Unit 3 - Intermolecular Forces & Properties: AP Chemistry

AP Chemistry
Unit 3 - Intermolecular Forces

& Properties
3.1 Intermolecular Forces

3.2 Properties of Solids
3.3 Solids, Liquids & Gases
3.4 Ideal Gas Law
3.5 Kinetic Molecular Theory
3.6 Deviation from Ideal Gas Law
3.7 Solutions & Mixtures
3.8 Representations of Solutions
3.9 Separation of Solutions
& Mixtures Chromatography
3.10 Solubility
3.11 Spectroscopy & Electromagnetic Spectrum
3.12 Photoelectric Effect
3.13 Beer-Lambert Law
ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 1 Intermolecular Forces Questions
AP Chemistry
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AP Chemistry

AP Chemistry
3.1 MC Questions
1. The diagram opposite is a molecular model of a gaseous
diatomic element that is just above its boiling point.
Intermolecular forces between the gas molecules will cause
them to condense into the liquid phase if the temperature is
lowered.
Which of the following best describes how the model
is limited in its depiction of the phenomenon?
A It does not show how hydrogen bonds are constantly forming, breaking, and
reforming, which results in a net force of attraction between the molecules.
B It does not show how the interactions between ions and the induced molecular
dipoles result in a net force of attraction between the molecules.
C It does not show how the interacting permanent dipoles of the molecules result in a
net force of attraction between the molecules.

O
D It does not show how the temporary fluctuating dipoles of the molecular electron
clouds result in a net force of attraction between the molecules.
2.
The electron cloud of HF is smaller than that of F2 , however, HF has a much higher
boiling point than has F2 . Which of the following explains how the dispersion-force model
of intermolecular attraction does not account for the unusually high boiling point of HF ?
A F2 is soluble in water, whereas HF is insoluble in water.

B The F2 molecule has a greater mass than the HF molecule has.
C Liquid F2 has weak dispersion force attractions between its molecules, whereas l
iquid HF has strong ionic interactions between H+ and F- ions.

O
D Liquid F2 has weak dispersion force attractions between its molecules, whereas
liquid HF has both weak dispersion force attractions and hydrogen bonding
interactions between its molecules.

AP Chemistry
3.
Four different liquid compounds in flasks at are represented above. The table below
identifies the compounds. Flask C shows the most particles in the vapor phase.

Which of the following is not shown in the model but best helps to explain why flask C
must contain pentane?
A The random motion of the particles within the liquids.
B The relative speeds of the vapor particles in each flask.
O
C The strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles in the liquids.
D The structural formula of the molecules of the liquid and vapor in each flask.
4. In the diagram below, which of the labeled arrows identifies hydrogen bonding in water?
A A
B B
C C
D O D

AP Chemistry
5. In which of the following liquids do the intermolecular forces include dipole-dipole
forces?
A F2 (l) B CH4 (l) C CF4 (l) O
D CH2F2 (l)
6. The London (dispersion) forces are weakest for which of the following gases under the
same conditions of temperature and pressure?
O
A H2 B O2 C Xe D F2 E N2
7. Thymine and adenine form a base pair in the DNA molecule. These two bases can form a
connection between two strands of DNA via two hydrogen bonds.
Which of the following diagrams shows the correct representation of the hydrogen
bonding (denoted by dashed lines) between thymine and adenine base pairs?
(In each diagram, thymine is shown at the left and adenine is shown at the right. The bases
are attached to the backbone portion of the DNA strands.)
A B
C D O
8. Which of the following is the strongest type of interaction that occurs between the atoms
within the circled areas of the two molecules represented below?
A polar covalent bond
B non-polar covalent bond
C O hydrogen bond
D london dispersion force
AP Chemistry
3.1 FRQ
1.
The boiling point of liquid propene (226 K) is lower than the boiling point of liquid
vinyl chloride (260 K). Account for this difference in terms of the types and strengths of
intermolecular forces present in each liquid.
1 point is earned for a discussion of intermolecular forces and for a comparison of their
relative strengths.
Both substances have dipole-dipole interactions and London dispersion forces (or propene
is essentially nonpolar with only LDFs while vinyl chloride has both LDFs and
dipole-dipole forces). Propene contains a CH3 group, but vinyl chloride contains a Cl atom.
Vinyl chloride thus has a larger electron cloud, is more polarizable, and has a larger dipole
moment. Thus intermolecular attractions are stronger in vinyl chloride, which results in it
having a higher boiling point.
2.
a) At 1 atm and 298 K, pentane is a liquid whereas propane is a gas. Explain.

1 point is earned for recognizing that pentane and propane both have only LDF’s.
1 point is earned for recognizing that pentane has a larger electron cloud with greater
IMF’s and higher BP (reference to state of matter).
Both molecules are nonpolar, and the only intermolecular forces in each are London
dispersion forces. However, pentane is larger than propane and has a more extensive
electron cloud that can be involved in a greater number of London interactions, leading to
stronger intermolecular attractions overall. Thus it takes a higher temperature for
pentane molecules to have enough kinetic energy (on average) to overcome their stronger
intermolecular attractions, thus pentane has the higher boiling point.
AP Chemistry
Q2 continued
b) At 1 atm and 298 K, methanol is a liquid whereas propane is a gas. Explain.
1 point is earned for recognizing that methanol has hydrogen-bonding IMF’s and propane
has LDF’s.
1 point is earned for recognizing that hydrogen-bonding results in a greater IMF causing
methanol to be a liquid.
Propane molecules are nonpolar and only interact with one another via London dispersion
forces. Methanol molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds (as well as London forces) can
form among them. Because hydrogen bonds are stronger than London forces, methanol
has greater intermolecular attractions. Thus it takes a higher temperature for
methanol molecules to have enough kinetic energy (on average) to overcome their stronger
intermolecular attractions, thus methanol has the higher boiling point.
3.
Two types of intermolecular forces present in liquid H2S are London (dispersion) forces
and dipole-dipole forces.
a) Compare the strength of the London (dispersion) forces in liquid H2S to the
strength of the London (dispersion) forces in liquid H2O. Explain.
1 point is earned for the correct answer with a correct explanation.
The strength of the London forces in liquid H2S is greater than that of the London forces in
liquid H2O. The electron cloud of H2S has more electrons and is thus more polarizable than
the electron cloud of the H2O molecule.
b) Compare the strength of the dipole-dipole forces in liquid H2S to the strength of the
dipole-dipole forces in liquid H2O. Explain.
1 point is earned for the correct answer with a correct explanation.
The strength of the dipole-dipole forces in liquid H2S is weaker than that of the
dipole-dipole forces in liquid H2O. The net dipole moment of the H2S molecule is less than
that of the H2O molecule. This results from the lesser polarity of the H–S bond compared
with that of the H–O bond (S is less electronegative than O).

AP Chemistry
4. Propanoic acid, C2H5COOH has a lower boiling point than butanoic acid, C3H7COOH.
a) Identify all the types of intermolecular forces present among the molecules in
propanoic acid.
1 point is earned for identifying both London dispersion forces and hydrogen
bonding.
London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. (Identifying
dipole-dipole forces is not required to earn the point.)
b) Which of the types of intermolecular forces that you identified in part a) is most
responsible for the difference in boiling points of the two acids?
1 point is earned for the correct answer. London dispersion forces.
5.
Br2 + Cl2 → 2 BrCl
Br2 and Cl2 can react to form the compound BrCl .
The boiling point of Br2 is 332K, whereas the boiling point of BrCl is 278K. Explain this
difference in boiling point in terms of all the intermolecular forces present
between molecules of each substance.
The response meets both of the following criteria.
The response indicates that the only intermolecular attractions in Br2(l) are London forces,
while those in BrCl(l) include both London forces and dipole-dipole forces.
The response indicates that due to the greater polarizability of the electron cloud of Br2(l)
compared to that of BrCl(l) , the London forces in Br2(l) are stronger than the
combined intermolecular forces in BrCl(l) and thus the boiling point of Br2(l) is greater than
that of BrCl(l) .

AP Chemistry
6. Answer the following questions by using principles of molecular structure and
intermolecular forces.
a) Structures of the pyridine molecule and the benzene molecule are shown below.

Pyridine is soluble in water, whereas benzene is not soluble in water. Account for the
difference in solubility. You must discuss both of the substances in your answer.
1 point is earned for identifying a relevant structural difference between pyridine and
benzene.
1 point is earned for indicating that pyridine is soluble in water because pyridine can form
strong dipole-dipole interactions (or hydrogen bonds) with water, while benzene cannot.
Pyridine is polar (and capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water), while the nonpolar
benzene is not capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Pyridine will dissolve in water because
of the strong hydrogen bonds (or dipole-dipole intermolecular interactions) that exist
between the lone pair of electrons on pyridine’s nitrogen atom and the solvent water
molecules. No such strong intermolecular interaction can exist between benzene and
water, so benzene is insoluble in water.

AP Chemistry
Q6 continued
b) Structures of the dimethyl ether molecule and the ethanol molecule are shown
below.
The normal boiling point of dimethyl ether is 250 K, whereas the normal boiling
point of ethanol is 351 K. Account for the difference in boiling points. You
must discuss both of the substances in your answer.
1 point is earned for recognizing that ethanol molecules can form intermolecular hydrogen
bonds, whereas dimethyl ether molecules do not form intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
1 point is earned for recognizing that, compared to the energy required to overcome the
weaker intermolecular forces in liquid dimethyl ether, more energy is required to
overcome the stronger hydrogen bonds in liquid ethanol, leading to a higher boiling point.
The intermolecular forces of attraction among molecules of dimethyl ether consist of

London (dispersion) forces and weak dipole-dipole interactions. In addition to London
forces and dipole-dipole interactions that are comparable in strength to those in dimethyl
ether, ethanol can form hydrogen bonds between the H of one molecule and the O
of a nearby ethanol molecule. Hydrogen bonds are particularly strong intermolecular
forces, so they require more energy to overcome during the boiling process. As a result, a
higher temperature is needed to boil ethanol than is needed to boil dimethyl ether.
c) The normal boiling point of Cl2 (l) (238 K) is higher than the normal boiling point
of HCl(l) (188 K). Account for the difference in normal boiling points based on the
types of intermolecular forces in the substances. You must discuss both of the
substances in your answer.
1 point is earned for recognizing that the London forces among Cl2 molecules must be
larger than the intermolecular forces (London and dipole-dipole) among HCl molecules.
1 point is earned for recognizing that the strength of the London forces among molecules
is proportional to the total number of electrons in each molecule.
The intermolecular forces in liquid Cl2 are London (dispersion) forces, whereas the
intermolecular forces in liquid HCl consist of London forces and dipole-dipole
interactions. Since the boiling point of Cl2 is higher than the boiling point of HCl, the
London forces among Cl2 molecules must be greater than the London and dipole-dipole
forces among HCl molecules. The greater strength of the London forces between Cl2
molecules occurs because Cl2 has more electrons than HCl, and the strength of the London
interaction is proportional to the total number of electrons.
AP Chemistry
3.2 MC Questions
1.

The ionic compounds NaCl and MgS are represented by the diagrams above. Which
statement correctly identifies diagram 1 and identifies the compound with the lower
melting point, explaining why?
A Diagram 1 represents NaCl ; it has a lower melting point than MgS has because the
coulombic attractions between the singly charged Na+ ions and the Cl- ions in NaCl
are stronger than those between the ions in MgS.

O
B Diagram 1 represents NaCl ; it has a lower melting point than MgS because the
coulombic attractions between its singly charged Na+ ions and the Cl- ions are weaker
than those between the ions in MgS.
C Diagram 1 represents MgS ; it has a lower melting point than NaCl because the
coulombic attractions between its doubly charged Mg2+ ions and the S2- ions are
stronger than those between the ions in NaCl.
D Diagram 1 represents MgS ; it has a lower melting point than NaCl because the
coulombic attractions between the doubly charged Mg2+ ions and the S2_ ions are
weaker than those between the ions in NaCl.
2. A sample of a hard, solid binary compound at room temperature did not conduct
electricity as a pure solid but became highly conductive when dissolved in water.
Which of the following types of interactions is most likely found between the particles in
the substance?
O
A ionic bonds B metallic bonds
C covalent bonds D hydrogen bonds

AP Chemistry
3. A student is given a sample of a pure, white crystalline substance.
Which of the following would be most useful in providing data to determine if the
substance is an ionic compound?
A Examining the crystals of the substance under a microscope
B Determining the density of the substance
C Testing the electrical conductivity of the crystals
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D Testing the electrical conductivity of an aqueous solution of the substance
4.
Based on the diagram above, which of the following best helps to explain why MgO(s) is
not able to conduct electricity, but MgO(l) is a good conductor of electricity?
A MgO(s) does not contain free electrons, but MgO(l) contains free electrons that can
flow.
B MgO(s) contains no water, but MgO(l) contains water that can conduct electricity.
C MgO(s) consists of separate Mg2+ ions and O2− ions, but MgO(l) contains MgO
molecules that can conduct electricity.
O
D MgO
MgO
(s)
consists of separate Mg2+ ions and O2− ions held in a fixed lattice, but in
the ions are free to move and conduct electricity.
(l)
5. Which of the following could be the identity of a white crystalline solid that exhibits the
following properties?
• It melts at 320°C.
• It does not conduct electricity as a solid.
• It conducts electricity in an aqueous solution.
A C6H12O6(s)
O
B NaOH(s)
C SiO2(s)
D Cu(s)
AP Chemistry
6.

The table above provides some information about two types of steel, both of which are
alloys of iron and carbon. Which of the following best helps to explain why high-carbon
steel is more rigid than low-carbon steel?
A Elemental carbon is harder than elemental iron.
B The additional carbon atoms within the alloy make the high-carbon steel less dense.
C The additional carbon atoms within the alloy increase the thermal conductivity of
the high-carbon steel.

O
D The additional carbon atoms within the alloy make it more difficult for the iron
atoms to slide past one another.
7. Which statement best helps to explain the observation that NH3 (l) boils at -28°C ,
whereas PH3 (l) boils at -126 °C ?
A The dispersion forces in NH3 are weaker than the dispersion forces in PH3.
B The dispersion forces in NH3 are stronger than the dipole-dipole forces in PH3.
O
C NH3 has hydrogen bonding that is stronger than the dipole-dipole forces in PH3.
D NH3 has hydrogen bonding that is weaker than the dipole-dipole forces in PH3.
8. A certain crystalline substance that has a low melting point does not conduct electricity in
solution or when melted. This substance is likely to be
A a covalent network solid B a metallic solid
C a polymer D an ionic solid O
E a molecular solid
9. At room temperature I2(s) is a molecular solid. Which of the following provides a

characteristic of I2(s) with a correct explanation?
A It has a high melting point because it has weak intermolecular forces.
B It is hard because it forms a three dimensional covalent network.

O
C It is not a good conductor of electricity because its valence electrons are localized
in bonding and nonbonding pairs.
D It is very soluble in water because its molecules are polar.
AP Chemistry
10.
The structure of one form of boron nitride is represented above.

This form of boron nitride is one of the hardest substances known. Which of the following
best helps explain why boron nitride is so hard?
A Boron ions and nitrogen ions are held together by ionic bonds.
O
B Boron nitride is a network solid of atoms connected by covalent bonds with fixed
bond angles.
C Boron nitride is an alloy, and alloys are typically harder than the elements used to
make them.
D Boron nitride is a polymer made of long chains of boron atoms and nitrogen atoms
held together by london dispersion forces.
11. In solid methane, the forces between neighboring CH4 molecules are best characterized as
A ionic bonds B covalent bonds C hydrogen bonds
D ion-dipole forces OE london (dispersion) forces
12. The best explanation for the fact that diamond is extremely hard is that diamond crystals
A are made up of atoms that are intrinsically hard because of their electronic structures
B consist of positive and negative ions that are strongly attracted to each other
O
C are giant molecules in which each atom forms strong covalent bonds with all of its
neighboring atoms
D are formed under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure
E contain orbitals or bands of delocalized electrons that belong not to single atoms
but to each crystal as a whole
AP Chemistry
3.2 FRQ
1. The structures for glucose, C6H12O6 , and
cyclohexane, C6H12 , are shown opposite.
a) Identify the type(s) of intermolecular
attractive forces in
i) pure glucose
1 point is earned for the correct answer.
Hydrogen bonding OR dipole-dipole interactions OR van der Waals interactions
(London dispersion forces may also be mentioned.)
ii) pure cyclohexane

1 point is earned for London dispersion forces.
b) Glucose is soluble in water but cyclohexane is not soluble in water. Explain.
1 point is earned for explaining the solubility of glucose in terms of hydrogen bonding or
dipole-dipole interactions with water.
1 point is earned for explaining the difference in the polarity of cyclohexane and water.
The hydroxyl groups in glucose molecules can form strong hydrogen bonds with the
solvent (water) molecules, so glucose is soluble in water. In contrast, cyclohexane is not
capable of forming strong intermolecular attractions with water (no hydrogen bonding), so
the water-cyclohexane interactions are not as energetically favorable as the interactions
that already exist among polar water molecules.
OR -
1 point is earned for any one of the three concepts; two points are earned for any two of the
three concepts.
• Glucose is polar and cyclohexane is nonpolar.
• Polar solutes (such as glucose) are generally soluble in polar solvents such as water.
• Nonpolar solutes (such as cyclohexane) are not soluble in the polar solvent.

AP Chemistry
2. The Lewis electron-dot diagrams for molecules of CH4 and CCl4 are shown
opposite.
Which compound has the higher boiling point? Justify your answer. The
type(s) of intermolecular force(s) in both substances should be included in
your answer.
The response meets both of the criteria below:

The response indicates that both compounds have London dispersion forces.
(If the response indicates that either of the compounds has any other type of
intermolecular force, the criterion is not met.)
The response indicates that has the higher boiling point and that it has greater

AP Chemistry
3.3 FRQ
1. The Lewis electron-dot diagrams for molecules of CH4 and CCl4 are shown
opposite.
CCl4(l) is placed in a previously evacuated container at 30°C, and some of the
CCl4(l) evaporates.
In the box below, draw a particulate diagram to show the species in the
container after some of the CCl4(l) has evaporated.
The phases of the species should be indicated by the spacing and distribution
of the particles in the diagram. Some of the species shown in the legend
will not be used.
The drawing meets all of the criteria below:

There are closely spaced undefined molecules near the bottom of the box.
There are more widely spaced undefined molecules in the box.
There are no separate undefined molecules, undefined atoms, or undefined atoms in the
box.
3.3 MC Question
1. Of the following, the best explanation for the fact that most gases are easily compressed is
that the molecules in a gas
A are in constant motion
O
B are relatively far apart
C have relatively small masses
D have a real, nonzero volume E move slower as temperature decreases
AP Chemistry
3.4 MC Questions
1. The pressure, in atm, exerted by 1.85 mol of an ideal gas placed in a 3.00 L container at
35.0°C is given by which of the following expressions?
O
A B C
D E
2. The table below contains information about samples of four different gases at 273 K. The
samples are in four identical rigid containers numbered 1 through 4.
On the basis of the data provided above, the gas in container 3 could be
O
A CH4 B O2 C Ar D CO2
3. This question refer to three gases in identical rigid containers under the conditions given
in the table below.
The density of the gas, in g/L, is

A greatest in container A O
B greatest in container B
C greatest in container C D the same for all 3 containers

AP Chemistry
4.
The figure above represents three sealed 1.0 L vessels, each containing a different inert
gas at 298 K. The pressure of Ar in the first vessel is 2.0 atm. The ratio of the numbers of
Ar, Ne, and He atoms in the vessels is 2 : 1 : 6, respectively.
After all the gases are combined in a previously evacuated 2.0 L vessel, what is the total
pressure of the gases at 298 K?
A 3.0 atm O
B 4.5 atm C 9.0 atm D 18 atm
5.
The reaction between NO(g) and O2(g) to produce NO2(g) in a rigid reaction vessel is
represented in the diagram above. The pressure inside the container is recorded using a
pressure gauge.
Which of the following statements correctly predicts the change in pressure as the reaction
goes to completion at constant temperature, and provides the correct explanation?
A The pressure will increase because the product molecules have a greater mass than
either of the reactant molecules.
O
B The pressure will decrease because there are fewer molecules of product than of
reactants.
C The pressure will decrease because the product molecules have a lower average
speed than the reactant molecules.
D The pressure will not change because the total mass of the product molecules is the
same as the total mass of the reactant molecules.

AP Chemistry
6. When a sample of oxygen gas in a closed container of constant volume is heated until its
absolute temperature is doubled, which of the following is also doubled?
A The density of the gas
O
B The pressure of the gas
C The average velocity of the gas molecules
D The number of molecules per cm3
E The potential energy of the molecules
7. Given that the density of Hg(l) at 0°C is about 14 g mL-1, which of the following is closest to
the volume of one mole of Hg(l) at this temperature?
A 0.070 mL B 0.14 mL C 1.4 mL

OD 14 mL E 28 mL
8. A sample of an unknown gas from a cylinder

is collected over water in the apparatus
shown opposite.
After all the gas sample has been collected,
the water levels inside and outside the gas
collection tube are made the same.
Measurements that must be made to calculate
the molar mass of the gas include all of the
following except
A atmospheric pressure.
B temperature of the water
C volume of gas in the gas-collection tube
D initial and final mass of the gas cylinder
O
E mass of the water in the apparatus

AP Chemistry
The following two questions refer to the 1 L flasks shown below.

9. Which flask contains the sample with the greatest density?

A flask A B flask B O
C flask C D flask D E flask E
10. Which flask contains the smallest number of moles of gas?

A flask A O
B flask B C flask C D flask D E flask E
11.

Diagram 1 above shows equimolar samples of two gases inside a container fitted with a
removable barrier placed so that each gas occupies the same volume.
The barrier is carefully removed as the temperature is held constant. Diagram 2 above
shows the gases soon after the barrier is removed. Which statement describes the
changes to the initial pressure of each gas and the final partial pressure of each gas in the
mixture and also indicates the final total pressure?
A The partial pressure of each gas in the mixture is double its initial pressure;
the final total pressure is half the sum of the initial pressures of the two gases.
B The partial pressure of each gas in the mixture is double its initial pressure;
the final total pressure is twice the sum of the initial pressures of the two gases.

O
C The partial pressure of each gas in the mixture is half its initial pressure;
the final total pressure is half the sum of the initial pressures of the two gases.
D The partial pressure of each gas in the mixture is half its initial pressure;
the final total pressure is the same as the sum of the initial pressures of the two gases.
AP Chemistry
12. A gas mixture at 0°C and 1.0 atm contains 0.010 mol of H2, 0.015 mol of O2, and 0.025 mol
of N2. Assuming ideal behavior, what is the partial pressure of hydrogen gas (H2)
in the mixture?
A About 0.010 atm, because there is 0.010mol of H2 in the sample.

B About 0.050 atm, because there is 0.050mol of gases at 0°C and 1.0 atm.
C About 0.20 atm, because H2 comprises 20% of the total number of moles of gas.
O
D About 0.40 atm, because the mole ratio of H2 : O2 : N2 is 0.4 : 0.6 : 1.
13. An equimolar mixture of N2(g) and Ar(g) is kept inside a rigid container at a constant
temperature of 300 K. The initial partial pressure of Ar in the mixture is 0.75atm.
An additional amount of Ar was added to the container, enough to double the number of
moles of Ar gas in the mixture. Assuming ideal behavior, what is the final pressure
of the gas mixture after the addition of the Ar gas?
A 0.75 atm, because increasing the partial pressure of Ar decreases the partial pressure
of N2.
B 1.13 atm, because 33% of the moles of gas are N2.
C 1.50 atm, because the number of moles of N2 did not change.
O
D 2.25 atm, because doubling the number of moles of Ar doubles its partial pressure.
14. A 2 L sample of N2(g) and a 1 L sample of Ar(g), each originally at 1 atm and 0°C, are
combined in a 1 L tank. If the temperature is held constant, what is the total pressure of the
gases in the tank?
A 1 atm B 2 atm O
C 3 atm D 4 atm E 5 atm
15. A flask contains 0.25 mole of SO2(g), 0.50 mole of CH4(g), and 0.50 mole of O2(g). The total
pressure of the gases in the flask is 800 mm Hg. What is the partial pressure of the SO2(g) in
the flask? (All pressures are mm Hg)
A 800 B 600 C 250 D 200 O

E 160
16. A sealed vessel contains 0.200 mol of oxygen gas, 0.100 mol of nitrogen gas, and 0.200 mol
of argon gas. The total pressure of the gas mixture is 5.00 atm. The partial pressure of the
argon is
A 0.200 atm B 0.500 atm C 1.000 atm O

D 2.000 atm E 5.000 atm
AP Chemistry
17. Equal masses of He and Ne are placed in a sealed container. What is the partial pressure of
He if the total pressure in the container is 6 atm?
A 1 atm B 2 atm C 3 atm D 4 atm O

E 5 atm
18. When 4.0 L of He(g), 6.0 L of N2(g), and 10. L of Ar(g), all at 0°C and 1.0 atm, are pumped into
an evacuated 8.0 L rigid container, the final pressure in the container at 0°C is
A 0.5 atm B 1.0 atm O

C 2.5 atm D 4.0 atm
19. When 6.0 L of He(g) and 10. L of N2(g), both at 0°C and 1.0 atm, are pumped into an
evacuated 4.0 L rigid container, the final pressure in the container at 0°C is
A 2.0 atm O
B 4.0 atm C 6.4 atm D 8.8 atm D 16 atm
20. Equal masses of three different ideal gases, X, Y, and Z, are mixed in a sealed rigid
container. If the temperature of the system remains constant, which of the following
statements about the partial pressure of gas X is correct?
A It is equal to ⅓ the total pressure
B It depends on the intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules of X, Y,
and Z.
O
C It depends on the relative molecular masses of X, Y, and Z.
D It depends on the average distance traveled between molecular collisions.
E It can be calculated with knowledge only of the volume of the container.

AP Chemistry
3.4 FRQ
1. CaCO3(s) ⇌ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
When heated strongly, solid calcium carbonate decomposes to produce solid calcium oxide
and carbon dioxide gas, as represented by the equation above.
A 2.0mol sample of CaCO3(s) is placed in a rigid 100.L reaction vessel from which all the
air has been evacuated. The vessel is heated to 898°C at which time the pressure of CO2(g)
in the vessel is constant at 1.00atm, while some CaCO3(s) remains in the vessel.
a) Calculate the number of moles of CO2(g) present in the vessel at equilibrium.
The response includes both the following set up and calculation:
n = PV / RT = (1.00 atm)(100 L) / (0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.K-1)(1171 K)

= 1.04 mol
b) The experiment was repeated, but this time starting with a 4.0mol sample of
CaCO3(s). On the following graph, draw a curve showing how the pressure of CO2(g)
would change over time as the vessel is heated to 898°C and equilibrium is
established.
The response shows a graph that starts at the origin, rises to right, and levels off
(slope = 0) at 1.00 atm
AP Chemistry
2. CaCO3(s) ⇌ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
When heated, calcium carbonate decomposes
according to the equation above. In a study of
the decomposition of calcium carbonate, a
student added a 50.0 g sample of powdered
CaCO3(s) to a 1.00 L rigid container.
The student sealed the container, pumped out
all the gases, then heated the container in an
oven at 1100 K. As the container was heated,
the total pressure of the CO2(g) in the container
was measured over time. The data are plotted in
the graph opposite.
The student repeated the experiment, but this time the student used a 100.0 g sample of
powdered CaCO3(s). In this experiment, the final pressure in the container was
1.04 atm, which was the same final pressure as in the first experiment.
a) Calculate the number of moles of CO2(g) present in the container after 20 minutes
of heating.
1 point is earned for the proper setup using the ideal gas law and an answer that is
consistent with the setup. PV = nRT

n = PV / RT = (1.04 atm)(1.00 L) / (0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.K-1)(1100 K)
= 0.0115 mol
b) The student claimed that the final pressure in the container in each experiment
became constant because all of the CaCO3(s) had decomposed. Based on the data in
the experiments, do you agree with this claim? Explain.
1 point is earned for disagreement with the claim and for a correct justification using
stoichiometry or a discussion of the creation of an equilibrium condition.

AP Chemistry
3. A student was assigned the task of determining the molar mass of an unknown gas.
The student measured the mass of a sealed 843 mL rigid flask that contained dry air. The
student then flushed the flask with the unknown gas, resealed it, and measured the
mass again.
Both the air and the unknown gas were at 23.0°C and 750. torr. The data for the
experiment are shown in the table below.
a) Calculate the mass, in grams, of the dry air that was in the sealed flask.
(The density of dry air is 1.18 g L−1 at 23.0°C and 750. torr.)
1 point is earned for the correct setup and calculation of mass.
m = D x V = (1.18 g L−1)(0.843 L) = 0.995 g
b) Calculate the mass, in grams, of the sealed flask itself (i.e., if it had no air in it).
1 point is earned for subtracting the answer in part a) from 157.70 g.
157.70 g − 0.995 g = 156.71 g
c) Calculate the mass, in grams, of the unknown gas that was added to the sealed flask.
1 point is earned for subtracting the answer in part b) from 158.08 g.
158.08 g − 156.71 g = 1.37 g
d) Using the information above, calculate the value of the molar mass of the unknown
gas.
1 point is earned for the conversion of pressure (if necessary) and temperature and
the use of the appropriate R.
1 point is earned for the correct setup and calculation of moles of gas.
n = PV / RT

= (750/760 atm)(0.843 L) / (0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.K-1)(296 K)
= 0.0342 mol
1 point is earned for the correct setup and calculation of molar mass.
OR - see next page

AP Chemistry
Q3. d) continued
If calculation is done in a single step,
1 point is earned for the correct P and T,
1 point is earned for the correct density, and
1 point is earned for the correct answer.
molar mass = 1.37 g / 0.0342 mol = 40.1 g mol-1
OR
molar mass = DRT / P
= (1.37g / 0.843L).(0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.K-1)(296K) / (750/760 atm)
= 40.0 g mol-1
Note: Significant figures were checked in this problem: parts a) and d) were scored
with ±1 significant figure needed, and parts b) and c) were scored with the
correct number of significant figures needed for the subtraction.
e) After the experiment was completed, the instructor informed the student that the
unknown gas was carbon dioxide (44.0 g mol−1) .
Calculate the percent error in the value of the molar mass calculated in part d).
1 point is earned for the correct setup and answer.

percent error = ( |44.0 g mol-1 - 40.1 g mol-1| / 44.0 g mol-1 ) x 100 = 8.9 %
f) For each of the following two possible occurrences, indicate whether it by itself
could have been responsible for the error in the student’s experimental result.
You need not include any calculations with your answer. For each of the possible
occurrences, justify your answer.
Occurrence 1: The flask was incompletely flushed with CO2(g) , resulting in
some dry air remaining in the flask.
1 point is earned for the correct reasoning and conclusion.
This occurrence could have been responsible.
The dry air left in the flask is less dense (or has a lower molar mass) than CO2

gas at the given T and P. This would result in a lower mass of gas in the flask
and a lower result for the molar mass of the unknown gas.

AP Chemistry
Q3 contd
Occurrence 2: The temperature of the air was 23.0°C, but the temperature of the
CO2(g) was lower than the reported 23.0°C.
1 point is earned for the correct reasoning and conclusion.
This occurrence could not have been responsible.
The density of CO2 is greater at the lower temperature. A larger mass of CO2
would be in the flask than if the CO2 had been at 23.0°C, resulting in a higher
calculated molar mass for the unknown gas.
g) Describe the steps of a laboratory method that the student could use to verify that
the volume of the rigid flask is 843 mL at 23.0°C. You need not include any
calculations with your answer.
1 point is earned for a valid method.
Valid methods include the following:
1. Find the mass of the empty flask. Fill the flask 1. with a liquid of known
density (e.g., water at 23°C),and measure the mass of the liquid-filled
flask. Subtract to find the mass of the liquid. Using the known density
and mass, calculate the volume.
2. Measure 843 mL of a liquid (e.g., water) in a 1,000 mL graduated
cylinder and transfer the liquid quantitatively into the flask to see if the
water fills the flask completely.
4. After elemental analysis the empirical formula of a compound was determined to be

CH2Br . It was also found to have a vapor density of 6.00 g L−1 at 375 K and 0.983 atm.
Using these data, determine the following.
a) The molar mass of the compound
1 point is earned for applying the gas law (PV = nRT) to calculate n.

n = PV / RT = (0.983 atm)(1.00 L) / (0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.K-1)(375 K)
= 0.0319 mol
1 point is earned for calculating the molar mass, = 6.00 g / 0.0139 mol = 188 g mol-1
b) The molecular formula of the compound
1 point is earned for the molecular formula that is consistent with the molar mass
calculated in part a).
Each CH2Br unit has mass of 12.011 + 2(1.0079) + 79.90 = 93.9 g,
and 188 / 93.9 ≃ 2.00, so there must be two CH2Br units per molecule.
Therefore, the molecular formula of the compound is C2H4Br2 .

AP Chemistry
5. C(s) + CO2(g) ⇌ 2 CO(g)
Solid carbon and carbon dioxide gas at 1,160 K were

placed in a rigid 2.00 L container, and the reaction
represented above occurred.
As the reaction proceeded, the total pressure in the
container was monitored. When equilibrium was
reached, there was still some C(s) remaining in the
container. Results are recorded in the table opposite.
a) Calculate the number of moles of CO2(g) initially placed in the container.

(Assume that the volume of the solid carbon is negligible.)
1 point is earned for correct setup. 1 point is earned for the correct answer.
n = PV / RT

= (5.00 atm)(2.00 L) / (0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.K-1)(1,160 K)
= 0.105 mol
b) For the reaction mixture at equilibrium at 1,160 K, the partial pressure of the
CO2(g) is 1.63 atm. Calculate the partial pressure of CO(g)

1 point is earned for correct answer supported by correct method.
PCO2 + PCO = Ptotal PCO = Ptotal - PCO2 = 8.37 -1.63 = 6.74 atm

AP Chemistry
3.5 MC Questions
1. A 0.5 mol sample of He(g) and a 0.5 mol sample of Ne(g) are placed separately in two
10.0 L rigid containers at 25°C. Each container has a pinhole opening. Which of the gases,
He(g) or Ne(g), will escape faster through the pinhole and why?

O
A He(g) will escape faster because the He(g) atoms are moving at a higher average speed
than the Ne(g) atoms.
B Ne(g) will escape faster because its initial pressure in the container is higher.
C Ne(g) will escape faster because the Ne(g) atoms have a higher average kinetic energy
than the He(g) atoms.
D Both gases will escape at the same rate because the atoms of both gases have the
same average kinetic energy.
2. A rigid metal tank contains oxygen gas. Which of the following applies to the gas in the
tank when additional oxygen is added at constant temperature?
A The volume of the gas increases.

B The pressure of the gas decreases.
O
C The average speed of the gas molecules remains the same.
D The total number of gas molecules remains the same.
E The average distance between the gas molecules increases.
3. A sample of an ideal gas is cooled from 50.0°C to 25.0°C in a sealed container of constant
volume. Which of the following values for the gas will decrease?
I. The average molecular mass of the gas
II. The average distance between the molecules
III. The average speed of the molecules
A I only
B II only
O
C III only
D I and III
E II and III
AP Chemistry
4. At standard temperature and pressure, a 0.50 mol sample of H2 gas and a separate 1.0 mol
sample of O2 gas have the same
O
A average molecular kinetic energy
B average molecular speed
C volume
D effusion rate
E density
5. The diagram above shows the distribution of speeds for a sample of N2(g) at 25°C.
Which of the following graphs shows the distribution of speeds for a sample of O2(g)
at 25°C (dashed line) ?
O
A B

C D


AP Chemistry
6. Equal numbers of moles of He(g), Ar(g), and Ne(g) are placed in a glass vessel at room
temperature. If the vessel has a pinhole-sized leak, which of the following will be true
regarding the relative values of the partial pressures of the gases remaining in the vessel
after some of the gas mixture has effused?
O
A PHe < PNe < PAr
B PHe < PAr < PNe
C PNe < PAr < PHe
D PAr < PHe < PNe
E PHe = PAr = PNe
7. The following question refers to the 1 L flasks shown below.
In which flask do the molecules have the greatest average speed?

A A O
B B C C D D E E
8. A 1L sample of helium gas at 25°C and 1atm is combined with a 1L sample of neon gas at
25°C and 1atm. The temperature is kept constant. Which of the following statements
about combining the gases is correct?
A The average speed of the helium atoms increases when the gases are combined.
B The average speed of the neon atoms increases when the gases are combined.
C The average kinetic energy of the helium atoms increases when the gases are
combined.

O
D The average kinetic energy of the helium atoms and neon atoms do not change
when the gases are combined.

AP Chemistry
9.
The graph above shows the distribution of molecular speeds for four different gases at the
same temperature. What property of the different gases can be correctly ranked
using information from the graph, and why?
A The densities of the gases, because as the density of a gas increases,

the average speed of its molecules decreases.
B The pressures of the gases, because the pressure exerted by a gas depends on the
average speed with which its molecules are moving
C The volumes of the gases, because at a fixed temperature the volume of a gas can be
calculated using the equation PV=nRT .

O
D The molecular masses of the gases, because the gas molecules have the same average
kinetic energy and mass can be calculated using the equation KEavg=½mv2 .
10.

The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is?

A greatest in A B greatest in B
O
C greatest in C D the same in all three containers
AP Chemistry
11.
The experimental apparatus represented above is used to demonstrate the rates at which
gases diffuse. When the cotton balls are placed in the ends of a tube at the same time,
the gases diffuse from each end and meet somewhere in between, where they react to
form a white solid. Which of the following combinations will produce a solid closest to
the center of the tube?
O
A HCl and CH3NH2
B HCl and NH3
C HBr and CH3NH2
D HBr and NH3
12.

The volume of a sample of air in a cylinder with a movable piston is 2.0 L at a pressure P1,
as shown in the diagram above. The volume is increased to 5.0 L as the temperature is
held constant. The pressure of the air in the cylinder is now P2. What effect do the volume
and pressure changes have on the average kinetic energy of the molecules in the sample?
A The average kinetic energy increases.
B The average kinetic energy decreases.
O
C The average kinetic energy stays the same.
D It cannot be determined how the kinetic energy is affected without knowing P1
and P2.
AP Chemistry
13.

The distribution of speeds of H2(g) molecules at 273 K and 1 atm is shown in the diagram
above. Which of the following best shows the speed distribution of He(g) atoms under the
same conditions of temperature and pressure?
A B
C D
Under the conditions given, consider containers 1, 2, and 4 only. The average speed of the
gas particles is
O
A greatest in container 1 B greatest in container 2
C greatest in container 4 D the same in containers 1, 2, and 4
AP Chemistry
15. Two flexible containers for gases are at the same temperature and pressure. One holds 0.50
gram of hydrogen and the other holds 8.0 grams of oxygen. Which of the following
statements regarding these gas samples is FALSE?
O
A The volume of the hydrogen container is the same as the volume of the oxygen
container.
B The number of molecules in the hydrogen container is the same as the number of
molecules in the oxygen container.
C The density of the hydrogen sample is less than that of the oxygen sample.
D The average kinetic energy of the hydrogen molecules is the same as the average
kinetic energy of the oxygen molecules.
E The average speed of the hydrogen molecules is the same as the average speed of the
oxygen molecules.
16. At 27°C, a rigid 2.0 L vessel is filled with N2(g) and sealed. The initial pressure of N2(g) is
720 mm Hg. The vessels is heated to 127°C and allowed to reach a constant pressure.

The gas particles in the vessel at 27°C are represented in the diagram above. The lengths of
the arrows represent the speeds of the particles. Which of the following diagrams best
represents the particles when the vessel is heated to 127°C?
O
A B

C D

AP Chemistry
17.
The graph above shows the speed distribution of molecules in a sample of a gas at a certain
temperature. Which of the following graphs shows the speed distribution of the same
molecules at a lower temperature (as a dashed curve) ?

A B
C D

AP Chemistry
3.5 FRQ
1. A student is doing experiments with CO2(g). Originally, a sample of the gas is in a rigid
container at 299K and 0.70atm. The student increases the temperature of the CO2(g) in the
container to 425K. .
a) Describe the effect of raising the temperature on the motion of the CO2(g)
molecules.
The response indicates that the average speed of the molecules increases as
temperature increases
b) Calculate the pressure of the CO2(g) in the container at 425K.
The response shows a calculation similar to the following.
P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 0.70 atm / 425 K = P2 / 425 K P2 = 0.99 atm
c) In terms of kinetic molecular theory, briefly explain why the pressure of the CO2(g)
in the container changes as it is heated to 425K
The response meets one or both of the following criteria.
The response indicates that faster-moving gas particles collide more
frequently with the walls of the container, thus increasing the pressure.
The response indicates that faster-moving gas particles collide more forcefully
with the walls of the container, thus increasing the pressure.
* d) The student measures the actual pressure of the CO2(g) in the container at 425K
and observes that it is less than the pressure predicted by the ideal gas law.
Explain this observation.
The response indicates that the attractive forces between CO2 molecules result in a
pressure that is lower than that predicted by the ideal gas law.
* This question might be best left until after next section on deviations fron Ideal Gas.

AP Chemistry
3.6 MC Questions
1. Which of the following behaves most like an ideal gas at the conditions indicated?
O
A H2(g) molecules at 10-3 atm and 200°C
B O2(g) molecules at 20 atm and 200°C
C SO2(g) molecules at 20 atm and 200°C
D NH3(g) molecules at 20 atm and 200°C
E NH3(g) molecules at 20 atm and 300°C
2. Ar(g) deviates more from ideal behavior at extremely high pressures than Ne(g) does.
Which of the following is one reason for this difference?
O
A The particle volume of Ar is greater than that of Ne
B Ar atoms have more valence electrons than Ne atoms have,
so Ar atoms have greater interparticle forces.
C The intermolecular forces between Ne atoms are greater than
those between Ar atoms.
D Ar atoms are more attracted to the walls of the container than Ne atoms are.
3. Which of the following gases deviates most from ideal behavior?
O
A SO B2
Ne C CH4 D N2 E H2
4. When the actual gas volume is greater than the volume predicted by the ideal gas law, the
explanation lies in the fact that the ideal gas law does NOT include a factor for molecular
O
A volume
B mass
C velocity
D attractions
E shape

AP Chemistry
5. A vessel contains Ar(g) at a high pressure. Which of the following statements best helps to
explain why the measured pressure is significantly greater than the pressure calculated
using the ideal gas law?
A The molar mass of Ar is relatively large.

B A significant number of Ar2 molecules form.
C The attractive forces among Ar atoms cause them to collide with the walls of the
container with less force.

O
D The combined volume of the Ar atoms is too large to be negligible compared with
the total volume of the container.
6. At constant temperature, the behavior of a sample of a real gas more closely approximates
that of an ideal gas as its volume is increased because the
A collisions with the walls of the container become less frequent

B average molecular speed decreases
C molecules have expanded
O
D average distance between molecules becomes greater.
E average molecular kinetic energy decreases.
7. The diagrams opposite represent two samples of Xe

gas in containers of equal volume at 280K.
Which of the following correctly compares the two
samples in terms of their deviation from ideal gas
behavior and explains why?
A The gas in sample 1 would deviate more from ideal behavior because the average
distance an Xe atom travels before colliding with another Xe atom is greater.

O
B The gas in sample 2 would deviate more from ideal behavior because the Xe atoms
are closer together, leading to an increase in intermolecular attractions.
C The gas in sample 2 would deviate more from ideal behavior because the average
speed of the Xe atoms is less, leading to an increase in intermolecular attractions.
D The gases in both sample 1 and sample 2 would show the same deviation from ideal
behavior.

AP Chemistry
8. Which of the following best helps explain why the pressure of a sample of CH4(g) (molar
mass 16g/mol) is closer to the pressure predicted by the ideal gas law than a
sample of NH3(g) (molar mass 17g/mol) ?

O
A NH3 molecules are polar while CH4 molecules are not, and the greater attractions
between NH3 molecules cause the molecules to collide with the walls of the
container with less force.
B NH3 molecules have a greater molar mass than CH4 molecules, so the NH3
molecules collide with the walls of the container with more force.
C CH4 molecules have more hydrogen atoms than NH3 molecules, so CH4 molecules
have more hydrogen bonding and greater intermolecular forces.
D CH4 molecules are larger than NH3 molecules, so the actual CH4 molecules take
up a significant portion of the volume of the gas.
9. Under which of the following conditions of temperature and pressure would 1.0 mol of the
real gas CO2(g) behave most like an ideal gas?
Temperature (K) Pressure (atm)

A 100 0.1
B 100 100
O
C 800 0.1
D 800 100
10. The ideal gas law best describes the properties of which of the following gases at 0°C and
1 atm?
A PH3 B HBr C SO2 D N2 O

11. Under which of the following conditions of temperature and pressure will H2 gas be
expected to behave most like an ideal gas?
A 50 K and 0.10 atm B 50 K and 5.0 atm
O
C 500 K and 0.10 atm
D 500 K and 50 atm

AP Chemistry
The best explanation for the lower pressure in container 4 is that SO2 molecules
A have a larger average speed than the other three gases
B occupy a larger portion of the container volume than the other three gases
O
C have stronger intermolecular attractions than the other three gases
D contain π bonds, while the other gases contain only σ bonds

AP Chemistry
3.6 FRQ
1. At 400K CH4(g) and CCl4(g)are gases. At this temperature, which compound, CH4(g) or
CCl4(g), behaves more like an ideal gas? Justify your answer, including reasoning about both
molecules. .
The response meets both of the criteria below:
The response indicates that both compounds have London dispersion forces.
(If the response indicates that either of the compounds has any other type of
intermolecular force, the criterion is not met.)
The response indicates that CCl4has the higher boiling point and that it has greater
2.
* d) The student measures the actual pressure of the CO2(g) in the container at 425K
and observes that it is less than the pressure predicted by the ideal gas law.
Explain this observation.
The response indicates that the attractive forces between CO2 molecules result in a
pressure that is lower than that predicted by the ideal gas law.
* Last part of question asked in previous section.

AP Chemistry
3.7 MC Questions
1. A 0.20 mol sample of MgCl2(s)and a 0.10 mol sample of KCl(s)are dissolved in water and
diluted to 500 mL. What is the concentration of Cl- in the solution?
A 0.15 M B 0.30 M C 0.50 M D 0.60 M O
E 1.00 M
2. A 360 mg sample of aspirin, C9H8O4, (molar mass 180 g), is dissolved in enough water to
produce 200 mL of solution. What is the molarity of aspirin in a 50 mL sample
of this solution?
A 0.080 M B 0.040 M C 0.020 M O
D 0.010 M E 0.0025 M
3. A 40.0 mL sample of 0.25 M KOH is added to 60.0 mL of 0.15 M Ba(OH)2. What is the
molar concentration of OH-(aq) in the resulting solution? (Assume that the volumes are
additive.)
A 0.10 M B 0.19 M O
C 0.28 M D 0.40 M E 0.55 M
4. A student prepares a solution by dissolving 60.00 g of glucose (molar mass 180.2 g mol-1)
in enough distilled water to make 250.0 mL of solution. The molarity of the solution
should be reported as
A 12.01 M B 12.0 M O
C 1.332 M D 1.33 M E 1.3 M
5. A student wishes to prepare 2.00 liters of 0.100 molar KIO3 (molecular weight 214).
The proper procedure is to weigh out
A 42.8 grams of KIO3 and add 2.00 kilograms of H2O
O

B 42.8 grams of KIO3 and add H2O until the final homogeneous solution has a
volume of 2.00 liters
C 21.4 grams of KIO3 and add H2O until the final homogeneous solution has a
volume of 2.00 liters
D 42.8 grams of KIO3 and add 2.00 liters of H2O
E 21.4 grams of KIO3 and add 2.00 liters of H2O
6. Approximately what mass of CuSO4 • 5H2O (250 g mol-1) is required to prepare 250 mL
of 0.10 M copper(II) sulfate solution?
A 4.0 g O
B 6.2 g C 34 g D 85 g E 140 g

AP Chemistry
7. A student uses visible spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of CoCl2(aq) in a
sample solution. First the student prepares a set of CoCl2(aq) solutions of known
concentration.
Then the student uses a spectrophotometer to determine the absorbance of each of the
standard solutions at a wavelength of 510nm and constructs a standard curve. Finally, the
student determines the absorbance of the sample of unknown concentration.
The original solution used to make the solutions for the standard curve was prepared by
dissolving 2.60g of CoCl2 (molar mass 130 g/mol) in enough water to make 100 mL
of solution. What is the molar concentration of the solution?
O
A 0.200 M B 0.500 M C 1.00 M D 5.00 M
8. For an experiment, a student needs 100.0 mL of 0.4220 M NaCl. If the student starts with
NaCl(s) and distilled water, which of the following pieces of laboratory glassware should
the student use to prepare the solution with the greatest accuracy?
A 25 mL volumetric pipet
B 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask
C 100 mL graduated cylinder
O
D 100 mL volumetric flask
E 1 L beaker
9. How many mL of 10.0 M HCl are needed to prepare 500 mL of 2.00 M HCl ?
A 1.00 mL B 10.0 mL C 20.0 mL O
D 100 mL E 200 mL
10. If 200. mL of 0.60 M MgCl2(aq) is added to 400. mL of distilled water, what is the
concentration of Mg2+(aq) in the resulting solution? (Assume volumes are additive).
O
A 0.20 M B 0.30 M C 0.40 M D 0.60 M E 1.2 M
11. If 50. mL of 1.0 M NaOH is diluted with distilled water to a volume of 2.0 L,
the concentration of the resulting solution is
O
A 0.025 M B 0.050 M C 0.10 M D 0.50 M E 1.0 M
12. How many moles of Na+ ions are in 100.mL of 0.100M Na3PO4(aq) ?
A 0.300 mol B 0.100 mol O
C 0.0300 mol D 0.0100 mol

AP Chemistry
13. How many grams of CaCl2 (molar mass =111g/mol) are needed to prepare 100 mL of
0.100MCl−(aq) ions?
O
A 0.555 g B 1.11 g C 2.22 g D 5.55 g
14. Solid Al(NO3)3 is added to distilled water to produce a solution in which the concentration
of nitrate, [NO3-], is 0.10 M. What is the concentration of aluminum ion, [Al3+], in this
solution?
A 0.010 M O
B 0.033 M C 0.066 M D 0.10 M E 0.30 M
15. The volume of distilled water that should be added to 10.0 mL of 6.00 M HCl(aq) in order to
prepare a 0.500 M HCl(aq) solution is approximately
A 50.0 mL B 60.0 mL C 100 mL O
D 110 mL E 120 mL
16. The volume of water that must be added in order to dilute 40 mL of 9.0 M HCl to a
concentration of 6.0 M is closest to
A 10 mL O
B 20 mL C 30 mL D 40 mL E 60 mL
17. What is the molarity of I-(aq) in a solution that contains 34 g of SrI2 (molar mass 341 g) in
1.0 L of the solution?
A 0.034 M B 0.068 M C 0.10 M O
D 0.20 M E 0.68 M
18. When 70 milliliter of 3.0 molar Na2CO3 is added to 30 milliliters of 1.0-molar NaHCO3
the resulting concentration of Na+ is
A 2.0 M B 2.4 M C 4.0 M O
D 4.5 M E 7.0 M
19. Which of the following is the best piece of laboratory glassware for preparing 500.0 mL of
an aqueous solution of a solid?
O
A Volumetric Falsk
B Erlenmeyer flask
C Test tube
D Graduated beaker
E Graduated cylinder

AP Chemistry
3.7 FRQ
1. A student has 100. mL of 0.400 M CuSO4(aq) and is asked to make 100. mL of 0.150 M
CuSO4(aq) for a spectrophotometry experiment.
The following laboratory equipment is available for preparing the solution: centigram
balance, weighing paper, funnel, 10 mL beaker, 150 mL beaker, 50 mL graduated cylinder,
100 mL volumetric flask, 50 mL buret, and distilled water.
a) Calculate the volume of 0.400 M CuSO4(aq) required for the preparation.
1 point is earned for the correct volume.
M1V1 = M2V2 V2 = (0.150M)(0.100L) / 0.400M
V2 = 0.0375 L x (1000 mL/1L) = 37.5 mL
b) Briefly describe the essential steps to most accurately prepare the 0.150 M
CuSO4(aq) from the 0.400 M CuSO4(aq) using the equipment listed above.
1 point is earned for using the buret to measure 37.5 mL of 0.400 M CuSO4 solution.
1 point is earned for adding the CuSO4 solution to the volumetric flask and filling to
the mark with distilled water.
The student plans to conduct a

spectrophotometric analysis to
determine the concentration of
Cu2+(aq) in a solution.
The solution has a small amount
of Co(NO3)2(aq) present as a
contaminant. The student is given
the diagram opposite, which shows
the absorbance curves for aqueous
solutions of Co2+(aq) and Cu2+(aq).
c) The spectrophotometer available to the student has a wavelength range of 400 nm

to 700 nm.
What wavelength should the student use to minimize the interference from the
presence of the Co2+(aq) ions?
1 point is earned for a correct wavelength. 700 nm
(Any wavelength from 650 to 700 nm is acceptable.)
AP Chemistry
2. A student is given a sample of CuSO4(s)
that contains a solid impurity that is
soluble and colorless.
The student wants to determine the
amount of CuSO4 in the sample and
decides to use a spectrophotometer.
First, the student prepares a calibration
graphby measuring the absorbances of
CuSO4(aq) solutions of known
concentrations. The graph is shown.
a) The student dissolves the entire impure sample of CuSO4(s) in enough distilled water
to make 100.mL of solution. Then the student measures the absorbance of the
solution and observes that it is 0.30.
Determine the concentration of CuSO4(aq) in the solution.
The response indicates that the absorbance is 0.15 M.
(Unit not required. Any value from 0.14 M to 0.16 M is acceptable.)
b) Calculate the number of moles of CuSO4 that were in the impure sample of CuSO4(s)
The response gives the following calculation (or an equivalent): Unit not required.
0.15 mol / 1000 mL x 100. ml = 0.015 mol
c) In addition to the number of moles of CuSO4 calculated in part b), what other
quantity must be measured in order to calculate the mass percentage of CuSO4
in the impure sample of CuSO4(s) ?
The response indicates that the mass of the sample must be measured.

AP Chemistry
3.
Mg(s) + 2 H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
A student performs an experiment to determine the volume of hydrogen gas produced
when a given mass of magnesium reacts with excess HCl(aq) , as represented by the net
ionic equation above.
The student begins with a 0.0360 g sample of pure magnesium and a solution of
2.0 M HCl(aq).
a) Calculate the number of moles of magnesium in the 0.0360 g sample.
1 point is earned for the correct number of moles of Mg.
1 mol Mg / 24.30 g Mg x 0.0360 g = 0.00148 mol Mg
b) Calculate the number of moles of HCl(aq) needed to react completely with the sample
of magnesium.
1 point is earned for the correct number of moles of HCl.
0.00148 mol Mg x 2 mol H+ / 1 mol Mg = 0.00296 mol HCl
As the magnesium reacts, the hydrogen gas produced is collected by water displacement at
23.0°C. The pressure of the gas in the collection tube is measured to be 749 torr.
c) Given that the equilibrium vapor pressure of water is 21 torr at 23.0°C, calculate the
pressure that the H2(g) produced in the reaction would have if it were dry.
1 point is earned for the correct pressure.
P = 749 torr − 21 torr = 728 torr
d) Calculate the volume, in liters measured at the conditions in the laboratory, that the
H2(g) produced in the reaction would have if it were dry.
PV = nRT V = nRT/ P
P = 728 torr x 1 atm / 760 torr = 0.958 atm
V = (0.00148 mol H2) (0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1)(296 K) / 0.958 atm = 0.0375 L
1 point is earned for the correct moles of H2(g).
1 point is earned for agreement of units of P (from part c)) and R.
1 point is earned for the correct temperature substitution and calculated volume.
Note: For errors in significant figures or mathematics, there is a 1 point deduction;

For the entire question, only 1 point total can be deducted for each type of error.

AP Chemistry
3.8 & 3.10 MC Questions
1.
Based on concepts of polarity and hydrogen bonding, which of the following sequences
correctly lists the compounds above in the order of their increasing solubility in water?
A Z<Y<X B Y<Z<X C Y<X<Z D X<Z<Y O
E X<Y<Z
2.
Benzene, C6H6 , has the structure shown above. Considering the observation that benzene
is only sparingly soluble in water, which of the following best describes the intermolecular
forces of attraction between water and benzene?
A Benzene is nonpolar, therefore there are no forces between water and benzene.
B The H atoms in benzene form hydrogen bonds with the O atoms in water.
C Benzene is hydrophobic, therefore there is a net repulsion between water and
benzene.
O
D There are dipole-induced dipole and London dispersion interactions between water
and benzene.
3. On the basis of molecular structure and bond polarity, which of the following compounds
is most likely to have the greatest solubility in water?
A CH4 B CCl4 C NH3 D PH3 O
4. Sodium chloride is LEAST soluble in which of the following liquids?
O
A H2O B CCl4 C HF D CH3OH E CH3COOH

AP Chemistry
5.
Gases generated in a chemical reaction are sometimes collected by the displacement of

water, as shown above. Which of the following gases can be quantitatively collected by this
method?
O
A H 2
B CO2 C HCl D SO3OH E CH3COOH
6. M+ is an unknown metal cation with a +1 charge.

A student dissolves the chloride of the unknown metal, MCl, in enough water to make
100.0 mL of solution. The student then mixes the solution with excess AgNO3 solution,
causing AgCl to precipitate. The student collects the precipitate by filtration, dries it,
and records the data shown below. (The molar mass ofAgCl is 143 g/mol.)
Mass of unknown chloride MCl = 0.74 g
Mass of filter paper = 0.80 g
Mass of filter paper plus AgCl precipitate = 2.23 g
Which of the following diagrams best represents the AgNO3 solution before the reaction
occurs? Note: water molecules are represented by the symbol
A B

C D


AP Chemistry
7. The survival of aquatic organisms depends on the small amount of O2 that dissolves in
H2O. The diagrams below represent possible models to explain this phenomenon.
Which diagram provides the better particle representation for the solubility of O2 in H2O,
and why?

A Diagram 1, because O2 molecules can form hydrogen bonds with the H2O
molecules.
B Diagram 1, because O2 and H2O are polar molecules that can interact through
dipole-dipole forces.

O
C Diagram 2, because the polar H2O molecules can induce temporary dipoles on the
electron clouds of O2 molecules.
D Diagram 2, because the nonpolar O2 molecules can induce temporary dipoles on
the electron clouds of H2O molecules.
8. Of the following organic compounds, which is LEAST soluble in water at 298 K?

A CH3OH, methanol
B CH3CH2CH2OH, l-propanol
O
C C6H14, hexane
D C6H12O6, glucose
E CH3COOH, ethanoic (acetic) acid
9. Which of the following molecules is least soluble in water?
A B C D

AP Chemistry
10. Based on their Lewis diagrams, which of the following pairs of liquids are most soluble in
each other?

O
A

11. Which of the following substances has the greatest solubility in C H

5 12(l)
at 1 atm?

A SiO2(s)
B NaCl(s)
C H2O(l)
O
D CCl4(l)
E NH3(g)

AP Chemistry
12. A student places a piece of I2(s) in 50.0 mL of H2O(l), another piece of I2(s) of the same mass
in 50.0 mL of C6H14(l), and shakes the mixtures. The results are shown above.
What do the results indicate about the intermolecular interactions of the substances?

A I2 and H2O have similar intermolecular interactions, and I2 and C6H14 do not.
O
B I2 and C6H14 have similar intermolecular interactions, and I2 and H2O do not.
C I2 , H2O , and C6H14 all have similar intermolecular interactions.
D I2 , H2O , and C6H14 have three completely different types of intermolecular
interactions.
13. Ag+(aq) + Cl—(aq) ⇄ AgCl(s)
A student mixes dilute AgNO3(aq) with excess NaCl(aq) to form AgCl(s), as represented
by the net ionic equation above. Which of the diagrams below best represents the
ions that are present in significant concentrations in the solution?
(Ksp for AgCl is 1.8 x 10−10.)
A B C O D
14. Which of the following compounds the LEAST soluble in water
O
A CH CH CH CH B
3 2 2 3
CH3CH2CH2OH C CH3COCH3
D CH3COOH E CH3CH2CH2NH2
AP Chemistry
3.8 & 3.10 FRQ
1. A student is given 50.0mL of a solution of Na2CO3 of unknown concentration.
To determine the concentration of the solution, the student mixes the solution with excess
1.0MCa(NO3)2(aq), causing a precipitate to form. The balanced equation for the reaction is
shown below.
Na2CO3(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq) → 2NaNO3(aq) + CaCO3(s)
a) Write the net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when the solutions of
Na2CO3 and Ca(NO3)2 are mixed.
Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → CaCO3 (s) phase designations not required
b) The diagram below is incomplete. Draw in the species needed to accurately

represent the major ionic species remaining in the solution after the reaction
has been completed.
The diagram shows one Ca 2+ ion (or more than one Ca2+ ion and the correct
number of additional NO3- ions to balance charge).
AP Chemistry
2. A student prepares a calibration graph by measuring the absorbances of CuSO4(aq) solutions
of known concentrations.
A particulate drawing of a single Cu2+ ion is shown in the following box. Draw two H2O
molecules in the box to show the most likely orientation of H2O(l) molecules around the
Cu2+ ion.

The drawing shows two water molecules generally oriented so the large circle
(indicating oxygen) is closer to the ion than the two small circles.
3. The structures of a water molecule and a crystal of LiCl(s) are

represented opposite. A student prepares a 1.0 M solution
by dissolving 4.2 g of LiCl(s) in enough water to make
100 mL of solution.
In the space provided below, show the interactions
of the components of LiCl(aq) by making a drawing
that represents the different particles present in the
solution. Base the particles in your drawing on the particles shown in the representations
above. Include only one formula unit of LiCl and no more than ten molecules of water.
Your drawing must include the following details.
• identity of ions (symbol and charge)
• the arrangement and proper orientation
of the particles in the solution
The sketch should clearly show:

1. a clear representation of at least one Li+ ion
and one Cl– ion separated from each other,
labeled, and charged;
(answer continues on next page)
AP Chemistry
The sketch should clearly show:
2. each ion surrounded by at least two H2O molecules; and
3. H2O molecules with the proper orientation around each ion (i.e., the oxygen end of
the watermolecules closer to the lithium ion and the hydrogen end of the water
molecules closer to the chloride ion).
4.
The compound urea, H2NCONH2 , is widely used in chemical fertilizers. The complete
Lewis electron-dot diagram for the urea molecule is shown above.
Urea has a high solubility in water, due in part to its ability to form hydrogen bonds. A
urea molecule and four water molecules are represented in the box below.
Draw ONE dashed line (----) to indicate a possible location of a hydrogen bond between a
water molecule and the urea molecule.
There is a dashed line connecting a hydrogen atom in water to a nitrogen or oxygen atom
in urea or a dashed line connecting an oxygen atom in water to a hydrogen atom in urea.

AP Chemistry
3.9 MC Questions
1. Which of the following techniques is most appropriate for the recovery of solid KNO3 from
an aqueous solution of KNO3?
A Paper chromatography B Filtration C Titration
D Electrolysis OE Evaporation to dryness
2.
On the basis of the solubility curves shown above, the greatest percentage of which
compound can be recovered by cooling a saturated solution of that compound from 90°C
to 30°C?
A NaCl B KNO3 O C K2Cr2O7 D K2SO4 E Ce2(SO4)3

AP Chemistry
3.
The diagram above shows a thin-layer chromatogram of a mixture of products from a

chemical reaction. The separation was performed using 50% ethyl acetate in hexane as the
solvent (mobile phase) and silica gel as the polar stationary phase.
On the basis of the chromatogram and the information about solvents in the table above,
which of the following would be the best way to decrease the distance that the products
travel up the plate?
A Use pentane instead of hexane in the solvent.
O
B Decrease the percentage of ethyl acetate in the solvent.
C Increase the percentage of ethyl acetate in the solvent.
D Add up to 5% methanol to the solvent.

AP Chemistry
4. A student obtains a liquid sample of green food coloring that is known to contain a
mixture of two solid pigments, one blue and one yellow, dissolved in an aqueous solution
of ethanol.
Which of the following laboratory setups is most appropriate for the student to use in
order to separate and collect a substantial sample of each of the two pigments?
A B
C D

O

AP Chemistry
5.
A student performed a fractional distillation of a mixture of two straight-chain

hydrocarbons, C7H16 and C8H18.
Using four clean, dry flasks, the student collected the distillate over the volume ranges
(A, B, C, and D) shown in the graph above.
Over what volume range should the student collect the distillate of the compound with the
stronger intermolecular forces?
A A B B C C O
D D
6. A mixture containing equal numbers of moles of

ethyl acetate and butyl acetate was separated using
distillation.
Based on the diagrams shown above, which of the
following identifies the substance that would be
initially present in higher concentration in the
distillate and correctly explains why that occurs?
A Ethyl acetate, because it has fewer C-C bonds to break

B Ethyl acetate, because it has a shorter carbon chain and weaker London dispersion
forces
O
C Butyl acetate, because it has more C-C bonds to break
D Butyl acetate, because it has a longer carbon chain and weaker dipole-dipole
attractions
AP Chemistry
7.
In a paper chromatography experiment, a sample of a pigment is separated into two

components, X and Y, as shown in the figure above.
The surface of the paper is moderately polar. What can be concluded about X and Y based
on the experimental results?
A X has a larger molar mass than Y does.
B Y has a larger molar mass than X does.
C X is more polar than Y.
O
D Y is more polar than X.

AP Chemistry
3.11 MC Questions
1. Infrared spectroscopy is a useful tool for scientists who want to investigate the structure of
certain molecules. Which of the following best explains what can occur as the result of a
molecule absorbing a photon of infrared radiation?
A The energies of infrared photons are in the same range as the energies associated
with changes between different electronic energy states in atoms and molecules.
Molecules can absorb infrared photons of characteristic wavelengths, thus revealing
the energies of electronic transitions within the molecules.

O
B The energies of infrared photons are in the same range as the energies associated
with different vibrational states of chemical bonds. Molecules can absorb infrared
photons of characteristic wavelengths, thus revealing the types and strengths
of different bonds in the molecules.
C The energies of infrared photons are in the same range as the energies associated
with different rotational states of molecules. Molecules can absorb infrared photons
of characteristic wavelengths, thus revealing the energies of transition between
different rotational energy states of the molecules.
D The energies of infrared photons are in the same range as the total bond energies of
bonds within molecules. Chemical bonds can be completely broken as they absorb
infrared photons of characteristic wavelengths, thus revealing the energies of the
bonds within the molecules.
2. Which statement correctly compares what occurs when molecules absorb photons in the
microwave region with what occurs when molecules absorb photons in the infrared
region?

O
A
Microwave photons cause the molecules to increase their rotational energy states,
whereas infrared photons cause the molecules to increase their vibrational energy
states.
B Microwave photons cause electrons in the molecules to increase their electronic

energy states, whereas infrared photons cause the molecules to increase their
rotational energy states.
C Microwave photons cause the molecules to increase their vibrational energy states,
whereas infrared photons cause electrons in the molecules to increase their
electronic energy states.
D Microwave photons cause the molecules to increase their rotational energy states,
whereas infrared photons cause electrons in the molecules to increase their
electronic energy states.
AP Chemistry
3. N2 molecules absorb ultraviolet light but not visible light. I2 molecules absorb both visible
and ultraviolet light. Which of the following statements explains the observations?
A More energy is required to make N2 molecules vibrate than is required to make I2
molecules vibrate.
B More energy is required to remove an electron from an I2 molecule than is required
to remove an electron from a N2 molecule.

O
C Visible light does not produce transitions between electronic energy levels in the N2
molecule but does produce transitions in the I2 molecule..
D The molecular mass of I2 is greater than the molecular mass of N2.
4.
Beta-carotene is an organic compound with an orange color. The diagram above shows
the ultraviolet spectrum of beta-carotene. Which of the following statements is true about
the absorption bands in the spectrum?
A The absorption band between 250 and 320 nm is due to transitions in electronic
energy levels, and the absorption band between 380 and 520 nm is due to
transitions in molecular vibrational levels.
B The absorption band between 250 and 320 nm is due to transitions in molecular
vibrational levels, and the absorption band between 380 and 520 nm is due to
transitions in molecular rotational levels.

O
C The two main absorption bands are associated with transitions in electronic energy
levels. The band in the region corresponding to shorter wavelengths shows a lower
absorbance than the band in the region corresponding to longer wavelengths.
D The two main absorption bands are associated with transitions in molecular
vibrational levels. The band in the region corresponding to shorter wavelengths
shows a lower absorbance than the band in the region corresponding to longer
wavelengths.
AP Chemistry
5.
The diagram above represents the absorption spectrum for a pure molecular substance.
Which of the following correctly indicates the type of transition observed for the substance
in each of the regions of the absorption spectrum?
Region X Region Y Region Z

A molecular vibration molecular rotation electronic transition
B electronic transition molecular rotation molecular vibration
C molecular rotation molecular vibration electronic transition
O
D electronic transition molecular vibration molecular rotation

AP Chemistry
3.12 MC Questions
The first two questions are based on the information given below.
The diagram above represents the photoelectric effect for a metal. When the metal surface
is exposed to light with increasing frequency and energy of photons, electrons first begin to
be ejected from the metal when the energy of the photons is 3.3×10−19 J
1. Which of the following is closest to the frequency of the light with photon energy of
3.3 × 10−19 J ?
A 5.0 × 10−53 s−1 B 5.0 × 10−16 s−1 O
C 5.0 × 10 14 −1
s D 5.0 × 1052 s−1
2. Using the wavelength information provided above, what is the color of the light?
A Red O
B Orange C Yellow D Blue
3. A student uses visible spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of CoCl2(aq) in a

sample solution. First the student prepares a set of CoCl2(aq) solutions of known
concentration.
A wavelength of 510nm corresponds to an approximate frequency of 6 × 1014 s−1. What is
the approximate energy of one photon of this light?
A 9 × 1047 J B 3 × 1017 J C 5 × 10−7 J O

D 4 × 10−19
J

AP Chemistry
3.13 MC Questions
1.
The diagrams above show the ultraviolet absorption spectra for two compounds.
Diagram 1 is the absorption spectrum of pure acetone, a solvent used when preparing
solutions for an experiment. Diagram 2 is the absorption spectrum of the solute for which
the absorbance needs to be measured to determine its concentration.
When the student reads the absorbance of the solution at 280nm, the result is too high.
Which of the following is most likely responsible for the error in the measured absorbance?
A The student added too little solute to the acetone before measuring its absorbance.
B The student rinsed the cuvette with the solution before filling the cuvette with the
solution.

O
C The student forgot to calibrate the spectrophotometer first by using a cuvette
containing only acetone.
D The wavelength setting was accidentally changed from 280nm to 300nm before the
student made the measurement.

AP Chemistry
2. A student uses visible spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of CoCl2(aq)
in a sample solution. First the student prepares a set of CoCl2(aq) solutions of known
concentration.
The student made the standard curve above. Which of the following most likely caused
the error in the point the student plotted at 0.050 M Co2+(aq) ?
O
A There was distilled water in the cuvette when the student put the standard solution
in it.
B There were a few drops of the 0.100 M Co2+(aq) standard solution in the cuvette when
the student put the 0.050 M standard solution in it.
C The student used a cuvette with a longer path length than the cuvette used for the
other standard solutions.
D The student did not run a blank between the 0.050 M Co2+(aq) solution and the one
before it.

AP Chemistry
3. Fe3+(aq) + KSCN(s) → FeSCN2+(aq) + K+(aq)
To determine the moles of Fe3+(aq) in a 100. mL sample of an unknown solution, excess

KSCN(s) is added to convert all the Fe3+(aq) into the dark red species FeSCN2+(aq), as
represented by the equation above.
The absorbance of FeSCN2+(aq) at different concentrations is shown in the graph below.
If the absorbance of the mixture is 0.20 at 453 nm, how many moles of Fe3+(aq) were present
in the 100. mL sample? (Assume that any volume change due to adding the KSCN(s) is
negligible.)
A 4 x 10-4 mol B 3 x 10-4 mol O
C 4 x 10 -6
mol D 3 x 10-6 mol
4. Using a spectrophotometer, a student

measures the absorbance of four solutions
of CuSO4 at a given wavelength.
The collected data is given in the table
opposite.
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the discrepant data in trial 4 ?
A The solution was at a lower temperature than the solutions in the other trials.
B The measurement was made using a different spectrophotometer that uses a cell
with a longer path length.
C The solution was saturated and the flow of light through the solution was restricted.
O
D The concentration of the solution was actually lower than 0.150M .
AP Chemistry
5. A student prepared five solutions of CuSO4 with different concentrations, and then filled
five cuvettes, each containing one of the solutions.
The cuvettes were placed in a spectrophotometer set to the appropriate wavelength for
maximum absorbance. The absorbance of each solution was measured and recorded.
The student plotted absorbance versus concentration, as shown in the figure above.
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the variance of the data point for
the 0.600 M CuSO4 solution?
A The cuvette into which the 0.600 M solution was placed had some water droplets
inside.
B The cuvette into which the 0.600 M solution was placed was filled slightly more than
the other cuvettes.
C The wavelength setting was accidentally moved away from that of maximum
absorbance.

O
D The cuvette used for the 0.600 M solution had not been wiped clean before being put
in the spectrophotometer.

AP Chemistry
6. Cu(s) + 4 HNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
Each student in a class placed a 2.00 g sample of a mixture of Cu and Al in a beaker and
placed the beaker in a fume hood.
The students slowly poured 15.0 mL of 15.8 M HNO3(aq) into their beakers. The reaction
between the copper in the mixture and the HNO3(aq) is represented by the equation above.
The students observed that a brown gas was released from the beakers and that the
solutions turned blue, indicating the formation of Cu2+(aq). The solutions were then diluted
with distilled water to known volumes
To determine the number of moles of Cu in the sample
of the mixture, the students measured the absorbance
of known concentrations of Cu(NO3)2(aq) using a
spectrophotometer.
A cuvette filled with some of the solution produced from
the sample of the mixture was also tested. The data
recorded by one student are shown in the table opposite.
On the basis of the data provided, which of the following is a possible error that the
student made?
A The Cu(NO3)2(aq) from the sample of the mixture was not diluted properly.
B The spectrophotometer was calibrated with tap water instead of distilled water.

O
C The student labeled the cuvettes incorrectly, reversing the labels on two of the
solutions of known concentration.
D The spectrophotometer was originally set to an inappropriate wavelength, causing

the absorbance to vary unpredictably

AP Chemistry
3.9 & 3.11 - 3.13 FRQ
1.
A student investigates the reaction between Ag(s) and HNO3(aq) represented by the equation
below.
3 Ag(s) + 4 HNO3(aq) → 3 AgNO3(aq) + NO(g) + 2 H2O(l)
The student runs the reaction using a 3 to 4 mole ratio of Ag(s) to HNO3(aq) . Suggest a
method the student can use to isolate solid AgNO3 from the other products of the
reaction.
The student can evaporate the water, leaving behind solid silver nitrate.
2. To spectrophotometrically determine the mass percent of cobalt in an ore containing

cobalt and some inert materials, solutions with known [Co2+] are prepared and the
absorbance of each of the solutions is measured at the wavelength of optimum absorbance.
The data are used to create a calibration plot,
shown opposite.
A 0.630 g sample of the ore is completely
dissolved in concentrated HNO3(aq).
The mixture is diluted with water to a

final volume of 50.00 mL. Assume that all
the cobalt in the ore sample is converted
to Co2+(aq) .
a) What is the [Co2+] in the solution if the

absorbance of a sample of the solution is 0.74?
An absorbance of 0.74 corresponds to a concentration of 0.0130 M (0.0125 M to
0.0135 M).
b) Calculate the number of moles of Co2+(aq) in the 50.00 mL solution.

1 point is earned for the correct calculation of the number of moles.
0.05000 L x (0.0130 mol Co2+/ 1.00 L) = 6.50 x 10-4 mol Co2+
c) Calculate the mass percent of Co in the 0.630 g sample of the ore.
1 point is earned for a correct calculation of the number of grams of Co that is
consistent with the number of moles of Co2+ in part b). (may be implicit)
1 point is earned for a correct calculation of the mass percent that is consistent
with the number of grams of Co.
6.50 x 10-4 mol x 58.93 g Co / 1.00 mol = 0.0383g Co
0.0383g Co / 0.630g ore x 100 % = 6.08 %
AP Chemistry
3. A student has 100. mL of 0.400 M CuSO4(aq) and is asked to make 100. mL of 0.150 M
CuSO4(aq) for a spectrophotometry experiment.
The following laboratory equipment is available for preparing the solution: centigram
balance, weighing paper, funnel, 10 mL beaker, 150 mL beaker, 50 mL graduated cylinder,
100 mL volumetric flask, 50 mL buret, and distilled water.
a) Calculate the volume of 0.400 M CuSO4(aq) required for the preparation.

1 point is earned for the correct volume. M1V1 = M2V2
V2 = (0.150M)(0.100L) / 0.400M V2 = 0.0375 L x (1000 mL/1L) = 37.5 mL
b) Briefly describe the essential steps to most accurately prepare the 0.150 M
CuSO4(aq) from the 0.400 M CuSO4(aq) using the equipment listed above.
1 point is earned for using the buret to measure 37.5 mL of 0.400 M CuSO4 solution.
1 point is earned for adding the CuSO4 solution to the volumetric flask and filling to
the mark with distilled water.
The student plans to conduct a spectrophotometric analysis to determine the

concentration of Cu2+(aq) in a solution. The solution has a small amount of Co(NO3)2(aq)
present as a contaminant.
The student is given the diagram below, which shows the absorbance curves for aqueous
solutions of Co2+(aq) and Cu2+(aq).
c) The spectrophotometer available to the student has a wavelength range of 400 nm

to 700 nm. What wavelength should the student use to minimize the interference
from the presence of the Co2+(aq) ions?
1 point is earned for a correct wavelength. 700 nm
(Any wavelength from 650 to 700 nm is acceptable.)
AP Chemistry
4. A student is given a sample of CuSO4(s) that contains a solid impurity that is soluble and
colorless. The student wants to determine the amount of CuSO4 in the sample and
decides to use a spectrophotometer.
First, the student prepares a calibration graph by measuring the absorbances of CuSO4(aq)
solutions of known concentrations. The graph is shown below
a) The student dissolves the entire impure sample of CuSO4(s) in enough distilled water
to make 100.mL of solution. Then the student measures the absorbance of the
solution and observes that it is 0.30. Determine the concentration of CuSO4(aq) in the
solution.
The response indicates that the absorbance is 0.15M .
(Unit not required. Any value from 0.14M to 0.16M is acceptable.)
b) Calculate the number of moles of CuSO4 that were in the impure sample of CuSO4(s).
The response gives the following calculation (or an equivalent): Unit not required.
0.15 mol /1000 mL x 100. moL = 0.015 mol
c) In addition to the number of moles of CuSO4 calculated in part b) , what other

quantity must be measured in order to calculate the mass percentage of CuSO4
in the impure sample of CuSO4(s) ?
The response indicates that the mass of the sample must be measured.

AP Chemistry
5. The complete photoelectron spectrum of an element in its ground state is represented
below.
a) Based on the spectrum,

i) write the ground-state electron configuration of the element, and
The response gives one of the following two answers.
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 or [Ar] 4s2
ii) identify the element.

The response indicates Ca
b) Calculate the wavelength, in meters, of electromagnetic radiation needed to remove

an electron from the valence shell of an atom of the element.
The response indicates that the energy required is 0.980 x 10-18 J .
The response shows a calculation similar to the following.
E = h𝛎 = h c /λ so λ = hc / E
λ = (6.626 x 10-34 J)(2.998 x 108 ms-1) / (0.980 x 10-18 J)
λ = 2.03 x 10-7 m

AP Chemistry
6. A student is given a solution of phenol red of unknown concentration. Solutions of phenol
red are bright pink under basic conditions. The student analyzes a sample of the solution
using a spectrophotometer set at a wavelength of 559 nm, the wavelength of
maximum absorbance for phenol red.
The measured absorbance of the phenol red solution at 559 nm is 0.35.
a) Based on the calibration curve shown below, what is the concentration of the
solution in micromoles per liter (μM) ?
The response gives a value between 5.2 μM and 5.6 μM.
b) If the student mixed 10mL of distilled water with 10mL of the sample, would this
diluted solution have an absorbance greater than, less than, or equal to the
absorbance of the original solution? Justify your answer.
The response indicates that the diluted solution would have an absorbance less than
that of the original solution.
The response indicates that the diluted solution would have a lower concentration
and therefore a lower absorbance, in accordance with Beer’s law.
c) If the student measured the absorbance of the solution at a wavelength of 650nm,
would the absorbance be greater than, less than, or equal to the absorbance of
the solution at 559nm? Justify your answer.
The response indicates that the absorbance at 650 nm would be less than the
absorbance at 559 nm .
The response indicates that 599 nm is the wavelength of maximum absorbance so
the absorbance at any other wavelength will be lower.

Unit 3 - Intermolecular Forces & Properties: AP Chemistry

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Unit 3 - Intermolecular Forces & Properties: AP Chemistry

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AP Chemistry

Unit 3 - Intermolecular Forces

3.1 Intermolecular Forces

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 2 Intermolecular Forces Questions

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 3 Intermolecular Forces Questions

A F2 is soluble in water, whereas HF is insoluble in water.

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 5 Intermolecular Forces Questions

a) At 1 atm and 298 K, pentane is a liquid whereas propane is a gas. Explain.

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 8 Intermolecular Forces Questions

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 9 Intermolecular Forces Questions

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 10 Intermolecular Forces Questions

The intermolecular forces of attraction among molecules of dimethyl ether consist of

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 12 Intermolecular Forces Questions

9. At room temperature I2(s) is a molecular solid. Which of the following provides a

The structure of one form of boron nitride is represented above.

ii) pure cyclohexane

b) Glucose is soluble in water but cyclohexane is not soluble in water. Explain.

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 16 Intermolecular Forces Questions

The response meets both of the criteria below:

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 17 Intermolecular Forces Questions

The drawing meets all of the criteria below:

A are in constant motion

The density of the gas, in g/L, is

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 19 Intermolecular Forces Questions

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 20 Intermolecular Forces Questions

A The density of the gas

A 0.070 mL B 0.14 mL C 1.4 mL

8. A sample of an unknown gas from a cylinder

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 21 Intermolecular Forces Questions

9. Which flask contains the sample with the greatest density?

10. Which flask contains the smallest number of moles of gas?

A About 0.010 atm, because there is 0.010mol of H2 in the sample.

A 800 B 600 C 250 D 200 O

A 0.200 atm B 0.500 atm C 1.000 atm O

A 1 atm B 2 atm C 3 atm D 4 atm O

A 0.5 atm B 1.0 atm O

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 24 Intermolecular Forces Questions

n = PV / RT = (1.00 atm)(100 L) / (0.0821 L.atm.mol-1.K-1)(1171 K)

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 26 Intermolecular Forces Questions

OR - see next page

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 27 Intermolecular Forces Questions

1 point is earned for the correct setup and answer.

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 28 Intermolecular Forces Questions

4. After elemental analysis the empirical formula of a compound was determined to be

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 29 Intermolecular Forces Questions

Solid carbon and carbon dioxide gas at 1,160 K were

a) Calculate the number of moles of CO2(g) initially placed in the container.

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 30 Intermolecular Forces Questions

A The volume of the gas increases.

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 32 Intermolecular Forces Questions

7. The following question refers to the 1 L flasks shown below.

In which flask do the molecules have the greatest average speed?

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 33 Intermolecular Forces Questions

A The densities of the gases, because as the density of a gas increases,

The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is?

ISPS Chemistry Aug 2021 page 38 Intermolecular Forces Questions

b) Calculate the pressure of the CO2(g) in the container at 425K.