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28 - Jarzynski1990 - Mechanisms of Sound Attenuation in Materials
28 - Jarzynski1990 - Mechanisms of Sound Attenuation in Materials
Jacek Jarzynski
0097-6156/90/0424-0167$11.25A)
© 1990 American Chemical Society
m a j o r i t y of the above a p p l i c a t i o n s i n v o l v e e i t h e r
r e d u c t i o n of the r e f l e c t i o n (echo), or r e d u c t i o n of
transmission, f o r an a i r or water-borne sound wave
i n c i d e n t on a s o l i d s t r u c t u r e (such as a w a l l , or a duct,
in a building). Another, r e l a t e d , f i e l d of a p p l i c a t i o n
f o r sound a t t e n u a t i n g m a t e r i a l s i s noise r e d u c t i o n , that
is, r e d u c t i o n of r a d i a t i o n of sound from s o l i d structures
such as machinery and a p p l i a n c e s . Here the sound
a t t e n u a t i n g m a t e r i a l i s o f t e n a p p l i e d as a damping l a y e r
t o reduce the l e v e l of v i b r a t i o n of s e l e c t e d components
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of the s t r u c t u r e .
Publication Date: May 1, 1990 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1990-0424.ch010
p = p cos (kx-(*)t + (p )
Q Q (1)
(2)
i(kx-(jt + 0 ) Q
(3)
P =
c = Af = u/k . (4)
-ax i(k'x-cjt)
v 1
p = p e Q .e (5)
/ c x
A
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Publication Date: May 1, 1990 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1990-0424.ch010
The expression f o r the sound wave now has the same form,
p = p e x p [ i (k*x-o)t) ], as i n a l o s s l e s s medium.
Q The
complex wavenumber, s u b s t i t u t e d i n Eq.4, d e f i n e s a
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c = —- (7)
k
2
M* = M' -iM" = pc* (8)
2
/2 2
( k - a ) + i(2k'a) = (1+ir) (9)
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2
M' (1+r )
Publication Date: May 1, 1990 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1990-0424.ch010
10
r = tan 5 = ( >
SL = -10 l o g | E! J = -20 l o g j J
XL (14)
Pr V Z
o Pt
2 Z
a
(16)
p. z a + z o ' p. z zo
a +
important q u a n t i t y r e l a t e d t o r e f l e c t i o n and t r a n s m i s s i o n
Publication Date: May 1, 1990 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1990-0424.ch010
a
Publication Date: May 1, 1990 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1990-0424.ch010
K +
2 (18)
c.L
P
A i r or Water
p c
a a
Acoustic coating
A i r or Water
Publication Date: May 1, 1990 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1990-0424.ch010
£ 60 r
Q
55
D
O
CO
Q
W
CJ
w
.J
w
500
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 3. Wedge absorber i n a i r . Glass wool
wedge.
a
which i s a l t e r n a t e l y higher and lower than t h e impedance
Z Q o f the surrounding medium. When Z < Z
a Q i t f o l l o w s from
Eq.16 t h a t the phase o f p r i s reversed on r e f l e c t i o n , and
the r e f l e c t e d sound i n t e r f e r e s d e s t r u c t i v e l y ( i n t h e
b a c k s c a t t e r d i r e c t i o n ) with sound r e f l e c t e d from an
adjacent high impedance t i l e . I f the a c o u s t i c t i l e s a r e
arranged i n a random p a t t e r n , with a range o f values o f
Z , the i n c i d e n t sound i s converted t o a d i f f u s e
a
r e f l e c t e d sound f i e l d . T h i s arrangement has a p p l i c a t i o n
i n a r c h i t e c t u r a l a c o u s t i c s [16,17,18].
A second mechnism f o r sound a t t e n u a t i o n i s mode
conversion. The sound waves i n a i r o r water a r e
l o n g i t u d i n a l waves, where the p a r t i c l e motion i s p a r a l l e l
to t h e d i r e c t i o n o f sound propagation. With a p p r o p r i a t e
boundary c o n d i t i o n s the l o n g i t u d i n a l deformation can be
converted t o shear deformation or t o viscous flow.
Conversion t o v i s c o u s flow i s most r e a d i l y achieved a t
Viscous liquid
Publication Date: May 1, 1990 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1990-0424.ch010
Water
2
n
1 + (20)
the w a l l o f the c a v i t y .
The a i r microbubbles convert l o n g i t u d i n a l s t r a i n t o
shear s t r a i n . The need f o r t h i s type o f c o n v e r s i o n i s as
follows. I t i s shown i n the next s e c t i o n t h a t i n a
v i s c o e l a s t i c m a t e r i a l the l o s s tangent f o r compressional
s t r a i n i s r e l a t i v e l y small (tan 5 ^ 0.1), w h i l e the l o s s
tangents f o r both e x t e n s i o n a l and shear s t r a i n s can be
l a r g e (tan 8 * 1 ) . A l o n g i t u d i n a l sound wave propagating
through a v i s c o e l a s t i c m a t e r i a l produces both
compressional and shear s t r a i n s . However, s i n c e the bulk
modulus i s one or two orders o f magnitude g r e a t e r than
the shear modulus, the f r a c t i o n of a c o u s t i c energy stored
i n the shear s t r a i n i s s m a l l . Therefore, t o achieve h i g h
a t t e n u a t i o n of the l o n g i t u d i n a l wave i t i s necessary
f i r s t t o convert the compressional s t r a i n energy t o
e i t h e r shear o r e x t e n s i o n a l s t r a i n energy. Note t h a t an
i s o t r o p i c m a t e r i a l has only two independent elastic
moduli. Therefore a given conversion o f energy can be
regarded as being from compressional t o e i t h e r shear o r
e x t e n s i o n a l s t r a i n , depending on whether the shear o r
e x t e n s i o n a l modulus i s chosen as the second independent
modulus.
I t i s i n s t r u c t i v e t o c o n s i d e r the p r e d i c t i o n s o f t h e
mean f i e l d model f o r the above type of composite. A
f r e q u e n t l y used mean f i e l d model i s t h a t o f Kerner [32],
K* = K * ( l - 0 ) / ( l + 3K*0/4G ) o (21)
* *
where K and G are the bulk and shear moduli,
o o
r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f the v i s c o e l a s t i c polymer and <t> i s the
volume f r a c t i o n o f a i r . For v i s c o e l a s t i c polymers K* i s
t y p i c a l l y one t o two orders of magnitude l a r g e r than G * .
A l s o , as d i s c u s s e d i n the next s e c t i o n , shear waves are
s t r o n g l y absorbed i n v i s c o l e a s t i c polymers, and t h e r e f o r e
G* has a l a r g e imaginary component. Therefore, both the
* *
magnitude and the imaginary p a r t of the term 3 K 0 / 4 G q q are
large. P h y s i c a l l y t h i s term corresponds t o conversion o f
d i l a t a t i o n a l t o shear (or extensional) deformation a t the
boundaries of the a i r microbubbles, and subsequent
d i s s i p a t i o n o f the shear deformation as heat i n the
v i s c o e l a s t i c polymer. According t o s c a t t e r i n g theory the
conversion o f energy occurs as f o l l o w s . When the
l o n g i t u d i n a l wavelength i s much g r e a t e r than the diameter
of the c a v i t y , the s c a t t e r i n g of sound by the c a v i t y i s
due t o a combination o f two motions a t the boundary,
namely a r a d i a l motion and a t r a n s l a t i o n a l motion, as
shown i n F i g . 7 . Both motions c o n t r i b u t e t o c o n v e r s i o n o f
compressional s t r a i n energy. The r a d i a l motion i s
analyzed i n d e t a i l i n Ref.22. In the f a r f i e l d r e g i o n o f
the c a v i t y the s c a t t e r e d wave due t o the r a d i a l motion i s
again a l o n g i t u d i n a l wave. However, i n the near field
r e g i o n t h e r e i s s t r o n g conversion t o e x t e n s i o n a l s t r a i n .
In many p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o f anechoic m a t e r i a l s
the s p e c i f i c a t i o n s demand not only high a t t e n u a t i o n o f
sound, but a l s o good performance over a range o f
temperatures and p r e s s u r e s . The extent t o which these
demands can be simultaneously r e a l i z e d i s l i m i t e d by some
general r e l a t i o n s which govern the behavior of l i n e a r
damped systems. These r e l a t i o n s , known as the
r
°° G" (CJ ) 7
7
G' (CJ) - G u = i PV dcj
0 0
G'(CJ ) 7
- G
G"(CJ) = - i PV dcj 7
(24)
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(CJ - 7
CJ)
Publication Date: May 1, 1990 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1990-0424.ch010
, » TTCJ C l C
= ( 2 5 )
«w —*^>
7 77
where a and c are r e l a t e d t o G and G by Eqs.7-10. I t
f o l l o w s from Eq.25 t h a t a high value of a r e q u i r e s a
l a r g e dc/dcj i n the v i s c o e l a s t i c r e g i o n , which p o i n t s t o a
G G G
m a t e r i a l with a l a r g e r e l a x a t i o n strength, ( u ~ r )/ r '
and a narrow range of r e l a x a t i o n times. However,
experience shows t h a t i n m a t e r i a l s where the v i s c o e l a s t i c
r e g i o n occurs over a narrow range of frequencies the
r e l a x a t i o n times, and t h e r e f o r e a , are s t r o n g l y
temperature dependent. The unrelaxed modulus, G , has u
• 10 2
STRUCTURAL DAMPING
p r o t e c t i o n , and the i n h i b i t i o n of s t r u c t u r a l f a t i g u e .
A most u s e f u l measure of the degree of damping i s
the l o s s f a c t o r , tan 5, as defined i n Eq.12 i n terms of
the energy d i s s i p a t e d per c y c l e , E , and the total
diss
s t o r e d energy of the v i b r a t i o n , E (E jt and E x may
st diss st
EZZZZZZZZa
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Publication Date: May 1, 1990 | doi: 10.1021/bk-1990-0424.ch010
2
.3
2
Y (h }
(tan
v 8) .. = const.TZ- 2 (tan 6) (26)
' composite Y
Y h
(tan 5) = const-rr^-(tan 6) o (27)
v
'composite Y^ v
' 2 N
CONCLUSIONS
to reduce s t r u c t u r a l v i b r a t i o n s . In p a r t i c u l a r there i s
a c o n t i n u i n g need f o r c o a t i n g s which operate over a wide
range o f f r e q u e n c i e s , over a range o f temperatures, and
i n some cases over a range o f pressures.
On t h e t h e o r e t i c a l s i d e there i s a need t o develop
b e t t e r models f o r sound propagation i n composite
m a t e r i a l s , i n c l u d i n g such s t r u c t u r e s as wedges. The
models should i n c l u d e both microscopic and macroscopic
i n c l u s i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y a t high d e n s i t i e s . Both t h e
long wavelength r e g i o n , and the r e g i o n where t h e
wavelength i s comparable t o the dimensions o f t h e
i n c l u s i o n should be s t u d i e d . In t h e macroscopic case
i n c l u s i o n s o f d i f f e r e n t shapes should be evaluated. The
t h e o r e t i c a l models should i d e n t i f y t h e v a r i o u s p o s s i b l e
mechanisms which can attenuate sound i n a composite, and
e s t a b l i s h t h e optimum parameters and the maximum
a t t e n u a t i o n which can be achieved with each mechanism.
In t h e s p e c i f i c area o f development o f v i s c o e l a s t i c
polymers f o r sound a t t e n u a t i o n and v i b r a t i o n damping, t h e
need i s t o i d e n t i f y m a t e r i a l s with high intrinsic
a b s o r p t i o n which a r e a l s o r e l a t i v e l y temperature and
pressure independent. These c o n d i t i o n s can be optimized
w i t h i n t h e c o n s t r a i n t s o f the general c a u s a l r e l a t i o n s
between t h e r e a l and imaginary p a r t s o f t h e moduli.
REFERENCES
1. L . E . Kinsler, A.R. Frey, A . B . Coppens and J.V
Sanders, "Fundamentals of Acoustics", J. Wiley
and Sons, New York, 1982.
2. A.D. Pierce, "Acoustics", McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1981.
3. L . Cremer and M. Heckl, "Structure-Borne Sound",
translated by E . E . Ungar, 2nd Ed. Springer-Verlag,
1987.
4. J.D. Ferry, "Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers,
3rd E d . , John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1980.
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