全面認識開關型電源中的BUCK BOOST功率級 (zhca041)

应用报告
ZHCA041–1999年3月–2002年11月修订
全面认识开关型电源中的BUCK-BOOST功率级
Everett Rogers 系统能源
摘要
开关电源由功率级和控制电路组成，功率级完成从输入电压到输出电压的基本能量转换，它包括开关
和输出滤波器。这篇报告只介绍降压–升压（buck-boost）功率级，不包含控制电路。详细介绍了工
作在连续模式和非连续模式下buck-boost功率级的稳态和小信号分析，同时也介绍了标准buck-boost
功率级的不同变型，并讨论了功率级对组成部件的要求。
目录
1 简介 2
2 Buck-Boost级稳态分析 3
2.1 Buck-Boost 稳态连续导通模式分析 3
2.2 Buck-Boost 稳态非连续导通模式分析 7
2.3 Critical Inductance 11
3 Buck-Boost功率级小信号模型 12
3.1 Buck-Boost 连续导通模式小信号分析 13
3.2 Buck-Boost非连续导通模式小信号分析 16
4 Buck-Boost功率级的变型 21
4.1反向(Flayback)功率级 21
5 组件选择 24
5.1输出电容 24
5.2输出电感 26
5.3功率开关 27
5.4输出二极管 28
6 总结 29
7 参考文献 31
商标属于各自所有者持有。
ZHCA041–1999年3月–2002年11月修订全面认识开关型电源中的BUCK-BOOST功率级 1
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简介
1 介绍
开关电源最常见的三种结构布局是降压（buck）、升压（boost）和降压–升压（buck-boost），这
三种布局都不是相互隔离的，也就是说，输入级电压和输出电压是共地的，但是也存在这种隔离拓
扑的变型。电源布局主要是指这些开关、输出电感和输出电容怎么连接的。每种布局都有它独自的
特性，这些性能主要包括稳态电压转换比、输入输出电流的状态、输出电压的纹波特征，另一个主
要特性就是占空比–输出电压的传输函数的频率响应。
Buck-boost是一种流行的非隔离、逆功率级的拓扑，有时也称为升降功率级。电源设计者选用buck-
boost功率级是因为输出电压和输入电压是反向的，这种拓扑结构可以得到在幅度上，比输入电压更
高的输出电压（像升压（boost）功率级），或者更低的输出电压（像降压（buck）功率级），这就
是它名字的由来，但是输出电压在极性上跟输入电压是相反的。由于功率开关（Q1）的作用，buck-
boost的输入电流是非连续的或脉冲的，在每个开关周期内，脉冲电流从0变化到IL，输出电流也是
非连续或脉冲的，这是因为输出二极管只能在开关周期内的一部分时间内导通，输出电容提供开关
周期内其它时间的所有负载电流。这篇报告描述了在给定的理想波形下，连续模式和非连续模式中
buck-boost转换器的稳态工作过程。
在介绍了脉冲宽度调制（PWM）开关模型后，给出了占空比–输出电压的传输函数。图1显示了包括
驱动电路模块在内的buck-boost功率级的简单原理图，功率开关Q1是以一个n通道的金属氧化物半导
体场效应管（MOSFET），输出二极管是CR1。电感L和电容C组成了有效的输出滤波器。在分析过
程中，考虑了电容ESR（等效串联电阻）,RC ,和电感DC的阻抗，R L 。电阻R ，代表了在功率输出端的
负载。
a Q1 CR1 p
VO
ia
+ C
c R
VI
Drive
Circuit L IL = ic RC
RL
图1.buck-boost 功率级原理图
在buck-boost功率级的正常工作中，Q1在控制电路的开关时间内，重复的打开、关上。在Q1、CR1
和L的连结节点处，开关动作产生了一个脉冲序列。电感L跟输出电容C相连，只有在CR1导通时，一
个有效的L/C输出滤波器才形成，过滤脉冲序列，产生直流输出电压。
2 全面认识开关型电源中的BUCK-BOOST功率级 ZHCA041–1999年3月–2002年11月修订
2 Buck-Boost Stage Steady-State Analysis
A power stage can operate in continuous or discontinuous inductor current mode.
Continuous inductor current mode is characterized by current flowing continuously in the
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inductor during the entire switching cycle in steady-state operation. Discontinuous inductor
Buck-Boost 级稳态分析
current mode is characterized by the inductor current being zero for a portion of the switching
2 cycle. It starts at功率级稳态分析
Buck-Boost zero, reaches a peak value, and returns to zero during each switching cycle.
The two different modes are discussed in greater detail later and design guidelines for the
功率级可以在连续电感器电流和非连续电感器电流模式下工作
inductor value to maintain a chosen mode of operation as a，连续电感器电流模式在稳态工作
function of rated load are given.
It is，very desirable for a converter to stay；in one mode only over its expected operating
时整个开关周期内都有电流连续通过电感器非连续电感器电流模式是开关周期内的一部分时间
conditions
电感电流为because 0，它在整个周期内从the power stage
0开始， frequency
达到一个峰值后 response
，再回到 changes
0. significantly between the
two different modes of operation.
这两种模式稍后再详细探讨，在给出额定负载情况下如何选择电感值，来保证工作在选定模式的设
For this analysis, an n-channel power MOSFET is used and a positive voltage, VGS(ON) , is
计指导书也会提供
applied 。对于转换器来说
from the Gate ，在预期工作条件下只保持希望的工作模式是很理想的
to the Source 因为
terminals of Q1 by the drive circuit to turn ON the，FET.
The advantage of using an n-channel FET is its lower
在两种不同工作模式下功率级的频率响应变化相差很大。 RDS(on) but the drive circuit is more
complicated because a floating drive is required. For the same die size, a p-channel FET has
a经过这些分析发现
higher RDS(on) ， but
采用usually does not require a floating drive circuit.
n通道的功率型金属氧化物半导体场效应管（MOSFET），驱动电路打开
场效应管
The （FET）
transistor Q1时and ，Q1 的栅极和漏极间加上正的电压
diode CR1 are drawn inside aVGS(ON) ，采用n通道场效应管的优势在于它的
dashed-line box with terminals labeled
低导致电阻 R
a, p, and c. This
DS(on) is explained fully in the Buck-Boost Power Stage Modeling
，但是驱动电路就更加复杂，因为需要浮动电极。而同样大小的 section.
p通道场效应管有
较高的R DS(on) ，通常也不需要浮动电极回路。晶体管Q1和二极管CR1画在点划线方框里面，终端接
2.1 口标为a，p和c，
Buck-Boost 这些会在BUCK–BOOST
Steady-State 功率级模型部分
Continuous 详细讲到
Conduction 。
Mode Analysis
The following is a description of steady-state operation in continuous conduction mode. The
2.1 Buck-Boost
main goal of稳态连续导通模式分析
this section is to provide a derivation of the voltage conversion relationship for
the continuous
紧接着介绍 conduction
Buck-Boost mode buck-boost power
的稳态连续导通模式分析 stage. This is important because
，这部分主要目的就是给出一个 it shows
Buck-Boost 稳态
how the output voltage depends on duty cycle
连续导通模式下电压转换关系的推导。这是很重要的，因为它揭示了输出电压怎样由占空比和输入 and input voltage or conversely, how the duty
cycle can be calculated based on input voltage and output voltage. Steady-state implies that
电压决定，或者相反，怎样基于输入电压和输出电压来计算占空比。稳态说明输入电压、输出电
the input voltage, output voltage, output load current, and duty-cycle are fixed and not
压、输出负载电流和占空比都是固定不变的，大写字母表示出了稳态下的变量名。
varying. Capital letters are generally given to variable names to indicate a steady-state
quantity.
在连续导通模式，buck-boost转换器保证每个开关周期有两个功率态，当Q1是开、CR1是关时，就
In continuous
是开态 conduction mode, the buck-boost converter assumes two states per switching
（ON）；当Q1是关而CR1是开时，就是关态（OFF）。在每个状态中，当回路中的开关被
cycle. The ON State is when Q1 is ON and CR1 is OFF. The OFF State is when Q1 is OFF
等价回路所代替时，一个简单的线性回路可以用来表示这两种状态，两种状态的回路图表见图2.
and CR1 is ON. A simple linear circuit can represent each of the two states where the
switches in the circuit are replaced by their equivalent circuit during each state. The circuit
diagram for each of the two states is shown in Figure 2.
OFF State
ON State
p Vd
a a p
VO VO
ia RDS(on) c ia c
IO IO
+ + C
L IL = ic C IL = ic
VI VI L
R RC R
RC
RL RL
Figure 2. Buck-Boost Power Stage States

图2.buck-boost功率级状态图
Understanding Buck-Boost Power Stages in Switch Mode Power Supplies 3
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Buck-Boost
SLVA059A
级稳态分析
The durationDof×the
开态的时间为 T S =ON
TONstate D × TS = TON where D is，the
，其中isD为由控制回路设定的占空比 duty cycle, set by the control
代表了开关在开态的时间占
circuit,
整个开关周期 expressed
（T S） as的比值
a ratio
。of the switch ON
关态的时间叫 time
TOFF ， to the time of one complete switching cycle,
因为对于连续导通模式下在整个开关周期
s . The duration，of
T中只有两个状态所以theTOFF
OFF 等于 state is called
(1 – D) × TS ，数值.（1
TOFF Since there
– D） are only
有时被成为 two states
D ’，这些时间与波per switching
cycle for
形一起显示在图3中。continuous conduction mode, T OFF is equal to (1−D) × T S . The quantity (1−D) is
sometimes called D’. These times are shown along with the waveforms in Figure 3.
IQ1
ICR1
IL Solid
IO Dashed
0 ∆IL
Vc-p Solid
VO Dashed
TON TOFF
TS
图3.
Figure 3. 连续模式下buck-boost
Continuous 功率级波形图
Mode Buck-Boost Power Stage Waveforms
Referring to ON
Figure 2, 此时为低电阻
during the ON ，Rstate, Q1 presents a low resistance, RDS(on) , from its
参考图2，在态，Q1 DS(ON) ，从漏极到源极，只有很小的电压降V DS=I L ×
drain to source and exhibits a small voltage drop of VDS =IL × RDS(on) . There is also a small
R DS(on) 。同时电感器的直流电阻上的电压降也很小，等于I L×R L 。因此，输入电压V I ，减去损
voltage drop across the dc resistance of the inductor equal to IL × RL . Thus, the input voltage,
V耗 (V DS + IL × RL) ，就加载到电感器L两端。在这段时间CR1是关的，因为它是反向偏置的。
I , minus losses, (VDS + IL × RL ), is applied across the inductor, L. CR1 is OFF during this
电感电流
time IL ，从输入源
because VI 流出biased.
it is reverse ，经过Q1， The 到地。在开
inductor (ON)态，
current, IL ,加在电感器两端的电压为定
flows from the input source, VI ,
through
值，等于Q1 V I –and
VDS –toILground. During the2ON
× RL 。通过改变图中电流 state, the ，
I L 的极性 voltage applied across the inductor is
电感上的电流会随着所加的电压
constant and equal
而增大。同时，由于加载的电压通常必须为定值 to V I − VDS L− I × RL . Adopting the
，所以电感电流线性增加 polarity convention for the Tcurrent
。图3描述了在 ON
IL
shown
时间内电感电流的增加in Figure 2, the。inductor current increases as a result of the applied voltage. Also, since
the applied voltage is essentially constant, the inductor current increases linearly. This
increase in inductor current during TON is illustrated in Figure 3.
4 Understanding Buck-Boost Power Stages in Switch Mode Power Supplies
SLVA059A
SLVA059A
The amount that the inductor current increases can be calculated by using a version of
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the
SLVA059A
SLVA059A
familiar
The relationship:
amount that the inductor current increases can be calculated by using a Buck-Boost
version of 级稳态分析
the
The amount
familiar that the inductor current increases can be calculated by using a version of the
relationship:
familiar relationship:
电感电流的增加量可以由类似关系式来求得 di : v L � �T
v L � L � di L � �I L � vL
dt
v L � L � di L � �I L � v L � �T
v LL � L � dtLL � �I L � LLL � �T
dt L
The inductor current increase during the ON state is given by:
The
在开态 inductor current increase during the ON state
（ON）时间内电感电流的增量由下式可得 :�
is given by:
The inductor current increase V I � �during
V DS �the IL � ON R Lstate is given by:
�I L(�) � V � �V � I � R � � T ON
I DS L L L
�I L(�) � V � �V � � TON
I DS L� I L � R L
This quantity,�I ∆ILL(�)
(+), �is referred to as the inductor � ripple
T ON current. Also notice that during this
L
period,
This all of the
quantity, ∆ILoutput load current
(+), is referred to asisthe supplied
inductor byripple
the output
current. capacitor,
Also notice C. that during this
This quantity,
period, all of the ∆ILoutput
(+), is referred
load current to asisthe inductor
supplied byripple current.
the output Also notice
capacitor, C. that during this
Referring
period,
量ΔIL(+)all to
ofFigure
the output
代表了电感的纹波电流 2, whenloadQ1 is
current
， OFF, is
同时注意在此期间 it presents
supplied by
， a high
the impedance
output
所有的输出负载电流由输出电容 from
capacitor, its drain
C. C提供 to source.
。
Therefore,tosince
Referring Figure the2, current
when Q1 flowing
is OFF,initthe presentsinductor L cannot
a high impedance change from instantaneously,
its drain to source. the
Referring
current
Therefore, tosince
shifts Figure
fromthe Q12, current
when
to CR1. Q1 is OFF,
Due
flowing to in itthe
the presents
decreasing
inductor a high impedance
inductor
L cannot current,
change from
the its drain across
voltage
instantaneously, to source.the
参考图2，当Q1关时，它的漏极和源极间有很高的阻抗，所以，流过电感L的电流不能瞬时的变化，
Therefore,
inductor
current shifts since
fromthe
reverses Q1current
polarity
to CR1. flowing
until to in
rectifier
Due thethe
CR1 inductor
decreasing becomes L cannot
forward
inductor change
biased
current, instantaneously,
the and turnsacross
voltage ON. The the
从 Q1
current转移到
shifts
voltage applied
inductor CR1。
from
reverses 随着电感电流的减小
Q1
across to
polarity CR1.
L becomes Due to ，the
(VO −CR1
until rectifier 电感两段的电压改变极性直到整流器
decreasing
Vd −becomes inductor
IL × RL ) where forward current,
thebiased the
quantity, CR1
and 变为前向偏置
voltage across
, is theON.
Vd turns ，
the
forward
The
inductordrop
voltage
打开的时候 reverses
，of CR1.
applied 这时电感 polarity
across The until rectifier
inductor
L L becomes
两段的电压变为 (VO (VO−CR1
current, –VV dIdL−–, becomes
Inow
ILL × Rflows
× L) ，
RL) forward
fromthe
where
式中的 Vdbiased
the CR1 and
output
quantity,
是 Vd turns
, is theON.
capacitor
的前向电压降 and
。 The
load
forward
电感电
resistor
voltage applied
combination
drop across
of CR1.
流IL，这时从输出电容和负载电阻的组合 TheL becomes
through CR1 and
inductor (VO，to
current,−经过Vground.
I
dL L −
CR1, Inow ×
到地R )
Notice
flows
L。 where
that
from the
the quantity,
orientation
output V ,
of is
capacitor
d CR1 the forward
and
and the
load
voltage
direction
resistor drop
of of
current
combination CR1. The
flow in
through
注意 CR1 的方向和电感中电流的流向意味着输出电容和负载电阻中电流导致 inductor
the CR1 current,
inductor
and means
to I
ground.
L , now
that flows
the
Notice from
current
that the output
flowing
the in
orientation capacitor
the output
of CR1
VO 为负电压。在关态 and load
capacitor
and the
resistor
and load
direction combination
resistor
of，current through
combination CR1
causes
flow in the inductor and V to
means ground.
to be
O(VO – Vdthat a Notice
negative that the
voltage. orientation
During theof CR1
OFF
the current flowing in the output capacitor and
state, the
（OFF）时电感两端的电压为定数，且为 – IL × RL) ，为了保证同样极性的转换，这个加载
direction
voltage
and of
loadappliedcurrent
resistor acrossflowthein the
combination inductor
inductor
causes Vmeans
O to bethat
is constant and the
equal
a negative current
to (Vflowing
voltage. −V d− inILthe
During output
×the
R capacitor
). Maintaining
LOFF state, the
电压必须是负的（或者在开态（ON）时为极性相反的加载电压），O 因为输出电压为负的。因此，电
and same
our loadapplied
voltage resistor
polarity combination
convention,
across the inductorcauses
this VO to
applied
is constant be and
voltage a negative
isequal
negative voltage.
to (or
(V O During
opposite
− Vd L− I the
in
× OFF
polarity
RL ). state,
from the
Maintaining
感电流在
voltage
applied
our same OFF
applied
voltage 态时是减小的
polarity across
during the，ON
the
convention, 而且由于加载电压必须是常数
inductor
time),
this isbecause
constant
applied voltage andis
the equal
output
negative所以电感电流线性减小
，voltage
to (V
(or −V V −
is
opposite I × R
negative.
in 。
).
polarityT 时间内电
Maintaining
Hence,
OFF from the
O Od L L
our
applied voltage during the ON time), because the output voltage VO is negative. Hence, the
same
inductor
感电流的减小见图 polarity
current convention,
decreases
3. this
during applied
the OFF voltage
time. is
Also,negative
since (or
the opposite
applied in
voltagepolarity
is from
essentially
applied voltage
constant,
inductor current during
the inductor
decreases the
currentON time),
thebecause
decreases
during OFFlinearly.
time. theAlso,
output
Thissincevoltage
decrease Vin is negative.
O inductor
the applied is Hence,
voltagecurrent the
during
essentially
inductor
T is
constant,
OFF current
illustrated
the decreases
inductorin Figure
current during
3. the
decreases OFF time.
linearly. Also,
This since the
decrease applied
in voltage
inductor is
current essentially
during
constant,
T the inductor
OFF is illustrated current
in Figure 3. decreases linearly. This decrease in inductor current during
The
T在关态
OFF inductor
is current
illustrated
（OFF） in decrease
Figure
电感电流的减小可以由下式求得 3. during the OFF : state is given by:
The inductor current decrease during the OFF state is given by:
The inductor current decrease � �V O � during
V d �the IL �OFF R Lstate
� is given by:
�I L(�) � � �V � V � I � R � � T OFF
O dL L L
�I L(�) � � �V O � V d � I L � R � � T OFF
O dL L L
This quantity,�I ∆ILLL(�)
(−),� is also referred to as the inductor � T OFF ripple current.
量ΔIL(–) 也代表了电感的纹波电流。 L
This quantity, ∆IL (−), is also referred to as the inductor ripple current.
In steady
This state∆Iconditions,
quantity, L (−), is alsothe currenttoincrease,
referred as the inductor ∆IL (+), ripple
duringcurrent.
the ON time and the current
decrease
In
在稳态条件下 during
steady state ，开态 the（ON）
OFF time,
conditions, ∆IL (−), must
the current
下的电流增加量 ΔIbe
increase, L(+) equal.
∆I
和关态 L Otherwise,
(+), during
（OFF） thethe
ON
下的电流减小量 inductor
time and Δcurrent
I Lthe would
current
(–) 必须是相
In steady
have a
decrease net state
during
等的。否则，在一个周期到下一个周期 conditions,
increasethe or
OFF the
decrease
time, current
∆I from
(−), increase,
cycle
must be
L ，电感电流就会有一个净的增加量或者减小量 to ∆I
cycle
equal.L (+), during
which
Otherwise, the
would ON
the nottimebe
inductor and
a the
steady
current
，这就不是一 current
state
would
decrease
condition.
have a net during
Therefore,
increasethe OFFthese
or two∆I
time,
decrease L (−),
equations
from must
cyclecan betobe equal. Otherwise,
equated
cycle which and the not
solved
would inductor
forbeV a current
to
steadyobtainwould
the
state
个稳态了。所以，这两个方程必须相等，从而求出 VO ，得到连续导通下buck-boostO能量转换的关系
have a netTherefore,
continuous
condition. increase or
conduction decrease
mode
these two from cycle
buck-boost
equations cantobecycle
voltage which
conversion
equated would notforbeVOa to
relationship:
and solved steadyobtainstate
the
式:
condition.
continuousTherefore,
conductionthese modetwo equationsvoltage
buck-boost can beconversionequated and solved for VO to obtain the
relationship:
Solving
continuousfor V O:
conduction mode buck-boost voltage conversion relationship:
Solving
求解出VOfor : VO :
Solving for VO : T T �T
��
V O � � �V I � V DS� � T ON � V d � I L � R L � T ON � T OFF
V O � � �V I � V DS� � TOFF
T ON
� V d � I L � R L � T ON �
T OFFOFF
��
T OFF
� T
V O � � �V I � V DS� � OFF � V d � I L � R L �
T OFF
ON
OFF
ON T OFF
T OFF
OFF
�
Understanding Buck-Boost
Understanding Buck-Boost Power
Power Stages
Stages in
in Switch
Switch Mode
Mode Power
Power Supplies
Supplies 5
5
And, substituting TS for TON + TOFF, and using D = TON /TS and (1−D) = TOFF /TS , the
steady-state equation for VO is:
SLVA059A
VO � � �� V I � V DS� � D � V � IL � RL � www.ti.com.cn
Buck-Boost级稳态分析 1�D d 1�D
And, substituting TS for TON + TOFF, and using D = TON /TS and (1−D) = TOFF /TS , the
steady-state equation for VO is:
Notice
用TON+Tthat in simplifying
OFF 来替换 TS ，并利有 the
D =above,
TON / TS T和
ON (1 +– D)
TOFF is /assumed
= TOFF to be equal to: TS . This is true
TS ，VO 的稳态方程可变为
only for continuous conduction mode as we will see in the discontinuous conduction mode
analysis. I � RL
�
V O � � �V I � V DS� � D � V d � L
1�D 1�D
�
An important observation should be made here: Setting the two values of ∆IL equal to each
other is precisely equivalent to balancing the volt-seconds on the inductor. The volt-seconds
Notice that in simplifying the above, TON + TOFF is assumed to be equal to TS . This is true
applied to the inductor is the product
TON+T ofTthe voltage applied and the time， that the voltage is
only for continuous，
注意在上式的化简中 conduction
用到了 mode
OFF 等于 asSwe will see in the discontinuous conduction
，这只是在连续导通模式下成立的在我们以后分析到 mode
applied. This is the best way to calculate unknown values such as VO or D in terms of known
analysis.
非连续导通模式下就可以看到。
circuit parameters, and this method will be applied repeatedly in this paper. Volt-second
balance on the inductor is a physical necessity and should be comprehended at least as well
An important
我们还发现
as Ohms ，Δ
Law.observation
I L 的两个值相互相等的假定 should be made here: Setting the two
，等同于电感上的电压 values of 。
-秒曲线的平衡 ∆I电感上的电压
L equal to each
–秒
other is precisely equivalent to balancing the volt-seconds
关系是由加载在电感上的电压和加载电压的时间来确定的 on the inductor. The volt-seconds
。这是用已知的电路参数来计算像 VO 和D等
applied to the inductor is the product of the voltage applied and the time that the voltage is
未知值的最好方法
In the above equations ，这种方法在本文中将经常用到
for ∆IL (+) and ∆IL (−), the。output电感上的电压 voltage-秒关系平衡在物理上是必须的
was implicitly assumed to be ，
applied. This is the best way to calculate unknown values such as VO or D in terms of known
constant with no AC ripple voltage
而且就像欧姆定律一样容易理解。 during the ON time and the OFF time. This is a common
circuit parameters, and this method will be applied repeatedly in this paper. Volt-second
simplification and involves two separate effects. First, the output capacitor is assumed to be
balance on the inductor is a physical necessity and should be comprehended at least as well
large
在上面关于 enoughΔI Lthat
(+) 和 itsΔvoltage
I L(–) 的方程中 change is negligible. Second, ，
，输出电压默认为常数定值 the
在ONvoltage
时间和 due
OFFto时间内没有交流
the capacitor
as Ohms Law.
ESR is also assumed to be negligible.
纹波电压。这是一个常用的简化，涉及到两方面的假设，首先，输出电容足够大，它上面的电压变 These assumptions are valid because the AC ripple
voltage is designed to be much less than the DC part of the output voltage.
化可以忽略
In the above 其次，由于电容等效串联电阻
；equations for ∆IL (+) and ∆IL (−), （ESR）造成的电压也可以忽略
the output 。这些假设是合理的
voltage was implicitly assumed to be ，
constant with no AC ripple voltage during the ON time
因为设计的交流纹波电压是远小于输出电压的直流部分的。and the OFF time. This is a common
The above voltage conversion relationship for VO illustrates the fact that VO can be adjusted
simplification and involves two separate effects. First, the output capacitor is assumed to be
by adjusting the duty cycle, D. This relationship approaches zero as D approaches zero and
large
上面Venough that its voltage change is negligible. Second, Dthe voltage due 。 to这种关系在
the capacitor
O 的电压转换关系表明一个事实
increases without bound as D approaches ，就是可以通过调节电控比来调节输出电压
1. A common simplification is to assume VDS , D
Vd接,
ESR is also
0时也接近 assumed
0，在 to be
D接近1时逐渐增加而没有限制negligible. These assumptions are valid because
VDS ， the AC ripple
Vd 和RLequation
and
近于R are small
L is enough to ignore. Setting VDS , Vd , and RL to zero, the
。一个常用的简化就是假定 above 足够小，
voltage designed to be much less than the DC part of the output voltage.
simplifies。considerably
可以忽略假设 VDS, Vd Rto:
和 L 等于 0，上面的式子就可以简单地看作为：
The above voltage conversion relationship for VO illustrates the fact that VO can be adjusted
by adjusting theVduty D relationship approaches zero as D approaches zero and
O �cycle, � This
� V I D.
1�D
increases without bound as D approaches 1. A common simplification is to assume VDS , Vd ,
and RL are small
A simplified, enough
qualitative waytotoignore. Setting
visualize VDS ,operation
the circuit Vd , and RisLtotoconsider
zero, the above
the equation
inductor as an
simplifies
energy considerably
storage element.to:When Q1 is on, energy is added to the inductor.
一个简单定性的想象电路工作的方法就是把电感看作是一个能量储存单元，当Q1 When
打开时 Q1，is能量加到
off, the
inductor
电感器上delivers
，当Q1关上时 some，of its energy to the output capacitor and load. The output
电感就把它储存的一部分能量输送到输出电容和负载上。输出电压就通过voltage is
controlled
设定Q1的开关时间来控制by setting the， on-time
例如，D of Q1.
增大 For example,
Q1开的时间 by increasing the on-time
，输送到电感的能量就增加 of Q1, the
，在Q1关时有越多
amount of energy � � VI �
V Odelivered to the inductor is increased. More energy is then delivered to the
的能量输出，输出电压就会增加。 1�D
output during the off-time of Q1 resulting in an increase in the output voltage.
A simplified, qualitative way to visualize the circuit operation is to consider the inductor as an
不像降压
energy （buck）
storage 功率级，
element. 电感电流的平均值并不等于输出电流
When Q1 is on, energy is added to the 。想知道电感电流和输出电流的关
inductor. When Q1 is off, the
Unlike the buck power stage, the average of the inductor current is not equal。to the output
inductor
系，可以参考图 delivers
2和图some3，of its energy to the output（OFF）
注意电感只有在能量级的关 capacitor and load. The output
态才向输出传送电流 voltage is
这样在整个开
current. To relate the inductor current to the output current, referring to Figures 2 and 3, note
controlled by setting the on-time of Q1. For example, by increasing the on-time of Q1, the
the output only during the off state of0.the power stage.
关周期内的电流平均值就等于输出电流因为输出电容中的电流平均值必须等于
that the inductor delivers current to ，
amount of energy delivered to the inductor is increased. More energy is then delivered to the
This current averaged over a complete switching cycle is equal to the output current because
output during the off-time of Q1 resulting in an increase in the output voltage.
the average current in the output capacitor must be equal to zero.
Unlike the buck power stage, the average of the inductor current is not equal to the output
6 current. To relate
Understanding the inductor
Buck-Boost current
Power Stages to theMode
in Switch output current,
Power referring
Supplies to Figures 2 and 3, note
that the inductor delivers current to the output only during the off state of the power stage.
This current averaged over a complete switching cycle is equal to the output current because
the average current in the output capacitor must be equal to zero.

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SLVA059A
Buck-Boost级稳态分析
The relationship between the average inductor current and the output current for the
continuous mode
在buck-boost buck-boost power，stage
功率级的连续导通模式中 is given by:
电感电流的平均值和输出电流的关系有下式给出 :
T OFF
I L(Avg) � � I L(Avg) � (1 � D) � � I O
TS
或者 or
� IO
I L(Avg) �
(1 � D)
Another important observation is that the average inductor current is proportional to the
output current, and since the inductor ripple current, ∆IL , is independent of output load
另外一个重要的现象就是电感电流的平均值跟输出电流是成比例的
current, the minimum and the maximum values of the inductor ，因为电感纹波电流 I L 是跟输
current track theΔaverage
inductor
出负载电流无关的current exactly. For example, if the average inductor current decreases
，电感电流的最大值和最小值精确的跟随电感电流的平均值变化。例如 by ，
2 当电感
A due
to a load current decrease, then the2A
电流的平均值由于负载电流降低而减小 minimum and maximum values of the inductor
时，电感电流的最大值和最小值也会随着减小 2A（current
假定一
decrease by 2 A (assuming
直保持在连续导通模式下）。 continuous conduction mode is maintained).
The forgoing analysis was for the buck-boost power stage operation in continuous inductor
current mode.buck-boost
现在就停止对能量级在连续导通模式下电感电流的分析了在接下来的部分描述在非连
The next section is a description of steady-state ，
operation in discontinuous
续模式下的稳态工作，主要任务是 buck-boost能量级在非连续导通模式下电压转换关系的推导
conduction mode. The main result is a derivation of the voltage conversion relationship。 for
the discontinuous conduction mode buck-boost power stage.
2.2 Buck-Boost 稳态非连续导通模式分析
2.2 现在我们研究当导通模式从连续变为非连续
Buck-Boost ，负载电流降低时会发生什么
Steady-State Discontinuous ，回想连续导通模式
Conduction Mode Analysis ，电
感平均电流跟随输出电流变化，也即是，如果输出电流减小，电感电流平均值也会减小。此外，电
We now investigate what happens when the load current is decreased and the conduction
感电流的最大值和最小值也会准确的随着电感电流平均值变化。
mode changes from continuous to discontinuous. Recall for continuous conduction mode,
the average inductor current tracks the output current, i.e. if the output current decreases,
then so does the average inductor current.，In
如果输出负载电流减小到临界电流水平以下 addition, the minimum and maximum peaks
在开关周期的一部分时间内电感电流就会变为 0。从of
the
图3inductor current follow the average
的波形图中可以明显看出来这点 inductor current exactly.
，因为纹波电流的峰峰值幅度并不随着输出负载电流变化。在
buck-boost 能量级，如果电感电流试图减低到 0 以下时，它会停在 0（因为 CR1 只能有单向电流通
If过the output load current is reduced below the critical current level, the inductor current will
），并保持为0直到下一个开关周期的开始。这个工作模式就叫做非连续导通模式。一个工作在
be zero for a portion of the switching cycle. This should be evident from the waveforms shown
非连续导通模式下的功率级在一个开关周期内有三个状态，相比下连续导通模式只有两个状态。功
in Figure 3, since the peak to peak amplitude of the ripple current does not change with output
load current. In a buck-boost power stage, if the inductor4，
率级在连续模式和非连续模式的分界处电感电流的条件见图这也是电感电流突然降到
current 0，而且在
attempts to fall below zero,
it电流降到
just stops at zero (due to the unidirectional
0时并马上开始下个开关周期的地方。注意current
，图flow in CR1)IOand
4中显示的是 remains
和IO(Crit) there
的绝对值，因为untilIO和
theIL
beginning
有相反的极性 of。the next switching cycle. This operating mode is called discontinuous
conduction mode. A power stage operating in discontinuous conduction mode has three
unique states during each switching cycle as opposed to two states for continuous
conduction mode. The inductor current condition where the power stage is at the boundary
between continuous and discontinuous mode is shown in Figure 4. This is where the inductor
current just falls to zero and the next switching cycle begins immediately after the current
reaches zero. Note that the absolute values of IO and IO(Crit) are shown in Figure 4 because
IO and IL have opposite polarities.
ZHCA041–1999年3月–2002年11月修订 Understanding Buck-Boost 全面认识开关型电源中的BUCK-BOOST功率级

Power Stages in Switch Mode Power Supplies 7
7
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Buck-Boost
SLVA059A 级稳态分析
IL Solid
|IO| Dashed = |IO(Crit)|
∆IL(max)
TON TOFF
TS
Figure 4. Boundary Between Continuous and Discontinuous Mode

图4.连续模式和非连续模式的分界线
Further reduction in output load current puts the power stage into discontinuous conduction
mode. This condition is illustrated in Figure 5. ，
输出负载电流的继续下降把功率级变为非连续导通模式 The在图discontinuous
5中说明这种情况 mode power stage
。非连续导通模式的
frequency response is quite different from the continuous
功率级频率响应跟在连续导通模式下的频率响应非常不一样， mode
这会在 frequency
buck-boost response
功率级模型部分给 and is
given in the Buck-Boost Power
出；而且，输入到输出的关系也非常不一样，会在下面的推导中看出来。 Stage Modeling section. Also, the input to output relationship
is quite different as shown in the following derivation.
IL Solid
|IO| Dashed
∆IL
DTs D3Ts
D2Ts
TS
Figure 5.
图5.Discontinuous
非连续电流模式Current Mode
To begin the derivation of the discontinuous conduction mode buck-boost power stage
在开始推导 buck-boost 功率级非连续导通模式下电压转换比之前，先回想一下在非连续导通模式
voltage conversion ratio, recall that there are three unique states that the converter assumes
下工作的转换器的三种状态。在 Q1 开，CR1 关时，是开态（ON）；在 Q1 关，CR1 开时，是关态
during discontinuous conduction mode operation. The ON State is when Q1 is ON and CR1
（OFF）；
is Q1和State
OFF. The在OFF CR1都关时，是空闲态
is when （IDLE）。
Q1 is OFF and CR1 前两种状态跟连续模式下的是一样的，图Q1
is ON. The IDLE state is when both 2中
and CR1 are OFF.，The
显示的电路也适用只是first
TOFF two states
≠ (1– D)×are
TS 。identical to those of the continuous
开关周期的剩余时间就是空闲 mode
（IDLE）态。case
此外， and
输
the circuits of Figure
出电感的直流阻抗 2 are applicable except that TOFF ≠ (1−D) × TS . The remainder
、输出二极管的前向电压降和功率型金属氧化物半导体场效应管（MOSFET） of the
开
switching cycle
态下的电压降都足够小，可以忽略。 is the IDLE state. In addition, the DC resistance of the output inductor, the
output diode forward voltage drop, and the power MOSFET ON-state voltage drop are all
assumed to be small enough to omit.
开态（ON）的时间TON = D × TS ，D为占空比，由控制电路来设定，表征开关开态内的时间与开关
周期总时间TS的比值。关态（OFF）的时间T = D2 × TS ，空闲态（IDLE）的时间就是开关周期内
The duration of the ON state is TON = D OFF × TS where D is the duty cycle, set by the control
的剩余时间
circuit, ，即为Tas
expressed S –a
TONratio
– TOFF
of =the
D3switch
× TS 。ON 6中给出这三种时间和响应的波形
在图time to the time of one complete。switching cycle,
Ts . The duration of the OFF state is TOFF = D2 × TS . The IDLE time is the remainder of the
switching
跟前面一样cycle and is given as T，
，没有进行详细的解释 − TON − TOFF = D3 × TS . These times are
S 电感电流增加和减少的方程直接在下面给出。 shown with the
waveforms in Figure 6.
Without going through the detailed explanation as before, the equations for the inductor
current increase and decrease are given below.
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SLVA059A
Buck-Boost级稳态分析
SLVA059A
SLVA059A
SLVA059A
The
在开态 inductor
（ON）current
内电感电流的增加为 increase during : the ON state is given by:
The inductor current increase during the ON state is given by:
The
The inductor
inductor current
current increase
increase during
duringVthe the ON ON state
state is is given
given by: by:
V
�I L(�) � V I � T ON � V I � D � T S � I PK
�I L(�) � V LI T � VLI � D � T � I
(�) VLII � ON � V LII � S � I PK
The ripple current
�I
�I LL(�)magnitude,
�
� L� �T T ON ∆I �(+), L �
is
D �T
Dalso
� Tthe
S
S �peak I PK
PK inductor current, I
L ON
L L pk because in
The ripple current
discontinuous mode,
纹波电流幅度 Δ I (+) magnitude,
the current starts
也是峰值电感电流 ∆I (+),
I is also the
pk at zero each cycle.
L (+), ，因为在非连续模式下 peak inductor
， current,
每个周期内电流都是从 I because
0开始的。 in
IIpk
L
The
The ripple
ripple current
current magnitude,
magnitude, ∆I
∆I L (+), is
is also
also the
the peak
peak inductor
inductor current,
current, pk because
because in
in
discontinuous mode, the current starts L at zero each cycle. pk
discontinuous
discontinuous mode,
mode, the
the current
current starts
starts at
at zero
zero each
each cycle.
cycle.
The
在关态 inductor
（OFF） current
内电感电流的减小为 decrease during : the OFF state is given by:
The inductor current decrease during the OFF state is given by:
The
The inductor
inductor current
current decrease
decrease during the OFF state is given by:
� V O during the OFF � V Ostate is given by:
�I L(�) � � V � T OFF � � V � D 2 � T S
L O�T � �LV O
�I L(�) � �
�I (�) �LV VO O � T OFF � �LV O
�D �T
O � D2 � TS
�I
As in the continuous L
L (�) �
� L
conduction � T
mode OFF �
OFFcase, L � D 22 �increase,
the current T SS ∆IL (+), during the ON time
L L
As
andinthethe current
continuous conduction
decrease during mode the case,OFF the time, current
∆IL (−), increase,
are equal. ∆IL (+), during the
Therefore, ON time
these two
As
As in
in the
the continuous
continuous conduction
conduction mode
mode case,
case, the
the current
current increase,
increase, ∆I
∆IL (+),
(+), during
during the
the ON
ON time
time
and the current decrease during
equations can be equated and solved for VO to obtain the OFF time, ∆I (−), are equal. Therefore,
the first of two equations to be used
L (−), L these two
and
and the
the
跟在连续导通模式下一样 current
current decrease
decrease ，开态 during
during
（ON） the
the OFF
OFF
的电流增量 time,
time, Δ I∆I
∆I L
(+) (−),
， are
are
和关态 equal.
equal.
（OFF） Therefore,
Therefore,
的电流减小 these
these
Δ I (–) two
two
是相
equations
to solve forcan thebe equated
voltage and solved
conversion ratio: for VO to obtain L L the first of two equations to be used L
equations
equations can
can be
be equated
equated and
and solved
solved for
for V
V O to
to obtain
obtain the
the first
first of
of two
two equations
equations to
to be
be used
used
to
等的solve for the voltage conversion
。所以这两个方程相等，解出VO ，ratio: O
从而由这两个方程中第一个来解出电压转换比：
to
to solve
solve forfor the
the voltage
voltage conversion
conversion ratio:
T ON ratio:
VO � � VI � T � � VI � D
VO � � VI � T T ON
��V �D D2
V V TTOFF
ON
ON � � V I � D D
D
VO O � � V II � T
� � � OFF � � V II � D 2
Now we calculate the output current T OFF
OFF (the output D voltage
2
2 VO divided by the output load R). It
Now
is thewe calculate
average over theone output currentcycle
switching (the of output voltage Vcurrent
the inductor O divided by the
during theoutput
time when load R). CR1 It
Now
Now we
we
现在我们来计算输出电流 calculate
calculate the
the output
output
（输出电压 current
current V (the
(the
除以负载电阻 output
output voltage
voltage
R ）。它是在V
VO divided
divided
CR1 by
by
导通时间内 the
the output
output
（D2 × load
load
T ）R).
R).
整个 It
It
is the average
conducts (D2 × TS). over one switching cycle
O of the inductor current
O during the time when S CR1
is
is the
the average
average over
over one
one switching
switching cycle
cycle of
of the
the inductor
inductor current
current during
during the
the time
time when
when CR1
CR1
conducts (D2 × TS).
开关周期上的电感电流的平均值。
conducts
conducts (D2 (D2 × ×T TS ).
S).
VO 1 �� I PK
VRO � I O � T1 � �2I PK � D 2 � T S
V
��
VRO
R
� I � 1S � �
O � I O � T1
� I O
O
R relationship
� T S �
� � �2II PK
2
�D �T
PK � D 2 � T S
� D2 � TS �
T SS for I 2 (∆I (+)2 ) intoS the above equation to obtain:
Now, substitute the PK L
Now, substitute the relationship for IPK (∆IL(+) ) into the above equation to obtain:
Now,
把 IPK substitute
Now, the
the relationship
(ΔIL(+) ) 的关系代入上式
substitute relationship ，可以得到 for
for IIPK : (∆I (+) ) into the above equation to obtain:
PK (∆IL L(+) ) into the above equation to obtain:
VO
VRO � I O � T1 � 1
1
S� 2
�� 1 � ( � 1) � V I � D � T � D � T
�� VLI �� S 2 �� S
V
VRO
R
R
�
� IO
I O
O
�
� TS � 1
O � I � T1 � 2 1
TS
� 1
2
2
�
� ((�
�
( � 1) � V
�1 1)) ��
� L
V
L
L
I �
I�D�T
D �
�
� D � T SS �
T S �
�D
D 2 �
�T
D 22 � �
T S
T SS
VO � V I �SD � D 2 � T S
VRO � � V I � 2D� �LD 2 � T S
V
VRO � �
� V
V I �
� D
D �LD
� D 22 ��T T SS
O�
� I 2�
We now have two R
R equations, the2
2�L�one L for the output current (VO divided by R) just derived and
We now for
the one have
thetwo equations,
output voltage, thebothoneinforterms the output
of VI , current
D, and (V D2O. Wedivided
nowby R) just
solve eachderived
equation and
We
We now
now have
have two
two equations,
equations, the
the one
one for
for the
the output
output current
current (V
(V O divided
divided by
by R)
R) just
just derived
derived and
and
the
for one for the
D2 and set the ，
现在我们有两个方程 output twovoltage, both in
equations equal to each
一个就是刚得到的输出电流 terms of V
（V , D, and
other.
I , OD,除以 R）， D
Using
O. We now solve
the resulting
2 .一个就是用 V I ， eacheach equation
Dequation,
和D 2equation
来表示的 an
the
the one
one for
for the
the output
output voltage,
voltage, both
both in
in terms
terms of
of V
V I , D, and
and D
D 2 . We
We now
now solve
solve each equation
for D2 and for
expression setthetheoutput
two equations
voltage, V equal
O , can tobe each
derived.
I other. Using
2 the resulting equation, an
for
输出电压
for D
D2 and set
。从每个方程中解出the two
two equations D 2 ，然后令它们相等equal to each other. Using
，再解这个方程就可以得到输出电压的表达式 the resulting equation, an
2 and for
expression setthetheoutput equations
voltage, Vequal
O , can tobe each
derived. other. Using the resulting equation, an
expression
VO。
expression for
for the
the output
output voltage,
voltage, V VO ,, can
can be
be derived.
derived.
O

9
Understanding
Buck-Boost Power
Power Stages
Stages in
in Switch
Switch Mode
Mode Power
Power Supplies
Supplies 9
9
www.ti.com.cn
SLVA059A 级稳态分析
Buck-Boost
The discontinuous
非连续导通模式下 conduction mode buck-boost voltage conversion relationship is given by:
buck-boost功率级电压转换关系为:
VO � � VI � D
�K
Where K is defined as
其中K定义为
K� 2�L
R � TS
The above relationship shows one of the major differences between the two conduction
从上面的关系式可以看出两种导通模式的主要不同
modes. 对于非连续导通模式
For discontinuous conduction mode, the，voltage ，电压转换关系是输入电
conversion relationship is a function
of
压、the占空比
input、voltage,
功率级电感 duty cycle, power stage inductance,
、开关频率和输出负载的方程 the switching frequency,
；而对于连续导通模式，电压转换关系只是 and the
output load
取决于输入电压和占空比。 resistance. For continuous conduction mode, the voltage conversion relationship
is only dependent on the input voltage and duty cycle.
IQ1
ICR1
IL Solid
IO Dashed
∆IL
VC-P Solid
VO Dashed
D × TS D3×TS
D2×TS
TS
Figure 图
6.6.Discontinuous
非连续导通模式下 Mode Buck-Boost
buck-boost Converter Waveforms
转换器波形图。
In typical applications,
在典型的应用中 the功率级或者工作在连续导通模式
，buck-boost buck-boost power stage is，operated
或者工作在非连续导通模式in either continuous
。而对
conduction mode or discontinuous
于一些特殊的应用，选定一个导通模式后，功率级就会维持在这种相同的模式工作 conduction mode. For a particular application,
。下一部分会给 one
conduction
出功率级的电感关系 mode is chosen and the power stage is designed to maintain the same mode. The
，在已知给定的输入电压、输出电压和输出负载电流的范围内，让它工作在一
next section gives inductance relationships for the power stage that allow it to operate in only
种导通模式。
one conduction mode, given ranges for input and output voltage and output load current.
10
全面认识开关型电源中的BUCK-BOOST功率级 ZHCA041–1999年3月–2002年11月修订
SLVA059A
SLVA059A
2.3 Critical Inductance
2.3 Critical Inductance
2.3 Critical
The Inductance
previous analyses for the buck-boost converter have been for continuous and
The previous
discontinuous
www.ti.com.cn analyses for
conduction modes the buck-boost
of steady-state converter
operation. haveThe been for continuous
conduction mode of anda
The previous analyses for the buck-boost converter have been for continuous Buck-Boost and
级稳态分析
discontinuous conduction modes of steady-state operation.
converter is a function of input voltage, output voltage, output current, and the value of the The conduction mode of a
discontinuous conduction modes of steady-state operation. The conduction mode of a
converterAisbuck-boost
inductor. a function of input voltage,
converter can beoutputdesignedvoltage, output current,
to operate and the
in continuous value
mode forofload
the
converter is a function of input voltage, output voltage, output current, and the value of the
inductor. above
2.3 关键电感
currents A buck-boost
a certainconverter
level, usually can5% be to designed
10% of fullto operate
load. Usually,in continuous
the input mode voltagefor load
range,
inductor. A buck-boost converter can be designed to operate in continuous mode for load
currents
the output above
voltage,a certain
and loadlevel,current
usuallyare 5%defined
to 10% by of full
theload. Usually,
converter the input voltage
specification. range,
This。leaves
currents
前面对 above a certain
buck-boost level, usually 5% to 10% of full load. Usually, the input voltage
转换器的分析主要是在连续导通模式下和非连续导通模式下的稳态工作 range,
转换器
the output voltage, and load current are defined by the
inductor value as the design parameter to maintain continuous conduction mode. converter specification. This leaves
the output voltage, and 输出电压
的导通模式是输入电压 load current are defined by the converter
输出电流和电感值的函数 specification.
转换器设计时 This，leaves
一般都
the inductor value as 、 the design、 parameter to maintain continuous 。Buck-boost
conduction mode.
the inductor
设定工作在连续导通模式下 value as the design parameter
，负载电流都高于某个一定的水平 to maintain continuous
，这个水平通常是全负载电流的 conduction mode. 5%
The minimum value of inductor to maintain continuous conduction mode can be determined
The
by the
到10%。 minimum
following
输入电压范围 value of、inductor
procedure. to maintain continuous conduction mode
输出电压和负载电阻通常都是由转换器规格来确定 can be determined
，这样电感值就成了让
The minimum value of inductor to maintain continuous conduction mode can be determined
by the following procedure.
转换器工作在连续导通模式的可设计参数。让转换器工作在连续导通模式的电感的最小值可以由下
by the following procedure.
First,
面的过程来确定 define IO(Crit)。 as the minimum output current to maintain continuous conduction mode,
First, define
normally referred I toasasthetheminimum output current
critical current. to maintain
This value is shown continuous
in Figureconduction
4. Since we mode,
are
First, define IO(Crit)
O(Crit) as the minimum output current to maintain continuous conduction mode,
normallytoward
working referred to as the critical
a minimum value for current. This value
the inductor, is shown
it is more in Figure 4.toSince
straightforward we are
perform the
normally referred to as the critical current. This value is Ishown
首先，定义保持转换器工作在连续导通模式下的最小输出电流， in Figure 4. Since，we
通常是一个临界电流这个值 are
working
derivation toward
usingathe minimum
inductor value for the
current. The inductor,
minimum it isaverage
more straightforward
O(Crit)
inductor current to perform
to maintain the
working
在图4中给出了 toward。a因为我们要得到电感的最小值
minimum value for the inductor, it is more straightforward 。 to perform the
derivation
continuous using the inductor
conduction mode is current.
given by:The minimum average inductor current保持连续导通
，所以用电感电流的推导更加直接 to maintain
derivation using the inductor current. The minimum average inductor current to maintain
continuous conduction mode is given by:：
模式的电感电流平均值的最小值由下式给出
continuous conduction mode is given by:
�I
I L(min�avg) � �I L � I O(crit)
I L(min�avg) � �I 2L � I
I L(min�avg) � 2 L � I O(crit) O(crit)
Second, calculate L such that the 2 above relationship is satisfied. To solve the above equation,
Second,
either calculate L∆I
relationship, such
L (+)thator ∆ItheL above
(−) may relationship
be used for ∆I is Lsatisfied.
. Note also To solve the above
that either equation,
relationship for
Second, calculate L such that the above relationship is satisfied.ΔTo solve the above equation,
either
∆IL relationship,
第二is，independent
计算满足上述关系的 ∆I
of L (+)
the or
output
L。 ∆I (−) may
current
为了解出上面的方程
L be
level.used
Here,for
， ∆I
关系式中的L . Note
(+) is also
used. I L that
(+)The和either
worst
Δ I L relationship
(–)case condition
都可以看作是 for
either relationship, ∆IL (+) or ∆IL (−) may be used for ∆IL . Note also that either relationship for
∆I
ΔLI Lis
(giving independent
the largest L，
。同时还要注意 of Δthe
I) output
is at current
maximum
的两个关系式都跟输出电流水平无关 level.
input Here,
voltage ∆I (+)
becauseis
， used.
这里 this
， The
gives
采用 Δworst
Ithe
(+) case
maximum
。最差情况 condition
（∆I给L.
∆IL is independent of mintheL
output current level. Here, ∆IL L (+) is used. The worstL
case condition
(giving the largest L ) is at maximum input voltage because this gives the maximum ∆I .
出最大的
(giving Lminlargest
the Lmin
）就是在最大输入电压下
min ) is at maximum ，因为这时有最大的
input voltage becauseΔIL 。 this gives the maximum ∆IL L .
Now, substituting and solving for Lmin :
Now, substituting and solving for Lmin :
Now,
现在代换并解出 substituting Lminand
： solving for Lmin :
T ON(min)
L min � 1 � �V I(max) � V DS � I L � R L� � T ON(min)
L min � 2 1 � �V � V DS � I L � R L� � TION(min) O(crit)
L min � 1 2 � �V I(max) I(max) � V DS � I L � R L� � I O(crit)
2 I O(crit)
The above equation can be simplified by ignoring minor parasitic resistances and diode
The
voltageabove drops,
通过忽略小寄生电阻和二极管电压降 equation can be simplified
and rearranged for， ease by ignoring
of use
上面的方程可以化简为 to: minor ： parasitic resistances and diode
The above equation can be simplified by ignoring minor parasitic resistances and diode
voltage drops, and rearranged for ease of use to:
voltage drops, and rearranged for ease of use to:
�V �T V I (max)
L min � � V O � T S � V I (max)
2� VO I O(crit)
T S V I (max)
L min � � � �
L min � 2 �OI O(crit)S � V O � V I (max)
� �
2 � I O(crit) �� V O � V I (max)
V O � V I (max)
��
Using the inductor value
利用刚计算的电感值，就可以保证转换器工作在连续导通模式下，而且输出负载电流高于临界电流
just calculated will guarantee continuous conduction mode
Using thefor
operation inductor
output loadvalue just calculated
currents above the will guarantee
critical continuous
current level, IO(crit) .conduction mode
Using
水平IO(crit)the
。for inductor value just calculated will guarantee continuous conduction mode
operation output load currents above the critical current level, IO(crit) .
operation for output load currents above the critical current level, IO(crit) .

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Buck-Boost
SLVA059A
功率级小信号模型
3 Buck-Boost Power Stage Small Signal Modeling

3 Buck-Boost功率级小信号模型
We now switch gears, moving from a detailed circuit oriented analysis approach to more of
a现在把我们对
system levelbuck-boost
investigation of the buck-boost power stage. This section presents techniques
功率级的分析从面向细节电路的分析方法转向系统级别的分析研究，功率
to assist the power supply designer
级设计者在模型中把功率级作为 in accurately
buck-boost modeling
功率源控制环路的一部分 the power
， stage as
文章这部分主要提供了针对 a component
of the control ，
这些设计者的 loop of a buck-boost power
在精确模拟时的辅助技术 supply. The three major components
。功率源控制环路的三个主要部分（即功率级 of 、
the power
脉冲宽度
supply control loop (i.e., the power stage, the pulse width modulator, and the error amplifier)
调制器和误差放大器）见图7中表格所示。
are shown in block diagram form in Figure 7.
VI Power Stage VO
Duty Cycle Error

d(t) Amplifier
Pulse-Width Reference Voltage

Modulator Vref
Error Voltage
VE
Figure 7. Power Supply Control Loop Components

图7.功率源控制环路部件图
Modeling the power stage presents one of the main challenges to the power supply designer.
A对功率源进行建模模型分析是那些功率源设计者面临的最大的挑战，在模型设计中常用的技术只有
popular technique involves modeling only the switching elements of the power stage. An
equivalent
功率级的开关部分 circuit 。
for这部分相同的电路可以推导出来
these elements is derived and is called the PWM
，称为脉冲宽度调制（PWM） Model where
Switch开关模型，其中
PWM
PWM is the abbreviation
是脉冲宽度调制的缩写 for
， the pulse
现在介绍这种方法 width modulated.
。 This approach is presented here.
As shown in Figure 7, the power stage has two inputs: the input voltage and the duty cycle.
如图7所示，功率级有两个输入量：输入电压和占空比。占空比是控制输入，也就是说这个输入是用
The duty cycle is the control input, i.e., this input is a logic signal which controls the switching
来控制功率级的开关动作和输出电压的逻辑信号。大多数的功率级具有非线性的电压转换比和占空
action of the power stage and hence the output voltage. Most power stages have a nonlinear
比的关系conversion
voltage 。为了显示这种非线性 ratio versus 8给出了工作在连续导通模式下
，图duty cycle. To illustrate this buck-boost 功率级的电压转换比
nonlinearity, a graph of the
steady-state
与稳态占空比voltage D的函数关系图 conversion ratio for a buck-boost power Q1
。非线性特征是由功率级中开关部件 stage
和CR1operating
的开关动作造成的in continuous
，可
conduction
以参考文献【5】， mode as a function of steady-state duty cycle,
只有功率级中的非线性部分是开关部件 D, is shown in Figure 8. 。同样参
，电路其它部分由线性元件组成
考文献【5】可以发现，对于只有非线性部分的线性模型可以在整个开关周期内通过平均跟非线性部
The nonlinear characteristics are a result of the switching action of the power stage switching
件相关的电压和电流来得到。在分析完整的功率级的时候，就可以用这个模型来代替原始的电路，
components, Q1 and CR1. It was observed in reference [5] that the only nonlinear
这样就得到了开关器件的模型，称为脉冲宽度调制(PWM)开关模型。
components in a power stage are the switching devices; the remainder of the circuit consists
of linear elements. It was also shown in reference [5] that a linear model of only the nonlinear
components could be derived by averaging the voltages and currents associated with these
nonlinear components over one switching cycle. The model is then substituted into the
original circuit for analysis of the complete power stage. Thus, a model of the switching
devices is given and is called the PWM switch model.
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SLVA059A
Buck-Boost功率级小信号模型
10
Buck-Boost Power Stage Gain

7
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Duty Cycle
Figure 8. Buck-Boost
图8.功率级增益 Power Stage Gain vs Duty Cycle
-占空比图
The basic objective behind modeling power stages is to represent the non-linear behavior of
对功率级进行模型设计的基本目标就是像工作点的线性一样，来表征功率级的非线性行为。我们希
power stages as linear about an operating point. We want linearity so that we can apply the
望是线性的，这样就可以应用很多已经有的用在线性系统的分析工具。再次参考图8，如果我们选
many analysis tools available for linear systems. Referring again to Figure 8, if we choose
择工作点在
the operatingD为 0.7 ，of就可以在
point D = 0.7,D=0.7 的地方画出一条原始曲线的切线
a straight ，这就是工作点的线性性的描
line can be constructed that is tangent to the original
curve at the point where D = 0.7. This is an 。
述，这种技术可以用推导脉冲宽度调制开关模型 illustration
定性的，可以看到 of linearization about an operating
，如果占空比的变化量保持很
point, a technique used to
小，现在分析的功率级的非线性行为就可以用线性模型来精确表征。derive the PWM switch model. Qualitatively, one can see that if
the variations in duty cycle are kept small, a linear model accurately represents the nonlinear
behavior of the power stage being analyzed. 即连续导通模式
由于功率级可以工作在两种不同的导通模式下和非连续导通模式
，（CCM）
（DCM），这样脉冲宽度调制开关模型就也有两种导通模型。非连续导通模式脉冲宽度调制开关模
Since a power stage can operate in one of two conduction modes, i.e., continuous conduction
型（DCM PWM）在这里推导。连续导通模式脉冲宽度调制（CCM PWM）开关模式的推导请参考
mode (CCM) or discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), there is a PWM switch model for the
应用报告
two 《buck功率级开关模式功率源的综合分析
conduction modes. The DCM PWM switch model 》，TI文献号为 SLVA057。
is derived here. The CCM PWM switch
model is derived in the Application Report Understanding Buck Power Stages in Switchmode
Power Supplies,
3.1 Buck-Boost TI Literature Number SLVA057.
连续导通模式小信号分析
为工作在连续导通模式下的 buck-boost 功率级建立模型，我们采用了应用报告《buck 功率级开关
模式功率源的综合分析》（TI 文献号为 SLVA057。）中推导的连续导通模式脉冲宽度调制（CCM
3.1 Buck-Boost Continuous Conduction Mode Small-Signal Analysis
PWM）开关模型。通过替换开关元件，把脉冲宽度调制开关模型加入到功率级电路中。CCM
To model
PWM the buck-boost
开关模型见图 power stage operation in CCM, we use the CCM PWM switch
9，这个模型在确定功率级的直流工作点和交流传输函数上很有用。 model
derived in the Application Report Understanding Buck Power Stages in Switchmode Power
Supplies, TI Literature Number SLVA057. The PWM switch model is inserted into the power
stage circuit1，
by replacing Q1，
the switching CR1，
再次参考图功率晶体管和二极管都画在点画线盒子里。这些部件将要由脉冲宽度调
elements. The CCM PWM Switch model is shown in
制开关等效电路来代替。脉冲宽度调制开关模型中用到的终端编号分别为 a（a有源极
Figure 9. This model is useful for determining the dc operating point of stage 无源
power），p（ and
for finding ac transfer functions of a power stage.
极）和 c（公共极）。
Referring again to Figure 1, the power transistor, Q1, and the catch diode, CR1, are drawn
inside a dashed-line box. These are the components that will be replaced by the PWM switch
equivalent circuit. Terminal labels a (active), p (passive), and c (common) are used for the
PWM switch model.

13
SLVA059A
Vap ∧ www.ti.com.cn
SLVA059A 功率级小信号模型
Buck-Boost d
D
a c
− +
Vap ∧
ia d ic
D 1 D
a c
− ∧+
Ic d
ia ic
1 D
∧ p
Ic d
Figure 9. DC and Small Signalp CCM PWM Switch Model

The a terminal is the terminal connected to the active switch. The p terminal is the terminal
of the passive switch.
图Figure
9. 9.The
DCc and
terminal
Small
直流和小信号的连续导通模式脉冲宽度调制开关模型 is the
Signalterminal
CCMthatPWM is common to both the active and
Switch Model
passive switches. The three commonly used power stage topologies all contain active and
The a terminal
passive is the
switches, andterminal connected
the above terminaltodefinitions
the activecanswitch. The p
be used. Interminal
addition,issubstituting
the terminal the
of
PWM switch model (that we will derive) into other power stage topologies also active
终端 the passive
a是连接有源开关的端 switch. The ，pc是无源开关的端
terminal is the ，cterminal that
是有源开关和无源开关共有的端is common to both the
。三种通常使用的
producesanda
passive switches.
功率级拓扑布局都包含了有源开关和无源开关
valid model Theparticular
for that three commonly used
power stage. power
To usestage
，使用了上面相同的终端定义the PWMtopologies
switchall
。 contain
此外
model activepower
，in把脉冲宽度调
other and
passive
stages,switches,
制开关模型 just and the
substitute
（我们将要推导 the
）above
model terminal
showndefinitions
in Figure 9can
替代进其它的功率级拓扑也可以得到其它特殊功率级的正确模型 intobethe
used. In addition,
power stage insubstituting the
the appropriate
。为
PWM switch
orientation. model
了在其它的功率级中使用脉冲宽度调制开关模型 (that we will derive) into other power stage
，只需要把图9中显示的模型替换为特定应用的功率topologies also produces a
valid model for that particular power stage. To use the PWM switch model in other power
级。
stages, just substitute
In the PWM switch modelthe model shown
of Figure 9 andin Figure 9 intooccurrences
subsequent the power stage
of theinmodel,
the appropriate
the capital
orientation.
letters indicate steady-state (or dc) quantities dependent on the operating point of the circuit
在图9中的PWM开关模型和替代模型中，大写字母显示的稳态（或直流）参量取决于需要研究的电
under study. The lowercase letters indicate time varying quantities and can indicate a quantity
In the aPWM
路的工作点
with ；switch model
andofanFigure
小写字母显示了时间变量
dc component 9，and subsequent occurrences
也显示了跟直流部分和交流部分有关的参量
ac component. The lowercase letters of theamodel,
with caret； the capital
头上有线的
(hat) indicate
letters indicate
the small steady-state
ac variations
小写字母显示了特定可变的小的交流变量 (orparticular
of that dc) quantities
；例如，dependent
variable. on the D
For example,
D 代表了稳态的占空比 operating point
represents theofsteady-state
，代表了占空比的小的交 the circuit
under study. The lowercase letters
流变量，d 或者^d(t) 就代表了包括任何直流部分和交流部分的全部的占空比。indicate time varying quantities and can indicate a quantity
dutya cycle,
with d represents
dc component and ansmall ac variations
ac component. of lowercase
The the duty cycle, and
letters da
with orcaret
d(t) represents the
(hat) indicate
complete duty cycle including any dc component and ac variations.
the small ac variations of that particular variable. For example, D represents the steady-state
^
duty cycle, d represents small ac avariations of the duty cycle, and d or d(t) represents the
complete duty cycle including any dc component and ac variations.
Vap ∧ ∧
ia d − Ic d
D
a +
Vap ∧ 1 ∧
ia d Ic d p
D −
VO
+ +
D
VI
c 1 p
C
+ R VO
L DIL = ic
VI
c RC
C
RL R
L IL = ic
RC
Figure 10. CCM Buck-Boost

RL Small Signal AC Power Stage Model
图10.连续导通模式下buck-boost小信号交流功率级的模型
Figure 10. CCM Buck-Boost Small Signal AC Power Stage Model
14
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An example dc analysis is given to illustrate how simple power stage analysis becomes with
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the PWM switch model. For dc analysis, d is zero, L is a short and C Buck-Boost
is an open.功率级小信号模型
Then by
An example dc analysis is given to illustrate how simple power stage analysis becomes with
a simple loop equation we get: ^
the PWM switch model. For dc analysis,
下面给出一个直流分析的例子来说明运用 d is
PWM zero, L is a short and C is an open.
开关模型以后分析功率级变得多么简单 Then by
。对于直流
a分析
simple
，为 loop
0，Lequation
是短路的，C we get:
V 是断路的。这时我们就可以得到一个简单的回路方程：
� V I � ac � V O � 0
D
V ac
� VO � 0
� V I �relationships
By using the following D
By using the following�
利用下面的关系式 IO
relationships
IL �
1�D
� IO
IL �
1V� D
IO � O
R
VO
I O �loop to solve for V , we get:
and writing another R CP
and
写出writing another loop to solve for VCP, we R L get:
VCP的另一个回路，我们得到:
V cp � � V O � 1 � � R � (1 � D)
�
RL
V cp � � V O � 1 �
Using the two loop equations, we solve
� (
R �them
�
D)get the steady-state voltage conversion
1 � to
relationship for the buck-boost power stage operating in CCM and taking the inductor dc
Using the two
利用这两个回路方程
resistance, RL,loop equations,
into ， we solve them to getbuck-boost
我们解得了工作在连续导通模式下
account: the steady-state voltage conversion
功率级的稳态电压转换关系，
relationship for the buck-boost power stage operating
这个过程中我们考虑了电感的直流电阻和负载电阻 RL: in CCM and taking the inductor dc
resistance, RL, into account: D 1
VO � � VI � �
1�D R
D 1� 1 L 2
VO � � VI � � R�(R 1�D)
1�D L
1�
The above equation is usually expressed asR� a ratio
(1�D of) 2the output voltage, VO , to the input
voltage, VI , and is usually called M as shown below:
The above equation is usually expressed as a ratio of the output voltage, V , to the input
上面的方程通常用来描述输出电压VO 对输入电压VI 的比值，就像下面说的通常称为MO:
V
voltage, VI , and is usually called M as shown below: 1
M� O�� D �
VI 1�D R
VO D 1� 1 L 2
M� �� R��R 1�D�
VI 1�D L
1� 2
Which, when RL = 0, as assumed earlier, is R� �1�D
equal to the
� steady-state I/O transfer function
previously calculated. With the PWM switch parameters Vap and Ic determined from the dc
Which,
当RL为0when
analysis, 时an acRLanalysis
（就像前面假定的= 0, as can
assumed
）be
得到的 earlier,
performed. isFor
equal
，就等于之前计算的稳态下的 to the steady-state
ac analysis, theI/O
following
传递函数 I/Otransfer
transfer
。 function
functions
有了由直流分析
previously
can
决定的 bePWM calculated.
calculated:
开关参数 VapWith
和I c ，the
open-loop PWM switch parameters
line-to-output,
就可以进行交流分析 open-loop
。对于交流分析 Vap and
input Ic determined
impedance,
，可以计算得到下面几个传递函 from output
open-loop the dc
analysis,
impedance, an ac
and analysis
open-loopcan be performed.
control-to-output.
数：开环的线-输出、开环的输入阻抗、开环的输出阻抗和开环的控制-输出。控制-输出，或者占空
For ac
The analysis, the
control-to-output, following
or transfer functions
duty-cycle-to-output,
can
is比thebetransfer
calculated: open-loop
function most used line-to-output, open-loop
for control loop analysis.input impedance,
To determine thisopen-loop output
transfer function,
-输出是在控制环路分析中用到最多的传递函数
impedance, and open-loop control-to-output. 。为了确定这个传递函数，首先利用直流分析得到
The control-to-output, or duty-cycle-to-output,
first use the results from the dc analysis for operating point information. This information
is工作点的信息
the transfer
determines ，
the 这些信息决定了相关源的参数值
function mostvalues
parameter used forof control ；例如
loop
the dependent ，sources;
analysis. To determine
for example,this transfer function,
first use the results from the dc analysis for operating point information. This information
determines the V parameter
ap � V � values
V �ofVthe �dependent
(1–M) sources; for example,
I O I
and 和 ( –V )
OO� V I � 1–M
V ap � V I � V–I
O –M � V I
Ic � IL � � �
and 1�D R � (1 � D) R � (1 � D)
–I O –V O –M � V I
Ic � IL � � �
1�D R � (1 � D) R � (1 � D)
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The above two equations are then used with loop equations to derive the duty-cycle-to-output
voltage transfer function. Then set the input voltage equal to zero because we only want the
ac component
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shown
Buck-Boost 功率级小信号模型
that the transfer function can be put in the following form:
The above two equations are then used with loop equations to derive the duty-cycle-to-output
利用上面的两个方程和环路方程可以导出占空比-输出电压的传递函数，然后设定输入电压为0，
voltage transfer function. Then， set the input voltage equal to zero because we only want the
因为我们只希望得到传递函数的交流部分。在不需要细节的情况下，传递函数可以表示为下面的形
that
^ �
ac component of the transfer function.sWithout
1 � � �
�
v O function can be put�inz1the following
式：the transfer
1 � � z2 �
goingsthrough all
form:
the details, it can be shown
(s) � G do �
^ 2
d 1� s � s
� o�Q � 2
o
Where: ^
vO V � � �
1 � �s � 1 � �s �
G do(s)�� G I � z1 z2
^ do 2 2
d (1 � D ) 1� s � s
� o�Q � 2
:
这里Where: 1 o
s z1 �
R �C V
G do � C I
22
((11 �
�D D)) � R
s z2 �
s z1 � 1D � L
R �C
� o � 1C� D
�L � C 2
(1 � D ) � R
s z2 �
(1 � D) D� �LR
Q�
�o � 1 � D �L
�L �C C
(1 � D) � R
Q�
3.2 Buck-Boost Discontinuous
C
�L
Conduction Mode Small-Signal Analysis
We now continue our discussion of modeling the power stage when it is operating in
discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). This mode is quite different from continuous
3.2 conduction
3.2 Buck-Boost
Buck-Boost mode just covered. We
非连续导通模式小信号分析
Discontinuous begin with the
Conduction Mode derivation of the PWM
Small-Signal switch model for
Analysis
DCM for the buck-boost power stage. This derivation can also be found in [4]. The waveforms
现在我们继续讨论工作在非连续导通模式下（DCM）功率级的模型，这个模型非常不同于刚才讲到
that
We are
nowaveraged
continue are
ourthe voltage across
discussion Q1, vacthe
of modeling , thepower
voltage across
stage CR1,it vis
when , the current
cp operating in
的连续导通模式下的模型
in Q1, ia and the
discontinuous 。从 buck-boost
current in CR1,
conduction 功率级的 DCM
. The waveforms
modeip(DCM). This mode 下的脉冲宽度调制开关模型的推导开始
areisshown
quite indifferent
Figure 6.from continuous ，这
conduction
个也可以在【4】 mode中找到just covered.
。平均后的波形是 We begin Q1with
两端的电压 vac ，CR1of
the derivation the PWM
两端的电压 i a 和switch
CR1上的电流 model i for
p。
DCM
波形如图
We for 6the
first 所示 buck-boost
state 。
some basic power stage. This that
relationships derivation can also
are used be foundThe
repeatedly. in [4]. The waveforms
terminal currents
that are averaged
averaged over oneare the voltage
switching cycleacross Q1, by:
are given vac , the voltage across CR1, vcp , the current
in Q1, ia and the current in CR1, ip . ，
我们首先给出了这个重复用到的关系式 The waveforms are shown in Figure 6. ：
整个开关周期内的终端平均电流由下式给出
i pk
We first state some
�i a� �basic �relationships
d that are used repeatedly. The terminal currents
2
averaged over one switching cycle are given by:
i
�ip� � i pk � d2
2
�i a� � pk � d
2
where
括号里的变量 variables
（像<i ina>）
brackets (e.g., 〈ia〉) represent quantities
代表了在整个开关周期内取均值的量。 that are averaged over one
switching cycle. i pk
�ip� � � d2
2
16 Understanding Buck-Boost
where variables Power Stages
in brackets (e.g.,in〈iSwitch Mode Power
〉) represent Supplies
quantities that are averaged over one
a
switching cycle.
16
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Since the average over one switching cycle of the voltage across the inductor is zero, the
following
Since theaverage
因为在整个开关周期内 averagevoltage over onerelationships
，电感上的电压均值为 switching cycle hold:
0，of the voltage across the
下面的电压均值关系成立： inductor is zero, the
following average voltage relationships hold:
�v acac� � V II � �i cc � R LL�
�v ac� � V I � �i c � R L�
�v cp� � � V O � �i c � R L�
O L
�v cp� � � V O � �i c � R L�
Since the value of icc RL L is small compared to VII and VO O , ignore these values for modeling the
power i Rstage
Sincec the to make
value of ic R V the
V formulae much easier to manipulate. Duringvalues
the time 。在时d ×the
period Tss
L is
O small compared to V and V , ignore these for modeling
由于的值相比于和很小，所以在做模型时就忽略了这些值以便方程更容易处理
L I
I O
the
powercurrent
间d × stage
Ts 内，i starts
a to
电流 make at
ia 从0值开始a value of
the formulae
，停止于zero and
much ends at the value
easier to manipulate.
ipk ，因为在这段时间内电感上的电压是常数 of i . And since
pk During the time the voltage
，且有 period across
VI =d × Ts
the inductor
current
〈vac〉，所以有下式成立ia during
starts this
at a time
value
： is
of constant
zero and and
ends equal
at the to V
value
I
I =
of〈v
i ac
ac
pk . 〉, the
And following
since the holds:
voltage across
the inductor during this time is constant and equal to VI = 〈vac〉, the following holds:
�i a i pk i pk
pk pk
VI � L a � L � i � �v ac
ac � � L � i pk
I �i
�ta d � pkT ss d � T ss
VI � L �L� � �v ac� � L �
�t d � Ts d � Ts
Similarly, during the time period d2 Tss , the current ip p starts at a value of ipk pk and ends at zero.
Also since
Similarly,
类似的，在时间 the voltage
duringd2the ×time across
Ts 内， period the
电流iad2 inductor is equal
, the current
Ts值开始
从ipk ，停止于 to
ip0， −V
starts = 〈v
Oat a value
cp
同样因为在这段时间内电感上的电压是
O cp 〉, the following
of ipk and ends holds:
at zero.–
Also since
VO = 〈vcp〉， the voltage
所以有下式成立 across ： the inductor is equal to −V O = 〈v cp 〉, the following holds:
�i pp � i pk
pk i pk
pk
VO � L �L� �i � �v cpcp� � L � i pk T s
�i
�tp d2 �pkT ss d2 � s
VO � L �L� � �v cp� � L �
�t d2 � T s d2 � T s
With the above four equations, we begin with the derivation of the input side (vac ac side) of the
PWM switch model.
With the above four equations, we begin with the derivation of the input side (vac side) of the
switch model.，我们从脉冲宽度调制开关模型的输入边（vac 边）开始推导。解方程（3）得
有了上面的四个方程
PWM
We
到ipk ，利用equation
solve VI = 〈vac(3) 〉，for ipk and use
然后代入方程（1） 〈vac〉, then
VI =就可以得到： substitute into equation (1) to get:
We solve equation (3) for ipk and use VI = 〈vac〉, then substitute into equation (1) to get:
d 2 � T SS
�i aa� � V I � 2
d �T
�i a� � V I � 2 � LS
2�L
Understanding
Buck-Boost Power
Power Stages
Stages in
in Switch
Switch Mode
Mode Power
Power Supplies
Supplies 17
17
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We note www.ti.com.cn
note that
We功率级小信号模型
Buck-Boost that the
the average
average current
current flowing
flowing into
into terminal a is
terminal a is proportional
proportional to
to the
the input
input voltage,
voltage,
V
WeI . We define
note that an
the effective
average resistance
current as
flowingfollows:
into
VII . We define an effective resistance as follows:terminal a is proportional to the input voltage,
VI . We define an effective resistance as follows:
我们注意到流进终端a的电流均值与输入电压VI 成正比，有效阻抗定义如下：
V 2�
R
R eee �
V II
� �V I� � � d222 ��L L
� i
i aI� d 2�T
2 LSS
T
Re � a
�i aa� d 2 � T SS
�
Once
Once the
the input
input looks
looks like like an an equivalent
equivalent resistance,
resistance, we we can
can also
also talk
talk about
about an
an apparent
apparent input
input
power
Once theof Vinput2
2 /R which will be used next.
power of V III2 /Rlooks
e
e which likewill anbeequivalent
used
e ，我们就可以得到将要在下一步用到的表征输入功率VI /Re。
resistance, we can also talk about
next. 2
an apparent input
当输入像等效阻抗时
power of VI2 /Re which will be used next.
To
To begin the derivation of the
begin the derivation of the output
output side
side (v
(vcp side), we start with equation (4), solve equation
cp side), we start with equation (4), solve equation
cp
(3)
To for
为了开始输出边i
begin
(3) for ipktheand substitute
derivation
（ v 边） of
的推导 back
the into
output
， equation
我们从方程 side (v (4),
（4）side),
开始we
weweget:
start with
，从方程（3） equation
解得i pk ，(4), solve equation
再代回方程（4），
pk and substitute
pk cp back into equation cp (4), get:
(3) for ipk and
就可以得到： substitute back into equation (4), we get:
��v ac�� d
v ac � d .
�vvcp � � �v ac .
�vcp� � acdd222� d .
cp
cp � �
d2
We
We next solve the
再解上面的方程得到d 2 ，代入到方程for
next solve the above
above equation
equation for d and substitute into equation (2) and also
also use iipk [from
（2）， 2 and
d2
2 再利用substitute
i pk （由方程into （3）
equation
得到(2)）， and
代回到方程 use（2），
pk [from
pk 经
equation
We
equation (3)]
next solve
(3)] and
and substitute
the above
substitute into
equation
into equation
for d2 and(2),
equation we
substitute
(2), we get
get after rearranging:
into equation
after (2) and also use ipk [from
rearranging:
过整理我们得到：
equation (3)] and substitute into equation (2), we get after rearranging:
2
��v ac�� 22 � d 222 � T s
��iipp�� v ac
ac 2 � d � T ss
p � �v�ac� �� d 2 � T s
��2�L
�ip� � �vvcp
cp � 2 � L
�vcp
cp� � 2 � L
Finally,
Finally, we use 〈v
we use 〈vac 〉 = V VIII and
ac〉 =代入上面的方程
ac and substitute
substitute in in the
the above
above equation
equation to to get
get the
the output
output side
side
relationship:
，
relationship: 〈v 〉 = V
Finally, we use ac〈vac〉 =I VI and substitute in the above equation to get the output side
最后我们用，得到输出边的关系：
relationship:
V 2
2
2
2
d
d
2
2
2� T
T s
s V II2
��iipp�� vcp�� V2 � 2 � s � V I2 .
p � v cp cp � V III2 � d 2 T � .
�ip� � �vcp� � V � 2 � L s � RRIeee . �
� L
I 2�L Re
This
This equation
equation shows that the average output current times
shows that the average output current times the average output voltage is
这个方程显示输出电流均值乘以输出电压均值等于表征输入功率
equal to the apparent input power. 。 the average output voltage is
This equation
equal shows that
to the apparent inputthe average output current times the average output voltage is
power.
equal to the apparent input power.
Now we
we can
can implement
implement the
现在我们可以把上面的输入和输出关系应用到等效的电路模型
Now the above
above input
input and
and output
output relationships into
into an
。这个模型在确定功率源的直流工作
relationships an equivalent
equivalent circuit
circuit
model.
Now we This
model. This
点很有用 can model
implement is usefulthe for determining
above
。 model is useful for determining
输入端口可以简化模型为电阻 input the dc operating point of a power
Re ，the dc operating point of a powerequivalent
and output relationships
输出端口简化为一个从属的功率源 into an supply.
supply.
， The input
Thecircuit
这个功率源输送 input
port
port is
model. simply
is simply
的功率等于输入电阻 modeled
This model
modeled is with
Reuseful
消耗的功率 a
with for resistor,
a resistor, R
determining
Ree
。这个等效电路的构成见图.
. The
The output
the dc port
operating
output port is
is
11 modeled
point as
of a power
modeled
所示。 as a
a dependent power
supply. Thepower
dependent input
e
source.
port
source. This
This power
is simply modeled
power source
with delivers
source a resistor,
delivers power
Re. The
power equal to
to that
output
equal thatport dissipated
is modeled
dissipated by the
thea input
byas resistor,
dependent
input R
power
resistor, Re .
e.
e
The equivalent
source. This circuit
power can
source be constructed
delivers power as shown
equal
The equivalent circuit can be constructed as shown in Figure 11. to in
that Figure 11.
dissipated by the input resistor, R e.
The equivalent circuit can be constructed as shown in Figure 11.
a
a p
p
a p
a p
R p(t)
p(t)
Re
R e
e p(t)
Re p(t)
c
c
c
c
Figure
Figure 11.
11. DCM
DCM PWM
PWM Switch
图11.非连续导通模式脉冲宽度调制开关模型 Switch Model
Model
Figure 11. DCM PWM Switch Model
18 Understanding
18
18 Understanding Buck-Boost
Buck-Boost Power Stages
Power Stages in
Stages in Switch
in Switch Mode
Switch Mode Power
Mode Power Supplies
Power Supplies
Supplies
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To illustrate discontinuous conduction mode power supply steady-state analysis using this
To illustrate discontinuous conduction mode power supply steady-state analysis using this
model, we examine the buck-boost converter. The analysis
为了用这个模型来描述非连续导通模式下功率级的稳态分析 proceeds likebuck-boost
，我们研究这种 the CCM转换器case. The
这
model, we examine the buck-boost converter. The analysis proceeds like the CCM case. 。 The
equivalent circuit
个分析过程跟之前的连续导通模式 is substituted into the original circuit.
是一样的circuit. The
，等效电路带进原始电路 inductor is treated as
电感看作是短路 a short
equivalent circuit is substituted （CCM）
into the original The inductor is ，treated ，
as a short
circuit and the capacitor is treated as an open circuit. The DCM buck-boost converter model
circuit and the capacitor
电容看作是断路。 is treated asbuck-boost
非连续导通模式下的 an open circuit. The DCM buck-boost
转换器的原理图如图 12所示。 converter model
schematic is shown in the Figure 12.
schematic is shown in the Figure 12.
a p
a p VO
VO
+ Re p(t) C
+ Re p(t) C
VI R
VI R
c
c
L
L
图12.Figure 12. DCM Buck-Boost

非连续导通模式下的 Converter
buck-boost 转换器原理图 Model
Figure 12. DCM Buck-Boost Converter Model
The apparent power dissipated in Re is determined as:
The apparent power dissipated in Re is determined as:
R 上消耗的表征功率由下式决定：
e
V2
V2
P Re � II .
P Re � R e .
Re
The dependent power source delivers the above amount
这个从属功率源传送上面数量的功率到输出负载电阻 of power to the output load resistor,
R，我们可以通过令下面两个功率相等来计算
The dependent power source delivers the above amount of power to the output load resistor,
R. We can calculate
D的函数the ： voltage gain as a function of D by equating the two powers as shown:
R. We can calculate
电压增益关于 the voltage gain as a function of D by equating the two powers as shown:
V2 V2
V2I � V2
O
I O
Re � R
Re R
VO
V O ��
V I ��
VI
�
�RRRR (choose the negative root)
e (choose the negative root)
e
R�T
�RRRR �� D2�L
� e
R
R �
� D R � T ss
�D � 22 �� LL
e 2�L
�T D2
D 2�T ss
�T
The
DCMvoltage conversion
buck-boost relationship for the DCM
转换器的电压转换关系由下式给出： buck-boost is given by:
The voltage conversion relationship for the DCM buck-boost is given by:
VO
VO � � D
VI � � D
VI
�RR22��TTLL
� s
s
回想前面的:
Recall from earlier that:
Recall from earlier that:
K� 2 �L
K � R2 � �L
T
R � T ss
and making the substitution in the above equation, the稳态非连续导通模式分析部分中利用平衡
result is identical to that obtained by
and making the substitution
将这个式子代入上面的方程 in the above equation,
，得到的结果跟在 the result is identical to that obtained by
buck-boost
balancing the inductor volt-seconds in the buck-boost steady-state discontinuous conduction
balancing
电感电压 –the inductor volt-seconds
秒关系得到的结果一样。 in the buck-boost steady-state discontinuous conduction
mode analysis section.
mode analysis section.

19
SLVA059A www.ti.com.cn
SLVA059A 功率级小信号模型
Buck-Boost
SLVA059A
The
The steady
steady state
state voltage
voltage conversion
conversion relationship
relationship forfor the
the DCM
DCM buck-boost
buck-boost becomes:
becomes:
The steady state voltage conversion relationship for the DCM buck-boost becomes:
非连续导通模式下 buck-boost的稳态电压转换关系变为：
V
VOO�� D
� � �D
VV
VOII K
�K
�� D
VI �K
Now,
Now, to
to derive
derive the
the small
small signal
signal model,
model, thethe circuit
circuit of
of Figure
Figure 1212 is
is perturbed
perturbed and
and linearized
linearized
following
following the
the procedure
procedure similar
similar to
to the
the one
one in
in the
the CCM
CCM derivation.
derivation. To
To see
see the
the detail
detail of
of the
the
Now, to derive the small，signal
现在为了推导小信号模型 model, the （CCM）
跟在连续导通模式 circuit of 中的推导过程一样
Figure 12 is perturbed
，扰动图 and
12 linearized
中的电路，
derivation,
derivation, the
the reader
reader is
is directed
directed to
to reference
reference [4]
[4] for
for details.
details. The
The resulting
resulting small
small signal
signal model
model
following
并线性化 the procedure
，想了解推导的详细过程 similar to the
，读者可以参考 one in the
【4】CCM中的细节derivation. To see
。这个工作在非连续导通模式下 the detail of the
for
for the
the buck-boost
buck-boost power
power stage
stage operating
operating in
in DCM
DCM is shown
isdetails.
shownThe in
in the
the Figure 13.
Figuresmall
13. signal model
derivation, the reader is directed to reference [4] for resulting
buck-boost功率级的小信号模型如图13所示。
for the buck-boost power stage operating in DCM is shown in the Figure 13.
∧
∧
v
vOO
2 ⋅⋅ V
2 VII ∧ ∧ 2 2 ⋅⋅ V
2 VII ∧ ∧
⋅⋅ ∧dd 0 ⋅⋅ v
∧ 2
⋅⋅ ∧∧vvII ⋅⋅ ∧dd
M2 ⋅⋅ R
0
D ⋅⋅ R
Re vO
O M ⋅⋅2 R
M Re D ⋅⋅ M
M ⋅⋅R
R M2
Re
vO
+
+ 2 ⋅ Ve
D
I ∧ ∧ e ∧ D2 ⋅ VI ee ∧ e
∧
∧
v R D ⋅ Re
⋅d 0 ⋅ vO
M⋅R
⋅ vI D ⋅ M ⋅R e
⋅d M2 ⋅ Re
C
C R
R
vII + Ree e
∧ C R
vI Re
Figure
Figure 13.
13. Small
图13. 非连续导通模式下 Small Signal DCM
DCM Buck-Boost
Signal buck-boost
Buck-Boost
功率级的小信号模型 Power
Power Stage
Stage Model
Model
The Figure 13. Small Signal DCM Buck-Boost Power Stage power
Model
The duty-cycle-to-output
duty-cycle-to-output transfer transfer function
function for
for the
the buck-boost
buck-boost power stage
stage
operating
工作在非连续导通模式下
operating in
in DCM
DCM is
is given
buck-boost
given by
功率级的占空比-输出传递函数由下式给出：
by
The duty-cycle-to-output transfer function for the buck-boost power stage
operating in DCM is given by
vv^^ O 1
O�G � 1
^^ � G do � ss
v^ddO � G �
do 1
1 �
� 1��p p
do 1 � �s
^
其中 Where d p
Where
V
V
Where GG do � O O
do � VDDO
G do �
D �
D
D� ��M M� � �K K
D��M� K �
V
VO
M
M� � VO
VV I
M � OI
VI
2� L
� R2 �
K �L
K� T
R2 � T ss
还有：and K� �L
and R � Ts
and �
�p � 2 2
p�R R� � C
C
�p � 2
R�C
The
The expression
expression for
Gdo 的表达式可以简化为下面形式 for GGdo can
: be simplified to the following:
do can be simplified to the following:
The expression for Gdo can be simplified to the following:
G do �
G ��V VI � � R�T
� R � T ss
do I
R22�� TL
G do � � V I � � �
2�L
Ls
20
20
20 Understanding
Buck-Boost Power
全面认识开关型电源中的BUCK-BOOST功率级 Power Stages
Stages in
in Switch
Switch Mode
Mode Power
Power Supplies
Supplies ZHCA041–1999年3月–2002年11月修订
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Buck-Boost功率级的变型
4 Buck-Boost功率级的变型
4.1 反驰式（Flyback）功率级
传统buck-boost功率级的变压器耦合的变型是反驰式功率级。这种功率级像传统的buck-boost功率
级一样的工作，除了把单一的线圈电感替换为两个（或者更多）的线圈耦合电感。功率开关Q1，见
图14，把输入电压加载到耦合电感的主线圈上（LPRI），能量储存直到Q1关上。接着从耦合电感的
副线圈（LSEC）通过输出二极管将能量传送到输出电容和负载电阻的组合上。这种功率级提供了输
入电压和输出电压间的电隔离，除了之外，隔离变压器还可以对输入电压进行降压（或升压）。通
过设计变压器的变换比得到合适的占空比，从而得到几乎任何的输入电压/输出电压的组合，以避免
出现极大或极小的占空比值。
这种反向功率级还可以消除两种有时会让标准buck-boost功率级变得不理想的缺点，即输出电压与
输入电压的极性相反和功率开关需要浮动驱动。除了提供隔离，耦合电感副线圈相连还可以用来产
生正极性的或者负极性的输出电压。此外，功率开关跟耦合电感的主线圈串联，可以连接功率开关
让源极为参考地，而不是像标准的buck-boost功率级一样，把漏极连接到输入电压。
反驰式功率级在48V输入电信应用和输出功率高到大约50瓦的110V交流或220V交流的离线应用上非
常流行。反驰式功率级的精确额定功率是由输入电压/输出电压组合、工作环境和许多其它因素来决
定的。通过在增加输出二极管和输出电容的同时，简单增加耦合电感的另一个线圈就可以很容易地
产生额外的输出电压。用单一的功率级得到多个输出电压是反向功率级的另一个优势。
带有驱动电路模块的反向功率级的简单原理图如图14所示，图中，连接耦合电感的副线圈用来产生
一个正极性的输出电压。功率开关Q1是一个n通道的金属氧化物半导体场效应管（MOSFET）。二
极管 CR1 通常叫做输出二极管。副线圈的电感 LSEC和电容 C 组成了滤波器。电容 ESR（等效串联电
阻）RC未包括。电阻R代表了功率源的输出负载。
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SLVA059A
SLVA059A
CR1
CR1 VO
Vb
VO
+ LPRI LVSEC
b
VI C R
+ LPRI
Va LSEC
VI C R
Va Q1
Drive Q1
Circuit
Drive
Circuit
Figure 14.图Flyback Power Stage Schematic

14. 反向功率级的原理图
Figure
The important waveforms for14.
theFlyback
flyback Power
power Stage
stage Schematic
operating in DCM are shown in
Figure
The 15.
important waveforms for the flyback power 15
工作在非连续导通模式下反向功率级的重要波形图如图 stage
所示。 operating in DCM are shown in
Figure 15.
IQ1
IQ1
ICR1 Solid
IO Dashed
ICR1 Solid
IO Dashed
Vb Solid
VO Dashed
Vb Solid
VO Dashed
0
0
Va
Va
0
0
D*TS D3*TS
D*TS D2*TS D3*TS
D2*TS
TS
TS
Figure 15. Discontinuous Mode Flyback Waveforms
Figure 15. Discontinuous
图15. Mode Flyback Waveforms
非连续模式下飞驰功率级的波形图
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SLVA059A
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工作在连续导通模式下
The simplified voltage（CCM）反向功率级的简化电压转换关系
conversion relationship for the flyback（忽略寄生效应
power ）由下式给出
stage operating :工作在连续
in CCM
The simplified voltage conversion relationship for the flyback power stage由下式给出
operating in CCM
(ignoring parasitics)
导通模式下（CCM） is given by:
反向飞驰式功率级的简化电压转换关系（忽略寄生效应） :
(ignoring parasitics) is given by:
N
V O � V I � N ss � D
D
VO � VI � Np � 1 � D
Np 1 � D
The simplified voltage conversion
工作在非连续导通模式下 relationship for the flyback power
（DCM）反向功率级的简化电压转换关系 stage operating
（忽略寄生效应）由下式给出 in DCM
:
The simplified voltage conversion relationship for the flyback power stage operating in DCM
N
V O � V I � N ss � D
V O � V I � N p � �DK
N p �K
Where
其中 K is defined
K定义为 : as:
Where K is defined as:
2�L
K � 2 � L SEC
K � R � SEC
T
R � T ss
The simplified duty-cycle-to-output transfer function for the flyback power stage operating in
CCM is given by:
工作在连续导通模式下（CCM）反向功率级的简化占空比-输出传输函数由下式给出:
CCM is given by:
v^^ O NS
��
1 � �ss � 1 � �ss
1 � � z1 � 1 � � z2
��
v O (s) � G � N S � z1 z2
^ (s) � G do � N � 2
d^ do NP s s
1 � � s�Q � s 2
d P 1 � � o�Q � � 2
o �o2
Where:
式中 : o
Where: VI
G do � VI
G do � 2
(1 � D ) 2
(1 � D )
1
� z1 � R 1� C
� z1 �
RCC � C2
(1 � D ) 2 � R
� z2 � (1 � D) � R
� z2 � D � L
D � L SEC
SEC
1�D
�o �
� o � �L 1 � D
�LSEC �C
SEC � C
(1 � D) � R
Q � (1 � D) � R
Q�
�
� L SEC
L SEC
C
C
DCM is given by:
DCM is given by:
工作在非连续导通模式下（DCM）反向功率级的简化占空比-输出传输函数由下式给出:
d 1��
p
Where:
组件选择
N
G do � V I � S �
NP
� R � TS
2 � L SEC www.ti.com.cn
SLVA059A and
�p � 2
^
vO R � C
� G � 1
do 1 � �s
^
d p
5 Component
Where:
式中： Selection
ThisGsection
do � V I
NS
presents
� �
buck-boost powerNstage.
P The
R�T
2�
�
a discussionSof the function of each of the main components of the
L SEC requirements and applied stresses are given for each
electrical
and
和：power stage component.
�p � 2
R �power
The completed C supply, made up of a power stage and a control circuit, usually must
meet a set of minimum performance requirements. This set of requirements is usually
referred to as the power supply specification. Many times, the power supply specification
55 Component Selection
determines individual component requirements.
部件选择
This section presents
这部分主要讨论 a discussion
buck-boost of the function of each
功率级每个主要组成部件的功能 of the main components of the
。给出了功率级中每个部件的电子性能需求和压
buck-boost
力。 power stage. The electrical requirements and applied stresses are given for each
5.1
power Output Capacitance
stage component.
一个完整的功率源，由一个功率级和一个控制电路组成，通常满足最小的性能要求。这些要求通常是参考
In
功率源的规格。很多时候 switching power supply power stages, the output。capacitance stores energy in the electric
，功率源的规格决定了每个部件的需求
The completed
field duepower supply,
to the voltagemade up ofThus,
applied. a power stage andthe
qualitatively, a control circuit,
function usually must
of a capacitor is to attempt
meet a set of minimum
to maintain performance
a constant voltage.requirements. This set of requirements is usually
5.1 referred
输出电容 to as the power supply specification. Many times, the power supply specification
determinesTheindividual
在开关功率源的功率级中 value of component
output requirements.
capacitance of a buck-boost power stage is generally selected to limit
，由于加载电压输出电容在电场储存能量，所以定性的说，电容的功能就是试图
output voltage 。
保持一个固定不变的电压 ripple to the level required by the specification. The series impedance of the
capacitor and the power stage output current determine the output voltage ripple. The three
5.1 Output elements
Capacitance of the capacitor that contribute to its impedance (and output voltage ripple) are
通常选取Buck-boost功率级的输出电容值使得把输出电压的纹波电压限制在规格要求的水平。电容的串联
equivalent series resistance (ESR), equivalent series inductance (ESL), and capacitance
In switching
(C).power
阻抗和功率级的输出电流决定了输出电压的纹波 supply power
The following gives stages, the for
guidelines output capacitance
。导致电容产生阻抗
output capacitorstores
（ energy in the
和输出电压纹波
selection. electric
）的三个元素是等
field due to the voltage applied. Thus,
效串联电阻（ESR）、等效串联电感（ESL）和电容（C）。下面给出了选择输出电容的原则。qualitatively, the function of a capacitor is to attempt
to maintain
Foracontinuous
constant voltage.
inductor current mode operation, to determine the amount of capacitance
needed as a function of，output
对于连续电感器电流模式下的工作为了确定电容值 load current, IO , switching frequency, fS , and
，需要知道它一个关于输出负载电流 I O 、desired
开关频率outputfS、
The value of output
voltage
要求的输出纹波电压ΔVO 的函数 capacitance
ripple, ∆V of a buck-boost power
O ，在假定所有的输出电压纹波都是由电容器的电容产生的情况，使用下面 is
, the following equation is usedstage is generally
assuming all theselected
output to limit
voltage ripple
output voltage
due toripple
the to the levelcapacitance.
capacitor’s required by This
the specification.
is because the The series
output impedance
capacitor of thethe entire
supplies
的方程。这是因为在功率级开态（ON），输出电容器提供了所有的输出负载电流。
capacitor and the power stage output current determine
output load current during the power stage ON state. the output voltage ripple. The three
elements of the capacitor that contribute to its impedance (and output voltage ripple) are
equivalent series resistance (ESR), equivalent series inductance (ESL), and capacitance
I O(Max) � D Max
(C). The following gives guidelines
C� for output capacitor selection.
f S � �V O
For continuous inductor current mode operation, to determine the amount of capacitance
needed as Where IO(Max)
a function is the maximum
of output load current,output current and
IO , switching DMax is the
frequency, maximum
fS , and desiredduty cycle.
output
voltage ripple, ∆VO , the following equation is used assuming all the output voltage ripple is
due
式中to the是最大输出电流
IO(Max) capacitor’s capacitance.
，DMax是最大占空比 This is。 because the output capacitor supplies the entire
output
24 load current during
Understanding the power
Buck-Boost stage in
Power Stages ON state.
Switch Mode Power Supplies
I O(Max) � D Max
C�
f S � �V O
Where IO(Max) is the maximum output current and DMax is the maximum duty cycle.
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组件选择
SLVA059A
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For discontinuous inductor current mode operation, to determine the amount of capacitance
For discontinuous inductor current ，
对于非连续电感器电流模式下的工作 mode operation, to determine
为了确定需要的电容值 the amount of capacitance
，在假定所有的输出电压纹波都是由电容器
needed,
For the following
discontinuous equation
inductor is used,
current mode assuming all
operation, to the output
determine voltage ripple
the amount of is due to the
capacitance
needed, the following equation is used, assuming all the output voltage ripple is due to the
capacitor’s
needed,
的电容产生的情况thecapacitance.
following equation
，使用下面的方程 is used,
。 assuming all the output voltage ripple is due to the
capacitor’s capacitance.
capacitor’s capacitance.
��
I O(Max) � 1 �
I O(Max) � 1 � R�T
I O(Max) � 1 � R�T
2�L
2�L
2�Ls
C� R�T ss
C� f S � �V O
C� f S � �V O
f S � �V O
However, in many practical designs, to get the required ESR, a capacitor with much more
However,
但是在很多实际的设计中 in many practical designs, to get the required
，为了得到需要的等效串联电阻 ESR, a通常都要选择比我们计算出来的电容
（ESR）， capacitor with much more
capacitance
However, than ispractical
in many needed designs,
must be selected.
to get the required ESR, a capacitor with much more
capacitance
值大的电容器than than is needed must
。 is needed must be selected. be selected.
capacitance
For continuous inductor current mode operation and assuming there is enough capacitance
For continuous inductor current mode operation and assuming there is enough capacitance
such
For that the ripple
continuous
对于连续电感器电流模式工作 due to
inductor the，capacitance
current mode operation can beand
假定有足够的电容使得电容导致的纹波可以忽略不计 ignored, the ESR
assuming thereneeded to limit
is enough the ripple
capacitance
，用来把限制纹波在
such that the ripple due to the capacitance can be ignored, the ESR needed to limit the ripple
to ∆V
such
VO O
Δ∆V that
(V V peak-to-peak
the ripple due
peak-to-peak) 而需要的 is:
to theESR
capacitance
为: can be ignored, the ESR needed to limit the ripple
to V peak-to-peak is:
to ∆VO O V peak-to-peak is:
�V O
ESR � �V O
ESR � I �V
ESR � IO(Max) O �I
�� 1�D O(Max)
1�D Max
��
I O(Max) � �I L
� 2L
� 2
�I L
1�D Max Max

2
For discontinuous inductor current mode operation and assuming there is enough
For discontinuous inductor current mode operation and assuming there is enough
capacitance
For discontinuous such that the ripple
inductor due tomode
current the capacitance
operation can andbe ignored, the ESRisneeded to
capacitance
对于非连续电感器电流模式工作 such that the ripple due to the capacitance
，假定有足够的电容使得电容导致的纹波可以忽略不计 can beassuming
ignored, the there
ESR needed enough
，用来把限制纹波 to
limit the ripple
capacitance to ∆V
such that V
thepeak-to-peak
O 而需要的 ripple due tois simply:
the capacitance can be ignored, the ESR needed to
limit
在ΔV the ( Vripple to
peak-to-peak)∆V V peak-to-peak
ESR : is simply:
ripple to ∆VO
为
limit theO
O V peak-to-peak is simply:
�V O
ESR � �V O
ESR � �V �I O
ESR � �I L
�I L L
Ripple current flowing through a capacitor’s ESR causes power dissipation in the capacitor.
Ripple current flowing through a capacitor’s ESR causes power dissipation in the capacitor.
This
Ripple power
current dissipation causesaacapacitor’s
flowing through temperature ESR increase
causesinternal
power to the capacitor.
dissipation in theExcessive
capacitor.
This power
纹波电流流过电容器的 dissipation causes
ESR， a temperature
造成在电容器上的功率损耗 increase internal to the capacitor.
，这个功率损耗会导致电容器内部的温度升高 Excessive ，
temperature
This power can seriously
dissipation causes shorten
a the expected
temperature life of internal
increase a capacitor. to theCapacitors
capacitor. have ripple
Excessive
temperature
过高的温度会严重缩短电容器的预计寿命 can seriously shorten the expected life
。电容器有取决于周围温度的额定纹波电流 of a capacitor. Capacitors have ripple
，而且不能超过。
current
temperature ratings canthat are dependent
seriously shorten the on ambient
expected temperature and should
life of a capacitor. not behave
Capacitors exceeded.
ripple
current
参考图 3， ratings that are dependent on ambient temperature
I L减去输出电流
and
I O。
should not be exceeded.
Referring
current to Figure
that 3,
输出电容器纹波电流等于电感器电流
ratings arethedependent
output capacitoron ambientripple current is the inductor current,
流过输出电容器的纹波电流均方根值 IL,exceeded.
minus the
Referring to Figure 3, the output capacitor ripple temperature
current is theand should
inductor not be
current, IL, minus the
output
Referring current,
to FigureIO. The
3, theRMSoutput value of the
capacitor ripplecurrent
current flowing in thecurrent,
output capacitance
of theripple
ripple currentisflowing
the inductorin the output Icapacitance
L, minus the
（RMS）由下式给出（连续电感器电流模式）：
output current, IO. The RMS value
(continuous
output current, inductor
I O. current
The RMS mode
value operation)
of the rippleis given
currentby:flowing in the output capacitance
(continuous inductor current mode operation) is given by:
(continuous inductor current mode operation) is given by:
I C RMS � I O � �
�
I C RMS � I O � 1 �
D
D
DD
�
I C RMS � I O � 1 �
1�D
D
ESL can be a problem by causing ringing in the low megahertz region but can be controlled
ESL can be a problem by causing ringing in the low megahertz region but can be controlled
by
ESLchoosing
等效串联电感can be alow ESL 有在低频
problem
（ESL） capacitors,
by causing（兆赫兹 limiting
ringing lead length
in the
）区产生阻尼振荡的问题 (PCB and，capacitor),
low megahertz region butand
但是可以通过选择低 can replacing one 、限
be controlled
ESL的电容器
by choosing low ESL capacitors, limiting lead length (PCB and capacitor), and replacing one
large
by
制引线长度 device
choosing （ with
low
印刷电路板 several
ESL PCB smaller
capacitors,和电容器 ones
limiting
） connected
lead length in parallel.
(PCB
和并联更大的器件代替几个小器件等方法来控制这个问题 and capacitor), and replacing one
large device with several smaller ones connected in parallel.
large device with several smaller ones connected in parallel.

25
www.ti.com.cn
组件选择
制作电容器的三种技术：低阻抗铝、有机半导体和固态钽主要用于廉价的商业应用中。低阻抗铝电解电容
器最便宜，可以在很小的体积提供很高的电容值，但是等效串联电阻（ESR）都比其它两种高。有机半导
体电解电容器，像三洋（Sanyo）OS-CON系列，在最近几年功率源工业中非常流行，他们是世界上最好的
电容器，在整个温度范围稳定的低ESR和小体积提供大电容，大部分OS-CON电容器都是采用引线安装的辐
射形封装，也提供表面贴装器件，但是牺牲了很多体积和性能的优势。固态钽片电容器对于那种只能选用
表面贴装器件的情况是最好的选择。像AVX TPS系列和Sqrague 593D系列的产品就主要开发来用在功率源
上的。这些产品有很多优点：在温度范围内相对稳定的ESR、高的纹波电流容限、低的ESL、浪涌电流测试
和很高的电容体积比。
5.2 输出电感
在开关功率源的功率级中，电感器的功能是储存能量，电流流过时能量会以磁场的方式储存下来，所以定
性的说，电感器的作用就是试图保持固定不变的电流值，或者等效的说是限制流过电感器电流的变化率。
选择Buck-boost功率级的输出电感器电感值主要是限制流过它的纹波电流的峰峰值。选择以后，功率级的
工作模式，连续或非连续，就确定下来了。电感器纹波电流跟加载的电压和加载电压的时间成正比，跟电
感值成反比，这些在前面已经详细解释了。
很多设计者喜欢自己设计电感器，但是这不是我们这篇报告的主题。下面我们讨论在选择合适电感器必须
考虑的事项。
除了电感值，在选择电感器时需要考虑的其它重要因素有最大直流或峰值电流和最大工作频率。让电感器
在它的额定直流电流内工作对确保电感器不出现过热或饱和很重要。电感器工作在低于最大额定频率可以
保证不会超过最大内部损耗，从而避免出现过热或饱和。
磁器件制造商可以提供很多类型适用于直流-直流转换器的直接就可以买来用的电感器，其中有些是表面贴
装器件。电感器有很多种类，最流行的内部材料是铁氧体和铁精粉。筒管状或杆状核心电感器很容易买到
而且也很便宜，但是使用这些电感器的时候要非常小心，因为比起其它形状的电感器，它们更容易产生噪
声问题。考虑到体积空间足够大的话，用户自己设计也是可行的。
Current flowing through an inductor causes power dissipation due to the inductor’s dc
resistance; this power dissipation is easily calculated. Power is also dissipated in the SLVA059A
inductor’s core due to the flux swing caused by the ac voltage applied across it but this
Current flowing
information
www.ti.com.cn through
is rarely angiven
directly inductor causes power
in manufacturer’s dissipation
data due to the the
sheets. Occasionally, inductor’s
inductor’sdc
组件选择
resistance; this power dissipation is easily calculated. Power is also
maximum operating frequency and/or applied volt-seconds ratings give the designer some dissipated in the
inductor’s regarding
guidance core due core
to the fluxThe
loss. swing caused
power by the causes
dissipation ac voltage applied across
a temperature it but
increase in this
the
information
inductor.
由于电感器直流电阻 is rarely，
Excessive directly givencan
temperature in manufacturer’s
电流流过电感器时会有功率损耗 data
cause degradation sheets. Occasionally,
in the insulation
，这个损耗可以很容易计算得 of thethe inductor’s
winding
。功率也会因为加载and
maximum
cause operating
increased corefrequency
loss. Care
在电感器上的交流电压导致的流量振荡而损耗在电感器的内核上 and/or
shouldapplied volt-seconds
be exercised ratings
to insure
， giveinductor’s
all the the designer
不过这些信息很少会在制造商的数据说 some
maximum
guidance
ratings
明书中直接给出 regarding core
are not exceeded. loss. The power dissipation causes
。一般，电感器的最大工作频率和（或）加载的额定电压 - 秒曲线给了设计者关于内核损 a temperature increase in the
inductor.
耗的指导。 Excessive temperature can cause degradation
功率的损耗会导致电感器内部温度升高 in the insulation of the winding and
，过高的温度会降低线圈的绝缘性，导致更多的内核损
cause
The increased
loss core loss.
in the inductor Careby:
is given should be exercised to insure all the inductor’s maximum
耗。必须注意保证电感器所有的最大额定值都没有超过。
ratings are not exceeded.
2
P inductor � �I Lrms� � R Cu � P Core
The loss in the inductor
电感器的损耗由下式给出 : is given by:
where, RCu is the winding resistance.

2
P inductor � �I Lrms� � R Cu � P Core
5.3 Power
where,
式中RCuR Switch
Cu is the 。
为线圈电阻 winding resistance.
In switching power supply power stages, the function of the power switch is to control the flow
5.3 of energy
Power from the input power source to the output voltage. In a buck-boost power stage,
Switch
5.3 功率开关
the power switch (Q1 in Figure 1) connects the input to the inductor when the switch is turned
In
on switching
and disconnects
在开关式功率源的功率级 power supply
when power
the switchstages, theThe
is off.
，功率开关的功能是控制从输入功率源到输出电压的能量流动 function
powerofswitch
the power
mustswitch
conduct is to
thecontrol
。在the
current inflow
the 功率
buck-boost
of energy
output from
inductor the input
while on power
and source
block
级，功率开关（图1中的Q1）当开关打开时连通输入到电感器，开关关上时断开连接。功率开关必须在开 the to the output
difference voltage.
between In
the a buck-boost
input voltage power
and stage,
output
the power
voltage whenswitch
off.(Q1 in the
Also, Figure
power1) connects
switch must the input
changeto the
frominductor
one statewhen to the switch is turned
other quickly in
时在输出电感器传导电流，关时阻止输入电压和输出电压的差值。而且功率开关必须很快的完成一个状态
on andtodisconnects
order avoid excessive whenpowerthe switch is off. The
dissipation power
during theswitch musttransition.
switching conduct the current in the
到另一个状态的转换
output inductor while ，从而避免在开关转换时间内的功率损耗
on and block the difference between 。 the input voltage and output
voltage
The typewhen off. Also,
of power switch the power switch
considered in thismust change
report from one
is a power state toOther
MOSFET. the other
powerquickly
devices in
order
are to avoidbut
available excessive
in mostpower
这篇报告中考虑的功率开关类型是功率型金属氧化物半导体场效应管 dissipation
instances, the MOSFETduring the switching
is the transition.
best choice
（MOSFET）。in terms 其它的功率器件也可
of cost and
performance
以用，但是在大多数情况下 (when the drive circuits are considered).
，在考虑到费用和性能时（考虑驱动电路时The two types of MOSFET
），MOSFET available 。可以
是最好的选择
The
for type
use areof power
the switch
n-channel considered
and the in this
p-channel.
使用的MOSFET有两种类型：n通道型和p通道型。P通道型MOSFET在buck-boost功率级中的使用更流行 report is a
P-channel power MOSFET.
MOSFETs Other
are power
popular fordevices
use in ，
are available
buck-boost but in
power most because
stages instances, the MOSFET
driving the gate isissimpler
the bestthanchoice
the in terms
gate drive of cost and
required for
因为驱动p通道的门比驱动n通道MOSFET中的门要简单。
performance
an n-channel (when MOSFET. the drive circuits are considered). The two types of MOSFET available
for use are the n-channel and the p-channel. P-channel MOSFETs are popular for use in
buck-boost
The
功率开关 power Q1dissipated
power stages
消耗的功率由下式给出 by thebecause
power: driving
switch, the gate
Q1, is simpler
is given by: than the gate drive required for
an n-channel MOSFET.
P D(Q1) �
The power dissipated by the power switch, Q1, is given I O by:
2
�I Lrms� � R DS(on) � D � 1 � �V I � V O� �
2
� �
1�D
� �t r � t f� � f S � Q Gate � V GS � f S
P D(Q1) �
其中: Where:
I
t�rI和
2
�tRr and
tf是� MOSFET
Lrms
t are the 1MOSFET
DS(on)f � D � 2 � V I � V。
的打开和关闭的转换时间
QGate总的门电荷
is the MOSFET
� �
turn-on �
� andOturn-off �switching � times
O � 1 � D � t r � t f � f S � Q Gate � V GS � f S
total gate charge
QGate是MOSFET 。
Where:
Other than selecting tr and p-channel or n-channel,
tf are the MOSFET other
turn-on andparameters to consider
turn-off switching timeswhile selecting
the appropriateQMOSFET Gate is theare the
MOSFET maximumtotal drain-to-source
gate charge breakdown voltage, V(BR)DSS
and
除了选择 the maximum
p通道或n通道以外 drain current
，在选择合适的 ,I .MOSFET 时需要考虑的其它参数是漏极 -源极间击穿电压的最大
D(Max)
Other
值V(BR)DSS than
， selecting
和最大漏极电流 p-channel
ID(Max)。 or n-channel, other parameters to consider while selecting
the appropriate MOSFET are the maximum drain-to-source breakdown voltage, V(BR)DSS
and the maximum drain current, ID(Max).
The MOSFET selected should have a V(BR)DSS rating greater than the maximum difference
between the input voltage and output voltage, and some margin should be added for
The MOSFET
transients and selected
spikes. The shouldMOSFEThave aselected
V(BR)DSS ratingalso
should greater
have than
an Ithe maximum difference
SLVA059A D(Max) rating of at least
between the input voltage and output voltage,
two times the maximum power stage inductor current. However, many times and some margin should be this
added for
is not
transients and spikes. The MOSFET selected should
sufficient margin and the MOSFET junction temperature should be calculated also have an I D(Max) rating of
to make at least
sure
The times
MOSFET selected should have a V(BR)DSS www.ti.com.cn
组件选择 two
that it is notthe maximum
exceeded. The power
junctionstage inductor rating
temperature current.greater
can be estimated
than the
However, maximum
many
as
difference
times this
follows: is not
between margin
sufficient the input andvoltage
the MOSFET and output junction voltage, and some
temperature should margin should be
be calculated addedsure
to make for
transients
that it is not and spikes.
exceeded. The MOSFET selected should also have an I rating of at least
MOSFET TJ � T The� Pjunction R �JA
D �stage
temperature can be estimated D(Max) as 而且要为瞬变量和尖峰信号预
follows:
two times选取时，V
the maximum (BR)DSSA的额定值要大于输入电压和输出电压的最大差值
power inductor current. However, many ， times this is not
sufficient
留一点的余量 margin。选择 andMOSFET
the MOSFET
时还要求额定
T J � T A � P D � R �JA junctionID temperature should
至少是功率级电感器最大电流的两倍 be calculated to。make
然而有很多时候这 sure
Where: (Max)
that it is not
还不是足够的余量 TA exceeded. 还要考虑到
is the，ambient The or junction
MOSFET
heatsink temperature
结的温度
temperature can be estimated
，保证没有超过范围 as follows:
。结温度由下式估算：
Where: R
ΘJA is the thermal resistance from the MOSFET chip to the ambient
TAor
air TJ �
is heatsink.
the TA � P
ambient � R �JA temperature
orDheatsink
RΘJA is the thermal resistance from the MOSFET chip to the ambient
Where:
式中:
air or heatsink.
TA
5.4 Output Diode TA is the ambient or heatsink
是周围空气或热沉的温度； temperature
RΘJA是R ΘJA is the
MOSFET片到周围空气或热沉的热阻抗 thermal resistance from
。 the MOSFET chip to the ambient
The output
5.4 Output air diode
or heatsink.
Diode conducts when the power switch turns off and provides a path for the
inductor current. Important criteria for selecting the rectifier include: fast switching,
5.4 The
输出二极管 output voltage,
breakdown diode conducts
current rating,when the power switch
low-forward voltage turns
dropofftoand provides
minimize powera path for the
dissipation,
inductor
5.4 and
Output current. Important
Diode packaging. Unless
appropriate
输出二极管在功率开关关闭时导通 criteria for selecting
the application justifies
，为电感器电流提供通路 the rectifier include: fast switching,
the expense and complexity of ：快速
。在选择整流器时要考虑的主要要素为
breakdown
a开关synchronous voltage, current
rectifier, the rating,
best low-forward
solution for voltage outputs
low-voltage drop to is minimize
usually 。 apower
Schottkydissipation,
rectifier.
The 、击穿电压
output diode 、额定电流conducts 、为降低功率损耗的低正向电压下降和合适的封装
when the power switch turns off and provides 除非应用场合确实需要用
a path for the
and
The appropriate packaging.
breakdown voltage must Unless the application justifies the expense
be greater than the maximum difference。between the input and complexity of
inductor
a current.
到高费用和复杂的同步整流器
synchronous Important
rectifier, the ，
best criteria
solution for
肖特基整流器通常是低压输出的最好解决方案
for selecting
low-voltage the rectifier
outputs is include:
usually a fast
Schottky switching,
rectifier.
voltage and output voltage, and some margin should be added for transients and spikes. The
breakdown
The breakdownvoltage, current
voltage rating,greater
low-forward voltage drop todifference
minimize between
power dissipation,
current rating should be atmust leastbe two times the than the
maximum maximum
power stage output current. the input
Normally
and appropriate
voltage and output
击穿电压必须大于输入电压和输出电压的最大差值 packaging.
voltage, andUnless
some the application
margin should
， justifies
be addedthe
而且必须为瞬时值和尖峰预留一定的余量 expense
for transients and complexity
and spikes. of
The
。额定电流
the current rating will be much higher than the output current because power and junction
a synchronous
current rectifier,
ratinglimitations the
should be dominate best
at least。two solution
times for low-voltage
the selection. outputs
maximum power stage is usually a Schottky rectifier.
output current. Normally
temperature
要至少是功率级最大电流的两倍 the device
通常额定电流要远大于输出电流，因为功率和结温度的限制决定了器件
The
the breakdown
current rating voltage
will be must
much be greater
higher than than
the the maximum
output current difference
because between
power andthe input
junction
的选择。
voltage
temperatureand output voltage,
limitations and some margin should be added for transients and spikes. The
The voltage drop acrossdominate
the diode the in adevice
conducting selection.
state is primarily responsible for the losses
current rating should be at least two times the maximum power stage output current. Normally
in the diode. The power dissipated by the diode can be calculated as the product of the
the current rating
二极管上的损耗主要由导通态二极管上的电压降造成的
The voltage drop and will bethe
across much diodehigher than the output
in a conducting current because
，二极管上的功率损耗可以由前向电压和输出负载
state is primarily power and
responsible thejunction
forward voltage the output load current. The switching losses which foroccur losses
at the
temperature
in the diode. limitations
The dominate
power dissipated the device
by the diode selection.
can
arebevery
calculated as the product of the 。
电流的乘积来计算得。从导通态转化为非导通态时的转换损耗相比于传导损耗来说，非常小，通常忽略
transitions from conducting to non-conducting states small compared to conduction
forwardand
losses voltage and the
are usually output load current. The switching losses which occur at the
ignored.
The voltagefrom
transitions dropconducting
across the to diode in a conducting
non-conducting state
states areisvery
primarily
smallresponsible
compared to forconduction
the losses
整流器上的功率损耗为 :
in the
losses diode. The
and dissipated power
are usuallyby dissipated
ignored. by the diode can be calculated as the product of the
The power the catch rectifier is given by:
forward voltage and the output load current. The switching losses which occur at the
transitions
The power from conducting
dissipated by theto� non-conducting
catch states are very small compared to conduction
P �V I O �rectifier
(1 � Dis ) given by:
losses and are D(Diode)usually ignored. D
where VD is the P D(Diode)

forward V D � I Odrop
� voltage � (1of�the D)catch rectifier.
The power dissipated by the catch rectifier is given by:
式中VD为整流器的前向电压降。
where VD is the
The junction forward voltage
temperature can bedrop of the as
estimated catch rectifier.
follows:
P D(Diode) � V D � I O � (1 � D)
The junction temperature
结温度估算公式为 T:J � T A �can P Dbe� estimated
R �JA as follows:
where VD is the forward voltage drop of the catch rectifier.
T J � T A � P D � R �JA
The junction temperature can be estimated as follows:
T J � T A � P D � R �JA
www.ti.com.cn
总结
SLVA059A
SLVA059A
SLVA059A
6 Summary SLVA059A
66
6
6
Summary
Summary
总结application report described and analyzed the operation of the buck-boost power stage.
This
Summary
The
This two modes report
application
这篇应用报告介绍分析了 of operation,
described continuous
buck-boost and conduction
analyzed
功率级的工作过程 the 。 mode of
operation and thediscontinuous conduction
buck-boost power
研究了连续导通模式和非连续导通模式两种工作模 stage.
This
This
mode, application
application
were report described
report
examined. described
Steady-state and
and analyzed
analyzed
and the operation
the
small-signaloperation
were of the
of
the the
two buck-boost
buck-boost
analyses power stage.
power
performedstage.
on
The two modes of operation, continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction
The
式。two
The
分析了
two modes
modes
the buck-boost of
buck-boost operation,
of operation,
power stage. continuous
功率级的稳态模型和小信号模型
continuous
The flyback conduction
conduction
power mode
。还介绍了作为基本
stagemode
was theand
andtwo
presented discontinuous
discontinuous conduction
buck-boost功率级变型的反向功
conduction
as a variation of the
mode, were examined. Steady-state and small-signal were analyses performed on
mode,
率级。 were
mode,
basic were examined.
examined.
buck-boost power Steady-state
Steady-state
stage. and
and small-signal
small-signal were
were the
the two
two analyses
analyses performed
performed on
on
the buck-boost power stage. The flyback power stage was presented as a variation of the
the
the buck-boost
buck-boost power
power stage.
stage. The
The flyback
flyback power
power stage
stage was
was presented
presented as
as a
a variation
variation of
of the
the
basic buck-boost power stage.
basic
basic
The buck-boost
buck-boost
main results of
稳态分析的主要结果总结如下 power
power stage.
stage.
the steady-state
。 analyses are summarized below.
The main results of the steady-state analyses are summarized below.
The
The main
main results
voltageresults of
of the
conversion the steady-state
steady-state
relationship analyses
analyses
for CCM is: are
are summarized
summarized below. below.
连续导通模式下的电压转换关系为 :
The voltage conversion relationship for CCM is:
The
The voltage
voltage conversion
relationship for for CCM
CCM is:is: I �R
��
V O � � �V I � V DS� � D � V d � I L � R L
V O � � ��V I � V DS�� D
1�D
� V d � II L
�� 1�� DL
V � V V D
D V � L �R RL
VOO � � �V II � V DS
� � � � 1 � D
DS� � 1 � D � V d� �
d� 1� 1
L DL
or a slightly simpler version: 1�D 1�D
� D
或者稍微简单些的关系式为
or a slightly simpler version: : D 1
or VO � � VI �
or a
a slightly
slightly simpler
simpler version:
�
version: 1�D RL
VO � � VI � D D �1� 1 1
VO �
V �V VI ��1� DD� 1R
L �2
��
O I 1
1��D D 1 � R��R 1�D
R
1 L
L 2
which can be simplified to: 1� � R��1�D �22
R� �1�D
R��1�D� �
which
还可化简为 can :be simplified to: D
which can be simplified
which can be simplified to:
V Oto:� � V I �
1�D
VO � � VI � D D
DD
V
VO � � V
V I� 1�
The relationship between O � the
� average
I �
1 � inductor
1 � D
D current and the output current for the
continuous
The mode between
relationship buck-boost thepower
averagestageinductor
is givencurrent
by: and the output current for the
The relationship
The relationship between the the average
average inductor
inductor current and and the the output
output current
current for
for the
the
continuous mode between buck-boost power stage is givencurrent
by:
continuous
连续导通模式 mode buck-boost
buck-boost
continuous mode buck-boost power stage
功率级的电感器平均电流和输出电流的关系为
� power
I is given
stage is given by: by: :
I L(Avg) � � I O
(1 �I OD)
I L(Avg) � � � IO
II L(Avg) � (1 �OD)
The discontinuous
� (1 �
conduction
L(Avg) (1 D) buck-boost voltage conversion relationship is given by:
�mode
D)
The discontinuous conduction mode buck-boost voltage conversion relationship is given by:
The
The discontinuous
discontinuous conduction
conduction mode
mode Dbuck-boost
buck-boost voltage
voltage conversion
relationship is
is given
given by:
by:
非连续导通模式 VO �
buck-boost �V
电压转换关系为
I � ：
�DK
VO � � VI � D
V
VO � � V I � �DK
where K is defined as: O � � VI � � �KK
where K is defined as:
where
其中K定义为
where K
K is
is defined
: as:2 � L
K �as:
defined
R� � TLs
K� 2 2
K�
K �R� 2 � TL
� Ls
R
The major results of the
R� � T
small-signal
T ss analyses are summarized below.
The major results of the small-signal analyses are summarized below.
The
The major
major results
results of
small-signal of the
the small-signal
small-signal analyses
duty-cycle-to-output transferare
analyses are summarized
for thebelow.
summarized
function below.
buck-boost power stage
operating
The in CCM duty-cycle-to-output
small-signal is given by: 。 transfer function for the buck-boost power stage
The small-signal duty-cycle-to-output
小信号分析的主要结果总结在下面
The small-signal duty-cycle-to-output transfer function
transfer function for
for the
the buck-boost
buck-boost power
power stage
stage
operating in CCM is given by:
operating in CCM is given
operating in CCM is given by:by:
连续导通模式下buck-boost功率级的小信号占空比-输出电压传输函数有下式给出:
Power Stages
Stages in
in Switch
Switch Mode
Mode Power
Power Supplies
Supplies 29
29
www.ti.com.cn
总结
SLVA059A
SLVA059A
v^ O
�1 � �sz1� � �1 � �sz2�
(s) � G do �
^ 2
d 1 � � s�Q � s
o �2o
式中: Where:
VI
G do �
2
(1 � D ) 2
s z1 � 1
RC � C
2
(1 � D ) 2 � R
s z2 �
D�L
�o � 1 � D
�L � C
(1 � D) � R
Q�
� L
C
The small-signal duty-cycle-to-output transfer function for the buck-boost power stage
非连续导通模式下
operating in DCMbuck-boost功率级的小信号占空比-输出电压传输函数由下式给出:
is given by:
v^ O 1
� G do �
1 � �s
^
d p
式中:
Where:
V V
G do � O � – I
D �K
和: and
�p � 2
R�C
Also presented were requirements for the buck-boost power stage components based on
voltage and current stresses applied during the operation of the buck-boost power stage.
功率级工作过程中加载的电压和电流的压力，以及基于这些压力的buck-boost功率级组成部件的各种要求。
For further study, several references are given.
为了方便读者更深入的研究，这里给出了一些参考文献。
www.ti.com.cn
参考文献
7 参考文献
1. 应用报告TL5001脉冲宽度调制控制器设计, TI 文献号SLVA034A.
2. 应用报告利用TPS5210设计快速响应的同步buck整流器, TI 文献号 SLVA044
3. V. Vorperian, R. Tymerski, and F. C. Lee,谐振腔和脉冲宽度调制开关的等效电路模型, IEEE功率电子学学
报, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 205-214, April 1989.
4. R. W. Erickson, 功率电子学基础 New York: Chapman and Hall, 1997.
5. V. Vorperian, 利用脉冲宽度调制开关模型来简单分析脉冲宽度调制转换器: Parts I and II, IEEE 航天和电
子系统学报, Vol. AES-26, pp. 490-505, May 1990.
6. E. van Dijk, et al., 直流-直流转换器的脉冲宽度调制开关模型, IEEE 功率电子学学报, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp.
659-665, November 1995.
7. G. W. Wester and R. D. Middlebrook, 开关式直流-直流转换器的低频特性, IEEE航天和电子系统学报,
Vol. AES-9, pp. 376-385, May 1973.
8. R. D. Middlebrook and S. Cuk,一种设计开关式转换器功率级模型的通用一体化方法, 电子学国际期刊,
Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 521-550, June 1977.
9. E. Rogers, 开关式功率源的控制回路模型, Proceedings of EETimes模拟和混合信号应用会议, July
13-14, 1998, San Jose, CA.
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全面認識開關型電源中的BUCK BOOST功率級 (zhca041)

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应用报告

Figure 2. Buck-Boost Power Stage States

6 Understanding Buck-Boost Power Stages in Switch Mode Power Supplies

ZHCA041–1999年3月–2002年11月修订 Understanding Buck-Boost 全面认识开关型电源中的BUCK-BOOST功率级

Figure 4. Boundary Between Continuous and Discontinuous Mode

ZHCA041–1999年3月–2002年11月修订 Understanding Buck-Boost 全面认识开关型电源中的BUCK-BOOST功率级

Understanding Buck-Boost Power Stages in Switch Mode Power Supplies 11

3 Buck-Boost Power Stage Small Signal Modeling

Duty Cycle Error

Pulse-Width Reference Voltage

Figure 7. Power Supply Control Loop Components

Buck-Boost Power Stage Gain

ZHCA041–1999年3月–2002年11月修订 Understanding Buck-Boost 全面认识开关型电源中的BUCK-BOOST功率级

Figure 9. DC and Small Signalp CCM PWM Switch Model

Figure 10. CCM Buck-Boost

Figure 10. CCM Buck-Boost Small Signal AC Power Stage Model

14 Understanding Buck-Boost Power Stages in Switch Mode Power Supplies

Understanding Buck-Boost Power Stages in Switch Mode Power Supplies 15

图12.Figure 12. DCM Buck-Boost

ZHCA041–1999年3月–2002年11月修订 Understanding Buck-Boost 全面认识开关型电源中的BUCK-BOOST功率级

Figure 14.图Flyback Power Stage Schematic

1�D Max Max

ZHCA041–1999年3月–2002年11月修订 Understanding Buck-Boost 全面认识开关型电源中的BUCK-BOOST功率级

where, RCu is the winding resistance.

Understanding Buck-Boost Power Stages in Switch Mode Power Supplies 27

Understanding Buck-Boost Power Stages in Switch Mode Power Supplies 27

where VD is the P D(Diode)

28 Understanding Buck-Boost Power Stages in Switch Mode Power Supplies

28 Understanding Buck-Boost Power Stages in Switch Mode Power Supplies

28 Understanding Buck-Boost Power Stages in Switch Mode Power Supplies

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