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 Thermodynamics

The branch of physics which deals with

Conversion of heat into other forms of energy
 Ideal Gas Characteristics

● Gases are made up of large no

of molecules

● Collisions between molecules

are Elastic in nature.
● Separation between molecules
is very large as compare to size
of molecule

● The intermolecular force of

attraction between molecules
is zero
Mean free path
 Mean free path

● The average distance travelled between two

consecutive collisions is known as mean free path.

n = No. of molecules per

unit volume
d = Diameter of molecules
 Ideal Gas Equation

● PV=nRT
● PM0= 𝞺RT
KTG

v3
v1

v2
 KTG

● Average speed
v3
v1

● RMS speed v2
Pressure
RMS Speed
 fraction of
molecules having
velocity v
Maxwell Distribution Curve

Speed
Maxwell Distribution Curve

Average speed

vmps = speed possessed by

max no of molecules
Internal Energy

v1

v2
 Internal Energy

It is the sum of kinetic & potential energy of

molecules of a gas. For ideal gas, PE=0 since
there is no intermolecular attraction.
 Let us define
degrees of freedom
 Degrees of freedom (f):

Number of independent terms in the

expression of energy of gas is called
as degree of freedom (f).
 Degree of Freedom

Types Monoatomic Diatomic/ Triatomic linear Triatomic non-linear

Modes 3 translational 3 translational 3 translational

(Room temp) 3 5 6
0 rotational 2 rotational 3 rotational
Law of Equipartition Energy

Each degree of freedom

of gas has kT/2 energy.
 Internal Energy

● U per molecule per degree of freedom = KT/2

● U per mole per degree of freedom = (NA)(KT/2)
= RT/2
● U per mole for f degrees of freedom = fRT/2
● U for n moles of gas = fnRT/2
Let, v, vrms and vp respectively denote the mean speed, root mean
square speed and most probable speed of the molecules in an
ideal monoatomic gas at absolute temperature T. The mass of the
molecule is m. Then

no molecule can have a speed

A
greater than

no molecule can have a speed

B
less than

C v < vp < vrms

the average kinetic energy of the

D
molecules is
Let, v, vrms and vp respectively denote the mean speed, root mean
square speed and most probable speed of the molecules in an
ideal monoatomic gas at absolute temperature T. The mass of the
molecule is m. Then

no molecule can have a speed

A
greater than

no molecule can have a speed

B
less than

C v < vp < vrms

the average kinetic energy of the

D
molecules is
Work Done by Gas
 Work Done by Gas

● dW = F dx
● dW = (PA)dx

P
W W

● W = Area under P-V Graph V

 Positive & Negative work

● Work done by gas is +ve in expansion.

● Work done by gas is –ve in compression.

P
W

V
 Let us start with
First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
 First Law of Thermodynamics

The heat transfer into the system

is responsible for change in
internal energy of gas and work
done by the Gas. i.e.

ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
 First Law of Thermodynamics

Heat supplied to the system + Ve

ΔQ
Heat drawn from the system – Ve

Temperature Increases +Ve

ΔU
Temperature Decreases – Ve
 Molar Specific Heat (C)

It is the heat required to raise temperature of

one mole of substance by unit degree Celsius.

● SI unit is J mol–1 °C–1]

● C depends on process. e.g for
Adiabatic C = 0 , Isothermal C = ∞
 Specific Heat(C)

● We define two principal molar

specific heats of a gas CP & CV.
 Specific Heat(C)

● Mayor’s Formula:

C P - C V= R
 Molar Specific Heat C

CV CP 𝛾

Monoatomic

Diatomic or Linear
Triatomic
Triatomic Non
3R 4R
Linear
Molar Specific Heat C for mixtures
 Let us move over to
Thermodynamic Processes
Isobaric Process
 Isobaric Process

W = PΔV P P, V’1 P, V2 P, V”1

ΔU = nCvΔT
dW > 0 dW < 0
ΔQ = nCPΔT dU > 0 dU < 0
dQ > 0 dQ < 0
V
= Constant
T
V
Isochoric Process
 Isochoric Process

P
P’1, V dW = 0
ΔW = 0
dU < 0
P2, V dQ < 0
ΔQ = ΔU = nCV ΔT
P dW = 0
= Constant P”1, V dU > 0
T dQ > 0 V
Isothermal Process
 Isothermal Process

P
P1

ΔU = 0 P2

V1 V2 V
Adiabatic Process
 Adiabatic Process

● ΔQ = 0

PVγ = C1

TVγ–1 = C2

P1–γ Tγ = C3
 Adiabatic Process

P
ΔU = -n CvΔT (P1 ,V1)
P1

P2 (P2
,V2)

V1 V2 V
Remember !!!!
Adiabatic slope is steeper
than isothermal slope.

C
Cyclic Process
 Cyclic Process

● ΔU = 0
● W = Area enclosed by cycle

B C

Pressure A D

Volume
Free Expansion

Vacuum
 Heat is given to an ideal gas in an isothermal process.
A. Internal energy of the gas will decrease.
B. Internal energy of the gas will increase.
C. Internal energy of the gas will not change.
D. The gas will do positive work.
E. The gas will do negative work.
30 Jan 2023
Shift 1 Choose the correct answer from the options given below

A A & E only

B B & D Only

C C & E Only

D C & D Only
 Heat is given to an ideal gas in an isothermal process.
A. Internal energy of the gas will decrease.
B. Internal energy of the gas will increase.
C. Internal energy of the gas will not change.
D. The gas will do positive work.
E. The gas will do negative work.
30 Jan 2023
Shift 1 Choose the correct answer from the options given below

A A & E only

B B & D Only

C C & E Only

D C & D Only
 Match List I with List II:
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
25 Jan 2023
Shift 2

List I List II A A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV

Work done by the gas decreases
A. Isothermal Process I.
internal energy
B A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
B. Adiabatic Process II. No change in internal energy

The heat absorbed goes partly C A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III

C. Isochoric Process III. to increase internal energy and
partly to do work

D. Isobaric Process IV. No work is done on or by the gas D A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
 Match List I with List II:
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
25 Jan 2023
Shift 2

List I List II A A-II, B-I, C-III, D-IV

Work done by the gas decreases
A. Isothermal Process I.
internal energy
B A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
B. Adiabatic Process II. No change in internal energy

The heat absorbed goes partly C A-I, B-II, C-IV, D-III

C. Isochoric Process III. to increase internal energy and
partly to do work

D. Isobaric Process IV. No work is done on or by the gas D A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
 A sample of gas at temperature T is adiabatically expanded to double
its volume. The work done by the gas in the process is (Given : 𝛄 = 3/2)
1 Feb 2023
Shift 1

D
 A sample of gas at temperature T is adiabatically expanded to double
its volume. The work done by the gas in the process is (Given : 𝛄 = 3/2)
1 Feb 2023
Shift 1

D
A gas undergoes a cyclic process as shown. Find efficiency of
cycle starting from A.

B C
2P0

P0 D
A

V0 2V0
Find specific heat for monoatomic gas for process
(i) PV3 = Constant (ii) PV3/2 = constant

D R
Solution:

Process described by the equation, PV3 = constant

For a polytropic process, PV𝛼 = constant

(ii) Pv3/2
Find specific heat for monoatomic gas for process
(i) PV3 = Constant (ii) PV3/2 = constant

D R
Same gas having characteristics P1, V1,T1 & P2, V2, T2 is placed in
two chambers as shown. FInd final temperature & pressure of
mixture if knob is removed. Assume no heat is loss from the
container.
 Let us start with
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Kelvin Planck Statement:

“It is impossible to construct a heat engine
which would give 100% efficiency.”
Carnot Cycle
Efficiency of Carnot Cycle

A(P1,V1) Heat absorbed

T1
B(P2,V2)

T2 C(P3,V3)
D(P4,V4)

Heat rejected
 A carnot engine with efficiency 50% takes heat from a source at
600K. In order to increase the efficiency to 70%, keeping the
25 Jan 2023
temperature of sink same, the new temperature of the source will be
Shift 1

A 360 K

B 1000 K

C 900 K

D 300 K
 A carnot engine with efficiency 50% takes heat from a source at
600K. In order to increase the efficiency to 70%, keeping the
25 Jan 2023
temperature of sink same, the new temperature of the source will be
Shift 1

A 360 K

B 1000 K

C 900 K

D 300 K
 A Carnot engine operating between two reservoirs has efficiency ⅓.
When the temperature of cold reservoir raised by x, its efficiency
decreases to ⅙. The value of x, if the temperature of hot reservoir is
01 Feb 2023 99° C, will be:
Shift 2

A 16.5 K

B 33 K

C 66 K

D 62 K
 A Carnot engine operating between two reservoirs has efficiency ⅓.
When the temperature of cold reservoir raised by x, its efficiency
decreases to ⅙. The value of x, if the temperature of hot reservoir is
01 Feb 2023 99° C, will be:
Shift 2

A 16.5 K

B 33 K

C 66 K

D 62 K
 Clausius Statement

“It is impossible to Construct a Refrigerator unaided by any

external agency, which would transfer heat from a body at a
lower temperature to another body at a higher temperature.”
 Heat Pump or principle of
Refrigeration

● A refrigerator/Heat Pump is used to cool things.

● It can be regarded as Carnot engine working in
reverse direction.

Q1 Q2
SOURCE AT WORKING SINK AT
TEMP. T1 SUBSTANCE TEMP. T2

W
ELECTRIC
MOTOR
Let us start with

Entropy
 Entropy

● It is the degree of
Randomness of a
system
A B
 Entropy

where ΔQ = heat absorbed

at temperature T A B
The temperature-entropy diagram of a reversible engine cycle is
given in the fig. Find efficiency of engine?

T A 1/2
B
2T0
B 1/4

T0 A C C 1/3
S
S0 2S0 D 2/3
The temperature-entropy diagram of a reversible engine cycle is
given in the fig. Find efficiency of engine?

T A 1/2
B
2T0
B 1/4

T0 A C C 1/3
S
S0 2S0 D 2/3