The Result of Common Physics

Experiment

1-7
Thermal effects on materials

Department: Materials and Optoelectronic Science

Team:C4 Name: 丁于恩

Professor: Yi-Hsin Chen

Experiment date:2023.11.26
Data analysis……………………………………..3-10

Reflection…………………………………………11

QA………………………………………………...12

Data paper………………………………………...13

Data analysis
 Time (min) 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Resistance (kΩ) Thermistor 2.20 2.21 2.38 2.60 2.83 3.02 3.25 3.44
Resistance (Ω) Platinum RTD 127.4 126.9 126.0 124.9 124.0 123.3 122.5 121.7
Resistance (kΩ) Semiconductor Diode 69.4 68.8 70.8 74.1 76.5 78.7 81.0 83.0
Temperature (°C) Thermocouple 73.5 70.2 67.4 64.5 62.4 60.1 58.1 56.3

27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66
3.63 3.83 4.01 4.22 4.42 4.62 4.79 4.96 5.12 5.28 5.44 5.61 5.75 5.90
121.2 120.6 120.0 119.6 119.1 118.7 118.3 117.9 117.5 117.2 116.9 116.6 116.4 116.1
85.0 86.8 88.3 90.1 91.7 93.5 94.6 95.7 97.1 98.4 99.5 100.6 101.4 102.3
54.6 53.1 51.6 50.1 48.9 47.6 46.6 45.6 44.6 43.8 43.0 42.2 41.5 40.8

69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105
6.05 6.17 6.30 6.43 6.55 6.69 6.81 6.72 7.05 7.16 7.28 7.36 7.48
115.9 115.6 115.4 115.1 114.9 114.8 114.6 114.4 114.3 114.1 114 113.8 113.6
103.3 104.3 105.3 106.0 106.8 107.7 108.5 109.1 109.8 110.5 111.3 111.7 112.3
40.2 39.5 38.9 38.5 37.9 37.5 37.0 36.5 36.0 35.5 35.1 34.7 34.3

1. R-T Relationship for a Thermistor:

 The relationship between thermistor and temperature
8.00
7.00 f(x) = 23.2266056144927 exp( − 0.0336127444666273 x )
R² = 0.995797614677572
6.00
Resistance (kΩ)

5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0
Temperature (°C)

Figure 1: The relationship between thermistor and temperature

The relationship between thermistor and temperature

8.00
7.00 f(x) = 23.2266056144927 exp( − 0.0336127444666273 x )
R² = 0.995797614677572
6.00
Resistance (kΩ)

5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
30.0 50.0 70.0 90.0 110.0 130.0 150.0 170.0 190.0 210.0 230.0

Temperature (°C)

Figure 2: The relationship between thermistor and temperature

A Thermistor possesses the following characteristics:

Temperature Sensitivity: The resistance of a thermistor varies

with temperature, typically increasing or decreasing as the

 temperature rises or falls. This temperature sensitivity makes

thermistors commonly used as temperature sensors.

Nonlinear Characteristics: Unlike some other temperature

sensors, the resistance-temperature relationship of a

thermistor is typically nonlinear. This means that its

resistance-temperature curve is not a straight line but rather a

curved shape. y=23.227e-0.034x, R2=0.9958.

High Sensitivity: Thermistors exhibit high sensitivity to

temperature changes, allowing them to provide high-

resolution temperature measurements.

2. R-T Relationship for a Platinum RTD:

 The relationship between Platinum RTD and temperature
130.0
f(x) = 102.465450906177 exp( 0.00305409868691848 x )
125.0 R² = 0.998047584554102
Resistance (Ω)

120.0

115.0

110.0

105.0
30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0
Temperature (°C)

Figure 3: The relationship between Platinum RTD and temperature

The relationship between Platinum RTD and temperature

130.0
f(x) = 102.465450906177 exp( 0.00305409868691848 x )
125.0 R² = 0.998047584554102
Resistance (Ω)

120.0

115.0

110.0

105.0
-273.0 -223.0 -173.0 -123.0 -73.0 -23.0 27.0 77.0 127.0
Temperature (°C)

Figure 4: The relationship between Platinum RTD and temperature

The characteristics of a Platinum RTD (Resistance Temperature

Detector) can be summarized as follows:

Precision: Platinum RTD provides highly accurate temperature

measurements, often exhibiting higher precision compared to

 other temperature sensors.

Linear Relationship: Within a certain temperature range, the

resistance of Platinum RTD demonstrates an approximate

linear relationship with temperature. This linear characteristic

simplifies calibration and interpretation of measurement

results. y=102.47e0.0031x, R2=0.998

Broad Temperature Range: Platinum RTD is capable of handling

a wide temperature range, spanning from extremely low to

extremely high temperatures, making it suitable for diverse

business environments.

Long-Term Stability: The chemical and mechanical stability of

platinum contributes to the long-term stability of Platinum

RTD, allowing it to maintain consistent performance over

extended periods.

3. R-T Relationship for a Semiconductor Diode:

 The relationship between Semiconductor Diode and
temperature
125

105 f(x) = 177.067131372523 exp( − 0.0133852263786204 x )

R² = 0.996089606609214
Resistance (kΩ)

85

65

45

25

5
30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0

Temperature (°C)

Figure 5: The relationship between Semiconductor Diode and temperature

The relationship between Semiconductor Diode and

temperature
120

100 f(x) = 177.067131372523 exp( − 0.0133852263786204 x )

R² = 0.996089606609214
Resistance (kΩ)

80

60

40

20

0
30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0

Temperature (°C)

Figure 6: The relationship between Semiconductor Diode and temperature

The key characteristics of a Semiconductor Diode are briefly

explained as follows:

Rectification: A Semiconductor Diode exhibits rectification,

 allowing current to flow in one direction while offering high

resistance in the reverse direction. This property is akin to a

valve effect, commonly used in rectifying circuits to convert

AC to DC.

Cut-in Voltage: When a forward voltage is applied to the

Semiconductor Diode, there is a cut-in voltage. Once the

voltage exceeds this threshold, the diode begins to conduct.

This cut-in voltage is the critical voltage at which the

Semiconductor Diode starts operating.

Reverse Bias: Under reverse voltage, the Semiconductor Diode

is in a state of cutoff, with only minimal reverse leakage

current. This characteristic makes Semiconductor Diodes

useful for protection in electronic devices.

Fast Switching Characteristics: Semiconductor Diodes possess

rapid switching characteristics, making them suitable for use

as fast-switching components in electronic and

communication devices.

Temperature Sensitivity: The electrical characteristics of

Semiconductor Diodes are influenced by temperature

 changes. Some applications require consideration of their

performance at different temperatures.

The relationship between resistance and temperature exhibits an

exponential decay. y=177.07e-0.013x, R2=0.9961

Reflection
1. Poor contact in the alligator clip may result in inaccuracies.

2. Improper unit usage in the multimeter can result in

measurement inaccuracies.

3. During operation, it is advisable to avoid touching the

multimeter to prevent data alteration and potential

inaccuracies.
 QA
1. What are the curves or variations in temperature
corresponding to the measured data of the three
temperature sensors (semiconductor diode,
thermistor, and platinum RTD)?
(1.) When the temperature is higher, the resistance value of the

platinum resistor increases, but its value increases less,

while the resistance value of the thermistor and

semiconductor resistor decreases as the temperature

increases.

2. Use proper functions to find the relation of the

measured physical quantity and temperature.
(2.) Thermocouples are less accurate than decimal

measurements, and thermocouples measure the temperature

difference between two metals by measuring the voltage

generated, so they need a body temperature as a reference.

Therefore, a body temperature is required as a reference.