Aladwani (2017) explores the relationship between marketing competencies and

organizational performance. The study argues that marketing competencies, such as

customer orientation, marketing research, and marketing planning, are positively related
to organizational performance and financial performance.
Park & Kim (2017) explores the impact of technology on business management. The
study highlights the benefits of technology in improving business efficiency, customer
service, and decision-making, but also discusses the potential challenges associated
with technology adoption, such as security concerns and the need for staff training.
In addition,

Boatright (2018) discusses the importance of ethics in business management. The

study argues that ethical leadership can help create a culture of trust, enhance
stakeholder relationships, and improve organizational performance in the long run.
Moreso,

Mohan (2016) explores the impact of globalization on business management. The study
argues that globalization has created new challenges and opportunities for business
leaders, such as managing cross-cultural teams, navigating international regulations,
and adapting to changing consumer preferences.
Furthermore,

Teece (2019) discusses the role of innovation in business management. The study
argues that organizations that prioritize innovation can gain a competitive advantage by
creating new products, services, or business models that meet the evolving needs of
consumers.
(Rahman & Huq, 2018). Moreover, a study about the impact of marketing skills on
small business performance. The study suggests that marketing skills, such as market
research, brand management, and customer relationship management, can improve
customer satisfaction, sales revenue, and business growth for small businesses
(Palmatier & Miles, 2016). There is also a study that examines the link between
marketing skills and firm performance. The study argues that marketing skills, such as
customer insights, segmentation, and value proposition development, are critical for
creating and sustaining a competitive advantage and enhancing firm performance.
Abor & Quartey (2019) investigate the impact of financial management practices and
financial characteristics on the profitability of small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs) in Ghana. The study suggests that financial management skills, such as
financial planning, financial control, and financial reporting, can improve the profitability
of SMEs, especially when combined with favorable financial characteristics, such as
liquidity and leverage

(Nguyen, Mia & Winata, 2017 In addition, there’s a study about the relationship
between financial management and firm performance across multiple studies. The study
suggests that financial management skills, such as financial planning, financial control,
and financial reporting, are positively related to firm performance and financial
performance, and the strength of the relationship varies by the type of financial
management skill and the type of performance measure).
(Akotia & Asante, 2016). Furthermore, a study suggests that financial management
skills, such as financial planning, financial control, and financial reporting, can facilitate
the growth of SMEs by enhancing access to capital, improving financial performance,
and reducing financial.
Also, Namada & Ntayi (2015) investigates the relationship between financial
management practices and the performance of SMEs in Uganda. The study suggests
that financial management skills, such as financial planning, financial control, and
financial reporting, can improve the financial performance of SMEs, especially when
combined with favorable external factors, such as access to credit and government
support.
(Veki et. al, 2020). Furthermore, startup skills are critical in the growth of
entrepreneurship and the process of nurturing innovation. They comprise a variety of
traits, the most essential of which is the capacity to spot opportunities, which allows the
entrepreneur to know exactly what to do or what is necessary in the market and what
may be supplied. It also entails determining the most efficient strategy to launch a firm
and flourish in the market. Creativity is defined as the capacity to view things differently
and give answers where gaps exist. Successful entrepreneurs have honed a set of
talents that have helped them achieve their objectives.
According to Tam & Gray (2016), start-ups must go through a series of growth stages,
each with its own set of development characteristics. The assumption is that for a
business to thrive, there must be order rather than chaos.
Welch & Chrisman (2017) provide an overview of entrepreneurial competencies that
are essential for start-up success. The study suggests that start-up skills, such as
opportunity identification, resource acquisition, risk management, and strategic thinking,
are critical for new venture creation and growth.
(Adetunji, et. al,2018) also examines the relationship between entrepreneurial
competencies and start-up success among Nigerian entrepreneurs. The study suggests
that start-up skills, such as opportunity identification, resource acquisition, financial
management, and networking, are positively associated with start-up success, as
measured by business growth and profitability. In addition,
Agyemang & Osei (2018) investigates the impact of entrepreneurial skills and
experience on the performance of start-ups in Ghana. The study suggests that start-up
skills, such as business planning, financial management, marketing, and leadership, are
positively associated with new venture performance, as measured by business growth
and survival.
Moreso, Ramaswamy, Singh, & Singh (2019) explores the relationship between HRM
skills, employee engagement, and employee retention in the Indian IT industry. The
study suggests that HRM skills such as talent management, performance appraisal, and
employee development are positively associated with employee work engagement and
retention.
Osoba, Oduyoye & Adebayo (2020) also examines the impact of HRM skills on
organizational performance in the Nigerian banking industry. The study suggests that
HRM skills such as recruitment and selection, training and development, and
performance appraisal are positively associated with organizational performance, as
measured by employee productivity and financial performance.
Entrepreneurs must have technical skills for all business positions, which cannot be
acquired quickly but must be gained through experience. Entrepreneurial skills are
essential for effective communication, decision making, teamwork, and conflict
resolution. Technical abilities entail technical competence and expertise in a specific
business field (Roepen, 2017).
(Ruetzler et al., 2020). Technical skills, also known as hard skills, are associated with
the appropriate knowledge background as well as hands-on tools and equipment
related to the work field. Business knowledge, the use of modern tools, solution
development, environmental and sustainability are critical technical skills for
entrepreneurs
El-Say(ed, et al., 2019) examines the impact of technical skills on the effectiveness of
project managers. The study suggests that technical skills such as knowledge of project
management methodologies and software tools are positively associated with project
manager effectiveness. Moreso, a study suggests that technical skills such as data
analysis and interpretation, quantitative modeling, and technical report writing are
critical for effective management decision making.
Al-Mahmoodi & Tarí (2019) examines the impact of technical and non-technical skills
on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the United Arab
Emirates. The study suggests that technical skills such as financial management,
technology expertise, and production process knowledge are positively associated with
SME performance
(Bartsch, et al., 2016) explores the impact of information technology (IT) skills on the
performance of small businesses. The study suggests that IT skills such as computer
proficiency, digital communication, and software proficiency positively affect small
business performance. Also, Park and Kim (2019) examine the role of technical skills
and knowledge in entrepreneurial success. The study suggests that technical skills and
knowledge in areas such as finance, marketing, and operations are critical for new
venture success.
(Yammarino, 2017) Leadership research spans the behavioral, social, and physical
sciences, management, psychology, anthropology, politics, sociology, biology, and
evolutionary studies. In comparison to the relatively large account of leadership theory
and research, the systematic analysis of leadership development (generally defined to
include leader development) has a relatively short history
Covey (2017), leadership is achieving, through clear communication, the ability of
people to see its value and potential on their own. Still, leadership entails inspiring
people to find their purpose and, as a result, influencing behaviors so that they all point
in the same direction in favor of the organization or company. As a result, leadership
can be emphasized as a very powerful and extremely necessary tool for establishing a
strong culture.
According to Daft (2021), "an organization's culture typically begins with a founder or a
pioneering leader who articulates and implements specific ideas and values such as a
vision, philosophy, or business strategy."
Odoh & Ude (2019) investigates the influence of leadership styles on business
performance in Nigerian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The study
suggests that transformational leadership style is positively associated with business
performance, while autocratic and laissez-faire leadership styles have a negative
impact. In addition, Moro (2018) discusses the impact of emotional intelligence (EI) on
leadership effectiveness in the business world. The study suggests that leaders with
higher levels of EI tend to be more effective in motivating employees, managing
conflicts, and creating positive work environments.
McLaughlin's (2012) study, the social interactions associated with entrepreneurial
situations such as "negotiation, obtaining and organizing resources, identifying and
exploiting opportunities, managing stress, obtaining and maintaining customers, and
providing leadership"
Awad & Ali (2012), a manager's emotional intelligence, employee creativity, and
organizational atmosphere all have a positive direct effect on a person's entrepreneurial
orientation. More intriguingly, emotional intelligence had a direct impact on
organizational relationships, which in turn had a positive impact on employee creativity.
Encouragement of an entrepreneurial mindset within an organization may contribute to
increased success.