(Dr.

Ahmed Said Badawy (2023 Tutorial 2 (Systems- ZT-IZT) Digital Signal Processing

Example 1
Write down the Linear Constant Coefficient Difference Equations (LCCDE) of the following
system? What is the type of this digital system?

Solution 1

𝑦[𝑛] = 3𝑥 [𝑛] + 2𝑥 [𝑛 − 1] − 4𝑥 [𝑛 − 3] + 5𝑥 [𝑛 − 6]

This is a non-recursive system because it relies on inputs only.

Example 2
Write down the LCCDE of the following system? What is the type of this digital system?

Solution 2

𝑦[𝑛] = 2𝑥 [𝑛] − 3𝑥 [𝑛 − 2] + 4𝑥 [𝑛 − 4] + 5𝑥 [𝑛 − 7] + 6𝑦[𝑛 − 1] − 2𝑦[𝑛 − 4]

This is a recursive system because it relies on both inputs and previous outputs.

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Example 3
Write down the LCCDE of the following system? What is the type of this digital system?

Solution 3

𝑦[𝑛] = 2𝑥 [𝑛] − 3𝑥 [𝑛 − 3] + 4𝑥 [𝑛 − 5] + 5𝑥 [𝑛 − 8] + 6𝑦[𝑛 − 1] − 2𝑦[𝑛 − 5]

This is a recursive system because it relies on both inputs and previous outputs.

Example 4(Self-study)
For the following digital system
𝑦[𝑛] = −4𝑥 [𝑛] + 3𝑥 [𝑛 − 1] + 2𝑥 [𝑛 − 2]

1. What is the type of this system?

2. Draw the DE diagram of this system?
3. How many multipliers, delays, and summer units are required to build this circuit?

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Example 5(Self-study)
For the following digital system
𝑦[𝑛] = −4𝑥 [𝑛] + 3𝑥 [𝑛 − 1] + 2𝑥 [𝑛 − 2] + 𝑦[𝑛 − 1] − 2𝑦[𝑛 − 2] + 3𝑦[𝑛 − 4]

1. What is the type of this system?

2. Draw the DE diagram of this system?
3. How many multipliers, delays, and summer units are required to build this circuit?

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Example 1
Find ZT of 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛] and find its ROC?
Solution 1
𝑥[𝑛] represents a causal sequence with infinite duration.
∞ ∞ ∞

𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥 [𝑛] 𝑧 −𝑛 = ∑ 𝑧 −𝑛 = ∑ ( 𝑧 −1 )𝑛 = 1 + 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 + ⋯
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=0 𝑛=0
This series converges if | 𝑧 −1 | < 1 or |𝑧| > 1 . That means ROC of X(z) is everywhere outside a
circle of unit radius whose center is at the origin.
∞
1 𝑧
𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ ( 𝑍 −1 )𝑛 = =
1 − 𝑧 −1 𝑧 − 1
𝑛=0
For example, if 𝑧 = 2, the series converge
∞
2
𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ ( 2−1 )𝑛 = 1 + 2−1 + 2−2 + ⋯ = =2
2−1
𝑛=0
For example, if 𝑧 = 0.5, the series diverge
∞

𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ ( 0.5−1 )𝑛 = 1 + 0.5−1 + 0.5−2 + ⋯ = 1 + 2 + 4 + ⋯

𝑛=0

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Example 2
Find ZT of 𝑥 [𝑛] = 𝑎𝑛 𝑢[𝑛] and find its ROC?
Solution 2
𝑥[𝑛] represents a causal sequence with infinite duration.
∞ ∞ ∞
1 𝑧
𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥 [𝑛] 𝑍 −𝑛 = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑍 −𝑛 = ∑ ( 𝑎 𝑧 −1 )𝑛 = =
1 − 𝑎𝑧 −1 𝑧 − 𝑎
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=0 𝑛=0
This series converges if | 𝑎𝑧 −1 | < 1 or |𝑧| > |𝑎| . That means ROC of 𝑋(𝑧) is the exterior of a circle
having radius |𝑎|.

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Examples 4 Find ZT of 𝑥 [𝑛] = −𝑎𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 1] and find its ROC?

Solution 4
𝑥[𝑛] represents an anticausal sequence with infinite duration.
−0 𝑛≥0
𝑥 [𝑛 ] = { 𝑛
−𝑎 𝑛 ≤ −1
∞ −1 ∞
−𝑛 𝑛 −𝑛 −1
−𝑎−1 𝑧 𝑧
𝑋 ( 𝑧 ) = ∑ 𝑥 [𝑛 ] 𝑧 = ∑ −𝑎 𝑧 = − ∑ (𝑎 𝑧 )𝑚 = =
1 − 𝑎−1 𝑧 𝑧 − 𝑎
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞ 𝑚=1

This series converges if |𝑎−1 𝑧| < 1 or |𝑧| < |𝑎| . That means ROC of 𝑋(𝑧) is the interior of a circle
having radius |𝑎|.

Example 5
1 𝑛
Find ZT of 𝑥[𝑛] = ( ) 𝑢[𝑛] and find its ROC?
2

Solution 5
𝑥[𝑛] represents a causal sequence with infinite duration.
∞ ∞ ∞
1 𝑛 −𝑛 1 −1 𝑛 1 2𝑧
𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥 [𝑛] 𝑧 −𝑛 = ∑( ) 𝑧 = ∑( 𝑧 ) = =
2 2 1
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=0 𝑛=0 1 − 𝑧 −1 2𝑧 − 1
2
1 1
This series converges if | 𝑧 −1 | < 1 or |𝑧| > . That means ROC of 𝑋(𝑧) is everywhere outside a
2 2
1
circle of radius of . Thus a compact alternative representation of the sequence 𝑥[𝑛] is obtained using
2

𝑋(𝑧).
Example 6
Find ZT of 𝑥 [𝑛] = −3𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 4] and find its ROC?
Solution 6
𝑥[𝑛] represents an anticausal sequence with infinite duration.
−0 𝑛 ≥ −3
𝑥 [𝑛 ] = { 𝑛
−3 𝑛 ≤ −4
∞ −4 ∞

𝑋(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥 [𝑛] 𝑧 −𝑛 = − ∑ 3𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛 = − ∑ (3−1 𝑧)𝑚

𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=−∞ 𝑚=4

−(3−1 𝑧)4 3−3 𝑧 4

= =
1 − 3−1 𝑧 𝑧−3
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This series converges if |3−1 𝑧| < 1 or |𝑧| < |3| . That means ROC of 𝑋(𝑧) is the interior of a circle
having radius|3|.

Example 7
Deduce the ROC of the following sequence 𝑥 [𝑛] = 2𝑛 𝑢[𝑛]−3𝑛 𝑢[−𝑛 − 2]

Solution 7
0 𝑛≤0
𝑥1[𝑛] = 2𝑛 𝑢[𝑛] = {
2𝑛 𝑛≥0
∞ ∞
1
𝑥1(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑥 [𝑛] 𝑧 −𝑛 = ∑ 2𝑛 𝑧 −𝑛 =
𝑧−2
𝑛=−∞ 𝑛=0
𝑛 −0 𝑛 ≥ −1
𝑥2[𝑛] = 3 𝑢[−𝑛 − 2] = { 𝑛
−3 𝑛 ≤ −2
𝑋(𝑧)2 = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑥 [𝑛] 𝑧
−𝑛
=
∞
− ∑𝑛=−∞ 3 𝑧 = − ∑𝑚=2(3−1 𝑧)𝑚 =
−2 𝑛 −𝑛
2
−(3−1 𝑧) 3−2 𝑧 3
=
1−3−1 𝑧 𝑧−3

This series converges if |3−1 𝑧| < 1 or |𝑧| < |3| and|2−1 𝑧| < 1 or |𝑧| > |2| . That means ROC of
𝑋(𝑧) is the ring between 2 circle of a radius 2 and 3

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Example 3

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