR’l Philosophy; Functional; Harmonizes w/ its Natural Environment; Forms an Integrated Whole;
Irregular Contour Shapes; Resemble Forms of Nature; Term by FLW
SOLOMON R. GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM, Manhattan, NYC By: FLW
FALLING WATER / KAUFFMAN HOUSE By: FLW
1915 CONSTRUCTIVISMExpression of Construction was to be the Basis for All Building Design
Emphasizes on Functional Machine Parts
RUSAKOV WORKERS’ CLUB, Moscow By: KONSTANTIN MELNIKOV
1917 NEOPLASTICISM / DE STIJL / “THE STYLE”

Use Of Black & White W/ Primary Colors; Rectangular Forms, Asymmetry, Inspired By Mondrian Painting
Relates to the theory of Pure Plastic Art; simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal
RIETVELD SCHRODER HOUSE, Utrecht, Netherlands By: GERRIT RIETVELD
1919 BAUHAUS MOVEMENT – Bau (Building), Haus (House); School in Germany; Founded By: WALTER GROPIUS (German Architect)
Emphasizes on Functional Design (“Form Follows Function”); Technology, Craft & Design Aesthetics
● Influence on consumer products from bent metal furniture & hanging globe lamps,& Block letterings
●Under three architect-directors: Walter Gropius (1919-1928), Hannes Meyer (1928-1930) &
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1930 until 1933), when the school was closed due to Nazi regime
BAUHAUS BUILDING, Dessau, Germany
WALTER GROPIUS – One of the Pioneers of Modern AR; Founder of the Bauhaus – Revolutionary Art School in Germany
“We Want To Create the Purely Organic Building, Boldly Emanating Its Inner Laws, Free Of Untruths or Ornamentation”
“AR Begins Where Engineering Ends”
MARCEL BREUER – One of the Masters of Modernism; modular construction & simple forms
Studied & taught at the Bauhaus (1920s); Designed the WASSILY CHAIR
WHITNEY MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART, New York By: MARCEL BREUER

BRUTALISM IBM LABORATORY (1902) – Brise Soleil
BRUTALISM MET BREUER MUSEUM
BRUTALISM Church at St. JOHN’S ABBEY (1961)
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INTERNATIONAL STYLE – AR of the MODERN MOVEMENT; Functional AR; Devoid of Regional Characteristics; Simple Geometric Forms;
1920s & 1930s | 1910 – 1970 Large Untextured Surfaces, often White; Large Glass Areas; General Use of Steel or Reinf. Concrete
Term originated from “The International Style” book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock & Philip Johnson
CUBISM – Influence on International Style; Characterized By the Use of Geometric Planes & Shapes
The typical International Style high-rise consists the following:

1) Square or rectangular footprint
2) Simple cubic "extruded rectangle" form
3) Windows running in broken horizontal rows forming a grid
4) All facade angles are 90 degree
OLD US EMBASSY, Manila, PH (1960s) – Brise Soliel (sun screens) By: Ar. ALFRED AYDELOTT
MARLIM MANSIONS HOTEL, Pampanga, PH (1960s) City’s Longest Running Hotel
OLD CLARK AIR BASE HOSPITAL / REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER, Pampanga, PH (Abandoned)
RICHARD NEUTRA – “I Try to Make a House like a Flower Pot (…)”; “AR’s Must Have A Razor-Sharp Sense Of Individuality”
DOMESTIC AR; famous for defining client’s real needs; uses detailed questionnaires
Neutra’s Houses Were Dramatic, Flat–Surfaced, Industrial–Look, Stucco Finish,
Made of Steel-Glass-Reinforced Concrete; Placed in a carefully arranged landscape
BIOREALISM – The Inherent & Inseparable Relationship between Man & Nature
LOVELL HOUSE By: RICHARD NEUTRA
LE CORBUSIER / CHARLES EDOUARD JEANNERET “THE HOUSE IS A MACHINE FOR LIVING IN” “Cube within a Cube”
“I Prefer Drawing To Talking. Drawing Is Faster, And Leaves Less Room For Lies.”
FIVE POINTS OF AR. – Basis of Modern AR According to Le Corbusier; Ideas on how to live in an Industrial World
1) PILOTIS
2) OPEN PLAN
3) FREE FACADE (CURTAIN WALL)
4) RIBBON WINDOWS
5) ROOF GARDEN
VILLA SAVOYE, Poissy, France Reflected the 5 Points of AR By: LE CORBUSIER

UNITE D’ HABITATION, Marseille, France (Brutalism) Apartment Block w/ 23 different Unit Types; “City w/in a City”
NOTRE DAME DU HAUT, France More complex, sculptural shapes in concrete
LA VILLE CONTEMPORAINE Visionary scheme of highly ordered groupings of skyscrapers
MIES VAN DER ROHE Known for developing BOXY, STEEL & GLASS AR from Houses to Skyscrapers; “LESS IS MORE”
“AR is the will of an Epoch Translated Into Space”
BARCELONA PAVILION, Spain Barcelona Chair Furniture Design By: MIES VAN DER ROHE
FARNSWORTH HOUSE, Plano, Illinois – Embodies Mies’ Vision of Modern AR; “Skin & Bones” Trademark
SEAGRAM BUILDING, NY (1958) – Epitomized Elegance & Modernism Principles
S.R. CROWN HALL, Illinois Institute of Technology
1928 – CIAM ( CONGRÈS INTERNATIONAUX D'ARCHITECTURE MODERNE ) –Responsible for a series of events & congresses arranged
1959 around the world by the most prominent architects of the time; with the objective of spreading the principles of
the Modern Movement in AR (such as landscape, urbanism, industrial design, etc.)
PALACE OF ASSEMBLY / CHANDIGARH LEGISLATIVE BUILDING, India By: LE CORBUSIER
1960s METABOLISM MOVEMENT –A Small group of Japanese architects and designers; Large scale, flexible, & expandable structures
Views fixed form & function obsolete
NAKAGIN CAPSULE TOWER By: KISHO KUROKAWA
CITY IN THE AIR, Shinjuku – Master Plan; Clusters in the Air By: ARATA ISOZAKI (2019 Pritzker)
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1960s – 1970s – 1980s

POSTMODERN ARCHITECTURE / NEO–ECLECTIC – Renewed appreciation for the Rich Traditions of Architecture Past; PLURALISM
“Rebellion” From International Style; Context & Setting Sensitive; Architects began enlivening facades w/
color, pattern, & ornaments; Buildings may startle, surprise, or amuse; incorporate statement symbols
POSTMODERN ARCHITECTS
ROBERT VENTURI PIONEER OF POSTMODERNISM “LESS IS A BORE.” “MORE IS MORE”

Suggests architects should embrace “Messy Vitality” in their buildings
Development of a more pluralistic attitude towards architecture that still prevails today
VANNA VENTURI HOUSE, Philadelphia By: ROBERT VENTURI

EPISCOPAL ACADEMY CHAPEL, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania
CHILDREN MUSEUM OF HOUSTON
MICHAEL GRAVES“In Any AR, There’s An Equity between the Pragmatic Function & the Symbolic Function”
NY FIVE; Incorporated decorative, historical references within his abstract designs
Childlike, cartoonish quality shown to exaggerated effect
TEAM DISNEY BURBANK, California (7 Dwarves Facade) By: MICHAEL GRAVES

PORTLAND BUILDING
DENVER PUBLIC LIBRARY
STEIGENBERGER HOTEL IN EGYPT
REM KOOLHAAS – “One of AR’s Most Influential Thinkers; Gravity-Defying Structures “KILL THE SKYSCRAPER”
“The Skyscraper Has Become Less Interesting In Inverse Proportion To Its Success. It Has Not Been Refined But Corrupted.”
POSTMODERN METABOLISM – the idea of Mega-Structures should emerge organically

from the community & culture to meet contemporary needs
OMA (Office for Metropolitan AR) – Rem Founder of AR’l Firm
DE ROTTERDAM COMPLEX – Largest Building in the Country By: REM KOOLHAAS

CCTV HEADQUARTERS, Beijing, China – Building’s two towers are connected by a 246-foot cantilever / “Overhang”
SEATTLE CENTRAL LIBRARY
ALVAR AALTO / HUGO ALVAR HENRIK AALTO “Nature, not the machine, should serve as the model for AR”
Finnish Architect; One of the first modernists to fuse technology with craft. Sensitive to land’s contours &
Building Daylight Orientation. Humanized modernism w/ Curved Walls & Roofs; Wood-Finished Interiors
With first wife AINO AALTO – would give special treatments to the interior surfaces & design furniture,
lamps, & furnishings & glassware
MIT BAKER HOUSE DORMITORY, Cambridge, Massachusetts By: ALVAR AALTO

HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LECTURE HALL
TURUN SANOMAT
FILANDIA HALL
EERO SAARINEN “Always design a thing by considering it in its next larger context – a chair in a room,
a room in a house, a house in an environment.”
Used advances in structural systems to create sculpturally expressive buildings
His followed a unique design direction according to its site and purpose; DS the Tulip Chair
TWA FLIGHT CENTER, NY– Post-Modern By: EERO SAARINEN

DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, Dulles, Virginia
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POSTMODERN ARCHITECTS (continuation)

LOUIS KAHN Classical–Modernism “AR’L FORM SHOULD REFLECT A BUILDING’S SOCIAL PURPOSE.”
Work is compared to Ancient Monuments; composed of circles, squares, & triangles
Rough Concrete & Brick Design to convey a massive primal quality; Considers Role of Daylight in Buildings
PHILLIPS EXETER ACADEMY LIBRARY, New Hampshire By: LOUIS KAHN

KIMBELL ART MUSEUM, Fort Worth, Texas
RICHARD MEDICAL RESEARCH BUILDING, Pennsylvania
Divided Clustered Towers into “served” & “servant spaces,” an architectural principle that is still followed today
PHILIP JOHNSON Advocate of INTERNATIONAL STYLE; one of the Postmodernism’s biggest promoters
1979 FIRST Pritzker Awardee “AR IS THE ART OF HOW TO WASTE SPACE”
GLASS HOUSE, New Canaan, Connecticut By: PHILIP JHONSON
SONY TOWER / (formerly named) AT &T BUILDING, NY– Iconic Chippendale Pediment; & Icon of Post-Modernism
BANK OF AMERICA
LIPSTICK BUILDING
JAMES STIRLING New BRUTALISM & High-Tech Proponent; Sculpted his buildings to convey SOLIDITY
1981 (3rd) Pritzker Awardee
NEUE STAATSGALERIE, Stuttgart, Germany By: JAMES STIRLING
SANTIAGO CALATRAVA Spanish architect widely known for his sculptural bridges & buildings
AUDITORIO DE TENERIFE IN SANTA CRUZ DE TENERIFE By: SANTIAGO CALATRAVA
TURNING TORSO, Scandinavia (Neo-Futurist Residential Skyscraper)
1972 THE NEW YORK FIVE Group of American Architects; Term by Philip Johnson
Also called, "The Whites" due to frequent use of white paint in the built works
MICHAEL GRAVESMost famous of the five; Built more than 350 Buildings; also a Healthcare & Product Designer
JOHN HEJUK Highly Respected Educator; Group’s “Poet” – ''I believe in the social contract, therefore I teach (…).''
PETER EISENMAN Renowned as an AR theoretician; in 1960s, ideas took form in a series of numbered houses
CHARLES GWATHMEY 1992 renovation of FLW's Guggenheim Museum, NYC; & added a rectangular 10-story tower
RICHARD MEIER Principle on pure geometry, open space, and an emphasis on light
GETTY MUSEUM, Los Angeles – A cultural 6-building Acropolis above LA Freeway By: RICHARD MEIER
DOUGLAS HOUSE (1973)
SM MALL OF ASIA (MOA), PHILIPPINES By: ARQUITECTONICA

PH’s 2nd Largest Mall after SM City North EDSA, Asia’s 3rd Largest Shopping; World’s 4th Largest Shopping Mall
PETRONAS TOWERS, KL, Malaysia – 1996 World’s tallest bldg. until 2004 Taipei 101; Design Concept: Malaysia’s Muslim Religion,
Islam Motifs (Steel &Glass Facade) cross section DS based on a Rub el Hizb
Designed By: Argentine Ar. CÉSAR PELLI &Filipino-Malaysian Engr. DEEJAY CERICO
Under the consultancy of J. C. GUINTO, & Filipino Designer DOMINIC "MINICK" SAIBO
TAIPEI 101 / (formerly) TAIPEI WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER, Taiwan By: C.Y. LEE & PARTNERS
Asian Pagoda / Stacked Money Boxes Design concept; World's Tallest (2004) until 2010 Burj Khalifa in Dubai
Designed to withstand the typhoon winds & earthquake tremors common in its area of the Asia-Pacific
BURJ KHALIFA / BURJ DUBAI – Currently World’s Tallest Man-Made Structure, At 829.84 M (2,723 Ft); DS Concept Hymenocallis flower
By: AR. ADRIAN SMITH at S.O.M. (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill)
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POSTMODERN STYLES
1950s BRUTALISM French for Beton Brut (Raw / Crude Concrete) used by Le Corbusier in his later buildings;
Concrete’s rough surface exposed; with which he constructed many of his Post-World War II buildings
Popularized in the PH, by LEANDRO LOCSIN; OTHER BRUTALIST Architects – MARCEL BREUER & TADAO ANDO
CHURCH OF LIGHT By: TADAO ANDO

MET BREUER MUSEUM By: MARCEL BREUER
Church at St. JOHN’S ABBEY (1961) By: MARCEL BREUER
ART & ARCHITECTURE BLDG., Yale University, By: PAUL RUDOLPH
UNITE D’ HABITATION, Marseille, France By: LE CORBUSIER
TRELLICK TOWER, London By: ERNŐ GOLDFINGER
GEISEL LIBRARY, San Diego, California (1970) By: WILLIAM L. PEREIRA & ASSOCIATES
BOSTON CITY HALL (1960s) By: MICHAEL MCKINNELL & GERHARD KALLMANN
BUFFALO CITY COURT BUILDING By: PFOHL, ROBERTS & BIGGIE
HABITAT 67, Montreal, Canada By: MOSHE SAFDIE (Israeli-Canadian Ar.)
BRUTALISM IN THE PH:

MANILA FILM CENTER, Pasay City (1981) – Controversial Proj. Accident By: Ar. FROILAN HONG
FOLK ARTS THEATER By: LEANDRO LOCSIN (1990 Nat’l Artist for AR, PH)
PH INT’L CONVENTION CENTER By: LEANDRO LOCSIN
OLD MANILA INT’L AIRPORT – 70s Renovated as Brutalist; 60s Int’l Style By: LEANDRO LOCSIN
CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES, Pasay City (National Theater) By: LEANDRO LOCSIN
1933 – 1965 MID – CENTURY MODERN Much more organic in form & less formal than International Style
Middle 20th Cen. Ample Windows & Open Floor-Plans; Intends To Open Up Interiors& Bring In Outdoors
TWA FLIGHT CENTER / TRANS WORLD FLIGHT CENTER (1962) By: EERO SAARINEN
Standalone terminal at NYC’s John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) for Trans World Airlines
Post-Modern; 1st Airport to Introduce the Concept of Separating Arrival & Departure Space
OSCAR NIEMEYER – “KING OF CURVES”; 1988 PRITZKER AWARDEE; Brazilian Ar.; Free-Flowing Forms
Known for Civic Bldg.DS & Design of Brasilia (Brazil’s New Capital)
“When a Form Creates Beauty, It Becomes Functional & Therefore Fundamental In AR”
NATIONAL CONGRESS OF BRAZIL By: OSCAR NIEMEYER

METROPOLITAN CATHEDRAL OF OUR LADY APARECIDA / CATHEDRAL OF BRASILIA – 1988 Pritzker Award
NITEROI CONTEMPORARY ART MUSEUM, Rio de Janeiro – “Flying Saucer”; Red Ramp / Spiral Staircase Entry
1970s HIGH TECH / NEO–BRUTALISM / STRUCTURAL EXPRESSIONISM – Machine–Like; Highly expressive use of Tech in Building
Revamped Modernism; previous ideas aided by in technological advances; Open Interior; Adaptable Space
CENTRE POMPIDOU / GEORGE POMPIDOU, Paris– Innards of building are at its exterior
High-Tech Pioneered By: RICHARD ROGERS, NORMAN FOSTER, & RENZO PIANO
JOHN HANCOCK CENTER, Chicago, Illinois – distinctive X-bracing exterior By: SOM
SIR NORMAN FOSTER – “HERO OF HIGH–TECH” “GREAT AR SHOULD WEAR ITS MESSAGE LIGHTLY”
Sleek, Modern DS of Steel & Glass; Contouring & Space Management
LONDON CITY HALL – 1999 PRITZKER Award By: SIR NORMAN FOSTER
30 ST. MARY AXE, The Swiss Re-Building –Also called, The GHERKIN
HSBC BUILDING, Hong Kong – Mechanical Ducts kept hidden; slick, clean skin of metal & glass articulated by struc.
APPLE HEADQUARTERS – 80% Landscape; Collab w/ Steve Jobs
RICHARD ROGERS – Trademark “BOWELLISM” “AR IS A PLACE FOR ALL PEOPLE”

BOWELLISM refers to placing Building’s Services in full view – CENTRE POMPIDOU
MILLENIUM DOME – Spans 80,000 sqm; World’s Largest Fabric-covered Structure By: RICHARD ROGERS
LLOYD’S LONDON BUILDING – Also known as the Inside-Out Building; Looks like a “Ring bind”
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1980s DECONSTRUCTIVISM Use of Bent, Angled & Exploded Forms to represent uncertainty of our times
From the literary theories of JACQUES DERRIDA, who holds that:
“There is no fixed truth but only multiple interpretations”
JEWISH MUSEUM, Berlin – Largest Jewish Museum in Europe By: DANIEL LIBESKIND
ONE WORLD TRADE CENTER, NYC – Tallest Skyscraper in the Western Hemishpere By: DANIEL LIBESKIND
WEXNER CENTER FOR THE ARTS, Ohio By: PETER EISENMAN
FRANK GEHRY “AR SHOULD SPEAK OF ITS TIME & PLACE, BUT YEARN FOR TIMELESSNESS”
“Most Important Arch’t of Our Age”; Sculptural Works; Corrugated Metals Give an Unfinished Appearance
GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM, Bilbao, Spain By: FRANK GEHRY

WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL, LA, California
VITRA DESIGN MUSEUM
ZAHA HADID – “Queen of the Curve”; “Greatest Female Arch’t”; 2004 PRITZKER Awardee
UK’s most Prestigious Award the 2010-2011 STIRLING PRIZE
Futuristic AR, Curving Facades, Sharp Angles, Concrete & Steel Materials
VITRA FIRE STATION, Weil Am Rhein, Germany By: ZAHA HADID

HEYDAR ALIYEV CENTRE
Galaxy SOHO, Beijing
MORPHEUS HOTEL TOWER
Bldg. Pritzker Awarded >>> ROSENTHAL CONTEMPORARY ARTS CENTRE, Cincinnati – US’s 1st Museum Designed by a Woman
1960s CONTEXTUALISM ARCHITECTURE–Invented by Ar. COLIN ROWE as a reaction to Modernist AR

Modern building types are harmonized with urban forms; Takes its clues from adjacent buildings,
Whatever their individual merits. Based on association and not on composition; enduring aesthetic quality
Divided Into Three (3) Categories:

1) VERNACULAR AR –Indigenous; reliance on needs, construction materials & traditions are Site-Specific
2) REGIONAL AR –Late 1960s; Reference to its physical, cultural & political contexts
3) CRITICAL REGIONALISM – Regional AR approach that seeks universality
333 WEST WACKER DR. – Curved, green-tinted facade which “flows in harmony with the river’s hue”
CARRÉ D'ART, Nîmes, South France By: SIR NORMAN FOSTER
City Library &Museum of contemporary; Constructed of glass, concrete and steel
Facing the Maison Carrée, a perfectly preserved Roman temple that dates from the 1st century BC
1960–1970 NEO – VERNACULAR AR. – Improves Vernacular Tradition; Modern Asian Style Building Types & Modern Filipino Style
Reaction against INT’L MODERNISM; Called Neo–Shingle Style (USA)
Energy-efficient AR to attain Sustainability; Modern Tech, Local, Cultural & Climatic Considerations
FRANCISCO “BOBBY” MAÑOSA “I DESIGN FILIPINO”

TAHANANG PILIPINO / COCONUT PALACE At the CCP Complex, in Pasay City, 1978
Official residence & workplace of the PH Vice President; Commissioned by Imelda Marcos; Made of several
types of PH hardwood, coconut shells, & a specially engineered coconut lumber (“Imelda Madera”)
NATURE’S CHURCH, 1988 A showcase of Filipino architecture.

By: FRANCISCO "BOBBY" MAÑOSA& Landscapist LINGGOY ALVAREZ
Early 1980s CRITICAL REGIONALISM – AR approach; strives to counter placelessness &lack of identity in Modern AR
By using the building's geographical context
SAN MIGUEL CORPORATION BUILDING By: Francisco Manosa, Ildefonso Santos, Jr.
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Early 20th Cen. MINIMALISM STYLE A style of eliminating all non-essential forms, features or concepts
1920s Post World War I Highly influenced by Japanese traditional DS &AR & the concept of Zen philosophy
Emerged from the Cubist-inspired movements of De Stijl & Bauhaus
GERMAN PAVILION, Barcelona Reconstruction of LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE'S
TADAO ANDO – Japanese Architect; known for BRUTALISM & MINIMALISM Style; Natural Lighting
4 x 4 HOUSE By: TADAO ANDO
1990–2002 BLOBISM / BLOBISMUS / BLOB AR MOVEMENT Organic, Amoeba-Shaped, Bulging Form

“Blobitecture” Term by Ar. Greg Lynn; based on the software that created Binary Large Objects
SELFRIDGES DEPARTMENT STORE (2003) By: Future Systems

DS Concept: Female Silhouette & Famous "Chainmail" Dress Designed by Paco Rabanne in the 1960s
“FRIENDLY ALIEN” / KUNSTHAUS GRAZ / GRAZER KUNSTHAUS / GRAZ ART MUSEUM, Austria
Built for European Capital of Culture celebrations in 2003 By: Peter Cook & Colin Fournier
ALLIANZ ARENA, Bavaria, Germany (2006 FIFA World Cup Stadium Munich) By: Herzog & de Meuron
1960s ARCHIGRAM Avant-Garde Architectural Group – Based at the Architectural Association, London
Futurist, anti-heroic & pro-consumerist; hypothetical projects. Expressed hope on tech to transform & improve the world
The main members: Peter Cook, Warren Chalk, Ron Herron, Dennis Crompton, Michael Webb & David Greene.
Theo Crosby, Designer, was the "hidden hand" behind the group
THE WALKING CITY, RON HERRON, 1964 – Self-contained living pods that could roam the cities
Literal interpretation of Corbusier's aphorism of a house as a machine for living in.
PLUG-IN-CITY, PETER COOK, 1964 – Mega-structure with no buildings. The machine had taken over and people were
the raw material being processed, the difference being that people are meant to enjoy the experience.
INSTANT CITY– Is a mobile tech-event that drifts into underdeveloped, drab towns via air (balloons) with
provisional structures (performance spaces) in tow
1960s GREEN ARCHITECTURE

Rise of Eco–Awareness; Sustainable Design, Considers Land-Use, Transportation, Energy Efficiency, Indoor Ecology,
& Waste Reduction. Sustainability ensures human actions & decisions do not inhibit future generation’s opportunities. “Green”
Buildings use Materials for Healthier Buildings & Gains Energy Efficiency through Site & Systems
NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, Singapore By: CPG Consultants Pte Ltd.

LONDON CITY HALL –Bulbous Shape For Energy Efficiency By: SIR NORMAN FOSTER
MENARA MESINIAGA By: KEN YEANG
Building’s an environmental filter; basis of traditional Malaysian bldg.& their transition into modern principles
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( EAST ) ASIAN ARCHITECTURE
ANCIENT CHINA – East Asian AR Chief Building Type: Palaces & Temples
ORIENTATION Front Entry – SOUTH; Ancestors – NORTH; Largest & Most Important Building at Northernmost
SOUTH or Southeast – Most Buildings’ Orientation to Utilize Prevailing Winds & Sunshine
BUILDING LAYOUT Dispersed around Courtyard; Organized around Central Path/Axis

Bldgs. & Courtyards increase in size closer to Main Building
CONSTRUCTION System of Wood Frame Construction; Timber Columns; Low Stone Platform Foundation
Upturned Corners w/ Crests; Thick Outer Walls or Light Lattice Screens; Heavy Colored Pantiles;
FENG SHUI Major Design Consideration
YIN–YANG Interaction of 2 Opposing & Complementary Principles

Yin (Feminine, Dark, Negative), Yang (Masculine, Bright, Positive)
JIAN Unit of Measurement in Const’n; Marked By Adjacent Frame Supports
ROOFING
TOU–KONG SYSTEM “Hand–Arm” / Bracket System used to transfer roof loads to supports; Struc’l & Decor Use
Similar to a DOSSERET BLOCK
ROOF TILES – Color Coordinated; Heavily Tiled Roof; Upturning Roof

YELLOW – Imperial Palace (Represents Earth); Reserved for Emperors
RED – House of Mandarins; Represents Fire; Hope & Satisfaction
BLUE, GREEN, PURPLE – Common Structures
GREEN – Represents Wood
BLUE & BLACK – Represents Water
WHITE & GRAY – Represents Metal
DWELLING 3 PARTS: Arranged around a COMMON COURTYARD

1) Vestibule / Porter Lodge on Street
2) Audience Chamber & Family Room
3) Kitchen & Servants
Early Settlement YANG–SHAO VILLAGE Neolithic Culture in China; Around Yellow River; Pit Dwellings Model of Jiangzhai
1600–1030 BC SHANG DYNASTY Site of Yin; Intro to Writing; Urban City Dev’t; Bronze Casting Mastery
221–206 BC QIN DYNASTY Centralized Gov’t; 1st Imperial Dynasty; Const’n of Much of China’s Great Wall
RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES
PAILOU Monumental Gateway to Palace / Tomb / Sacred Place
ZHONGLOU Right Side; Bell Tower / Pavilion of City Gate / Palace Entry / Temple Forecourt
GULOU Left Side; Counterpart of Zhonglou
MINGTANG Bright Hall; Ritual Struc.; Circle Intersection (Heaven), Square (Earth); at 4 Cardinal Directions
BIYONG – Jade Ring Moat
LINGTAN – Spirit Altar; Raised Astro-Observatory; at central / circular upper storey of MINGTANG
PAGODA ( TA’IS / TA ) – Octagonal (Japan – Square); Odd Numbered Floors; Roof Overhang per Storey
Buddhist Temple; Square / Polygonal Plan; Projecting Roofs per Storey
As A Memorial or To Hold Relics; Derived From Indian Stupa
NOTABLE STRUCTURES
SUNG YEUH SSUHONAN Oldest Existing Chinese Pagoda; in Stone
FORTIFICATION GREAT WALL OF CHINA Protection from Barbaric Invasion; 13,000 Miles or 20,800 Km; Also Communication Means
QIN Dynasty built most of the wall; “Qin” to China; Central Gov’t Emerged Started By: SHIH HUANG TI
SHIH HUANG TI – Also known for his Terracotta Army
SONGYUE TEMPLE TA, Dengfeng – China’s Oldest Surviving Ta
FOGONG PAGODA – 200–Foot High Wooden Tower
HALL FOR PRAYER FOR GOOD HARVEST / TEMPLE OF HEAVEN

Altar; Circular Mound; Ritual Platform; Imperial Vault of Heaven; Abstinence Palace
PALACES FORBIDDEN CITY, Beijing China Last & Most Important Imperial Cities; Palace Complex
PALACE OF HEAVENLY PURITY– Best Preserved Imperial Palace Built By: Emperor Zhu Di
HALL OF SUPREME HARMONY – Emperor’s Throne Room; also where he met officials daily
PALACES SUMMER PALACE, Beijing China Summer Retreat from the Forbidden City
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ANCIENT JAPAN – East Asian AR LIGHT, DELICATE, & REFINED
710–794 CE NARA PERIOD HAIJO PALACE, Imperial Residence – Influence From Chinese Culture & Form of Gov’t
Named After the 1st Permanent Capital & Chief Buddhist Center in Ancient Japan
785 – 1185 CE HEIAN PERIOD Modifications of Chinese Influence (Ideas & Institutions)
SHINTOISM “Way of the Gods” – Polytheistic; Life in Harmony & Unified w/ Nature
Shinto Practices include Visiting Shrines, Reciting Prayers, & Giving Offerings
CONSTRUCTION Wooden Main Frames; Sliding Screens; Thinner Walls & Sometimes Translucent Paper
GUSSHO SYSTEM Based from rigidity of triangle; brackets (Tokyo) support the tiled roof
SHINMEI–ZUKURI AR. STYLE – Style Of Shinto Shrine; Embody Original Japan Bldg. Style
Rectangular Plan; Raised On Posts, Surrounded By Railed Veranda; Free-Stand Post at Each Gable End
SHRINE For the Shinto Religion; Has a Shimenawa (Sacred Rope-like Structure made of Hemp or Straw)
SHINTO SHRINE “Place of the Gods” Enshrines one or more KAMI ( god / deity / spirit )
ISE JINGU / ISE SHRINE Japan’s Holiest Shrine
Consists of Two (2) Shrines:
GEKU (Outer Shrine) – Dedicated to TOYOUKE (Shinto Deity of Clothing, Food, & Housing)
NAIKU (Inner Shrine) – Enshrines Sun Goddess AMATERASU (Most Venerated Deity)
Naiku is rebuilt every 20 years
IZUMO SHRINE Oldest Shinto Shrine; Largest Shimenawa

TOSHOGU SHRINE – Dedicated To Tokogawa, the Last Samurai
KIBITSU SHRINE Largest Shrine Having Two Gables
ITSUKUSHIMA / MIYAJIMA SHRINE – Hiroshima Prefecture; UNESCO World Heritage Site
TORII Monumental Freestanding Japanese Gateway; Two (2) Pillars w/ Horizontal Crosspiece & Lintel above it
TORII of ISTUKUSHIMA Shrine & SHINTO Shrine
TEMPLES – For the BUDDHIST Religion

GOLDEN PAVILION / KINKAKU–JI, Kyoto – a Zen Temple Built By: ASHIKAGA YOSHIMITSU
HORYUII TEMPLE, Nara – World’s Oldest Wooden Struc.; Japan’s Oldest Existing Complex; 5–Storey Pagoda
Japanese Buddhist Temple
CHUMON – Inner Gateway to the Precinct
KAIRO – Covered Gallery surrounding Precinct
KONDO – Main Hall
TO / BUTTO / TOBA – Japanese Pagoda; Central Structure of Buddhist Compound
SORIN – Crowning Spire on a TO / Japanese PAGODA
KODO – Lecture / Assembly Hall for Monks for Reading Texts
TO / Japanese PAGODA – Square Plan; 3–15 STOREYS; NO Upturning Roof like China
Parts of a Pagoda:
KONDO – Main Hall BELL TOWER
KODO – Lecture Hall REPOSITORY FOR SUTRAS (Written Works)
DORM & DINING HALL
PALACES / CASTLES – Stone Walls & Moats; TENSHU–GUN / DONJON – Keeps; Home Of DAIMYOS (Feudal Lords);
HARAKIRI–MARU – inner courtyard; Southeast Corner where Samurai would commit Suicide
HIMEJI–JO CASTLE – “The White Heron” Finest surviving example of Early 17th Cen. Japanese Castle AR
ONSEN – Public Baths
DWELLINGS / DOMESTIC AR.

1338–1573 SHOIN Means “WRITING WALL” New Type of Residential Architecture in Muromachi Period
Muromachi Period Features KEN System using Tatami Mats
KEN SYSTEM Japanese Measuring Unit; Equal to Six (6) Shaku (1.818 Mts.); Regulates Column Space
TATAMI MATS Straw Mats as Floor Cover; Used For Proportioning Space
MAT SIZE 1.8m x 0.90m or 1 x 2 Yards or 3’ x 6’ Feet ; ROOM HEIGHT: 30% Total Mats
Parts of a Traditional Japanese House

ENGAWAExtension of Floor; Serves as Passageway / Sitting Place; Facing Garden
SHOIN Drawing Room / Study
SHOJI Paper–Covered Wooden Lattice
TOKONOMA Picture Recess or Alcove for KAKEMONO
KAKEMONO Vertical Hanging Scroll w/ Text / Painting or for Flower Arrangement
CHIGAIDAMA Staggered Shelves; SHOIN Feature
TANA Recess w/ built-in Shelving
TOKOBASHIRA Post Marking the Partition between TOKONOMA & TANA
ZASHIKI Reception Room; Main Room in a Traditional Japanese House for Receiving Guests
CHASHITSU Teahouse with ROJI

ROJI Ornamental Garden Adjacent to CHASHITSU
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ANCIENT INDIA ( BUDDHIST & HINDU ) – East Asian AR BUDDHISM began in INDIA
320 BC Rhythmic Stratified Motifs; Profuse Carved Ornamentation; Often Combines Religious & Sensuous
Persian Cultural Influence; 1st use of Dressed Stone (shaped & smoothed stone )
GUPTA DYNASTY Center of Classical Indian Art & Literature

PALLAVASouth India Hindu State; Expanded Indian Culture to SE Asia
DRAVIDIAN AR. Indian AR Style in the Pallava Period
KIVA Underground Chamber; For Religious Ceremonies / Councils
BUDDHISM Faith / Religion; Originated in India; Belief in the existence of one god
STUPA Sacred Dome-Shape Mounds That Contain A DAGOBA; Crowned By A CHATTRI
Surrounded By A VEDIKA (Ambulatory Stone) With Four (4) TORANAS
Parts of a Stupa:
TORANA Indian BUDDHIST Ceremonial Gateway; elaborate carving
VEDIKA Railing enclosing the STUPA; Ambulatory Stone
CHATTRI Umbrella-shaped Finial; Stone Disc on a Vertical Pole; Symbolizes Dignity
MEDHI Shallow Beam ringing the base of the hemispherical mound
VEDAS Scriptures
VIHARA Monastery; Often Excavated from solid rock
CHAITYA Assembly Hall; Rock–Carved Sanctuary on Hillside; Worship Cave
KUDO Entrance Arch of CHAITYA
WAT BUDDHIST Monastery / Temple in Thailand or Cambodia
GOMPA TIBETIAN BUDDHIST Monastery or Nunnery
MANDALA Buddhist; Represents the Cosmos; Basis of Floor Plans; Symbolizes PURUSA (Saints)
HINDUISM Faith/Religion in India; Worship Numerous Deities
HINDU TEMPLES
MANDIRA HINDU Temple; (Example) SRI RANGANATHASWAMY TEMPLE
RATH MONOLITHIC; SOLID ROCK; HINDU TEMPLE
VIMANA A HINDU Sanctuary of a Hindu Temple; Deity Enshrined here
SHAIVITE TEMPLES For SHIVA; Temples Face EAST
VAISHNAVITE TEMPLES For VISHNU; Temples Face WEST
LINGAM Phallus Symbol of god SHIVA in Hindu AR
GARBHA GRIHA Inlet Shrine Crowned W/ A Spire; Womb Chamber
Dark innermost sanctuary where deity statue is placed
SIKHARA Tower–Like Elements Representing Caste System; Adorned W/ Nature Spirits; AMALAKA Capped
AMALAKA HINDU Finial; bulbous stone of a SIKHARA
YAKSA – Male; YAKSI – Female
GOPURAM Ornate Monumental HINDU Gateway Tower
MANDAPA Porch–Like Hall for Religious Music & Dancing
NOTABLE STRUCTURES
KHAJURAHO TEMPLE Displays Kama Sutra
ORISSAN TEMPLE Devoid of Human Figures; More on Geometric, Plant-Like Motifs
BUDDHIST STRUCTURES
GREAT STUPA, SANCHI India’s Oldest Existing Stupa; Oldest Buddhist Sanctuary
STAMBHA / LATS Freestanding Memorial Pillar W/ Carved Inscriptions/Statue
HINDU STRUCTURES
SHORE TEMPLE Oldest Freestanding HINDU Temple
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INDIAN ARCHITECTURE – INFLUENCE ON SOUTHEAST ASIA
THAILAND KHMER ARCHITECTURE – South East Asian AR; also known as Angkorian AR; by the Khmer Empire
WAT Holy Structure

CHEDI Bell–Shaped Structure
WAT PO Contains the Reclining Buddha; Oldest University in Thailand
ANGKOR WAT, Siem Reap, Cambodia – “Temple Mountain”; Original Name: VRAH VISHNULOK in honor if Vishnu
One of the World’s Largest Religious Structures; Lotus Bud Inspired Towers
Made w/ Granite & Sandstone; Made To Glorify God Kings of the Empire
Serves as King’s Tomb; Use of CORBELLED ARCH
Parts of Angkor Wat: Built By: SURYAVARMAN II (Khmer Empire King)
Central Sanctuary
Upper Gallery – Depicts Dances
Open Gallery – Depicts MAHABHARATA (Ancient Indian Story/Epic)
ANGKOR THOM Depicts 216 Faces of JAYAVARMAN Built By: JAYAVARMAN
INDONESIA JAVANESE ARCHITECTURE – South East Asian AR also; Indonesia AR; Religion & AR developed in the Island of Java
BOROBODUR, Central Java, Indonesia – The Great “Cosmic Mountain”; Stepped Pyramid on Mandala-shaped Base
“Temple of the Countless Buddhas” & World’s Largest Buddhist Temple
Built w/ Gray Volcanic Stone; Mound w/ 9 Terraces; Life of Buddha on Lowest Terrace
Buddha Statues Encourage People to Follow His Path to Enlightenment
Parts of the Borobodur Temple

KAMADHATU (3) Three–Tier Pyramidal Base; Reliefs represent the human’s lust for life
RUPADHATU (5) Five Concentric Square Terraces; Reliefs represent the will to leave life behind
ARUPADHATU (3) Three Circular Platforms from Trunk of a Cone; Topmost; with big Stupa
Surrounded by the Statues; Relief represents human’s detachment to life, to reach Nirvana
Borobodur Temple Complex
MENDUT TEMPLE – Depiction of Buddha; Monolith W/ Two (2) BODHISATTVAS
Bodhisattva – An ideal enlightened being who help others reach Nirvana
PAWON TEMPLE – Smaller Temple; Inner Space doesn’t reveal w/c Deity was worshipped
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL TIME PERIOD

EARLY CITIES hunters started farming communities, permanent settlements

SUMERIAN (5000 – 2000 BC) Monumental Temples of Sun-dried bricks, CUNEIFORM

ORIENTATION 4 CORNERS TOWARDS CARDINAL POINTS

5,000 – 2,000 BC SUMERIANS & AKKADIANS North; Agriculture & Mining

BABYLONIAN or CHALDEA Decline on Assyrian Empire under NEBUCHADNEZZAR

MESO AMERICA CIVILIZATION MIDDLE AMERICAN PERIOD

OLMECS LA VENTA PYRAMID; COLLOSAL HEAD SCULPTURES, MEXICO

PERSIAN EMPIRE: PALACE COMPLEX OF PERSEPOLIS

HYPOSTYLE HALL OF XERXES 72 black marble columns supports flat roof

GREEK ARCHITECTURE GREECE: Now TURKEY

(650 / 480 BC – 323 BC) CLASSICAL PERIOD HELLENIC PERIOD

TEMPLE OF APOLLO EPICURIUS – Ictinus, Bassae (Corinthian Order 1st used)

PARTS OF A TEMPLE Basic element of a temple is its colonnade

TYPES OF COLONNADE SURROUNDING NAOS

NUMBER OF COLUMNS at Entry of Greek Temple

ACROPOLIS TEMENOS; Upper City; Citadel; City on a Height

INTERCOLUMNATION Applies mainly to Hellenistic and Roman Temples PSEDA

800 -300 BC RISE OF ROMAN EMPIRE

ITALIAN PENINSULA – Central and commanding position on Mediterranean Sea

ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE 750 BC - 100 BC Etruscan Civilization – Now ITALY

ORIENTATION Temples oriented SOUTH; Temples Faced FORUM

ORIENTATION Temples – Facade FACED FORUM

CONSTRUCTION Greek orders used as decorative features; Temple, Palaces, Baths

COLUMNS Adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks

ROOF & CEILING / TYPES OF VAULT

CURIA Senate House; in Greek: PRYTANEION

IMPORTANT STRUCTURES / CIVIC BUILDINGS

IMPERIAL FORUM No streets, No spatial/axial connections between the spaces;

BASILICA IN THE FORUM, POMPEII

PONS (Bridge) BRIDGE OF AUGUSTUS, RIMNI, ITALY

QUADRIGAS 4–Horse Roman Chariot

OTHER Parts of the Thermae

476 AD THE FALL OF ROME – START OF THE DARK AGES

SEPARATION OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN EMPIRE OF ROME

( 5th to 15th CENTURY )

MOAT Deep Ditch filled with water surrounding a fortified town

FORTIFIED TOWERS Defensive Medieval structure

MURDER HOLES Holes in the ceiling of a fortification’s gateway / passageway

RELIGION Christianity – State Religion

CEMETERIA changed to CATACOMBS

MAJOR BASILICA PAPAL BASILICAS; Highest-Rank of Roman Catholic Churches

MINOR BASILICA There are 13 Minor Basilicas in the Philippines as of 2015

CONVERTED BASILICAN CHURCHES Built under burial place of a SAINT

Church Layout / Concept: Man’s Journey to God

ORIENTATION Facade faced WEST

CONSTRUCTION Mostly Church Construction; Simplicity in Exterior, Richness in Interior

INTRODUCTION OF DOMES made from stone, brick, and concrete

GREEK CROSS Dominant middle- and late-period Byzantine churches’ design

ST. BASIL’S CATHEDRAL / CATHEDRAL OF VASILY THE BLESSED

ORIENTATION MECCA – Where all the Mosques point at

DOME OF THE ROCK, Jerusalem

JAMA MASJID (The Great Mosque) One of the biggest in India

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ( 800 – 1180 ) SOBER& DIGNIFIED HORIZONTALITY Emphasis CHURCH AR

MATERIAL Stones & Bricks

GERMAN ROMANESQUE Western Apse; Entry on Lateral Sides

MATERIALS Stone& Timber DOORS Jambs