51. Ÿ(t 0.

02,
x È Ÿ 0.03
cos t) ! y(t sin t) u P
dy
2
œ 2(cos t " t sin t)(cos
(a) S œ 2x " 4xy Êt)dS"œ a4xt"
2(sin t cos
!4y " 4xt)dyœœ2 a4x " 4xyb dx
bdxt)(sin x " 4xy y Ÿ a4x " 4xyba0.02b " a4xyba0.03b
2 2

œ 0.04a2x2 b " 0.05a4xyb Ÿ 0.05a2x2 b " 0.05a4xyb œ a0.05ba2x2 " 4xyb œ 0.05S
v
65. ™ f œ 2xi " 2yj " 2zk œ (2 cos t)i " (2 sin t)j " 2tk and2 dyv œ (! 2sin t)i " (cos t)2j " k Ê u œ kvk 2
(b) V œ x2 y Ê dV œ 2xy dx " x2 dy œ 2x2 y dx x " x y y Ÿ a2x yba0.02b " ax yba0.03b œ 0.07ax yb=0.07V
sin t)i ! (cos t)j ! k
œ È("(sin t) ! (cos t) ! 1
œ Š "Èsin t ‹ i " Š cos t
È2 ‹ j " È2 k Ê (Du f)P œ ™ f † u
"
2
41 3 1
52. œ
V (2 3 r t)" r2 ht Ê dV œ a41 cos
r2 t" 21 rhbdr " 2
" 1 r dh;
2t r œ 10, h œˆ "
15,
1 ‰ dr œ"1 and dh œ 0 Ê
MTH 206. Homework II Solution.
Š"1 sin
È2 ‹ " (2 sin t) Š È2 ‹ " (2t) Š È2 ‹ œ È2 Ê (Du f) 4
œ cos œ 2È22 , (Du f)(0) œ 0 and
dV
(D œ 1Š41a101b2 " 21 a10ba15b‹ˆ 12 ‰ " 1 a10b2 a0b œ 3501 cm3
u f) ˆ ‰ œ 4 2È 2

53. r Vœr È
66. œ t2i 1"rhÈand
tj !V4"h (t
œ"1r3)#
kÊÊdV vœ œ "Vtr""Î#
dr "i "Vh"# tdh
""Î#Ê dV
j ! 4" kœ; t2œ
1rh
1 dr
Ê"x1œ r# 1,
dhy Ê
œ 1,dVkÐ5ß!
zœ 121 Ê120
Ñ œ P!1œdr(1"ß 125 dh;
11)
ß!
#
kdrkvŸ
(1)0.1œ cm i " " jkdh
" and
! k" Ÿ
k ;0.1
f(xßcm
yß z)Êœ dV Ÿy(120 )(0.1) 0 (25 )(0.1) œ i14.5
" 2y1jcm
! k; V(5ß 12) œ 3001 cm
Section
and
14.6: x# " ! z1! 3 œ" f œ 2x
# $ $
# # 4 Ê 1™
14.51
maximum
ÊÊ ™ percentage
f(1ß 1ß !1) œ 2i " 2jerror
! k ;istherefore
„ v‚œ100( œ
™„f) 4.83%
Ê the curve is normal to the surface
3001
"
4

67. œ È"tiœ
54. r (a) "È" tj "" (2t ! 1)k" Ê v œ " t"""Î# i " " t"""Î# j " 2k ; t œ 1 ÊR x œ 1, y œ R1, z œ 1 Ê P! œ (1ß 1ß 1) and
# #
R R " R Ê ! R dR œ !# R dR" !# R dR# Ê dR œ Š R ‹ dR" " Š R ‹ dR#
v(1) œ # i " # j " 2k ; f(xß yß z) œ x " y ! z ! 1 œ 0 Ê ™ f œ 2xi " 2yj ! k Ê ™ f(1ß 1ß 1) œ 2i " 2j ! k ;
" " # #
(b) dR œ R# ’Š " ‹ dR " Š R" ‹ dR# “ Ê dRk Ð100 400Ñ œ R# ’ (100) "
dR " " dR# “ Ê R will be more
now va1b † ™ fa1ßR1ß 1b œ" 0, thus the curve is tangent to the surface when"t œ (400)
1
Section14.6
" Section 14.6Tangent
Tangent Planes
Planes andand Differentials835 835
Differentials
sensitive to a variation in R" since (100)
"
# (400)
14.7 EXTREME VALUES AND
R
# # SADDLE ## POINTS
œŠœ RŠ‹ ‹ dR" ! ŠRR ‹ dR# so that R" changing from 20 to 20.1 ohms Ê dR" œ 0.1 ohm
R R dR" ! Š RR‹ dR# so that R" changing from 20 to 20.1 ohms Ê dR" œ 0.1 ohm
(c) From
(c) From partpart
(a),(a),
dR dR
100
1. fand and R#2xchanging " from 25025 to 24.9 ohms dR2y 30.1
œ 0ohms; "Ê R œ
" " "
ohms
100
x (xßRy)# changing
" y from 3œ toand
24.9 ohms
fy (x ß y) œÊ x" dR 0.1 ohms;
Ê RxR"œœœR!R3"!and
R y Ê3 RÊœ 9 ohms
9 critical point is (!3ß 3);
Ê œ
!"
œ ## œ " ! R œ
ˆ 100 Copyright
‰ ˆ ©
100 ‰ 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
fxx (!3Êß 3)dRœk Ð202,25fÑyyˆœ(9!‰(20)
100
39 ß 3)(0.1)
œ 2,!ˆ f9xy
100 ‰9(!3 ( 3)
0.1) 1 0.011fohmsf f #
3
percentage 0 and f
change is dR ¸
0 local
100 minimum of
Ê dRk Ð20 25Ñ œ (20) (0.1) ! (25) xx yy
(25) ("0.1) ¸ 0.011 ohms Êxy percentage change R xx
is ÐR20 ¸25Ð20 25 ‚ 100
dR
ß
" œ ¸ Ê !
Ê œ # # Ê ‚
f(!30.011
ßœ3) œ
0.011
100 !‚5100 ¸ 0.1%
œ ˆ 100 ‰ ˆ‚9 ‰100 ¸ 0.1%
9

2.
55. fA
x (xϧ y)
xy œ Ê2ydA!œ10x "!4 yœdx;
x dy 0 and
if x #fy (x ß y) œ
y then 2x ! change
a 1-unit 4y " 4inœy0gives œ 23 and
Ê axgreater y œ in43 dA
change critical
Êthan point
a 1-unit is ˆ 23inß x.
change
4‰
3 ;
55. A œfThus,
xyˆ 2Ê 4 dA x dy y
‰ more attention dx; if x y then a
ˆ to y‰which is the ˆsmaller
2 4 2 1-unit
4 change in y gives
‰ of the two dimensions. a greater change in dA than a 1-unit change in x.
xx 3 ßpay 3 œ !10, fyy 3 ß 3 œ !4, fxy 3 ß 3 œ 2 Ê fxx fyy ! fxy œ 36 # 0 and fxx $ 0 Ê local maximum of
œ ! # #
Thus, pay more attention to y which is the smaller of the two dimensions.
f ˆ 23 ß 43 ‰ œ 0
56. (a) fx (xß y) œ 2x(y ! 1) Ê fx (1ß 0) œ 2 and fy (xß y) œ x Ê fy (1ß 0) œ 1 Ê df œ 2 dx ! 1 dy Ê df is more
#

56. (a) fx (xßsensitive

y) œ 2x(y ! 1) Êin fxx (1ß 0) œ 2 and fy (xß y) œ x# Ê fy (1ß 0) œ 1 Ê df œ 2 dx ! 1 dy Ê df is more
to changes
3. f(b)
x (xßdf
y)œœ02xÊ"2ydx " 3 œ 0 and f (xdx ß y) œ x " 2 œdx0 Ê x" œ !2 and y œ 1 Ê critical point is (!2ß 1);
sensitive to changes!indyx œ 0 Ê y 2 dy ! 1 œ 0 Ê dy œ " # #
fxx (!2ß 1) œ 2, fyy (!2ß 1) œ 0, fxydx(!2ß 1) œ 1 Êdxfxx fyy ! f œ !1 $ 0 Ê saddle point
(b) df œ 0 Ê 2 dx ! dy œ 0 Ê 2 dy ! 1 œ 0 Ê dy œ " "# xy
57. (a) r# œ x# ! y# Ê 2r dr œ 2x dx ! 2y dy Ê dr œ x
r dx ! y
r dy Ê dr|Ð$ß%Ñ œ ˆ 53 ‰ a „ 0.01b ! ˆ 54 ‰ a „ 0.01b

Section 14.7:
4. fx (xß y)# œ 5y
57. (a) r# œ œ
ˆ
x „
6 69 ‰ 5
y# Ê
! 0.07
! 14x " 3 œ 0 and
œ „2r0.014
dr œ Ê
ˆ
2x dx
¸
6 69 ‰ r ‚
fy (xß y) œ 5x0.014
dr ! 2y dy
100 ¸
ˆ
œ ʸ
6 69 ‰ 5
„
! 6 œ 0 Êy x œ 65 and yŠ"œxy ‹69
dr œ‚xr 100
fxx 5 ß 25 œ !14, fyy 5 ß 25 œ 0, fxy 5 ß 25 œ 5 Ê fxx fyy ! fxy œ !25
dx ¸!œr0.28%;
dy Êd)dr|
#
œ y
Ð$ß%Ñ
ˆ
x
‰
œ#5ˆdx
#
3Ê
5
‰!
critical
a „yŠ0.01
$ y0 Ê saddle
1 ˆ
x
‰
x‹
# 1
point is ˆ 6 ß 69
point
‰
25 b;
bdy! ˆ 54 ‰ a „5 0.01
Š" ‹ „0.03 Šx‹
œ „œ0.07
"y
x dx
y5 # œ „!0.014
x
y #x Êdy ¸Ê
dr d)|
‚ Ð$ß%Ѹ œ
100 œ ˆ¸"25„
4 ‰ 0.014
a „ 0.01
‚ b ! ¸ˆ œ
100
3 ‰
25 a „ 0.01db)œœ…25
0.28%;
0.04 x!
dx
5 ! dy
r 5 y
ˆ ‰ # y
ˆ ‰
x #1 x #1
5. fxœ(xß y) y œmaximum
2y! ! 2xxchange
" 3dyœÊ in
0 dand
) occurs
fy (xßœwhen
y)ˆœ "4dx
2x and4y dyœhave opposite
x aœ„3signs
andb(dx 30.01 and dy œ " 0.01 orˆvice3 ‰
‰ a! b 0! Ê
ˆ 25
3 ‰ y œœ…0.04 critical point is 3ß 2 ;
Ê „0.03
# x dx d)|Ð$ß%Ñ „ˆ 40.01 0.01 # Ê
"
yversa) Ê dy) # œx „#0.07 0.0028; 25tan"" ‰ 0.927255218 ¸ d)œ 25
100 ¸ ! ¸ #5„0.0028 ‚ 100¸
fxxʈ3maximum
ß 2 ‰ œ !2,change
3
fyy ˆ35ßin3 ‰ ˆ 3 ‰
¸ „ ) œ ¸ Ê ) 0 and f œ$ 0.927255218
‚
4, f 3
2 d) occursxywhen2dx and dy have
œ ! ß œ 2 3Ê f f f
xx yyopposite
! #
4
xy signs (dx œ 0.01
œ # xx and dy local
0 Ê œ "0.01maximum
or viceof
¸ 0.30%
ˆ #‰Ê
fversa) 3 17
(b)3ß the
"" ˆ 4 ‰
radius
„0.07
œ d# ) rœis more ¸ „ 0.0028;
#5 sensitive ) œ tan
to changes in y, and 3 the 0.927255218
¸angle Ê ¸ d)) ‚
) is more sensitive 100¸ œ in
to changes ¸ 0.927255218
„0.0028
x ‚ 100¸
¸ 0.30%
6.
58. fthe
(b) x (xradius
(a) ßVy)œœ12x
rr#is
h! Ê4ydV
more 0 2and
1rhfdr
œsensitive
œ (x!changes
yto ß y)
1r#œdh!Ê4xy,
in r2y
atand
" œ" 6 angle
œh0œÊ
1 and
the )5 is
wexmore
œ 2 sensitive
have and
dV œy 10
œ11todrÊ! 1critical
dh Ê
changes in point is (2ß is
xthe volume 1);
fxx (2about
ß 1) œ102,times
fyy (2more
ß 1) œsensitive
2, fxy (2to a change
ß 1) œ !4 inÊr fxx fyy ! fxy
#
œ !12 $ 0 Ê saddle point
(b) dV #œ 0 Ê 0 œ 21rh dr ! 1r# dh œ 2h dr ! r dh œ 10 dr ! dh Ê dr œ " 10
Ê at r œ 1 and h œ 5 we have dV œ dh; 101choose
dr ! 1dhdhœ 1.5
"
58. (a) V œ 1r h Ê dV œ 21rh dr ! 1r# dh Ê the volume is
Ê dr œ "0.15 Ê Copyright © and
h œ 6.5 in. 2010rœPearson isSection
0.85 in.Education 14.7 Extreme
Inc.for
one solution Values
Publishing
?V ¸ dV as 0 and Saddle Points
œ Addison-Wesley. 837
about 10 times more sensitive to a change in r
(b)
7. fdV y) 0œ Ê
(xߜ 4x !0 3y
œ" 215rhœdr ! 1fr#(xdh
0 and ß y)œœ 2h
3x dr ! r!dh
! 8y 2 œœ010Êdrx! œdh Êy dr
2 and
"
dh; choose
œ1"Ê10 critical dh(2œ
point is ß "1.5
1);
x a b y œ"
59. f(a ß bß cß œ
d) œ0.15 º œhad
º fc (2dÊ bc in.
Ê fa œr d, fb œ "in.
c, fc œ # b, fd œ a Ê df V d da "œ
c db b dc ! a dd; since
(2ß dr œ"8,6.5
fxy (2ß and
"1) œœ3 0.85
Ê fxx fyyis"one solution
# 0for # 0dV 0 "minimum
" œ¸
fxxÊ "1) œ"4, yy ß "1) œ fxy œ 23 and?fxx Ê local of f(2ß "1) œ "6
kak is much greater than kbk , kck , and kdk , the function f is most sensitive to a change in d.
8. fx (xß y) œ 2xa " b 2y " 2 œ 0 and fy (xß y) œ "2x ! 4y ! 2 œ 0 Ê x œ 1 and y œ 0 Ê critical point is (1ß 0);
59. f(aß bß cß d) yœ º œ ad " bc Ê fa œ d, fb œ "yc, fc# œ "b, fd œ a Ê df œ d da " c db " b dc ! a dd; since
60. fuxxx (1
œß 0) d(1yºß!
e ,œuy2,cœfyyxe 0)sin
œ 4,z, fuxyz (1
ϧ y0)cos
œ" z 2ÊÊdufxxœfyye "dxfxy!œaxe andzbfxx
4 y#!0sin dy#!0(yÊcoslocal
z) dzminimum of f(1ß 0) œ 0
kak is much
Ê dukgreater
2ßln 3ß 2 œthan kb!
3 dx k , 7kcdy
k , and
! 0 dzkdkœ , the
3 dxfunction
! 7 dy fÊis magnitude
most sensitive
of thetomaximum
a changepossible
in d. error
9. fxŸ (x3(0.2)
ß y) œ 2x
!œ " 2 œ 0 and
7(0.6) 4.8 fy (xß y) œ "2y ! 4 œ 0 Ê x œ 1 and y œ 2 Ê critical point is (1ß 2); fxx (1ß 2) œ 2,
60. ux œfyyey(1, ßu2) xe2,y !fxy sin
(1ß 2)
z, œuz0œÊy cos fxx fyyz "Êfxy du œ4e$ dx ! axey !point
y 0 Ê saddle
sin zb dy ! (y cos z) dz
#
y œœ" œ"
duK kœ2ßln#" 3ˆß 22KMœ‰3 dxˆ! 7‰ dy " ˆ 2KM ‰""Î# ˆ 2K ‰ " ˆ 2KM ‰""Î# ˆ "2KM ‰
""Î# 2M
61.
Ê Q h h , QM!œ0 dz
#
œh 3 dx ! 7h dy, and
Ê Qmagnitude
h œ # h
of the maximum
h
possible error
10. fx (xß y) œ 2x" !2KM 2y œ""Î#
0 and fy (xß y) œ"2x2KM œ 0 ""Î#
Ê x2K œ 0 and y "œ 02KM critical point is (0ß 0); fxx (0ß 0) œ 2,
œ # ˆ h ‰4.8 ˆ 2M ‰ ˆ ‰ ˆ ‰ ˆ ‰ ˆ ‰
Ê ""Î# "2KM
Ÿ 3(0.2)
Ê dQ !œ 7(0.6) dK ! dM ! dh
fyy (0ß 0) œ 0,""Î# fxy (0ß 0) œ 2 hÊ fxx fyy #" fxy #h
œ "4 $ h0 Ê saddle # h
point h

œ "# ˆ 2KM h
‰ " 2M
h dK ! 2K
h dM " 2KM
h dh‘ Ê dQ k 2 20 0 0.05
" ˆ 2KM ‰""Î#""Î# ˆ 2M !‰8x, QM œ
" ˆ 2KM ‰""Î# ˆ 2K ‰ " ˆ 2KM ‰""Î# ˆ "2KM ‰
61. Q
11. fx a#xß" yb(2)(2)(20) 112x
h (2)(20) " #8 œ ß yhb œ, and Qh !œ
0h and fy ax(2)(2)(20)
(2)(2) 8y
h œ 0 Ê critical point is ˆ 16 ß 0‰;
K œ
œ #
hœ’ È56x“2 ! 8y2’! 16x
0.05 dK
0.05! 31 ! 0.05 dM " #
(0.05) dh
È “ 2œ
56x
h (0.0125)(800
! 8y 2 ! 16x ! 31 dK ! 80 dM " 32,0007 dh)
" ˆ 2KM 8‰""Î# ˆ162M ‰ 8 " ˆ 2KM ‰""Î#
‰ ˆ ‰ dM ! ˆ# h 225
2K " 2KM ‰64""Î# ˆ "2KM ‰
Ê fdQ ˆ 16 #‰ most
œß 0is , fyy ˆ 7 hßto dK
0‰changes fxyhˆh16
#, in dh0 Ê local maximum of
xx
Ê 7Q sensitive
œ h" 15 œ "!15 7 ß 0 œ 0 hÊ fxx fyy "# fxy œ # 0 and
h fxx $
"fˆ ‰
œ # ˆ 7 hß 0 ‰ œ " "7 h dK ! h dM " h dh‘ Ê dQk 2 20 0 0.05
16
2KM ""Î# 162M 2K 2KM

62. A œ "
ab sin C Ê Aa œ
""Î#
"
b sin C, Ab œ "
a sin C, Ac œ "
ab cos C
(2)(2)(20)
œ "#f ’Ê ’ (2)(20)
yb œœ“ˆ " !b2xsin
(2)(2) (2)(2)(20)
“‰œ
# # # #
12. x axß0.05
dA Cœ
0.05 0dK
‰ da ! ˆ!
and ß ybCdM
f"y aax0.05
sin œ‰ db"!
!2yˆ "
0dhÊ
abœcos
(0.05) C (0.0125)(800
dC;
there dC nok2°
are œ k œ dK
k0.0349
solutions to 80
! the dM " 32,000
k radians,
system x axœ
fda dh)
ß ykb0.5
œ k0ft,and
3ax#2 " y2 b2 3 # 3ax2 " y2 b#2 3
 ax # y ! 1b ax # y ! 1 b a x # y ! 1b
Ê fxx fyy " fxy
#
œ 4 # 0 and fxx $ 0 Ê local maximum of f(0ß 0) œ "1

22. fx (xß y) œ " x1 ! y œ 0 and fy (xß y) œ x " 1

y œ 0 Ê x œ 1 and y œ 1 Ê the critical point is (1ß 1); fxx œ 2
x , fyy œ 2
y ,
fxy œ 1; fxx (1ß 1) œ 2, fyy (1ß 1) œ 2, fxy (1ß 1) œ 1 Ê fxx fyy " fxy
#
œ 3 # 0 and fxx # 2 Ê local minimum of f(1ß 1) œ 3

23. fx (xß y) œ y cos x œ 0 and fy (xß y) œ sin x œ 0 Ê x œ n1, n an integer, and y œ 0 Ê the critical points are
(n1ß 0), n an integer (Note: cos x and sin x cannot both be 0 for the same x, so sin x must be 0 and y œ 0);
fxx œ "y sin x, fyy œ 0, fxy œ cos x; fxx (n1ß 0) œ 0, fyy (n1ß 0) œ 0, fxy (n1ß 0) œ 1 if n is even and fxy (n1ß 0) œ "1
if n is odd Ê fxx fyy " fxy
#
œ "1 $ 0 Ê saddle point.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
Section 14.7 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 839

24. fx (xß y) œ 2e2x cos y œ 0 and fy (xß y) œ !e2x sin y œ 0 Ê no solution since e2x Á 0 for any x and the functions
cos y and sin y cannot equal 0 for the same y Ê no critical points Ê no extrema and no saddle points

2
! y2 " 4x 2
! y2 " 4x 2
25. fx axß yb œ a2x ! 4bex œ 0 and fy axß yb œ 2yex œ 0 Ê critical point is a2ß 0b; fxx a2ß 0b œ e4 , fxy a2ß 0b œ 0,
2 4 1
fyy a2ß 0b œ e4 Ê fxx fyy ! fxy
#
œ e8 " 0 and fxx " 0 Ê local mimimum of fa2ß 0b œ e4

26. fx axß yb œ !yex œ 0 and fy axß yb œ ey ! ex œ 0 Ê critical point is a0ß 0b; fxx a2ß 0b œ 0, fxy a2ß 0b œ !1, fyy a2ß 0b œ 1
Ê fxx fyy ! fxy
#
œ !1 # 0 Ê saddle point

27. fx axß yb œ 2xe"y œ 0 and fy axß yb œ 2ye"y ! e"y ax2 $ y2 b œ 0 Ê critical points are a0ß 0b and a0ß 2b; for a0ß 0b:
fxx a0ß 0b œ 2e"y k a0ß0b œ 2, fyy a0ß 0b œ a2e"y ! 4ye"y $ e"y ax2 $ y2 bbk a0ß0b œ 2, fxy a0ß 0b œ !2xe"y k a0ß0b œ 0
2
Ê fxx fyy ! fxy
#
œ 4 " 0 and fxx " 0 Ê local mimimum of fa0ß 0b œ 0; for a0ß 2b: fxx a0ß 2b œ 2e"y k a0ß2b œ e2 ,
fyy a0ß 2b œ a2e "y
! 4ye "y
$ e a x $ y b b k a0 ß 2 b œ
"y 2 2
! e22 , fxy a0ß 2b œ !2xe k a0ß2b œ 0 Ê fxx fyy !
"y
fxy
#
œ ! e44 # 0
Ê saddle point

28. fx axß yb œ ex ax2 ! 2x $ y2 b œ 0 and fy axß yb œ !2yex œ 0 Ê critical points are a0ß 0b and a!2ß 0b; for a0ß 0b:
fxx a0ß 0b œ ex ax2 $ 4x $ 2 ! y2 bk a0ß0b œ 2, fyy a0ß 0b œ !2ex k a0ß0b œ !2, fxy a0ß 0b œ !2yex k a0ß0b œ 0
Ê fxx fyy ! fxy
#
œ !4 # 0 and fxx " 0 Ê saddle point; for a!2ß 0b: fxx a!2ß 0b œ ex ax2 $ 4x $ 2 ! y2 bk a"2ß0b œ ! e22 ,
fyy a!2ß 0b œ !2ex k a"2ß0b œ ! e22 , fxy a!2ß 0b œ !2yex k a"2ß0b œ 0 Ê fxx fyy ! fxy
#
œ 4
e4 " 0 and fxx # 0 Ê local maximum
4
of fa!2ß 0b œ e2

29. fx axß yb œ !4 $ 2
x œ 0 and fy axß yb œ !1 $ 1
y œ 0 Ê critical point is ˆ 12 , 1‰ ; fxx ˆ 12 , 1‰ œ !8, fyy ˆ 12 , 1‰ œ !1,
fxy ˆ 12 , 1‰ œ 0 Ê fxx fyy ! fxy
#
œ 8 " 0 and fxx # 0 Ê local maximum of fˆ 12 , 1‰ œ !3 ! 2ln 2

30. fx axß yb œ 2x $ 1
x!y œ 0 and fy axß yb œ !1 $ 1
x!y œ 0 Ê critical point is ˆ! 12 , 32 ‰ ; fxx ˆ! 12 , 32 ‰ œ 1, fyy ˆ! 21 , 23 ‰ œ !1,
fxy ˆ! 12 , 32 ‰ œ !1 Ê fxx fyy ! fxy
#
œ !2 # 0 Ê saddle point

31. (i) On OA, f(xß y) œ f(0ß y) œ y# ! 4y $ 1 on 0 Ÿ y Ÿ 2;

f w (0ß y) œ 2y ! 4 œ 0 Ê y œ 2;
f(0ß 0) œ 1 and f(!ß #) œ !3
(ii) On AB, f(xß y) œ f(xß 2) œ 2x# ! 4x ! 3 on 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 1;
f w (xß 2) œ 4x ! 4 œ 0 Ê x œ 1;
f(0ß 2) œ !3 and f(1ß #) œ !5
(iii) On OB, f(xß y) œ f(xß 2x) œ 6x# ! 12x $ 1 on
0 Ÿ x Ÿ 1; endpoint values have been found above;
f w (xß 2x) œ 12x ! 12 œ 0 Ê x œ 1 and y œ 2, but ("ß #) is not an interior point of OB
(iv) For interior points of the triangular region, fx (xß y) œ 4x ! 4 œ 0 and fy (xß y) œ 2y ! 4 œ 0
Ê x œ 1 and y œ 2, but (1ß 2) is not an interior point of the region. Therefore, the absolute maximum is
1 at (0ß 0) and the absolute minimum is !5 at ("ß #).

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 (iii) On OB, D(xß y) œ D(xß x) œ x# ! 1 on 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 4;
Dw (xß x) œ 2x œ 0 Ê x œ 0 and y œ 0, which is not an interior point of OB; endpoint values have been found
above
(iv) For interior points of the triangular region, fx (xß y) œ 2x " y œ 0 and fy (xß y) œ "x ! 2y œ 0 Ê x œ 0 and y œ 0,
which is not an interior point of the region. Therefore, the absolute maximum is 17 at (!ß %) and (%ß %), and the
absolute minimum is 1 at (0ß 0).

33. (i) On OA, f(xß y) œ f(!ß y) œ y# on 0 Ÿ y Ÿ 2;

f w (0ß y) œ 2y œ 0 Ê y œ 0 and x œ 0; f(0ß 0) œ 0 and
f(0ß #) œ 4
(ii) On OB, f(xß y) œ f(xß 0) œ x# on 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 1;
f w (xß 0) œ 2x œ 0 Ê x œ 0 and y œ 0; f(0ß 0) œ 0 and
f(1ß 0) œ 1
(iii) On AB, f(xß y) œ f(xß "2x ! 2) œ 5x# " 8x ! 4 on
0 Ÿ x Ÿ 1; f w (xß "2x ! 2) œ 10x " 8 œ 0 Ê x œ 45
and y œ 25 ; f ˆ 45 ß 25 ‰ œ 45 ; endpoint values have been found above.
(iv) For interior points of the triangular region, fx (xß y) œ 2x œ 0 and fy (xß y) œ 2y œ 0 Ê x œ 0 and y œ 0, but (!ß 0) is
not an interior point of the region. Therefore the absolute maximum is 4 at (0ß 2) and the absolute minimum is 0 at
(0ß 0).

34. (i) On AB, T(xß y) œ T(!ß y) œ y# on "3 Ÿ y Ÿ 3;

Tw (0ß y) œ 2y œ 0 Ê y œ 0 and x œ 0; T(0ß 0) œ 0,
T(!ß "3) œ 9, and T(!ß 3) œ 9
(ii) On BC, T(xß y) œ T(xß 3) œ x# " 3x ! 9 on 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 5;
Tw (xß 3) œ 2x " 3 œ 0 Ê x œ 3# and y œ 3;
T ˆ 3# ß 3‰ œ 27
4 and T(5ß 3) œ 19
(iii) On CD, T(xß y) œ T(5ß y) œ y# ! 5y " 5 on
"3 Ÿ y Ÿ 3;Tw (5ß y) œ 2y ! 5 œ 0 Ê y œ " 5# and
x œ 5;T ˆ5ß " 5# ‰ œ " 45
4 , T(&ß "3) œ "11 and T(5ß 3) œ 19
9
(iv) On AD, T(xß y) œ T(xß "3) œ x# " 9x ! 9 on 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 5; Tw (xß "3) œ 2x " 9 œ 0 Ê x œ # and y œ "3;
T ˆ 9# ß "3‰ œ " 45
4 , T(!ß "3) œ 9 and T(&ß "3) œ "11
(v) For interior points of the rectangular region, Tx (xß y) œ 2x ! y " 6 œ 0 and Ty (xß y) œ x ! 2y œ 0 Ê x œ 4
and y œ "2 Ê (4ß "2) is an interior critical point with T(4ß "2) œ "12. Therefore the absolute maximum
is 19 at (5ß 3) and the absolute minimum is "12 at (4ß "2).

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 Section 14.7 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 841

35. (i) On OC, T(xß y) œ T(xß 0) œ x# ! 6x " 2 on

0 Ÿ x Ÿ 5; Tw (xß 0) œ 2x ! 6 œ 0 Ê x œ 3 and
y œ 0; T(3ß 0) œ !7, T(0ß 0) œ 2, and T(5ß 0) œ !3
(ii) On CB, T(xß y) œ T(5ß y) œ y# " 5y ! 3 on
!3 Ÿ y Ÿ 0; Tw (5ß y) œ 2y " 5 œ 0 Ê y œ ! 5# and Section 14.7 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 843
x œ 5; T ˆ5ß ! 5# ‰ œ ! 37
4 and T(5ß !3) œ !9
Section 14.7 Extreme Values and Saddle Points
# œ 2y " 4 œ 0 Ê x œ „ 1 and y œ !2; f (1ß !2) œ 18xk
843
(c)
(iii) fxOn (xß y) AB, œT(x 9x#ß y) ! 9œœT(x 0 ßand !3)fyœ (xxß y) ! 9x " 11 on xx Ð1ß"2Ñ œ 18,
9
0
(c) ffxyy(x(1ß ßy)!œ
Ÿ x 2) 9x
Ÿ 5; T
œ #2,!fxy
w
(x 9 (1
ß ! 3)
œß0!and œ 2x
2) œfy 0(xßÊ
! 9 y) œ
œ 0
fxx2y Ê x
fyy"!4fxy œ #
œ#œ and
0 36 Ê# xœ 0 and „ 1fxx and # y0 œÊ!2; local
fxx (1 minimum
ß !2) œ 18x at (k"ß !#);œ 18,
Ð1ß"2Ñ
ffxxy(1 (œ!ß1! 3;2) T ˆœ9# ß!!18, 3‰ fœyy! (
37
and 2) T( !ß2,!fxy 3)(!"ß œ #11!2) œ 0 Ê fxx fyy ! fxy 36 0 saddle point
); at (!"ß !2)
#
2) œ 2, fxy (1ß !2) œ 0 Ê fxx fyy ! fxy œ 36 # 0 and fxx # 0 Ê local minimum at ("ß !#
!ß ! !"ß 4 ! œ œ ! $ Ê
yy
(iv) On AO, T(xß y) œ T(!ß y) œ y# " 2 on !3 Ÿ y Ÿ 0; Tw (0ß y) œ 2y œ#0 Ê y œ 0 and x œ 0, but (0ß 0) is
fxx (!1ß !2) œ !18, fyy (!"ß !2) œ 2, fxy (!"ß !2) œ 0 Ê fxx fyy ! fxy œ !36 $ 0 Ê saddle point at (!"ß !2)
44. (a) Minimum not an interior at (0ß point0) since of AO f(xß y) # 0 for all other (xß y)
(v) Maximum
(b) For interior of points
1 at ( of!)the sincerectangular
f(xß y) $region, 1 for all Txother
(xß y) (x œß 2x y) " y ! 6 œ 0 and Ty (xß y) œ x " 2y œ 0 Ê x œ 4
44. (a) Minimum at (0ß 0) since f(xß y) # 0 for all other (xß y)
!ß
(c) and y œ
Neither !2,f(x
since anßinterior
y) 0 critical point with T( !02)forœx!#10. Therefore the absolute maximum is 11 at
since f(xß y) $ 1 for all other (xß y) 0
for x 0 and f(x y) %ß
(b) Maximum
842(d) Chapter of 1Partial
14 at (!ß !)Derivatives
$ $ ß #
(!ß !3)since
Neither and the
f(x absolute
y) 0 minimum
for x 0 is !f(x
and 10ßat y) (4 ß! 0 2).
for x 0
(c) Neither since f(xß y) $ 0 for x $ 0 and f(xß y) # 0 for x # 0
ß $ $ # #
(e)
(d) Neither
Neither since f(x
since f(xßß y) y) $ $ 0 for for xx $ $ 0 andf(x y# ß y)0,#but f(xßxy)##0 0 for x # 0 and y # 0
(v) For interior points of 0the region,0#fand 0 for
x (xß y) œ (4 ! 2x) cos y œ 0 and fy (xß y) œ ! a4x ! x b sin y œ 0 Ê x œ 2
#
36. (f)
(i) Minimum On OA, f(x at ß(0y)ß 0)œ sincef(!ß y)f(x œß ! y) 24y 0 on
for 0allŸ othery Ÿ 1;(xß y)
(e) Neither since f(x y) 0 for x # 0 and y 0, but f(x y) 0 for x 0 and y 0
fand (0ßyy)œœ0,!which 48y œis0 an Êinterior
y œ 0 criticaland x œpoint 0, butwith f(2isß 0) œ 4. Therefore the absolute maximum is 4 at
ß $ $ # ß # # #
w
(0ß 0)
(f) Minimum at (0ß 0) since f(xß y) # 0 for3Èall 2 other (xß1y)
(2
not 0)
an and the
interior
45. If k œ 0, then f(xß y) œ x " y Ê fx (xß y) œ
ß absolute
point # of OA; minimum
# f(!ß 0)isœ 0 and at
# 2x œ 0 and
ˆ 3 ß ! ‰ ˆ3ßß y)
4 f,y (x
1‰ ˆ
4 œ , 2y1ß !œ140‰ Ê , and xœ ˆ10ß 14and ‰ . y œ 0 Ê (0ß 0) is the only
f( 1) 24
ʈ!
2 2 ‰
45. critical
If k œ 0,point. If kß y) 0, xf#x (x "ß yy)# Ê œ 2x kyœœ2x 0Ê œ 0y and œ !fyk(xx;ß y) fy (x y) œ œ kx " x2yœœ0 0and Êykx 02 x isœthe 0 only
!ß œ !
then f(x Áœ fx (x"ß y) œß 2y 0Ê œ" (0ßk0)
(ii)
38. (i) On AB,
OA,
4x f(x
f(x y)
y) ˆ f(x
f( 4‰ 1)
y) 48x
2y 132xon $
0 24 y on 1; 2 Ê y œ ˆ! 2 ‰ (0) œ 0 or y œ „ x; in
kx 0 k x 0 x 0 or k ! k x; fy (xß y) œ kkx " 2y œ 0 Ê kx " 2 ! k x œ 0 ß 0) is a
2 ˆ any2 ‰ case (0
ß ß œœ ß
!ß œœ "! ! Ÿ Ÿ
critical wpoint.
Ê ! k œ If k Á 0, fx (x
Ê ! k ß y) œ 2x #" ky œ 0 Ê y œ
œ Ê œ œ „
0f (0Ÿ4x xy)Ÿœ1;2f wÊ (xß 1) no œ 48 ! 96x
interior critical œ 0points; Ê x f(0 œ ßÈ0) "
and1
critical
Ê kx ! point.œ 0 Ê ˆk ! ‰ x œ 0 Ê x œ 0 or k œ „ 2œ Ê
ß 4 2 y œ ˆ! 2k ‰ (0) œ 0 or y œ „ x; in any case (0ß 0) is a
k k
and f(0ß 1) œ 3 "
criticaly point. œ 1, or x œ ! È2 and y œ 1, but Š! È2 ß 1‹ is not in "
(ii) Exercise
46. (See On OB, 45 f(xßabove):
y) œ f(xfß 0)(xœ 4x " 1 on 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 1;
xx ß y) œ 2, fyy (xß y) œ 2, and fxy (xß y) œ k Ê fxx fyy ! fxy œ 4 ! k ; f will have a saddle point
# #
the
f w (xinterior
ß 0) œ #4ofÊ AB; Š È"2 ß 1‹critical
nof interior œ 16Èpoints; 2 ! 24f(1 and ß 0)f(1œß 1) 5 œ !8
46. at
(See (0ßExercise
0) if 4 !45 k above):
$ 0 Ê fxx k (x#ß 2y)orœk2,$fyy !(x 2;ß fy)will œ 2, haveandafxy local
(xß y) minimum
œ k Ê fat xx f(0 0) fifxy4œ!4k! #
yyß !
# # #
k 0; fÊ will !2have $ ka$ 2; thepoint
saddle test is
(iii)
(iii) On On BC, AB, f(x f(xßßy) y) œ #œ f( f(x
"ßßy) !xœ"48y 1) ! œ 32 8x#!!24y 6x#"on3 0onŸ y Ÿ 1; f w ("ß y) œ 48 ! 48y œ 0 Ê y œ 1 and x œ 1, but
inconclusive
at (0ß 0) if 4 !ifk4# ! $w k0 œ Ê 0k Ê # 2kor œk „ $2.!2; f will have a 3local minimum at (0ß 0) if 4 ! k# # 0 Ê !2 $ k $ 2; the test is
(0"ߟ")xisŸnot 1; anf (xinterior
ß !x " point 1) œ of 16x BC;! 6f("ß œ 0) 0 œ Ê!x32œand 8 f("ß ") œ !8
inconclusive if 54 ! k#3 œ5 0 Ê15 k œ „ $2.
(iv) and
On y
OC, f(x ; f
y) ˆ ‰
f(x 0) , f(032x 1) on 3,
0 and x f( 1; 0)f wœ 5
(x 0)ß 0) 96x# fœ 0 Ê x œ 0 and y œ 0, but (0ß 0) is not an
47. No; for example8 f(xß 8y) 8œ xy has
œ ß œ ß œ
ß 8œ ! a saddle point at (aß b) œ ß(0
ß œ Ÿ Ÿ "ß œ! where x œ fy œ 0.
interior pointpointsof OC; f(the
!ß 0) œ 0 and region, f("ß 0) œfx! 32
47. No; for example f(xß y) œ xy has a saddle point at (aß b) œ (0ß 0) where #fx œ fyfyœ
(iv) For interior of triangular (x ß y) œ 4 ! 8y œ 0 and (xß0.y) œ !8x " 2 œ 0
(v) For
48. If fxx (aß b) and fyy
Ê interior
y œ " points of "the rectangular region, fx (xß y) œ 48y ! 96x
and x
# (aß b) differ œ 4 in sign, then fxx (aß b) fyy (aß b) $ 0 so fxx f4yy #! fxy $ Therefore
which is an interior critical point with f ˆ " œ
ß " ‰0 #and fy (xß y) œ 48x ! 48y œ 0
œ 2. 0. The surface the absolute
must therefore maximum have is a5 at
(1 0) xand œ 0the andabsolute
y œ 0, or x œ "# and
minimum is 1y atœ (0 "
, but
0). (0 0) is not an interior point of the region; f ˆ " "‰
2.
48. saddle
If fxx (apoint ß b) and at f(ayyß(ab)ß b)bydiffer the second in sign, derivative
then fxx (atest. #ß b) fyy (aß b) $ 0 so fxx fyy ! f $ 0. The surface must # #therefore have a
Ê ß ß ß # ß œ
xy
Therefore the absolute maximum is 2 at ˆ "# ß "# ‰ and the absolute minimum is !32 at (1ß 0).
saddle point at (aß b) by the second derivative test.
49.
39. We
Let F(awant ß b)the 'ab a6on! zx œ! 10
œpoint x# b!dxx where
#
! y# where a Ÿ b.1the Thetangent
boundary plane of istheparallel
domain toof theF plane
is the xline " 2ya œ"b3zinœthe0.ab-plane, To find aand normal
37. (i)
49. vector
We want On to AB,
z
the f(x
10
point ß y) x
on #œ f(1#ß y) œ 3
z y 10 let w x # cosz y #y xon
where# ! #Ÿ y Ÿ 1 ;
y 4the 10.
tangent Then
4 plane w
is 2x
parallel i to 2y thej k
plane is xnormal 2y to 3zz 10
0. To x find
#
y
a #
at
normal
F(aß a) wœ 0, so F is identically 0 on the boundary of its domain. For interior critical points we have:
œ ! ! œ ! œ ! " " ! ™ œ " " " " œœ ! !
` Fß y). fto (1zß y) !3#™ xsin
# wyis 0 w Êœyto i 0" and
(x
vector The vector
œ10! ! yœ # parallel
let zœ" xand " x`yF#3œ!
#2j " k1; which
10. !Then is normal # wœ to 2x
thei " plane
2yj " x" k 2y " 3z aœto
is Since
normal Ÿ0zb, ifœthere10 !isxonly #
! yone
#
at
` a œ ! a6 ! a ! a b œ 01 Ê a 3œ È2!3, 2 `1b œ" a6 È2 b ! b b œ 0 Ê" b"œ !3, 2.
œ ™
(xßiy).
6x " f( 6y "ßj 0)
The 3œk3,œf i™
"vector ˆ" 1ßw 2!jis" ‰ 3 k
parallel
œ or x ,
toœ i
and "
"
6 and
f2 ˆj 1
" ßy 3œ‰k 2 œ . 3
which Thus is the
normal point to is
the ˆ plane
ß ß 10 x !
" 2y"
!
" 3z
" ‰ or
œ 0ˆ if
"
ß "
ß 355 ‰ .
interior 6ycritical point (2!jf(3"
4
ß 2)3y)kand
#
or 3xF(cosœ!3"6yßand 2) '41 3"a36. ! #
x# bpoint
6 3 36 9 6 3 36
Ÿx14!;the dx givesis ˆ "6 the
ß "3 ß area
10 !under the
" ‰ parabola
ˆ " " 355 yœ ‰ 6 ! x ! x that is
#
6xi " On
(ii) jCD,
" 3kf(x œß y) i "œ $ß œ onœ ! yœ 4 Ÿ 3 y Thus 36 ! 9 or 6 ß 3 ß 36 .
"

above
50. We want fthe (3ßx-axis.
w the
œ !3Therefore,
y) point onsinz yœœx#0 " aÊ œy#! y"3œ10 and
0 where
and b œx œ 2.
the3;tangent plane is parallel to the plane x " 2y ! z œ 0. Let
50. w
Weœwant zf(3 ! ßxthe y
point on10, z then x
0) œ 3,b f ˆ3ß ! 4 ‰ œ # and f ˆ3ß 4 ‰ œ
#
! #
! œ 1 #
"
™ 3yÈw#2
"œ 10
! 2x
where i ! 1 2ythe j" k2is normal
tangent
3È plane is to parallel
z œ x# " to ythe #
10 atx(x
"plane "ß y).
2y !The z œvector
0. Let™ w is parallel
ˆ ‰ ˆ ß 45w‰ isthis
#
wœ
40. to
Let i"F(a z 2! ßjb)xœ k!which
# '#
y a!2410, is!normalthen
2x x #w
tob the
"Î$
È
œ dxplane
! 2x
where i if
! x2ya j ""
b.k
and is
The normal
y 1.
boundary to
Thus z of
œ thexthe
#
point
" y
domain
#
" "
10 1ofat "
F(x isß y).
1
the The
10
line vector
or
a 1™
#bß and
"
4 onis
parallel
theline
point F is
a ß y) œ f ˆxß 1 ‰ œ
! ™ 2 œ œ ß ß 4 " "
a b
! Ÿ œ
(iii) On BC, f(x 4x ! x #
on #
ˆ
#
‰ ˆ 45 ‰
to ithe
on " 2surface j ! k which z œ xis # normal
" y# " 10 4 to thenearest
# planethe if xplane œ # xand
"
`F y
2y œ 1.
z Thus0. the point "
ß 1 ß "
" 1 " 10 or "
ß 1 ß is the point
! a24œ!1 2a ! a#1b œ#È 4 4
" ! œ
identically 0. For interior critical
È points we have: 0 Ê aœ 1 4, !36 Èand
"Î$
Ÿ x Ÿ z3;œf wxˆ#x" ß 14y‰# œ 0.4 ; f ˆ2ß 4 ‰ œ 2 2, f ˆ1ß 4 ‰ œ # , and
#
2
on the1surface " 102(2 ! x) the
nearest œ 0plane Ê xx " œ` a 2œand
2y ! zy œ
`F
` b œ a24 ˆ !14 ‰2b b# b œ 0 Ê b œ 4, !6. Since a Ÿ b, there is only one critical point (!6ß 4) and
"Î$
!È
51. daxß yfß z3bß œ Éœax3 #!2 0b2 " ay ! 0b2 " az ! 0b2 Ê we can minimize daxß yß zb by minimizing Daxß yß zb œ x2 " y2 " z2 ;
4
F(
da! ß6yß2y ß4)z" bœ 'É6aax24 y)!z0œb2x
2 ! x# b1dx 2gives
ˆxaßy!!4 0‰bœ"#a2zathe
È area
bß2 xyÊ # under theminimize
curve fyw ˆœ aßax!
24 ‰zœ 2xÈ x# b! x)that
"Î$
is aabove theœand x-axis.
bb2by az6b 2! x2 " 2 12
51. 3x
(iv)x" On AD, z œf(x œf" Da0x!
4x bbœ we
onx12can yx2Ÿ"3; a6 !dx3x ß!y14ß2y Êminimizing
Dx axß ybœœ0D2x xß!yxß6œ y2y b"œ4z ;0;
! !2(2 yœ
œ 6 ßÊ ! 6 ! 3x ! 2y Ê ! Ÿ
" Ê 3x ! !
Therefore, zaybœ 6 and È b œˆ!4.3x 1 ‰ Ê È2 2 1 2 3È92 6 2
3x "D2y
and fyˆa2x"ß ! 1 ‰6 zœ 42,a66f ! œb 3œ# D 0 ,aÊ xand bf œ
ß ycritical ˆ3ßx! " ‰y œis " ˆa6 ,! ‰3xÊ!z2y œb 37Ê ; DD xxxˆa7x,ß 7y‰
9 6 b œ 2x ! 6aˆ
20, Dyy 612!, 13x ‰œ 2yb œ 0
œ !Ê
4œ œ 2y2! 1ß3x !! 4 2y point
4 #7 7
! 10,
1 y ax‰ß yb œ 2y ! 4a6 ! 3x !# 2yb œ 0 Ê critical point is ˆ 7 , 7 ‰ Ê z œ 7 ; Dxxˆˆ97 , 67 ‰3œ ˆ 12 , 1‰ œ 10,
9 6 3 9 6
andˆD 20,
‰œ 7 3 D
È 14
yy
41. D
Txxy(xß21y) , 1œ œ 2x12 ! 1ÊœD0xxand DyyT!(x Dxy œ 56 # 0 and Dxx #"0and
y ß y) œ 4y œ 0 Ê x œ
Ê local
y œ 0minimum
with T ˆ "#of ß 0d‰ 9œ 7 ,! 7 , "7; on the
È boundary
Dxy ˆ 2 , 1‰ œ 12 Ê Dxx Dyy ! D#xy œ 56 # 0 and Dxx # 0# Ê local minimum of dˆ 7 , 67 , 374‰ œ 3 714 È
x " y œ 1: T(xß y) œ !x ! x " 2 for !1 Ÿ x Ÿ 1 Ê T (xß y) œ !2x ! 1 œ 0 Ê x œ ! "# and y œ „ #3 ;
# # # w

52. daxß y"ß zÈ b 3œ Éax9 ! 2Copyright b2 "" ay "È©13 b2010 2

" a9zPearson! 1b2 Ê Education
we can minimize Inc. Publishing daxß yas ß zAddison-Wesley.
b by minimizing È
daŠx!
52. T ß y#ß ßzb#œ‹É œax4 ! , T2Šb2!"# aß y!"#1b‹2 " œ a4z ,!T(1! b21Ê ß 0)we œ 2, canand T("ß 0) dœax0ß yÊ
minimize ß zbthe by hottest
minimizing is 2 4" ° at Š! #" ß #3 ‹ and
Daxß yß zÈ b œ ax ! 2b2 " ay " 1b2 " az ! 1b2 ; x " y ! z œ 2 Ê z œ x " y ! 2
"2 2 ˆ "
Š
DÊ !axDß"# ßya!
3
xß ßzby#bœ‹ œa;xathe b22b2""ayaisy"!
x!!2coldest "1b41b°" at"aza#! xß " 01‰by2.;!x " 3b2y Ê ! zDœax2ß Ê yb zœœ2axx"!y2! b" 2 2ax " y ! 3b œ 0
x
Ê DDayxaßxyß byœ
and b œax2! ay2" b2 1"b "ay 2"ax1" b2 y"!ax3"bœy!0Ê 3b2critical
Ê Dx apoint
xß yb œis ˆ283ax, !
!12‰b Ê" 2zaxœ"1 ;yD !xx3ˆb8œ 01 ‰ ˆ8 1‰
3 3 3 , ! 3 œ 4, Dyy 3 , ! 3 œ 4,
8 y aœ b a b a b " is ˆ 8 , ! 1 ‰ Ê zˆ œ " 1‰; D 2ˆ ¸18 , ! 1‰ ˆ 8 1‰
fand
42. D (x ˆ D
y) x y
1y‰ 2 2 y2 1 0 and2 fx (x yy) 3 x 0 critical
0 xpoint and y 2; f 2 ˆ 8 1 ‰ 8,
24, D , 3 œ 4,
3, !3 œ 2 Ê x Dxx Dyy !y Dxy œ 12 # y0 and Dxx # 0 Ê # local 3 minimum xx #of 3d , !
3 x 3 ˆ, 23ß2‰
x xy ß ß " œ ! "
œ " " ß# ! œ œ! " Êœ Ê œ œ 3 ß œ xx 3 1 3 œ œ yy 3 !
È
2 3
Dxy ˆ"83 , ! 13 ‰ œ 2 Ê D xx D yy ! D #
xy œ 12 # 0 and Dxx # 0 Ê local minimum of d ˆ 8
, ! 1 1‰
, œ
fyy ˆ # ß 2‰ œ y" ¹ 1 œ 4" , fxy ˆ #" ß 2‰ œ 1 Ê fxx fyy ! fxy œ 1 # 0 and fxx # 0 Ê 3a local 3 3
of f ˆ "# ß 2‰
È3
#
minimum
ˆ 2 ß2‰ Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

œ 2 ! ln "# œ 2 " lnCopyright 2 © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

43. (a) fx (xß y) œ 2x ! 4y œ 0 and fy (xß y) œ 2y ! 4x œ 0 Ê x œ 0 and y œ 0; fxx (0ß 0) œ 2, fyy (0ß 0) œ 2,
fxy (0ß 0) œ !4 Ê fxx fyy ! fxy
#
œ !12 $ 0 Ê saddle point at (0ß 0)
 for a3, 0b Ê z œ 0; pxx a3, 0b œ 0, pyy a3, 0b œ "6, pxy a3, 0b œ "3 Ê pxx pyy " p#xy œ "9 $ 0 Ê saddle point;
for a1, 1b Ê z œ 1; pxx a1, 1b œ "2, pyy a1, 1b œ "2, pxy a1, 1b œ "1 Ê pxx pyy " p#xy œ 3 # 0 and pxx $ 0 Ê local
maximum of pa1, 1, 1b œ 1

844saxß yChapter
55. ß zb œ xy14
! yzPartial
! xz; Derivatives
x ! y ! z œ 6 Ê z œ 6 " x " y Ê saxß yb œ xy ! ya6 " x " yb ! xa6 " x " yb
œ 6x ! 6y " xy " x 2
" y 2
Ê sx axß yb œ 6 " 2x " y œ 0 and sy axß yb œ 6 " x " 2y œ 0 Ê critical point is a2, 2b
53. saxß yß zb œ x2 ! y2 ! z2 ; x ! y ! z œ 9 Ê z œ 9 " x " y Ê saxß yb œ x#2 ! y2 ! a9 " x " yb2
Ê z œ 2; sxx a2, 2b œ "2, syy a2, 2b œ "2, sxy a2, 2b œ "1 Ê sxx syy " sxy œ 3 # 0 and sxx $ 0 Ê local maximum of
Ê sx axß yb œ 2x " 2a9 " x " yb œ 0 and sy axß yb œ 2y " 2a9 " x " yb œ 0 Ê critical point is a3, 3b Ê z œ 3;
sa2, 2, 2b œ 12
sxx a3, 3b œ 4, syy a3, 3b œ 4, sxy a3, 3b œ 2 Ê sxx syy " s#xy œ 12 # 0 and sxx # 0 Ê local minimum of sa3, 3, 3b œ 27

σ
54. dpaaxxßß yyßß zzbb œ
56. ax x!!6by2 !
xyz; ! zayœ"3 4Ê b2 z!œaz3""0xb2"Ê yÊ we pcan yb œ x ya3da"xßxy"ß zybb by
axß minimize œ 3xminimizing
y " x2 y " x y2
p a x y b 3y 22xy " y2 œ 20 and2 p axß È yb 3x x2
Daxß yx ß zb œ ax ! 6b ! ay " 4b ! z ; zy œ x ! y Ê Daxß yb œ ax ! 6b ! ay " 4b2 !
Ê ß œ " 2
œ 2
" " 2xy œ 0 Ê critical
2 points are a0,x20b!, ay0,2 3b, a3, 0b, and
aœ1,2x1b; !
2 for2y a0, !
2 0b12x
Ê z"œ8y3;!p52 xx a0,
Ê0D b xœax0, a0,4x0b!œ12
ß ypbyyœ 0,œpxy0aand
0, 0bDœy a3xßÊyb pœxx p4y " 8pxy
yy "
#
œœ "9critical
0Ê $ 0 Êpoint saddle
is point;
a"3, 2b
Ê za0,œ3È
for bÊ a"p3,xx2a0,
13;z Dœxx0; b œ3b4,œD"yy6,a"p3,
yy a2
0,b 3œb 4,
œD 0, paxy"a3,
xy 2bb œ
0, 3 œ"0 3ÊÊDpxxxxDpyy "D
yy " p#xy
# œ "9 $ 0 Ê saddle point;
xy œ 16 # 0 and Dxx # 0 Ê local
for a3, 0b Ê z œ 0; pxx a3, 0b œ 0, pyy a3, 0b œ "6, pxy a3, 0b œ "3 Ê pxx pyy " p#xy œ "9 $ 0 Ê saddle point;
È
minimum of dŠ"3, 2, 13‹ œ 26 È
for a1, 1b Ê z œ 1; pxx a1, 1b œ "2, pyy a1, 1b œ "2, pxy a1, 1b œ "1 Ê pxx pyy " p#xy œ 3 # 0 and pxx $ 0 Ê local
maximum of pa1, 1, 1b œ 1
850VaxßChapter
57. yß zb œ a14 Partial
2xba 2yba2zDerivatives
b œ 8xyz; x2 ! y2 ! z2 œ 4 Ê z œ È4 " x2 " y2 Ê Vaxß yb œ 8xyÈ4 " x2 " y2 ,
Section
saxß 0yßand
55. xCASE y x14.8:
2:zbIfœ Á0!
xy 0,ÊyzV!a2y
then xß œyxbx!
xz;
x œ 32y ! 16x2 y ! 8y3
soy that œ z3 œÊ06 "
! z xœ!6yÊ
È 4 ! x2 ! y2 and axÊ
Vy yœ
2y x!" yß3 ysÊ 32x ! 16x y2 ! 8x3
baxœßyyœ
bœ Ê !x yœa62."
1 xy
È 4 ! x2 ! y2œ x0 " b ! xa6 points
Êycritical yb
" x " are
œ 6x ! 6y x2#extreme
"#xyon"its sx axß at
" y2 #Êvalues y#b(œ 6 " 2x " y œ# 0 and s axß values
yb œ 6of"f xare" 2yß œ 0 Ê critical point is a2, 2b
a0, 0b, Š È3 , È3 ‹, Š È3 , " È3 ‹, Š" È3 , È3 ‹, and Š" È3 , " È3 ‹. Only a#0, 0b andf(0
Therefore #f takes !ß #3) and (2ß "). The extreme
#y
Š È3)
# œ #0 and f(2ß 1) œ 4.
, È3 ‹ satisfy x 0 and y 0
Ê z œ 2; sxx a2, 2b œ "2, syy a2, 2b œ "2, sxy a2, 2b œ "1 Ê sxx syy " sxy œ 3 # 0 and 3 sxx $ 0 Ê local maximum of
5. V a 0 0 b
2, 2b œ f(x
s 2,optimize
We ß œ 0 and V Š , ‹ 64
12ß y) œÈx3 !Èy3 , the square
## ##
œ ; On x œ 0, 0 Ÿ y Ÿ 2 Ê V a 0ß y b œ 8 a 0b yÈ
of the distance to the origin, subject to the constraint y2 œ 0, no critical points,
4 " 0 2 "
3È 3
g(xß y) œ xy " 54 œ 0. Thus ™ f œ 2xi ! 2yj and ™ g œ y i ! 2xyj so that ™ f œ - ™ g Ê 2xi ! 2yj
Va0ß 0b# œ 0, Va0ß 2b œ 0; On# y œ 0, 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 2 Ê Vaxß 0b œ 8xa0bÈ4 " x2 " 02 œ 0, no critical points, Va0ß 0b œ 0,
# #

œ - ay i ! 2xyjb Ê 2x œ -y and 2y œ 2-xy.

56. daxß yß zb œ Éax ! 6b2 ! ay " 4b2 ! az " 0b2 Ê we can minimize dax#ß yß zb by minimizing 2
Va0ß 21:
CASE b œIf0;y On œ 2Èx4œ"0.x2But
œ 0,y then (0ßx0)Ÿdoes
, 02 Ÿ 2 Ênot
VŠ xß Èthe
satisfy 4 "constraint È4œ"54x2so
x2 ‹ œ 8xxy y Á 0.2 È
2 Ê 4 " x 2" Š 2 4 "2x ‹ œ 0
2
a b a b a b " œ Èx2ˆ !
" ‰ y2 Ê #Daxß y#b œ a2x ! 6b ! a#y " 4b ! x
2
D x y z x 6 y 4 z ; z
CASE 2: If y Á 0, then 2 œ 2-x Ê x œ - Ê 2 - œ -y Ê y œ - . Then xy œ6454 Ê ˆ - ‰ ˆ - ‰ #œ 54 #
ß ß œ ! ! " ! " ! y2
noœcritical
2x2 ! 2y points,
2
! 12xVa"0"ß 8y
2b ! 0, V
œ 52 Êa2Dß 0abxßœy0.
b œThus,
4x !there
12 œis0aand
maximum
Dy axß yvolume of8 œ 0ifÊthecritical
b œ 4y " box ispoint a"
is È ‚ b#3 .
3 3, 2È
Ê -$ œ 27 Ê - œ 3" Ê xx œ 3 and y# œ 18 Ê x œ 3 and y œ „ 3È2. 3È3 È3 ‚

Ê z œ È13; Dxx a"3, 2b œ 4, Dyy a"3, 2b œ 4, Dxy a"3, 2b œ 0 Ê Dxx Dyy " D#xy œ 16 # 0 and Dxx # 0 Ê local
Therefore Š$ß „ 3È2‹ are the points on the curve xy# œ 54 nearest the origin (since xy# œ 54 has points increasingly
axß yß zb œ
58. Sminimum dŠ"!
of 2xy 2, È!132xz;
3, 2yz È26
‹ œxyz œ 27 Ê z œ xy
27 27
Ê Saxß yß zb œ 2xy ! 2yŠ xy 27
‹ ! 2xŠ xy ‹ œ 2xy ! 54
x ! 54
y , x # 0,
far away as y gets close to 0, no points are farthest away).
54 54
y # 0; Sx axß yb œ 2y " œ 0 and Sy axß yb œ 2x " œ 0 Ê Critical point is a3, 3b Ê z œ 3; Sxx a3, 3b œ 4,
x2 y2
6. S
57. Vyyaaxoptimize
We ß y3ßbzœ b œ4,
f(xaD baœ
ß y)
2x 2yxba# 2z
!by#œ, the x2 !ofythe
square
8xyz; 2 distance
!#z2 œ 4 Ê to the È4 "
z œorigin x2 " to
subject y2 the Vaxß yb œg(x
Ê constraint 8xy Èœ4 "
ß y) x# yx2""2 yœ2 ,0.
3, xy a3, 3b œ 2 Ê Dxx Dyy " Dxy œ 12 # 0 and Dxx # 0 Ê local minimum of Sa3ß 3ß 3b œ 54
Thus f œy 2xi0!Ê 2yV j and ™ g œ32y 2xy i ! yx!j8yso œ
! 16x 2 # 3
that ™ fVœy a-xß™ybg œÊ32x2x œ 2xy
! 16x 2
y !- 8x and 2y œ x - Ê - œ 2y , since
3
x 0™ and x axß yb œ 0 and œ 0 Ê critical pointsx are
#
È 4 ! x2 ! y2 È 4 ! x2 ! y2
x œ 0 Ê #y œ #0 (but g(0 ß 0) Á 0). Thus# x Á# 0 and 2x œ 2xy ˆ x ‰ Ê x# œ 2y# Ê a2y# b y " 2 œ 0 Ê y œ 1 (since
2y
a0, 0b, Š È , È ‹, Š È , " È3 ‹, Š" È3 , È3 ‹, and Š" È3 , " È3 ‹. Only a0, 0b and Š È#3 , È#3 ‹ satisfy x 0 and y 0
# # # #
y # 0) Ê 3x œ 3„ È2 .3 Therefore Š „ È2ß 1‹ are the points on the curve x# y œ 2 nearest the origin (since x# y œ 2 has
Va0ß 0b œ 0 and VŠ 3 , È3 ‹ œ 3È # # 64
; On x œ 0, 0 Ÿ y Ÿ 2 Ê Va0ß yb œ 8a0byÈ4 " 02 " y2 œ 0, no critical points,
points increasingly farÈaway as x gets close
3 to 0, no points are farthest away).
Va0ß 0b œ 0, Va0ß 2b œ 0; On y œ 0, 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 2 Ê Vaxß 0b œ 8xa0bÈ4 " x2 " 02 œ 0, no critical points, Va0ß 0b œ 0,
7. (a) ™ f œ i ! j and ™ g œ yi ! xj so that ™ f œ - ™ g Ê i ! j œ -(yi ! xj) Ê 1 œ -y and 1 œ -x Ê 2y œ -" and
Va0ß 2b œ 0; On y œ È4 " x2 , 0 Ÿ x Ÿ 2 Ê VŠxß È4 " x2 ‹ œ 8xÈ4 " x2 Ê4 " x2 " ŠÈ4 " x2 ‹ œ 0
x œ -" Ê -" œ 16 Ê - œ „ 4" . Use - œ 4" since x # 0 and y # 0. Then x œ 4 and y œ 4 Ê the minimum value is 8
no critical points,
at the point (4ß V4).a0Now,
ß 2b œxy0,œV16, a2ß x0b#œ0,0.y Thus,
# 0 isthere is a of
a branch maximum in theoffirst64
volume
a hyperbola if the box
quadrant withisthe
È3 x-and
#
‚ È#3 .
‚ È#3y-axes
3È 3
as asymptotes. The equations x ! y œ c give a family of parallel lines with m œ "1. As these lines move away from
the origin, the number Copyright © 2010
c increases. ThusPearson Education
the minimum valueInc.
of cPublishing
occurs where as xAddison-Wesley.
! y œ c is tangent to the hyperbola's
27 27 27
58. Saxßbranch.
yß zb œ 2xy ! 2yz ! 2xz; xyz œ 27 Ê z œ xy Ê Saxß yß zb œ 2xy ! 2yŠ xy ‹ ! 2xŠ xy ‹ œ 2xy ! 54 54
x ! y , x # 0,

y #™
(b) 0; S 2y "™54
f xœaxyßi y!b xœj and g œ i ! j so that ™ f œ - ™54g Ê yi ! xj œ -(i ! j) Ê y œ - œ x y ! y œ 16 Ê y œ 8
x2 œ 0 and Sy axß yb œ 2x " y2 œ 0 Ê Critical point is a3, 3b Ê z œ 3; Sxx a3, 3b œ 4,
Syy a3, 3b œ 4, Dxy a3, 3b œ 264Ê
Ê x œ 8 Ê f( )ß ) ) œ is the
Dxxmaximum
Dyy " D#xyvalue.
œ 12The# 0equations
and Dxx # xy0œÊc (x # 0minimum
local and y # 0oforSxa3$ ß 30ß and y$
3b œ 540
to get a maximum value) give a family of hyperbolas in the first and third quadrants with the x- and y-axes as
asymptotes. The maximum value of c occurs where the hyperbola xy œ c is tangent to the line x ! y œ 16.

8. Let f(xß y) œ x# ! y# be the square of the distance from the origin. Then ™ f œ 2xi ! 2yj and
2y
™ g œ (2x ! y)i ! (2y ! x)j so that ™ f œ - ™ g Ê 2x œ -(2x ! y) and 2y œ -(2y ! x) Ê 2y!x œ-
Ê 2x œ Š 2y2y!x ‹ (2x ! y) Ê x(2y ! x) œ y(2x ! y) Ê x œ y Ê y œ „ x. # #

CASE 1: y œ x Ê x# ! x(x) ! x# " 1 œ 0 Ê x œ „ "

È3 and y œ x.
2
CASE 2: y œ "x Ê x# ! x("x) ! ("x)# " 1 œ 0 Ê x œ „ 1 and y œ "x. Thus f Š È"3 ß È"3 ‹ œ 3
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
œ f Š" È"3 ß " È"3 ‹ and f(1ß "1) œ 2 œ f("1ß 1).

Therefore the points (1ß "1) and ("1ß 1) are the farthest away; Š È"3 ß È"3 ‹ and Š" È"3 ß " È"3 ‹ are the closest
points to the origin.

9. V œ 1r# h Ê 161 œ 1r# h Ê 16 œ r# h Ê g(rß h) œ r# h " 16; S œ 21rh ! 21r# Ê ™ S œ (21h ! 41r)i ! 21rj and
™ g œ 2rhi ! r# j so that ™ S œ - ™ g Ê (21rh ! 41r)i ! 21rj œ - a2rhi ! r# jb Ê 21rh ! 41r œ 2rh- and 21r œ -r#
Ê r œ 0 or - œ 2r1 . But r œ 0 gives no physical can, so r Á 0 Ê - œ 2r1 Ê 21 h ! 41 r œ 2rh ˆ 2r1 ‰ Ê 2r œ h
Ê 16 œ r# (2r) Ê r œ 2 Ê h œ 4; thus r œ 2 cm and h œ 4 cm give the only extreme surface area of 241 cm# . Since
r œ 4 cm and h œ 1 cm Ê V œ 161 cm$ and S œ 401 cm# , which is a larger surface area, then 241 cm# must be the
minimum surface area.
 Section 14.8 Lagrange Multipliers 851

10. For a cylinder of radius r and height h we want to maximize the surface area S œ 21 rh subject to the constraint
g(rß h) œ r# ! ˆ h# ‰ " a# œ 0. Thus ™ S œ 21hi ! 21rj and ™ g œ 2ri ! h# j so that ™ S œ - ™ g Ê 21h œ 2-r and
#

21r œ -h
# Ê 1h
r œ - and 21r œ ˆ 1rh ‰ ˆ h# ‰ Ê 4r# œ h# Ê h œ 2r Ê r# ! 4r
4 œ a# Ê 2r# œ a# Ê r œ a
È2

Ê h œ aÈ2 Ê S œ 21 Š Èa2 ‹ ŠaÈ2‹ œ 21a# .

x
11. A œ (2x)(2y) œ 4xy subject to g(xß y) œ 16 ! y9 " 1 œ 0; ™ A œ 4yi ! 4xj and ™ g œ 8x i ! 2y
9 j so that ™ A
œ - ™ g Ê 4yi ! 4xj œ - ˆ 8 i ! 9 j‰ Ê 4y œ ˆ x8 ‰ - and 4x œ ˆ 2y
x 2y
9
‰ - Ê - œ 32y
x and 4x œ ˆ 2y
9
‰ ˆ 32y
x
‰
3
œ 1 Ê x# œ 8 Ê x œ „ 2È2 . We use x œ 2È2 since x represents distance.
ˆ x‰
Ê y œ „ 34 x Ê x
16 ! 4
9

Then y œ 3
4 Š2È2‹ œ 3È 2
# , so the length is 2x œ 4È2 and the width is 2y œ 3È2.

x y 2x 2y
12. P œ 4x ! 4y subject to g(xß y) œ a ! b " 1 œ 0; ™ P œ 4i ! 4j and ™ g œ a i! b j so that ™ P œ - ™ g
Š ba ‹ x
Ê 4 œ ˆ 2x
a
‰ - and 4 œ ˆ 2y
b
‰- Ê - œ 2a
x and 4 œ ˆ 2y
b
‰ Š 2ax ‹ Ê y œ Š ba ‹ x Ê x
a ! b œ1 Ê x
a ! b x
a
a
œ 1 Ê aa# ! b# b x# œ a% Ê x œ Èa ! b , since x # 0 Ê y œ Š ba ‹ x œ b
Èa ! b Ê width œ 2x œ 2a
Èa ! b

and height œ 2y œ 2b
Èa ! b Ê perimeter is P œ 4x ! 4y œ 4a ! 4b
Èa ! b œ 4Èa# ! b#

13. ™ f œ 2xi ! 2yj and ™ g œ (2x " 2)i ! (2y " 4)j so that ™ f œ - ™ g œ 2xi ! 2yj œ -[(2x " 2)i ! (2y " 4)j]
2-
Ê 2x œ -(2x " 2) and 2y œ -(2y " 4) Ê x œ -" -
1 and y œ -"1 , - Á 1 Ê y œ 2x Ê x " 2x ! (2x) " 4(2x) œ 0
# #

Ê x œ 0 and y œ 0, or x œ 2 and y œ 4. Therefore f(0ß 0) œ 0 is the minimum value and f(2ß 4) œ 20 is the maximum
value. (Note that - œ 1 gives 2x œ 2x " 2 or ! œ "2, which is impossible.)

14. ™ f œ 3i " j and ™ g œ 2xi ! 2yj so that ™ f œ - ™ g Ê 3 œ 2-x and "1 œ 2-y Ê - œ 3 ˆ3‰
2x and "1 œ 2 2x y
Êyœ" x
3 Ê x ! ˆ"
# x ‰#
3 œ 4 Ê 10x œ 36 Ê x œ „
# 6
È10 Ê xœ 6
È10 and y œ " 2 6
È10 , or x œ " È10 and

yœ 2
È10 . Therefore f Š È610 ß " È210 ‹ œ 20
È10 ! 6 œ 2È10 ! 6 ¸ 12.325 is the maximum value, and f Š" È610 ß È210 ‹
œ "2È10 ! 6 ¸ "0.325 is the minimum value.

15. ™ T œ (8x " 4y)i ! ("4x ! 2y)j and g(xß y) œ x# ! y# " 25 œ 0 Ê ™ g œ 2xi ! 2yj so that ™ T œ - ™ g
Ê (8x " 4y)i ! ("4x ! 2y)j œ -(2xi ! 2yj) Ê 8x " 4y œ 2-x and "4x ! 2y œ 2-y Ê y œ -""2x1 , - Á 1
Ê 8x " 4 ˆ -""2x1 ‰ œ 2-x Ê x œ 0, or - œ 0, or - œ 5.
CASE 1: x œ 0 Ê y œ 0; but (0ß 0) is not on x# ! y# œ 25 so x Á 0.
CASE 2: - œ 0 Ê y œ 2x Ê x# ! (2x)# œ 25 Ê x œ „ È5 and y œ 2x.
CASE 3: - œ 5 Ê y œ "2x
œ " #x Ê x# ! ˆ" #x ‰ œ 25 Ê x œ „ 2È5 Ê x œ 2È5 and y œ "È5, or x œ "2È5
#
4
and y œ È5 .
Therefore T ŠÈ5ß 2È5‹ œ 0° œ T Š"È5ß "2È5‹ is the minimum value and T Š2È 5ß "È 5‹ œ 125°

œ T Š"2È5ß È5‹ is the maximum value. (Note: - œ 1 Ê x œ 0 from the equation "4x ! 2y œ 2-y; but we
found x Á 0 in CASE 1.)

4
16. The surface area is given by S œ 41r# ! 21rh subject to the constraint V(rß h) œ 3 1r$ ! 1r# h œ 8000. Thus
™ S œ (81r ! 21h)i ! 21rj and ™ V œ a41r ! 21rhb i ! 1r j so that ™ S œ - ™ V œ (81r ! 21h)i ! 21rj
# #

œ - ca41r# ! 21rhb i ! 1r# jd Ê 81r ! 21h œ - a41r# ! 21rhb and 21r œ -1r# Ê r œ 0 or 2 œ r-. But r Á 0

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

 CASE 1: y œ 0 Ê x œ 0 Ê "z ! 1 œ 0 Ê z œ 1.
CASE 2: - œ 2 Ê x œ y and z œ "1 Ê x# " ("1) ! 1 œ 0 Ê x# ! 2 œ 0, so no solution.
CASE 3: - œ "2 Ê x œ "y and z œ 1 Ê ("y)y " 1 ! 1 œ 0 Ê y œ 0, again.
Therefore (0ß 0ß 1) is the point on the surface closest to the origin since this point gives the only extreme value
and there is no maximum distance from the surface to the origin.

21. Let f(xß yß z) œ x# ! y# ! z# be the square of the distance to the origin. Then ™ f œ 2xi ! 2yj ! 2zk and
Section 14.8 Lagrange Multipliers 853
™ g œ "yi " xj ! 2zk so that ™ f œ - ™ g Ê 2xi ! 2yj ! 2zk œ -("yi " xj ! 2zk) Ê 2x œ "y-, 2y œ "x-, and
2z œ 2z- Ê - œ 1 or z œ 0.
23. ™ f œ i ! 2j " 5k and ™ g œ 2xi " 2yj " 2zk so that ™ f œ - ™ g Ê i ! 2j " 5k œ -(2xi " 2yj " 2zk) Ê 1 œ 2x-,
CASE 1: - œ 1 Ê 2x œ "y and 2y œ "x Ê y œ 0 and x œ 0 Ê z# " 4 œ 0 Ê z œ „ 2 and x œ y œ 0.
!2 œ 2y-, and 5 œ 2z- Ê x œ #"- , y œ ! -" œ !2x, and z œ #5- œ 5x Ê x# " (!2x)# " (5x)# œ 30 Ê x œ „ 1.
4
CASE
Thus, x2:œz1,œy0œÊ "xy
!2, z œ"54orœx0œÊ!1,yœyœ x .z Then
" 2, œ 4x - Êf(1
œ !5.2xTherefore
x
, and
!2#ß 5)
- ßœ " x8isœ
œ 30 x- Ê " x8value
the"maximum x Š x# ‹
œ "and
f(!1ß 2ß !5)Êœx! % 30 is the minimum value.
œ 16 Ê x œ „ 2. Thus, x œ 2 and y œ "2, or x = "2 and y œ 2.
Therefore we get four points: (#ß "2ß 0), ("2ß 2ß 0), (0ß 0ß 2) and (!ß 0ß "2). But the points (!ß 0ß 2) and (!ß !ß "2)
24. are f œ i "to2jthe
™ closest k andsince
" 3origin ™ gthey i "22y
œ 2xare j " away
units 2zk soand
thatthe™ ™2gÈÊ
f œ -are
others i " 2away.
2 units j " 3k œ -(2xi " 2yj " 2zk) Ê 1 œ 2x-,
2 œ 2y-, and 3 œ 2z- Ê x œ #"- , y œ -" œ 2x, and z œ #3- œ 3x Ê x# " (2x)# " (3x)# œ 25 Ê x œ „ È514 .
22. Let f(xß yß z) 5œ x# ! y#10! z# be the square of the distance to the origin. Then ™ f œ 2xi ! 2yj ! 2zk and
Thus, x œ È14 , y œ È14 , z œ È1514 or x œ ! È514 , y œ ! È1014 , z œ ! È1514 . Therefore f Š È514# ß È1014 ß È1514 ‹ #
™ g œ yzi ! xzj ! xyk so that ™ f œ - ™ g Ê 2x œ -yz, 2y œ -xz, and 2z œ -xy Ê 2x œ -xyz and 2y œ -yxz
Ê5È
œ x# 14
œ yis# the
Êmaximum
y œ „ x value œ „f Šx!ÊÈ514x aß !
Ê z and „Èx10
b14a „
,!xÈ œ‹1 œÊ!5xÈ
b1514 œ 14„is1 the
Section minimum
Ê14.8 value.
the points are (1ßMultipliers
Lagrange 1ß 1), ("ß "1ß "1),853
(""ß ""ß "), and ("1ß 1, "1).
23. ™ ßfyœ
25. f(x "Copyright
ß z)i !œ2jx#""5ky#and ©ß i2010
g œg(x
z#™and 2x Pearson
j"
ß z)2yœ
y" x" Education
2zyk "
sozthat
! 9™ œ Inc.
f0œÊPublishing
-™™gfÊ as
!i Addison-Wesley.
œ i2x 2"j "
2y5j k"œ2z-k(2xi "™
and 2ygj " i "k)j Ê
œ 2z " k1 so 2x-,
œ that
5
!™2œ 2y - , and 5 œ 2z
f œ - ™ g Ê 2xi " 2yj " 2z#k
- Ê x œ "
, y œ ! "
œ ! 2x, and z œ œ 5x Ê x #
" (! 2x)#
" (5x) #
œ 30
- œ -(i "-j " k) Ê 2x œ -#, -2y œ -, and 2z œ - Ê x œ y œ z Ê x " x " x ! 9 œ 0Ê x œ „ 1.
Thus,
Ê xxœœ3,1,yyœœ3,!and 2, z zœœ5 3.
or x œ !1, y œ 2, z œ !5. Therefore f(1ß !2ß 5) œ 30 is the maximum value and
f(!1ß 2ß !5) œ !30 is the minimum value.
26. f(xß yß z) œ xyz and g(xß yß z) œ x " y " z# ! 16 œ 0 Ê ™ f œ yzi " xzj " xyk and ™ g œ i " j " 2zk so that
24. ™ œ i-"™
™ ff œ 2jg"Ê3k and
yzi "™xzgj œ xyik"œ2y
" 2x -j(i""2z
jk"so
2zthat
k) Ê f œœ--™
™ yz Ê -i ,"and
, xzg œ 2j " kœ
xy3œ Ê iyz
-(2x
2z- "œ2yjxz"Ê2zkz)œÊ0 1orœy2x
œ-x.,
2But
œ 2y , and 3 2z x # " , y œ " œ 2x, and z œ 3 # œ 3x Ê x# " (2x)# " (3x)# œ# 25 Ê x œ „ 5 .
z # 0 so that y œ x Ê x #œ- 2z- and
- œ - Ê œ - xz œ -. Then #x- œ 2z(xz) Ê x œ 0 or x œ 2z . But x # 0 so È that
14
4 4 32 32
x œ 2zx#œÊ 5 y ,œy 2z
Thus, œ 10Ê , 2z
#
z œ "152z or"xzœœ
# # #
!165 Ê, y zœœ! „10È , z. œ
We!use 15 z œ È since z #5 0. Then
. Therefore f Š ß 10 ß x15œ‹ 5 and y œ 5
È14 È14 È14 È14 È14 5 È14 5 È14 È14 È14
32 32 4 4096
œ 5È14
which yields f Šmaximum
is the ‹ œ and
5 ß 5 ß È5value . 5 10 15 È
25È5f Š! È14 ß ! È14 ,! È14 ‹ œ !5 14 is the minimum value.

27. f(x
Vœ # x# " y# " z# ! 1 œ 0 Ê ™ V œ yzi " xzj " xyk and ™ g œ 2xi " 2yj " 2zk so that
25. ß yßxyz andx#g(x
z) œ " ßyy# ß"
z)zœ and g(xß yß z) œ x " y " z ! 9 œ 0 Ê ™ f œ 2xi " 2yj " 2zk and ™ g œ i " j " k so that
™ fVœœ--™™g gÊÊ2xyz
™ -jx,"xz2zœ
i "œ2y kœ-y,-(and
i " xy
j "œk)-zÊÊ2xxyz -xœ
, 2y
œ -œ
#
and xyz2z
-, and œœ-y-# Ê
Êx yœœy œ
„ zx Ê z œx "„xx! 9 œ 0
Êx "
ÊÊ xx œ"3,xy "
# #
œ x3, and
#
œ 1 zÊ x œ È since x # 0 Ê the dimensions of the box are È1 by È1 by È1 for maximum
œ 3.
"
3 3 3 3
volume. (Note that there is no minimum volume since the box could be made arbitrarily thin.)
26. f(xß yß z) œ xyz and g(xß yß z) œ x " y " z# ! 16 œ 0 Ê ™ f œ yzi " xzj " xyk and ™ g œ i " j " 2zk so that
28. V™œf œ xyz withg xÊ
ß yßyz i "positive
z all xzj " xyand
k œx-" (i "
y j" z 2zk) Ê yz œ -, xz œ -, and xy œ 2z- Ê yz œ xz Ê z œ 0 or y œ x.
b " c œ 1; thus V œ xyz and g(xß yß z) œ bcx " acy " abz ! abc œ 0
-™
a
But
Ê ™ V œ yzi " xzj " xyk and ™ g œ bci "-.acThen
z # 0 so that y œ x Ê x#
œ 2z - and xz œ j " abxk œ
#
so 2z(xz)
that ™ÊVœ xœ-™0 org xÊ
œ 2z #
yz œ. But
-bc,x xz
# 0œso thatand xy œ -ab
-ac,
4 4 32
xʜ 2z #
Ê y œ 2z #
Ê 2z#
" 2z#
" z#
16 z
xyz œ -bcx, xyz œ -acy, and xyz œ -abz Ê - Á 0.È5Also, -bcx œ -È
œ Ê œ „ . We use z œ acy since z 0. Then
5 œ - abz Ê bx œ ay, cy
# x œ 5 œ œ 32
andbz,y and5

cx œ az Ê fyŠœ32 baß x32 and x. Then xa " yb " cz œ 1 Ê xa " "b ˆ ba x‰ " "c ˆ ca x‰ œ 1 Ê 3x
4 z œ c 4096 a
a œ 1 Ê xœ 3
which yields 5 5 ß È5 ‹ œa 25È5 .
Ê y œ ˆ a ‰ ˆ 3 ‰ œ 3 and z œ ˆ a ‰ ˆ 3 ‰ œ 3 Ê V œ xyz œ ˆ 3 ‰ ˆ 3 ‰ ˆ 3 ‰ œ 27 is the maximum volume. (Note that
b a b c a c a b c abc

there
27. V is no
œ xyz minimum
and g(xß yß z)volume
œ x# "since
y# " the
z# !box
1 œcould
0 Êbe ™ made
V œarbitrarily
yzi " xzjthin.)
" xyk and ™ g œ 2xi " 2yj " 2zk so that
™ V œ - ™ g Ê yz œ -x, xz œ -y, and xy œ -z Ê xyz œ -x# and xyz œ -y# Ê y œ „ x Ê z œ „ x
29. ™Ê Tx#œ"16xx# i""x4z
# j " (4y ! 16)k
œ 1 Ê x œ È"3and ™xg#œ08xÊ
since i "the j " 8zk so that
2ydimensions of the T œare
™box -™1 g Ê1 16xi "
1 4zj " (4y ! 16)k
È3 by È3 by È3 for maximum
œ -(8xi " 2yj " 8zk) Ê 16x œ 8x-, 4z œ 2y-, and 4y ! 16 œ 8z- Ê - œ 2 or x œ 0.
volume. (Note that there is no minimum volume since the box could be made arbitrarily thin.)
CASE 1: - œ 2 Ê 4z œ 2y(2) Ê z œ y. Then 4z ! 16 œ 16z Ê z œ ! 43 Ê y œ ! 43 . Then
ß yˆß !
4‰
4x#x" " 4 ˆ!and
4‰ x y Êz x œ „ 4 .
3 aœ"16
# #
28. V œ xyz with z all
3 positive b " c œ 1; thus
3 V œ xyz and g(xß yß z) œ bcx " acy " abz ! abc œ 0
Ê ™2:V xœœ yz0i "Êxz-j "œxy2zk and ™ g œ bci " ac2zj " abk so# that ™ V œ # -™g Ê # yz# œ -bc,
# xz œ -ac, and xy œ - ab
CASE y Ê 4y ! 16 œ 8z Š y ‹ Ê y ! 4y œ 4z Ê 4(0) " y " ay ! 4yb ! 16 œ 0
Ê xyz œ -bcx,#xyz œ -acy, and xyz œ -abz Ê - Á 0. Also, -bcx œ -acy œ -abz Ê bx œ ay, cy œ bz, and
Ê y ! 2y ! 8 œ 0 Ê (y ! 4)(y " 2) œ 0 Ê y œ 4 or y œ !2. Now y œ 4 Ê 4z# œ 4# !a 4(4)
cx œ az Ê y œ ba x and z œ ca x. Then xa #" yb " cz #œ 1 Ê xa " "b ˆ ba x‰ " "c ˆ ca x‰ œ 1 Ê 3x 1 xœ 3
4z cœ (!2) ! 4(!2) aÊ bz œ c „ Èabc a œ Ê
Ê z œ 0b and y œ !c2 Ê 3.
ˆ b‰ ˆa‰ ˆ ‰ ˆ a‰ ˆ ‰ ˆ ‰ ˆ
Ê y œ a 3 œ 3 and z œ a 3 œ 3 Ê V œ xyz œ 3 3 3 œ 27 is the maximum volume. (Note ‰ ° that
T Š0ß !2ß È3‹ œ Š600 ! 24È3‹ , and
°
The temperatures
there is no minimum T ˆ „ 43since
arevolume ß ! 43the 4‰
ß !box œ 642be23 made
3 could , T(0ßarbitrarily
4ß 0) œ 600°,
thin.)
°
T Š0ß !2ß !È3‹ œ Š600 " 24È3‹ ¸ 641.6°. Therefore ˆ „ 4 ß ! 4 ß ! 43 ‰ are the hottest points on the space probe.
29. ™ T œ 16xi " 4zj " (4y ! 16)k and ™ g œ 8xi " 2yj " 8zk so3that 3™ T œ - ™ g Ê 16xi " 4zj " (4y ! 16)k
œ -(8xi " 2yj " 8zk) Ê 16x œ 8x-, 4z œ 2y-, and 4y ! 16 œ 8z- Ê - œ 2 or x œ 0.
CASE 1: - œ 2 Ê 4z œ 2y(2) Ê z œ y. Then 4z ! 16 œ 16z Ê z œ ! 43 Ê y œ ! 43 . Then
4x# " ˆ! 43 ‰Copyright
" 4 ˆ! 43©‰ 2010
œ 16Pearson „ 43 .
Ê x œEducation
# #
Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
2z
CASE 2: x œ 0 Ê - œ y Ê 4y ! 16 œ 8z Š 2z
y ‹ Ê y ! 4y œ 4z Ê 4(0) " y " ay ! 4yb ! 16 œ 0
# # # # #

Ê y# ! 2y ! 8 œ 0 Ê (y ! 4)(y " 2) œ 0 Ê y œ 4 or y œ !2. Now y œ 4 Ê 4z# œ 4# ! 4(4)

Ê z œ 0 and y œ !2 Ê 4z# œ (!2)# ! 4(!2) Ê z œ „ È3.
°
The temperatures are T ˆ „ 43 ß ! 43 ß ! 43 ‰ œ 642 23 , T(0ß 4ß 0) œ 600°, T Š0ß !2ß È3‹ œ Š600 ! 24È3‹ , and
°

°
T Š0ß !2ß !È3‹ œ Š600 " 24È3‹ ¸ 641.6°. Therefore ˆ „ 43 ß ! 43 ß ! 43 ‰ are the hottest points on the space probe.
 `v œ dx ` v œ ˆ1!x ! x !1
‰ a!2eu sin vb Ê `v
¸
00
œ ˆ 5 ! 5 ‰ (0) œ 0
41. ™ f œ i ! j and ™ g œ yi ! xj so that ™ f œ - ™ g Ê i ! j œ -(yi ! xj) Ê 1 œ y- and 1 œ x- Ê y œ x
f
33. ``Ê y# œ 16` fÊ y œ „ `4f Ê (4ß 4) dx and ("%ß "4)dyare candidates
dz for the location of extreme values. But as x Ä _,
x œ y " z, ` y œ x " z, ` z œ y " x, dt œ ! sin t, dt œ cos t, dt œ !2 sin 2t
y Ä df_ and f(xß y) Ä _; as x Ä "_, y Ä 0 and f(xß y) Ä "_. Therefore no maximum or minimum value
Ê dt œ !(y " z)(sin t) " (x " z)(cos t) ! 2(y " x)(sin 2t); t œ 1 Ê x œ cos 1, y œ sin 1, and z œ cos 2
existsdf
subject to the constraint.
Ê dt ¸ tœ1 œ !(sin 1 " cos 2)(sin 1) " (cos 1 " cos 2)(cos 1) ! 2(sin 1 " cos 1)(sin 2)
4
42.
34. Let ß Bß` sC) œ !dw(Axk !
` w f(Adw ` wByk !
dw C` s" zk )# œ
dwC# !dw(B ! C` w
" 1)# !
` w(A ! B
dw! C "
dw1)# ! (A ! C ! 1)# . We want
` x œ ds ` x œ (5) ds and ` y œ ds ` y œ (1) ds œ ds Ê ` x ! 5 ` y œ 5 ds ! 5 ds œ 0
kœ1

to minimize f. Then fA (Aß Bß C) œ 4A ! 2B ! 4C, fB (Aß Bß C) œ 2A ! 4B ! 4C " 4, and

dy Fx 1 " y cos
" xy
35. fF(x
C (Aß ßy)
BßœC)1 œ x !!y#4B
! 4A !! sin8C
xy"Ê 2. FSet !1 !
x œeach y cosderivative
partial xy and Fy equal
œ !2y 0 xand
to! cossolve
xy Ê the dx
system
œ ! to
Fy get
œ !A""œ
2y " # , xy
"x cos
Bœœ 13#!, yand C œÊ"at"4 (x
cos xy orß the critical point of f is
dy
y) œ (!ß 1) we have dx ¹ ˆ " 3
1! " ‰.
"
"2 œ ! 1 Chapter 14 Practice Exercises 865
" ß
#œ # ß " 4
"2y " x cos xy Ð0ßÑ1

43.
31. (a)
` w Maximize f(aß bß c)` w œ a# b# c# subject to a`#x!œb1, !` xc#œœcos
r# . s,Thus
`y ™dyf` yœœ2ab rFx c i ! 2y x y j ! 2a b ck and
2a!# ebc
# # # # # #
` x ßœ 2 cos (2x !x!y), y ` y œ ! cos (2x ! y), x!`
yr x!y œ s,
36. F(x y) œ 2xy " e ! 2 Ê F x œ 2y " e and F y
s 2x "
`œ # e# ` r Ê dx `#œ
™ g œ 2ai ! 2bj ! 2ck so that ™ f œ - ™ g Ê 2ab c œ 2a-, 2a bc œ 2b-, and 2a b c œ 2c-
s ! # Fy œ ! 2x ! ex #y #
Ê ``wr œ #[2#cos (2x ! y)](1) " [! cos (2x ! y)](s); r œ 1 and s œ 0 Ê x œ 1 and y œ 0
Ê(x2a b c# œ 2a# - œ 2b# -dyœ 2c# - Ê -2 lnœ2 !0 2or a# œ b# œ c# .
Ê at ` w ¸ ß y) œ (!ß ln 2) we have dx ¹ Ð0ßln 2Ñ œ ! ` w0 ! 2 œ !(ln 2 " 1)
Practice Exercises:
Ê CASE`r
`w ¸
œ (2 cos 21) ! (cos 21)(0) œ 2; ` s œ [2 cos (2x ! y)](cos s) " [! cos (2x ! y)](r)
01: - œ 0 Ê a# b# c# œ 0.

Ê ` s 0 œ #(2 cos# 21)(cos 0) ! (cos 21)(1# ) #œ# 2 ! 1 # " # " È2

! "# ‰the"maximum
ˆ! "# ‰# œ value.
$
37. ™ fCASE œ (! sin 2: xa cos b iœ
œ y) ! c(cos f(aßy)bjß c)Êœ ™
Êx sin a af ka and œ3a! #œi ! r #Êj Êf(akß b™ œ ŠÉˆ
ß c)f k œ r
3 ‹ is
;
# # "
4 4 È2 œ #

xß È#bßjÈ"Ê f2ŠÈaß È
È2 È2 È2 È2
32. u` wœ œ
(b) ™f
The
k™dw œ` x!œŠ#È
f k point ˆ ia! c‹‰fisaincreases
onu cos
2e most
the sphere
v b ; u rapidly
if vaœ ! 0b in the
cœx direction u` wœ¸ ! byœ
r# .2 Moreover, iˆ!
# part 2 (a),#"‰ jabc
andœdecreases b ß Èc ‹
most
5 (2) œ 5 ;
! œ !Ê œ Ê !
`u dx ` u 1!x x !1 `u 0 0 5
È2 È2 È2 È2
ˆ !x x ! uœ " r‰ i " w ¸k ™ f k ˆ ‰ (D u f)P œ ! # ;
rapidly inr the # j ;v
`w dw ` x direction ! c (D f)P `œ œ2 # "and
!1 3# aœ , basÊ
$
Š !2e a !u bsin
5 (0) œ 0
3`‹v œÊ 1 (abc)
!"Î$ uclaimed.
`v œ Ÿ dx x Ÿ 3 `v 0 0 œ 5 !
u" œ kvk œ È3 ! 4 œ 5 i " 5 j Ê (Du f)P œ ™ f † u" œ ˆ! # ‰ ˆ 5 ‰ " ˆ! "# ‰ ˆ 45 ‰ œ ! 10
v 3i ! 4j 3 4 " 3 7

33. `f
œ y " z, `` yf œ x " !
` x f(x z,n `` zf œ y " x, dx œ ! sin t, dy œ cos t, dz dt œß ! 2 sin 2t
44. Let " ß x# ß á ß xn ) œ ai xi œ a" x" dt ! a# x# ! á dt ! an xn and g(x " x# ß á ß xn ) œ x ! x !
# #
á ! x# " 1. Then we
38. f df 2xe 2y i ! 2x# e i2y j f k i j k f k È 2 # " (!2)# œ 2È2; u œ ™f œ 1 n i ! 1 j
™Ê dt œ !(y " z)(sin t) " (x " z)(cos
œ œ 1 Ê ™ 10
œ t) ! 2(y " x)(sin 2t); t œ 1 Ê x œ cos 1, y œ sin k1,
# ! # Ê ™ œ ™fandk zÈœ 2 cos È22
a a
want
Ê f™ df ¸ f œ - ™ g Ê a" œ -(2x" ), a# œ -(2x# ),1 á , an1 œ -(2xn ), - Á 0 Ê xi œ ai Ê
increases œ ! (sin
most 1
rapidly
" cos 2)(sin
in the 1)
direction
" (cos u1 " cos i 2)(cos j 1)
and ! 2(sin
decreases1 " cos
most 1)(sin
rapidly 22) in the
4 ! 4- ! á ! 4a-n œ
direction 1
Ê dt tœ1 œ È2 ! È2 - -
n n "Î# n n n n "Î#
uœ 4 1 ! #1
i a j ; (D
2 f) ! k a f k 2 È 2
f(xand x(D f) x ) 2 !È2a ;xuœ ! v
a ˆ i!j "
ai ‰ ! 1 #
ai 1! #
j a is
Π" Π"
# #
!Ê !œ " Ê u œ P œ ™ œ Ê ß ß áu P
ß œ
n !
œ i i œ kv k i œ œ œ "
œ
dwÈ`2s iÈ2 dw #È 1 ! 1 #- È2 i È2
`w
- - `w dwi `s dw" #dw `w `w
"
dw -dw i
34. ` x œ ds ` xi œ 1 (5)
ds and ` y iœ œ1
ds ` y œ (1) ds œ ds Ê ` x !iœ51 ` y œ 5iœ1ds ! 5 ds œ 0 iœ1 iœ1

the (Du f)P œvalue.

Êmaximum ™ f † u" œ (2) Š È"2 ‹ " (!2) Š È"2 ‹ œ 0

35. F(xß y) œ 1 ! x ! y# ! sin xy Ê Fx œ !1 ! y cos xy and Fy œ !2y ! x cos xy Ê dy Fx "1 " y cos xy
dx œ ! Fy œ ! "2y " x cos xy
45-50. Example 2CAS commands:3 6
39. ™ f œ Š 2x !xy3y ! 6z ‹ i " Š 2x ! 3y ! 6z ‹ j " Š 2x ! dy ! " ™ f k 1 1 1 œ 2i " 3j " 6k ;
3y ! 6z ‹ k 1Ê
œ "12y:!"y xcos
Maple cos xy Ê at (xß y) œ (!ß 1) we have dx ¹ Ð0ßÑ1 œ "2 œ !1
u œ fk™ f
œ È22i !->
:=f k(x,y,z)
™
3j ! 6k
œ 72 i " 73 j " 76 k Ê f increases most rapidly in the direction u œ 27 i ""73 j 67 k and
! 3x*y+y*z;
!6
g1 := (x,y,z)rapidly -> x^2+y^2-2; u eœx!! 2 3
y 7 i ! 7 j ! 7 k ; (D
6
k ™ fk œ
36. decreases
F(xß y) œ most 2xy " ex!y !in2the Êdirection and Fy œ 2x " ex!yu f)Ê Fx 7, (D"2y
u f)
!Pex œ !7;
y
Fx œ 2y!" P œdy
dx œ ! Fy œ ! 2x ! ex y
g2 v:= (x,y,z)
2 ->
3 x^2+z^2-2;
6
u" œ kvk œ 7 i " 7 j " 7 k Ê (Dudyf)P œ (Du f)P 2 œ 7
Ê hat:=(xunapply( ln 2) we have dx ¹ œ ! ln0 !2 !
ß y) œ (!ßf(x,y,z)-lambda[1]*g1(x,y,z)-lambda[2]*g2(x,y,z), 2
2 œ !(ln 2 " 1)(x,y,z,lambda[1],lambda[2]) ); # (a)
Ð0ßln 2Ñ
hx := diff( h(x,y,z,lambda[1],lambda[2]), x ); f 2 #(b)
40. ™ f œ (2x " 3y)i " (3x " 2)j " (1 ! 2z)k Ê ™ f k 0 0 0 œ "2j " k ; u œ k™ ™f k œ È 5 j " È
"
" 5‰#
k Ê f "increases mostÈ2
37. ™ fhyœ:=(!diff( sin xh(x,y,z,lambda[1],lambda[2]),
cos y)i ! (cos x sin y)j Ê ™ y );f k œ ! i ! "
j Ê k ™ f k œ Ɉ ! " ˆ! ‰ #
œ È2 œ # ;
"
2 2
rapidly in diff(
the direction u œ È5 j " È5 k and decreases most rapidly in the direction !u œ ! È5 j ! È5 k ;
4 4 # # # #"
hz™:= h(x,y,z,lambda[1],lambda[2]),
"
f È2 È2 z ); È È
u œhl1 i
# È # j f increases most rapidly in); the
i ! direction u" œ ! #"2 i ! #"2 j and decreases most
k™f:= k diff( h(x,y,z,lambda[1],lambda[2]), È lambda[1]
œ ! ! Ê v j!k
(Du f)P œ k ™ f k œ 5 and (D"u f)P œ ! 5 ; u" œ kvk œ È1 ! 1 ! 1 œ È3 i " È3 j " È3 k
È È È2 È2
866 rapidlyhl2 :=
Chapter in diff(
the 14direction
Partial œ #2" i " #2 j ; (D"lambda[2]
h(x,y,z,lambda[1],lambda[2]),
!uDerivatives );
u f)P œ k ™ f k œ # and (D u f)P œ ! # ;
(Dvu:=f)P{ hx=0, f u (0) Š ‹ (2) Š ‹ (1) Š "
‹ 3 È 3
u" œ kvk œ È33i !!4j4 hy=0,
Ê sys
œ 35 ihz=0,
" 45 j hl1=0,
Ê (Dhl2=0 };3 Ȉ " ‰Èˆ 35 ‰ " ˆ! "# ‰ ˆ 45 ‰ œ ! 10
œ ™ † œ È3 " È " œ œ 7
u f)P œ ™ f † u" œ ! #
" 3
q1 := solve( sys,
41. r œ (cos 3t)i ! (sin 3t)Copyright {x,y,z,lambda[1],lambda[2]}
j ! 3tk Ê© v2010 (t) œPearson );
("3 sin Education
3t)i ! (3 cos j ! 3k Ê asv ˆAddison-Wesley.
Inc.3t)Publishing ‰ # (c)
3 œ "3j ! 3k
1

q2 := map(allvalues,{q1});
Ê u œ " È2y2 j ! È#2 k 2y ; f(xß yß z) œ xyz Ê ™ f œ yzi ! xzj ! xyk ; t œ 3 yields the point on the f helix1 ("1ß 01ß 1 )
! 2x e j Ê ™ f k 1 0 œ #i ! #j Ê k ™ f k œ È2# " (! 2)# œ 2È2; u œ k™
" " 1
38. ™ ffor œ p2xe in q2ido ™f k œ È2 i ! È2 j
# (d)
f k [x,y,z,f(x,y,z)],
"1jrapidly œ ("1j) †uŠœ" È
† u direction
);inf the 1 j ! 1 k‹ œ
" "
È22 i ! È È2 j and decreases
1
ÊÊ ™ feval(
increases10
œmost Ê p™
2
È2 most rapidly in the direction
``=evalf(eval( 1 [x,y,z,f(x,y,z)], p )); È È
!u œ ! È2 i " È2 j ; (Du f)P œ k ™ f k œ 2 2 and (D u f)P œ !2 2 ; u" œ kvvk œ È1i !!j 1 œ È12 i " È12 j
1
42. f(xß yend
ß z) do;œ xyz Ê ™ f œ yzi ! xzj ! xyk ; at (1ß 1ß 1) we get ™ f œ i ! j ! k Ê the maximum value of
DÊ (D f) œ ™ f È
u f k 1 1 1 u œ Pk ™ f k œ
† u3" œ (2) Š È"2 ‹ " (!2) Š È"2 ‹ œ 0

2 ai ! bj at (1ß 2).3 The direction toward

43.
39. (a)
™ fLet
œ Š™2xf!œ3y ! 6z ‹ i " Š 2x ! 3y©! 6z ‹ j "
6
Š 2x ! 3y f k 1 1 1byœv"2œ
(2ß 2) is determined
! 6z ‹ k Ê ™ i "(23j""1)6ik!; (2 " 2)j œ i œ u
so that ™ f † u œCopyright
2 Ê a œ 2. 2010 Pearson
The direction Education
toward (1ß Inc.
1) is Publishing
determinedas byAddison-Wesley.
v# œ (1 " 1)i ! (1 " 2)j œ "j œ u
f 2i ! 3j ! 6k
u œsok™
™that È2f †!u3 œ
f k œ™ œ 72 i "
! 6"2 Ê
"b73œj " 6
"27 kÊ Ê b œf increases
2. Therefore most™rapidly
f œ 2i in! the
2j ; direction
2
fx a1, 2b œufyœa1,7 2i b""
3
œ7 2.j 67 k and
(b) The direction
decreases towardin(4the
most rapidly ß 6)direction !u œby!v$27 œ
is determined i !(437 "
j!1)i67!k (6
; (D"u 2) œ 3ki™
f)Pj œ ! f4kj œÊ7,u(D œ"u35f)i P!œ45 j!7;
3 14 . 6
v ™ 2f † u œ
u" œÊ
kvk œ 7 i " 7 j 5" 7 k Ê (Du f)P œ (Du f)P œ 7

44. (a) True (b) False (c) True ™f 2 (d) True

40. ™ f œ (2x " 3y)i " (3x " 2)j " (1 ! 2z)k Ê ™ f k 000
œ 2j " k ; u œ k ™f k œ È5 j " È"5 k Ê f increases most
2 2
45. rapidly ini the ! 2zk Êu œ È5 j " È5 k and decreases most rapidly in the direction !u œ ! È5 j !
! jdirection k;
" "
™ f œ 2x È5

1 1k ™ f k œ È 5 and (D"u f)P œ !È 5 ; u" œ

™ uff)k P0 œ
(D œ j " 2k , v
œ i!j!k œ " i " " j " " k kvk È1 ! 1 ! 1 È3 È3 È3
™ fk 0 0 0 œ j ,
Ê (Du f)P œ ™ f † u" œ (0) Š È"3 ‹ " (2) Š È"3 ‹ " (1) Š È"3 ‹ œ È33 œ È3
™ f k 0 1 1 œ j ! 2k
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
52. ™ f œ !xi " yj Ê ™ f k 12
œ !i " 2j Ê the tangent
line is !(x ! 1) " 2(y ! 2) œ 0 Ê y œ "
# x " #3 ; the normal
line is y ! 2 œ !2(x ! 1) Ê y œ !2x " 4

47. ™ f œ 2xi " j " 5k Ê ™ f k 2 11

œ 4i " j " 5k Ê Tangent Plane: 4(x " 2) " (y ! 1) " 5(z " 1) œ 0
Ê 4x " y " 5z œ 4; Normal Line: x œ 2 ! 4t, y œ "1 " t, z œ 1 " 5t

53.
48. Let
™f(x
fœß yß2x
z)i œ
! x2y"
#
2yk"Ê
j! 2z !™
4 and
f k 1 g(x ßœyß2z)i !
œ 2yj!!1.k Then ™ f œ 2x
Ê Tangent i " 2j "
Plane: k a11)
2(x2k" œ 2i " 2j " 2k
1 12 b! 2(y " 1) ! (z " 2) œ 0
â 12 â
Ê 2x ! 2y ! z " 6 œ 0; Normal â i Line:
j k â x œ 1 ! 2t, y œ 1 ! 2t, z œ 2 ! t
â â
and ™ g œ j Ê ™ f ‚ ™ g œ â 2 2 2 â œ !2i " 2k Ê the line is x œ 1 ! 2t, y œ 1, z œ "# " 2t
â â
â0 " 0â
`z 2x `z ¸ `z 2y `z
49. `x œ x !y Ê `x 0 1 0 œ 0 and `y œ x !y Ê `y ¹ 0 1 0 œ 2; thus the tangent plane is
54. Let f(xß yß z) œ x " y# " z ! 2 and g(xß yß z) œ y ! 1. Then ™ f œ i " 2yj " kk a 21 1 21 b œ i " 2j " k and
Chapter 14 Practice Exercises 867
2(y " 1) " (z " 0) œ 0 or 2y â
" z " 2⠜ 0
â `iz j k â
â â !Pearson
œ â`1x ¸ 21©
`z `z `z
Êax ™"f y‚ b™ gÊ 2y ais y"# b! t, Ê 1,y ¹zAddison-Wesley.
# !#Copyright 2010 Education
50. ™` x gœœ!j2x #i and xInc.
x"œPublishingy œ `as œ t! "# ; thus the tangent
# " # !#
1 12 1 â œ ! " k `Ê the!line
œ y œ œ ""
â â # 1 1 12#
â 0 " ˆ0 â " ‰
plane is ! # (x ! 1) ! # (y ! 1) ! z !
" "
# œ 0 or x " y " 2z ! 3 œ 0

55. f ˆ 14 ß 14 ‰ œ "
, fx ˆ 1 ß 1 ‰ œ cos x cos yk Ð1Î4ß1Î4Ñ œ "
, fy ˆ 1 ß 1 ‰ œ ! sin x sin yk Ð1Î4ß1Î4Ñ œ ! "#
51. ™ f œ (!#cos" x)4i""4 j Ê1 ™"f k œ i ""j Ê#" the "4tangent
4
Ê L(xß y) œ " # ˆx ! 4 ‰ ! # ˆy ! 4 ‰ œ 1 1
" # x ! # y; fxx (xß y) œ ! sin x cos y, fyy (xß y) œ ! sin x cos y, and
line is (x ! 1) " (y ! 1) œ 0 Ê x " y œ 1 " 1; the
# #
fxy (xß y) œ ! cos x sin y. Thus an upper bound for E depends on the bound M used for kfxx k , kfxy k , and kfyy k .
normal line È2is y ! 1 œ 1(x ! 1) "ÊÈy œ x ! 11 " 1 È2
With M œ #
2
we have kE(xß y)k Ÿ # Š
1 #
# ‹ ˆ¸x ! 4 ¸ " ¸y ! 4 ¸‰ Ÿ
#
4 (0.2) Ÿ 0.0142;

with M œ 1, kE(xß y)k Ÿ "

# (1) ˆ¸x ! 1¸
4 " ¸y ! 1 ¸‰#
4 œ "
# (0.2) œ 0.02.
#

52. ™ f œ !xi " yj Ê ™ f k 12

œ !i " 2j Ê the tangent
56. f(1ß 1) œ 0, fx (1ß 1) œ yk Ð1ßÑ1 œ 1, fy (1ß 1) œ x" ! 6y3k Ð1ßÑ1 œ !5 Ê L(xß y) œ (x ! 1) ! 5(y ! 1) œ x ! 5y " 4;
line is !(x ! 1) " 2(y ! 2) œ 0 Ê y œ x " ; the normal
fxx (xß y) œ 0, fyy (xß y) œ !6, and fxy (xß y) œ #1 Ê #maximum of kfxx k , kfyy k , and kfxy k is 6 Ê M œ 6
line is y ! 2 œ "!2(x ! 1) Ê y œ !2x
# ""4
Ê kE(xß y)k Ÿ # (6) akx ! 1k " ky ! 1kb œ # (6)(0.1 " 0.2)# œ 0.27

57. f(1ß 0ß 0) œ 0, fx (1ß 0ß 0) œ y ! 3zk 100

œ 0, fy (1ß 0ß 0) œ x " 2zk 100
œ 1, fz (1ß 0ß 0) œ 2y ! 3xk 100
œ !3
Ê L(xß yß z) œ 0(x ! 1) " (y ! 0) ! 3(z ! 0) œ y ! 3z; f(1ß 1ß 0) œ 1, fx (1ß 1ß 0) œ 1, fy (1ß 1ß 0) œ 1, fz ("ß "ß !) œ !1
Ê L(xß yß z) œ 1 " (x ! 1) " (y ! 1) ! 1(z ! 0) œ x " y ! z ! 1
53. Let f(xß yß z) œ x# " 2y " 2z ! 4 and g(xß yß z) œ y ! 1. Then ™ f œ 2xi " 2j " 2kk a1 1 12 b œ 2i " 2j " 2k
â â
â ix sinj (y k"âz)¹
58. f ˆ0ß !ß 14 ‰ œ 1, fx ˆ!ß 0ß 14 ‰ œ !È2 sin È
â â 0 0 œ 0, fy ˆ!ß 0ß 4 ‰ œ 2 cos x cos (y " z)¹ 0 0 œ"1,
1
and ™ g œ j Ê ™ f ‚ ™ g œ â 2 2 2 â œ ! 2i " 2k Ê the line is x œ 1 ! 2t, y œ 1, z œ # " 2t
4 4

â â
fz ˆ!ß 0ß 14 ‰ œ È2 cos x cos (y " z)¹ â 0 œ"1 Ê 0 â L(xß yß z) œ 1 " 1(y ! 0) " 1 ˆz ! 14 ‰ œ 1 " y " z ! 14 ;
00 4

È2 È È È
f ˆ 14 ß ß 0‰ œ
1
, fx ˆ 14# ß 14 ß 0‰ œ ! #2 , fy ˆ 14 ß 14 ß 0‰ œ #2 , fz ˆ 14 ß 14 ß 0‰ œ #2
54.
868 Let f(x
Chapter
4
ß yß z) œ14 Partial Derivatives
#
xÈ" y È" z ! 2 and È g(xß yß z) œ y È ! 1. Then ™ È
f œÈi " 2yjÈ" kk a 12 È1 12 b œ i " 2j " k and
2 ˆ
Ê L(xß yß z) œ 2
# ! # x ! 1â4 ‰ " #2 ˆyâ! 14 ‰ " #2 (z ! 0) œ #2 ! #2 x " #2 y " #2 z
âi j kâ
59. V™œg1œr# hj Ê
Ê dV
™œf‚21™rh dr
gœ ! 1ââ r1# dh2 Ê1 ââdV
œk !
1 5i5280
21(1.5)(5280)
" kœ Ê the line is xdrœ! "#1(1.5)
! t, #y dh
œœ1, 15,840
z œ "# 1"drt ! 2.251 dh.
Copyright ©â 2010 Pearson â Education Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
You should be more careful withâ 0the diameter
" 0 â since it has a greater effect on dV.

f ˆœ
60. df
55. 1 ‰ " y)
1 (2x " dx ! ˆ 1("x1 ‰! 2y) dy Ê df œ 3 dy "Ê f ˆis1more
1 ‰ sensitive to changes in y; in fact,
4 ß 4 œ # , fx 4 ß 4 œ cos x cos yk Ð112Î4ß1Î4Ñ œ # , fy 4 ß 4 œ ! sin x sin yk Ð1Î4ß1Î4Ñ œ ! #
" near the point

(1Êß 2)L(x
a change
ß y) œ in"# "
x does
" ˆ not 1change
‰ " f.ˆ 1‰
# x ! 4 ! # y ! 4 œ # " # x ! # y; fxx (xß y) œ ! sin x cos y, fyy (xß y) œ ! sin x cos y, and
" " "

fxy (xß"y) œ ! Vcos x sin y. Thus an upper bound for E depends on the bound M used for kfxx k , kfxy k , and kfyy k .
61. dI œ R dV "ÈR dR Ê dI¸ 24 100 œ 100 "
dV " 24 dR Ê dI¸ dVœ!1ßdR# œ!20Èœ "0.01 ! (480)(.0001) œ 0.038,
" È2 100
With M œ # we have kE(xß y)k Ÿ # Š # ‹ ˆ¸x ! 14 ¸ "" ¸y ! 14 ¸‰ Ÿ 42 (0.2)# Ÿ 0.0142;20
2
or increases by 0.038 amps; % change in V œ (100) ˆ" 24 ‰ ¸ "4.17%; % change in R œ ˆ" 100 ‰ (100) œ "20%;
M 1, k
I œ 100 œ 0.24 Êß y)
with E(x k Ÿ "# (1)%ˆ¸change
x ! 14 ¸in"I ¸œ
y!dI 1 ¸‰ œ " 0.038
4 100 œ# (0.2) œ 0.02.
#
24
estimated 0.24 ‚ 100 ¸ 15.83% Ê more sensitive to voltage change.
#
œ I ‚

56. f(1ϧ 1)
62. A 1abœ 0,
ÊfxdA(1ß œ yk Ð!
1) 1œb da 1ßÑ11aœdb1, Ê ß 1)k 10œ16x œ
fy (1dA 6y1k Ðda
! 16 !15db;
1ßÑ1 !œ10 ÊdaL(xœ ß„y)0.1 (x !db1)œ!„
œ and 5(y
0.1! 1) œ x ! 5y " 4;
xx (xdA
fÊ ß y)œœ„0,26 (0.1)
fyy1(x ß y) œœ „ !6, 2.6and
1 and
fxyA(xßœy)1œ (10)(16)
1 Ê œ 1601 Êof¸ kAfxx‚k ,100
maximum dA
kfyy¸k œ ¸ 160k1fxy
, and2.6 1
is 6¸ ¸
‚k 100 Ê1.625%
Mœ6
Ê kE(xß y)k Ÿ "
# (6) akx ! 1k " ky ! 1kb# œ "
# (6)(0.1 " 0.2)# œ 0.27
63. (a) y œ uv Ê dy œ v du ! u dv; percentage change in u Ÿ 2% Ê kduk Ÿ 0.02, and percentage change in v Ÿ 3%
ß 0) kœ
57. f(1ß 0Ê dvk0,Ÿfx0.03; dy
(1ß 0ß 0)
y œ
v du ! u dv du dv
Êß 0¹ßdy
œ y !uv3zk 1œ0 0 u œ!0,v fy (1 y0)‚œ100
x"¹ œ2z¸kdu
u1 0‚
0
100 dv
ß 0) ¸œŸ2y
ß 0100
œ 1,!fzv(1‚ ¸ du k 1¸0 !
100
u!‚3x 0
¸ dv
œ v! ‚3 100¸
Ê Ÿ 2%
L(x z)3%
ß yß!œ œ 0(x5%
! 1) " (y ! 0) ! 3(z ! 0) œ y ! 3z; f(1ß 1ß 0) œ 1, fx (1ß 1ß 0) œ 1, fy (1ß 1ß 0) œ 1, fz ("ß "ß !) œ !1
dz du ! dv
(b) z œ u ! v
Ê L(xß yß z) œ 1 z" (x !
Ê œ u !1)
v "œ(yu du
!! v 1)
!! dv
u !1(z
du
!œdv
v Ÿ!u 0) v x(since
" y !u z#!0,1v # 0)
Ê ¸ dzz ‚ 100¸ Ÿ ¸ du
u ‚ 100 !
dv
v ‚ 100¸ œ ¹ dy
y ‚ 100¹
58. f ˆ0ß !ß 14 ‰ œ 1, fx ˆ!ß 0ß 14 ‰ œ !È2 sin x sin (y " z)¹ œ 0, fy ˆ!ß 0ß 14 ‰ œ È2 cos x cos (y " z)¹ œ 1,
7 ("0.425)(7) ("00.725)(7)
0 4 00 4
64. C œ 71.84w0 425 h0 725 Ê Cw œ 71.84w1 425 h0 725 and Ch œ 71.84w0 425 h1 725
fÊ ˆ dC0ßœ14 ‰ œ "È 2 cos x cos (y ""z)
2.975 ¹
5.075 œ 1 Ê L(xß yß z) œ 1 " 1(y ! 0) " 1 ˆz ! 14 ‰ œ 1 " y " z ! 14 ;
71.84w1 425 h0 725 dw ! 71.84w0 425 h0 10725 dh; thus when w œ 70 and h œ 180 we have
z !ß
4
 `u `v
Solving this system yields `x œ e!u cos v and `x œ "e!u sin v. Similarly, eu cos v " x œ 0
`u `v `u `v
Ê aeu cos vb `y " aeu sin vb `y œ 0 and eu sin v " y œ 0 Ê aeu sin vb `y ! aeu cos vb `y œ 1. Solving this
`u `v
second system yields `y œ e!u sin v and `y œ e!u cos v. Therefore Š `` ux i ! `u
`y j‹ † Š `` vx i ! `v
`y j‹
œ cae cos vb i ! ae sin vb jd † ca"e
!u !u !u
sin vb i ! ae !u
cos vb jd œ 0 Ê the vectors are orthogonal Ê the angle
between the vectors is the constant 1# .

`g `f `x `f `y `f `f
96. `) œ `x `) ! `y `) œ ("r sin )) `x ! (r cos )) `y
` g ` f `y ` f `y
Ê `) œ ("r sin )) Š `` xf `x
`) ! ` y` x ` ) ‹ " (r cos )) `f
`x ! (r cos )) Š ``x`fy `x
`) ! `y `) ‹ " (r sin )) `f
`y
`y `y
œ ("r sin )) Š `` x) ! `) ‹ " (r cos )) ! (r cos )) Š `` x) ! `) ‹ " (r sin ))
œ ("r sin ) ! r cos ))("r sin ) ! r cos )) " (r cos ) ! r sin )) œ ("2)("2) " (0 ! 2) œ 4 " 2 œ 2 at
(rß )) œ ˆ2ß 1# ‰ .

97. (y ! z)# ! (z " x)# œ 16 Ê ™ f œ "2(z " x)i ! 2(y ! z)j ! 2(y ! 2z " x)k ; if the normal line is parallel to the
yz-plane, then x is constant Ê `` xf œ 0 Ê "2(z " x) œ 0 Ê z œ x Ê (y ! z)# ! (z " z)# œ 16 Ê y ! z œ „ 4.
Let x œ t Ê z œ t Ê y œ "t „ 4. Therefore the points are (tß "t „ 4ß t), t a real number.

98. Let f(xß yß z) œ xy ! yz ! zx " x " z# œ 0. If the tangent plane is to be parallel to the xy-plane, then ™ f is
perpendicular to the xy-plane Ê ™ f † i œ 0 and ™ f † j œ 0. Now ™ f œ (y ! z " 1)i ! (x ! z)j ! (y ! x " 2z)k
so that ™ f † i œ y ! z " 1 œ 0 Ê y ! z œ 1 Ê y œ 1 " z, and ™ f † j œ x ! z œ 0 Ê x œ "z. Then
"z(1 " z) ! (" " z)z ! z("z) " ("z) " z# œ 0 Ê z " 2z# œ 0 Ê z œ "# or z œ 0. Now z œ "# Ê x œ " "# and y œ "
#
Ê ˆ" "# ß "# ß "# ‰ is one desired point; z œ 0 Ê x œ 0 and y œ 1 Ê (0ß 1ß 0) is a second desired point.

`f `f `g
99. ™ f œ -(xi ! yj ! zk) Ê `x œ -x Ê f(xß yß z) œ "
# -x# ! g(yß z) for some function g Ê -y œ `y œ `y
876 Chapter
Ê g(y 14
ß z) œ "# - y# Partial
! h(z) forDerivatives
some function h Ê -z œ `` zf œ `` gz œ hw (z) Ê h(z) œ #" -z# ! C for some arbitrary
constant C Ê g(yß z) œ # -y ! ˆ "# -z# ! C‰ Ê f(xß yß z) œ "# -x# ! "# -y# ! "# -z# ! C Ê f(0ß 0ß a) œ "# -a# ! C
" #
ˆ df
100. and ‰ "œ lim#
f(0 ! su ß 0 ! su ß 0 ! su )"f(0ß 0ß 0)
,s!
dsf(0uß (0
0ß0"
0) a) œ -("a) 0! C Ê f(0ß 0ß a) s œ f(0ß 0ß "a) for any0constant a, as claimed.
876 Chapter#14s Ä Partial Derivatives
És u ! s u ! s u " 0
œ lim s ,s!0
sÄ0
100. ˆ df ‰
ds u (0 0 0) œ limsÉ©
Copyright
f(0 ! su ß 0 ! su ß 0 ! su )"f(0ß 0ß 0)
u 2010
! u !Pearson
, s ! 0 as Addison-Wesley.
sEducation Inc. Publishing
s
œ lim Ä 0 u
œ lim kuk œ 1;
s
sÄ0 És u ! s u !ss Ä
u "00
however, ™ f œ Èœx !xlim i y
Èx ! ys ! z j
,s!
z 0
Èx ! y ! z k fails to exist at the origin (0ß 0ß 0)
sÄ0
y !z
""
sÉ u ! u ! u
œ lim œ lim kuk œ 1;
101. Let f(xß yß z) œ xy "szÄ # 20 Ê ™sf œ yi " xjs "Äk 0. At (1ß 1ß 1), we have ™ f œ i " j " k Ê the normal line is
x œ 1 " t, ™ x 1 " t, so at t œy#1 Ê x œ 0, yz œ 0, z œ 0 and the normal line passes through the origin.
y œf 1œ" t, z œ
however, i ""
Èx ! y ! z j k fails to exist at the origin (0ß 0ß 0)
Èx ! y ! z Èx ! y ! z

102. (b) f(xß yß z) œ x# # y# " z# œ 4

101. Let f(x
Ê ß y™ß z)f œ
œ2xxyi #
"2yz#j "22zÊk Ê™ atfœ i"
(2ßy# xj " k . At (1ß 1ß 1), we have ™ f œ i " j " k Ê the normal line is
3ß 3)
x œthe
1" t, y œis1 "
gradient ™ t,f œ
zœ4i 1""
6jt, so
" 6katwhich
tœ# is1 Ê x œ 0, y œ 0, z œ 0 and the normal line passes through the origin.
normal to the surface
102. (c)
(b) Tangent
f(xß yß z) œ x#4x
plane: #"y#6y""z#6zœœ48 or
2xÊ" 3y™ " f3zœœ2x4i # 2yj " 2zk Ê at (2ß #3ß 3)
Normal
the gradientxisœ ™
line: 2 "f 4t,
œ y4iœ""
#63j " 6t,
6kzwhich
œ 3 "is6t
normal to the surface
(c) Tangent plane: 4x " 6y " 6z œ 8 or
2x " 3y " 3z œ 4
Normal line: x œ 2 " 4t, y œ #3 " 6t, z œ 3 " 6t

CHAPTER 14 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES

fx (0ß h) " fx (0ß 0)

1. By definition, fxy (!ß 0) œ lim h so we need to calculate the first partial derivatives in the
hÄ0
numerator. For (xß y) Á (0ß 0) we calculate fx (xß y) by applying the differentiation rules to the formula for
x y"y ax ! y b (2x) " ax " y b (2x) x y"y 4x y
f(xß y): fx (xß y) œ
x !y x !y " (xy) œ " Ê fx (0ß h) œ # hh œ #h.
CHAPTER 14 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED
ax ! y b EXERCISES
ax ! y b
f(hß 0) " f(0ß0) 0"0
For (xß y) œ (0ß 0) we apply the definition: fx (!ß 0) œ lim h œ lim h œ 0. Then by definition
hÄ0 hÄ0
"h " 0 fx (0ß h) " fx (0ß 0) fy (hß 0) " fy (!ß 0)
1. fBy
xy (0ßdefinition,
0) œ lim fxy (h!ß 0)œœ
#1.lim
Similarly, fhyx (0ß 0) so
œ welimneed tohcalculate , so the first
for (x ß y) partial
Á (0ß 0)derivatives
we have in the
hÄ0 hÄ0 hÄ0
x " xy 4x y
fnumerator.
y (xß y) œ x !For (xß y) Á (0ß 0) we calculate fx (x
y # ax ! y b Ê fy (hß 0) œ h œ h;
h ß y)
for (xßby
y) applying
œ (0ß 0) we theobtain
differentiation rules f(0
fy (0ß 0) œ lim toß h)the
" f(!ß 0)
h
formula for
hÄ0
f(xßlim
œ y): f0x"(x0ß œ x y"y
y) 0.œ Then
x ! yby" (xy) ax f!yxy(0bß(2x)
definition
" ax " y b (2x)
0) œ lim h "h 0 œ
ax ! y hb Ä 0
x y"y
œ 1.
x !Note
y " that
4x y
ax !
Á ffyx
fxyy(0bß 0)Ê x (0
(0ßß h)
0) in # hhcase.
œ this œ #h.
hÄ0 h
f(hß 0) " f(0ß0) 0"0
For (xß y) œ (0ß 0) we apply the definition: fx (!ß 0) œ lim h œ lim œ 0. Then by definition
`w hÄ0 `w hÄ0 h
2. `x œ 1 " ex cos y Ê w œ x " ex cos y " g(y);
"h " 0 `y œ #ex sin y "
fy (hgß 0)
w
(y)
" fœ 2y # ex sin y Ê gw (y) œ 2y
y (!ß 0)
fxy (0ß 0) œ #lim œ #1. Similarly, fyx (0ß 0) œ lim , so for (xß y) Á (0ß 0) we have
"0C; whœ ln 2 when x œ ln 2 and y œ 0 Êh Ä
Ê g(y) œ yh Ä ln 20 œ ln 2 h" eln 2 cos 0 " 0# " C Ê 0 œ 2 " C