Fluid Dynamics

Unit-I
Properties of Fluids
Delivered by,
Dr Sanjay Nikhade
Associate Professor,
SUN
Syllabus
• Unit I:
• A)Properties of Fluid B)Fluid Statics

• Unit II: A)Buoyancy B)Dimensional Analysis

• Unit III: Fluid Kinematics

• Unit IV: Fluid Dynamics

• Unit V:A) Flow through Pipes B)Laminar

flow and Viscus effects
 Syllabus

• Unit I:fluid - Fluid Statics

,pascal’s law,
Pressure measurement: pressure scale, piezometer,
barometer, manometer -
simple, inclined, differential, micro manometer, inverted
Forces acting on surfaces immersed in fluid: total
pressure and center of pressure on submerged plane
surfaces, curved surface submerged in liquid
Unit I Properties of Fluid
Time Allotted :- 9 hours

Definition of fluid, concept of continuum, density, specific weight, specific gravity,

viscosity, viscosity laws, types of fluid and rheology, measurement of viscosity,
 What is Fluids ?
• The Fluid is the Substance which undergoes continuous deformation under the
action of infinitely small Shear stress.

• It is the substance Capable of flowing.

• It has no shape of its own but contained its volume.
• Fluids consist of Liquids and Gases
Solids, Liquids and Gases
 Ideal Fluid and Real
Fluids
Ideal Fluids
• The fluids which has no viscosity, no surface
tension and is ideally incompressible is called as
Ideal Fluids.
• Ideal fluids are imaginary fluids and do not exist
in nature
• Water and Air are treated as Ideal fluid for study
purpose.
Real Fluids
• The Fluids existing in nature which has viscosity,
surface tension and can be incompressible and
compressible in nature are called as real fluids.
 Fluid Mechanics
• The branch of science and engineering which deals
with the study of fluid at rest or in motion with and
without considering the forces acting on it.
Three branches of Fluid

Mechanics Fluid Statics- The study

Fluid
of fluid at rest
The study of fluidin
without considering themotion
Kinematics- forces.

Fluid Dynamics- The study of fluidin Fluid mechanics deals with liquids
considering the forces.
motion and gases in motion or at rest.
Application of Fluid Mechanics
Units and Dimensions
• Unit- Standards in terms of which the physical
.
specifiedquantities are

• Primary/Fundamental Quantities
Mass, Length ,Time, Temperature.
• Secondary / Derived Quantities
• Dimensions-
Velocity, density, Therepresentation
acceleration.etc of secondary or derived
quantities in terms of primary or fundamental quantities.
Notations of Dimensions: [ Ma Lb Tc ]
SI Prefixes
ASSIGNMENTS -1
 Properties of Fluid – Mass and Mass Density
Mass: The quantitative measure of matter is called as mass.
Denoted by ‘m’
Unit : gram(cgs) and Kg (SI).
Dimensions: [M1 L0 T0]
Mass Density : The mass per unit volume of the body.
Denoted by ‘ρ’ (rho) 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
3 3
Unit : gram/cm (cgs) and Kg/m (SI).
Dimensions: [M1 L-3 T 0]
For Water: Mass density of water is 1000
kg/m3 For Mercury: Mass density is 13600
kg/m3
 Specific
Weight
Specific Weight/Weight Density : The weight per unit volume of the
body. 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
Specific weight=
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
Denoted by ‘γ’ (Gamma)
Unit : dyne/cm3(cgs) and N/m3 (SI).
• Dimensions: [M1 L-2 T -2]
Relation between mass density and specific weight:
𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔.𝒈
Specific weight= =
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
γ = ρg
For water: γw = ρw g = 1000 x 9.81 =9810 N/m3 or 9.81 kN/m3
Specific
Volume
Specific Volume: The ratio of volume of the fluid
per unit mass of the fluid is called as specific
volume.
It is denoted by vs 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝟏
Specific volume = =
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑽 𝟏
vs = 𝒎 = ρ
Its Unit is m3/ Kg.
Dimensions: [M-1 L3 T 0]
Specific gravity
Specific gravity: The ratio of specific weight of the fluid to
the specific weight of the standard fluid.(water)
Denoted by ‘s’
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
Specific gravity=
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅

s = Υ 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
Υ
It is unit less and dimensionless 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

Specific gravity of water(sw) is

1.
Numericals
Numericals
Viscosity
Viscosity: It is defined as the property of the fluid by virtue of which
the fluid offers resistance to deformation under the action of shear stress.
Newton’s Law of
Viscosity
It States that, “Shear Stress is directly proportional to the rate
of Shear stain or Velocity Gradient.”
 Units and Dimensions of Viscosity
Unit

Dimensions
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
μ=
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 2
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 [𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒]
[μ] =
[𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ] 2
𝑀1𝐿1𝑇 − 2 𝑥 [𝑀0𝐿0𝑇1]
[μ] =
[𝑀0𝐿2𝑇0]
[𝝁] = [𝑴𝟏𝑳 − 𝟏𝑻 − 𝟏]
 Effect of Temperature on Viscosity of the
fluids
• In case of Liquids , viscosity is due
to molecular attraction (cohesive
forces)
• Thus, Viscosity of Liquid decreases
with increase in temperature.
• In case of gases, the viscosity is due
to molecular momentum exchange.
• Thus, viscosity of gases
increase
with increase in temperature
 Classification of fluids based on the viscosity
Based on Newton’s Law of Viscosity, The fluids are classified
as
1. Newtonian fluid 𝒅𝒖
τ= 𝝁
𝒅𝒚
Eg. Glycerine, kerosene,
air,water,alcohol
1. Non Newtonian Fluid 𝒅𝒖 𝒏
τ= 𝝁
𝒅𝒚
a. Dilatant fluids ( n > 1)
Eg. Starch,butter, sugar
solutions.
b. Pseudoplastic fluids ( n < 1)
Eg. Slurries, mud, polymer solution, gums, blood, milk,
paperpulp.
The key difference between Newtonian Newtonian fluids are fluids having a
and non Newtonian fluids is that constant viscosity and a zero shear rate at
Newtonian fluids have a zero shear stress.
constant viscosity, That means; the shear rate is directly
whereas non-Newtonian fluids have a proportional to shear stress.
variable viscosity. In other words, the ratio of the shear
stress to the shear rate is constant
throughout the fluid.
Non-Newtonian fluids are the fluids that have a variable viscosity and a variable relationship
with shear stress. It is because these fluids do not follow Newton’s law of viscosity. The
viscosity of these fluids can change under force. i.e. some liquids such as sauce are runnier
when the bottle is shaken. Most fluids we know are non-Newtonian fluids. Many salt
solutions, molten polymers and many other fluids can be categorized into this group.
Differentiate between Newtonian and
Non-Newtonian fluids.
 Classification of fluids based on the viscosity
3. Ideal Plastic/ Bingham Plastic Fluids
𝒅𝒖
τ= 𝝉𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 + 𝝁
𝒅𝒚
Eg. Sewage sludge, toothpaste, oil paint, jellies.
4. Thixotropic Fluids.
𝒅𝒖 𝒏
τ= 𝝉𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 + 𝝁
𝒅𝒚
Eg. Printer ink, Lipstick.
 Kinematic Viscosity
Kinematic Viscosity: It is defined as the ratio of the absolute viscosity to mass
density of the fluid.
It is denoted by Greek Symbol ν (nu). Units
In S. I. System, m2/s
In CGS System, cm2/s
. 1 Stoke = 1 cm2/s.

Dimensions
μ
[ν] =
[ρ] − −
1 1 1
[ν] = 𝑀 𝐿− 𝑇
3 0
1
[𝑀 𝐿 𝑇]
0 2 -1
[𝑣] = [ M L T ]
Figure : A Non-Newtonian Fluid
The examples of Newtonian fluids are as follows:
1. Water: A well-known illustration of a Newtonian fluid is water. Under typical circumstances, it
shows a constant viscosity, which means that regardless of the applied shear force or shear rate, its
flow behaviour stays constant
2. Air: Air is also a Newtonian fluid, similar to water. Even under a variety of shear situations, it
exhibits predictable flow properties and a steady viscosity.
3. Gasoline: Another illustration of a Newtonian fluid is gasoline. Regardless of the shear force or
shear rate, it flows freely and maintains a consistent viscosity
The examples of Non-Newtonian fluids are as follows:
1. Ketchup: Ketchup is a non-Newtonian fluid that exhibits shear-thinning behaviour. When at rest,
it is thick and has a high viscosity. However, when a shear stress is applied (such as when pouring or
squeezing the bottle), its viscosity decreases, allowing it to flow more easily.
2. Toothpaste: Another typical illustration of a non-Newtonian fluid is toothpaste. When pressure is
applied during toothbrushing, it behaves like a shear-thinning fluid, becoming less viscous and
flowing more freely.
3. Polymer solutions: Polymer-containing solutions, such as those found in some industrial
processes or cosmetics, frequently display non-Newtonian behaviour. Depending on the particular
polymer and concentration, they may exhibit shear-thinning or shear-thickening capabilities
 Unit-I
(B) Fluid Statics
Syllabus

• Unit I: Fluid Statics

Laws of fluid statics: forces acting on fluid element, pascal’s law, hydrostatics
law, hydraulic ram
Pressure measurement: pressure scale, piezometer, barometer, manometer -
simple, inclined, differential, micro manometer, inverted
Forces acting on surfaces immersed in fluid: total pressure and center of pressure on
submerged plane surfaces, curved surface submerged in liquid
Intensity of pressure on the
fluid

SI Unit - N/m2
Dimension –
CGS Unit – dyne /cm2
[p]= [ F] / [A]
= [ M1L1T-2] / [M0L2T0]
= [M1L-1T-2]
 Pascals
Law
It States that,” the pressure or intensity of pressure at a point in a static fluid is equal in all directions”.

Consider an wedge shaped element of dimensions dx, dy

and ds in x , y and s directions respectively.
Let, its width perpendicular to the plane be unity.
Let, px , py and ps be the intensity of pressure on face AB, AC
and BC respectively.

Thus, The forces action on the element are

1. Pressure forces acting on each faces
2. Weight of the element in downward direction
Pascals
Law
Volume of
trainle=(1/2
base x ht)
Applications of Pascals
Law
 Hydrostatic
Law
It states that, “ The rate of increase of the pressure in the vertically downward direction
must be equal to the specific weight of that element.”
 Hydrostatic
Law
For equilibrium of the fluid, we
have
Numericals on Hydraulic Ram
Numericals
Types of
Pressure
Numericals
 Pressure
Measurement
The pressure measuring systems are classified into two types
1. Manometers
Manometers are defined as the devices used for the
measuring the pressure at a point in the fluid by balancing the
column of the fluid by the same or another fluid.
Ex:- Piezometers, U-tube Manometers, etc.

2. Mechanical Gauges
Mechanical gauges are defined as the devices used for
measuring the pressure by balancing the column of the fluid by
some mechanical arrangement.
Ex:- Diaphragm Pressure gauge, Bourdon pressure gauge,
Dead-weight pressure gauge, Bellow pressure gauge.
 Manometer
s
The Manometers are further classified onto two types
1. Simple Manometers and 2. Differential Manometers
Simple Manometers
A simple Manometer consist of a simple glass tube having one of its end
connected to the point where pressure is to be measure and other end remains open to
atmosphere.

Piezometers- It is the most simplest type of manometers

In this manometer, a simple glass tube having one of its end
connected to the point where pressure is to be measure and
other end remains open to atmosphere.
The rise of liquid in the tube corresponds to pressure head.
If at a point A, h is the height of liquid in the piezometer tube
then
 Manometer
s
U-Tube i. For Gauge Pressure
Manometers
 Manometer
s
U-Tube ii. For Vacuum
Manometers Pressure
Numerical
 Manometer
Single Tube
s
Manometer

Here, A>> a, thus the ratio (a x h2 / A) is

neglected
 Manometer
s Tube
Inclined
Manometer
Manometer
s
Manometer
s
Manometer
s
Numerical
Numerical
Mechanical Gauges

Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge

TOTAL PRESSURE AND CENTER PRESSURE
TOTAL PRESSURE AND CENTER PRESSURE
TOTAL PRESSURE AND CENTER PRESSURE
TOTAL PRESSURE AND CENTER PRESSURE
TOTAL PRESSURE AND CENTER PRESSURE
TOTAL PRESSURE AND CENTER PRESSURE
TOTAL PRESSURE AND CENTER PRESSURE
Thank
You