CHEMISTRY

QUESTION IN RED
ANSWER IN BLUE
NOTES IN BLACK
LEARN
NEW TOPIC/CONCEPT
FLASHCARD-{Quetab or omni set} online

Objectives 1-5 Objectives 6-10

States of Matter Mole Concept

Mixtures and Separations Acids Bases and Salts

Atomic Structure Oxidation – Reduction Reactions

Periodic Table and Periodicity Electrochemistry

Structure and Bonding Rates of Reaction

Energetics
What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of matter and its
properties. There are various branches of
chemistry such as analytical , physics,
biochemistry, organic chemistry, and inorganic
chemistry.
LEARN

What is Matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and volume.
All matter consists of atoms. There are 109
types of atoms. Atoms are the smallest part of
an element and an element is made up of only
one type of atom.
Learn 1-20 periodic elements for CXC and 1-30
periodic elements for CAPE level.
NEUTRON MASS=1 NO
CHARGE

ELECTRON MASS=1/2000 -CHARGE

PROTON MASS=1 + CHARGE

Neutron - no charge, mass 1;

Proton +, mass 1;
Electron -, mass is 1/1840 or 1/2000 or 0.0005.

Electrons are found in the shell while neutrons

and protons are found in the nucleus.
The number of protons is equal to the number of
electrons.
When an atom has a charge, we call it an ion.

What is the difference between an atom and an

ion?
An atom becomes an ion when it gets a charge.
Ions have different numbers of protons and
electrons.
The mass number is the number of protons and
electrons, while the atomic number is the
number of protons.
What are the States of Matter?
The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and
gas.
The melting point is where a solid turns to a
liquid.
The freezing point is where a liquid turns to a
solid.
The boiling point is where a liquid turns to a
gas.
The condensing point is where a gas turns to a
liquid.
Solid particles are held tightly together and can
move freely but can vibrate.
Liquid particles are loosely packed and can
move freely.
Gas particles have no force holding them
together and are in random motion.

Intermolecular/ Intramolecular
Intermolecular bonds are the bonds between two
different molecules, while intramolecular bonds
are the bonds inside of one molecule.

A change of temperature causes a change of

state of matter to occur.
More energy means more movement.

Changes between states

Evaporation liquid to gas
Freezing liquid to solid

Melting solid to liquid

Boiling - liquid to gas
Condensation gas to liquid
Sublimation solid to gas
Desublimation gas to solid

Kinetic Theory
 Kinetic energy is energy in motion. While the
substance is in a change of state, the
temperature remains the same..

The heating curve is an increase in heat to the

substance to go from a solid, liquid, gas.
 The cooling curve is when heat is released,
causing a substance to go from gas to liquid to
solid.

The fundamental difference between states of

matter is the distance between the particles.
Brownian Motion
The random movement of small colloidal
particles colliding with other particles.
Diffusion
 Diffusion is the random movement of particles
from an area of high concentration to an area of
lower concentration.

Osmosis
 Osmosis is the random movement of water
particles from an area of high concentration to
an area of lower concentration through a
permeable membrane.

The differences between osmosis and diffusion.

EXPERIMENT
SOLUTION SUSPENSION COLLOIDS

The solvent is the substance that does the

dissolving, they are usually given in larger
amount. Eg.water
The solute is in the substance that dissolves,
they are usually given in smaller amount. Eg
salt
Together they give a solution.
When the solvent is water it is known as
aqueous solution.

When a solution can’t take in anymore

molecules we call this a saturated solution.
Adding heat increase the saturation cause the
solution to mix.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
SUSPENSION
When solid particles doesn’t dissolve in a liquid
a suspension.
In suspension the solute is insoluble .
(basically means it can’t mix.)
Eg. (Mud water) there suspension of solid
particle
COLLOIDS Is the in-between of a solution and
a suspension. In Colloids the substance that is
trying to mixed in can’t be mix but also doesn't
not sink to the bottom.

MEASUREMENT
Chromatography is a separation technique it is
based on solubility.
Solubility the ability of a sample to dissolve,

Paper Chromatography is used to separate

several solutes which are present in a solution.
It tells how soluble each one in the solvent used
and how strongly each one is attracted to the
paper used.
To measure the retention factor value

Rf= Distance traveled by the solute

----------------------------------------
Distance travelled by the solvent
LOCATING AGENT
It makes colorless substance visible.

FILTRATION
It is a method of separation to separate solid
from a liquid.

Evaporation
It is a method of separation by the use of heat.
Until the liquid is evaporation until the solute is
left.

Crystallization
Gently heat a sample until it is concentrated and
the crystal begin to form
Then separate the crystal

Simple distillation
To separate two liquids by using the different
boiling points of the two or more solution.
Fractional distillation is the same as simple
distillation, but this is used when the boiling
points of the solvent. are too close together in
value, so a Fraction Colum is used.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
ALL THE METHODS OF SEPARTIONS
ATOMS, ELEMENTS AND COMPOUND

Proton number/atomic number -is the number of

proton in an atom.
Nucleon number/mass number Atomic mass- is
the number of proton+ neutrons in an atom.
Isotopes- are atom of the same element they
have the same number of protons but different
number of neutrons.

Radioactive is the act of emitting radiation

spontaneously.
Radioactive isotopes is an element giving out
unstable radioactive energy form the nucleus.

Use of Radioactive isotopes- radiotherapy

(cancer treatment),tracer( to identify where the
leak is )energy generator( to omit energy) ,
carbon dating (to deretemine how old an item is)
pacemaker ( to ensure your heart is beating
properly).
Relative atomic mass is the average of one
atom of an element compared to one – twelfth
the mass of an atom of carbon-12.

BONDING AND STRUCTURE OF MATTER

Element is a pure substance that cannot be slip
into anything small using a chemical reaction.
Each element has a unique proton number.

Mixture is two or more elements mixture

together but are not chemically combined.

Compound is a substance in which two or more

different elements are chemically combined.
How to write the electronic configuration
ELEMENT SHELL MAX-
1ST shell has a max of 2
2ND shell has a max of 8
3rd shell has a max of 8
4th shell has a max of 18

Eg aluminum-Al-13
2,8,3
Eg potassium-K-19
2,8.8,1

Homo-same =homogenous mixture same

throughout.
Hetero-different=heterogenous mixture not the
same without and sat still it will sit at the
bottom.
METAL,NON-MENTAL AND METALLOIDS

METAL NON-METAL
STRONG BRITTLE/WEAK
HIGH M.P LOW M.P
HEAVEY LIGHT
BENDABLE WILL BREAK IF
YOU TRY TO BEND
Alloy are mixtures of two or more metals or a
mixture of one or more metal with a non-metal
to improve the strength and properties.
Eg. Alnico-
USES OF ALLOY
Past Paper QUESTIONS/PAPER 3
THE RELATIVE AMTOMIC MASS IS A
NUMBER THAT COMPARES THE
AVERAGE MASS OF ANTM WITH 1-12
THE MASS OF A CARBON-12 ATOM
Johann dobereiner
Discover there was a certain group of 3 element
possessed similar chemical. Called the triads.
John Newlands
Law of octave every eight element was similar.
Dmitri Mendeleev

Periodic classification of elements

Henry Moseley rearranged the elements in the
table based on their atomic numbers instead of
atomic masses.
Summary of the tends in group 7 the halogens
Group 7
All shell has 7 in the outer shell
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Astatine

They are poisonous

Diatomic- 2 atoms that make a molecule.
Non-polar means no charge
Low melting and boiling points
Share electrons with others non-metal
Ease of ionization increases as we go down the
groups.
Reactivity increases for metal as we move down
the group.

The attraction of the electrons to the nucleus is

getting weaker so electrons are easily lost.

Reactivity increases up the groups

Atomic radius increase down the group which
decreases ease of ionization
Higher up it is easier to accept an electron.

a reducing agent is itself oxidized lose in

electron
Oxidizing agent is itself reduced
Gain in electron

Period 3 is the horizontal area in the periodic

table

From left to right metal to non-metal

Easy of ionization increases from right to left

Metal are good conductors

Melting point are very high
Electronegative increase acrooss a period
Electronegative increase drown the groups
As we go across it is becoming more acidic
These elements are placed in period 3 because
they all have 3 outer shells/electrons shells.

Molar mass
Mass of 1 mole of a substance

Rmm-relative molecular mass-

Water
Ram-relative atomic mass
Oxgen atom
Rfm -relative formula mass
Sulfuric acid>

Mole concept

The term mole is used to

N=m/m
Number of mole= mass/ molar mass

Eg. How many moles are in 40g of water .

Ram>h=1 0=16
Moles=mass/ molar mass
Mass=40g
Molar mass of water(h2o)
h)1*2=2
o>16*1=16
16+2=18g/mol
Moles=40/18
=2.22mol

Molecular mass is defined as the sum of the

atomic masses of all the elements present in a
compound.
Law of conservation of energy
Matter can’t be created or destroyed
Even through the matter may change from one
form to another.

Which is why we balance a chemical equation.

Same amount on either side
Chemical equation-Are used to represent
chemical reaction
Arrow indicates chemical reactions -->

Writing balanced equations

States
Solid(S)
Liquid(L)
Gas(g)
Aqueous(aq) dissolved in water