Plastic Analysis of Structure: Syllabus

Plastic Analysis of Structures Dr. Abdulkhaliq A.
Jaafer L1
MSc. Course Misan University
Plastic Analysis of Structure
Syllabus
1- Introduction
2- Basis of Plastic Analysis
3- Methods of Plastic Analysis
4- Theorems of Plastic Analysis
5- Plastic Analysis of Beams
6- Plastic Analysis of Frames
7- Application to Reinforced Concrete Structures
8- Composite Steel-Concrete Beams
9- Yield Line Analysis for Reinforced Concrete Slabs.
References
1- Plastic design of steel frames by Lynn S. Beedle

2- Plastic methods of structural analysis by B.G.Neal
3- Plastic method for steel and concrete structures by Stuart S.J May
4- Plastic theory of structures by M.R.Horne
5- Plastic analysis of structures by P.G Hodge
1
Plastic Analysis of Structures Dr. Abdulkhaliq A. Jaafer L1
Introduction
The elastic analysis of structures is based on the assumption is that the

stresses in the structure caused by the applied loads are within the elastic limit of
the material used.
However, an elastic analysis does not give information about the load that
will actually collapse a structure.
Plastic analysis is the method through which the actual failure load of a
structure is calculated. It requires knowledge of what happens at collapse and how
structures behave when the stresses in the material exceed the elastic limit.
Elastic behavior of the material is the result of the static resistance of

interatomic bonds. It appears as the change of shape and volume of the crystals
without any impairment to these bonds.
Plastic behavior of material is caused by the formation of new bonds.

Plastic deformation is the result of shift or dislocation of their interaction. One
part of the crystal slips along another part but the volume of the material remains
unchanged. Such deformation is irreversible.
Consider the simply supported beam (8 m) length is subjected to concentrated

load at mid span as shown in Fig. (1)
𝑃
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑅𝑏 =
2
Maximum bending moment at midspan is:
2
𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝑀 = 𝑅𝑎 = =2𝑃
2 4
When the load P is increased gradually, as can be seen in the Table (1)
Load (P), kN Bending Moment kN.m Bending stress (MPa)

0 0 0
10 20 50
50 100 250
100 200 500
200 400 1000
From the Table (1), it can be concluded the bending moment proportionally
increases with increasing of applied load. And this increasing will be continued
with increased load. Now, if that beam is steel with rectangular cross section (60
* 200 mm), bending stress will be generated.
𝑀𝑦 𝑏 ℎ3 ℎ 𝑀 𝑀
𝜎= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼 = 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑜 𝜎= → 𝜎 =
𝐼 12 2 𝑏 ℎ2 𝑍
6
𝑏 ℎ2 (60) (200)2
𝑍= = = 4 ∗ 105 𝑚𝑚3
6 6
The third column of Table (1) shown bending stress in the beam. In that column
we can observe that at load 100 kN, the bending stress is 500 MPa, this value is
more than the yield stress of steel.
3
Stress – Strain Behavior
In tension test, if the extension of a mild steel specimen is measured (as

strain) and plotted against the applied force (expressed as a stress) the typical
stress – strain curve is obtained.
At small strain, stress is directly proportional to strain. The material is

elastic, and the slope, E, is the Young's modulus.
The point U is the limit of proportionality between stress and strain. When
this limit is reached there is a rapid drop in stress to the point L. U is called the
upper yield point. It is no practical significance. The stress corresponding to the
point L is the yield stress 𝜎𝑦 .
When the strain is increased above the strain at point L it is found that no
corresponding stress increase is required. The increase in strain without change
in stress is called plastic flow. At the end of plastic region, point H, the strain is
at least ten times the strain at the yield point.
After H, an increase in strain requires an increase in stress, but the relation

is now non-linear. This is called strain hardening. The initial slope 𝐸𝑠ℎ of this
4
region is about 4 percent of Young's modulus. At point M the stress reaches its
maximum value. This stress is called the ultimate tensile strength.
Further increase in strain produces necking and eventually a cup and cone
fracture as shown in Fig. below.
Tests have shown that the stress-strain curve for mild steel in compression
is in fact identical to the one in tension up to the point of maximum stress. If the
specimen is loaded to, say, point x and the load then removed, initially the change
in strain is elastic (slope E) as shown by the solid line xy.
5
Ideal behavior would follow the solid line with compressive plastic flow
occurring when the stress reaches 𝜎𝑦 in the compressive sense. The actual
behavior follows the broken line xy‫ ׳‬indicating an apparently reduced yield stress
in compression. The divergence from the ideal path the Bauschinger effect.
The idealized perfect elastic-plastic behavior is obtained by:
1- Ignoring the upper yield point

2- Ignoring strain hardening
3- Ignoring the Bauschinger effect
General Forms of Stress-Strain Relationships
The figures below show the relationships between stress and strain of different
materials.
6
7
Comparative stress-strain curves for different structural materials
Assumptions in Plastic Analysis
The assumptions are:
1- Idealized stress-strain diagram is assumed.

2- The material behavior is identical in simple tension and compression.
3- Plastic hinge is not capable of resisting ant further increase in load.
4- The deformations of structure up to plastic load are so small that the
equilibrium of forces can be investigated for an undeformed structure.
5- The longitudinal strains of the cross section are distributed linearly.
8
6- After the hinge mechanism is formed, the curvature of the elements

between the hinges is supposed to remain unchanged.
It may be noted that the Hook's law, superposition, reciprocal theorem,
Castiglione’s least work theorem are not applicable for theory of plasticity.
Fundamental of Plastic Analysis for Structures
1- Determinate System
Example 1: Tension Bar:
Stress:
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
Elongation:
𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
With increasing the applied load until the load reaches to its yield value, 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑦
∴ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴
𝜎𝑦 . 𝐿
𝛿=
𝐸
9
Example 2: Truss
Consider the truss shown in the Fig. below. Assume the cross-sectional area of
bars OB and OC are A and 2A, respectively.
The truss is statically determinate. The applied vertical load W at point O places
both members OB and OC, in tension, the unknown internal forces being 𝐹𝑂𝐵
and 𝐹𝑂𝐶 .
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 → 𝐹𝑂𝐵 cos 45 − 𝐹𝑂𝐶 cos 30 = 0 → 𝐹𝑂𝐵 = 1.225 𝐹𝑂𝐶 (1)
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 → 𝐹𝑂𝐵 sin 45 + 𝐹𝑂𝐶 sin 30 − 𝑊 = 0 (2)
Substitution of Eq. (1) into Eq. (2) gives
𝐹𝑂𝐵 = 0.897 𝑊
𝐹𝑂𝐶 = 0.732 𝑊
So that the stresses in the bars are:
𝑊
𝜎𝑂𝐵 = 0.897
𝐴
𝑊
𝜎𝑂𝐶 = 0.366
𝐴
10
As the load W is increased, the member OB will yield firstly. To find the load at
which that occurs from
𝐹𝑂𝐵 = 𝜎𝑦 𝐴
𝐹𝑂𝐵 = 0.897 𝑊𝑦
Therefor,
0.897 𝑊𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 𝐴
𝑊𝑦 = 1.115 𝐴 𝜎𝑦
𝑊𝑐 = 1.115 𝐴 𝜎𝑦
Notes :
• In statically determinate structure collapse occurs when the most heavily

stressed member yields.
• The collapse load is directly proportional to the force which causes yield
in that member.
2- Indeterminate System
Consider a simple three bar system. All members have uniform cross-section A.
the behaviors of the members under axial forces is assumed as idealized elastic –
plastic.
a a
𝜎𝑦
L
𝐸
2 2 1
L 1
0
𝜎𝑦
− of Bars
11
𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇2
Solution:
∆
1. Elastic Stage: 0 < 𝑃 < 𝑃𝑦
❖ Equilibrium condition
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 → 2𝑇2 + 𝑇1 = 𝑃 (1)
❖ Compatibility condition (kinematic)

∆= ∆1 = ∆2
𝑇. 𝐿 𝑇. 𝐿 𝑇. 𝐿 𝑇. 2 𝐿
( ) =( ) →( ) =( )
𝐴. 𝐸 1 𝐴. 𝐸 2 𝐴. 𝐸 1 𝐴. 𝐸 2
𝑇1 = 2𝑇2 (2)
Sub. Eq. (2) in (1), get
𝑃
𝑇1 =
2
And
𝑃
𝑇2 =
4
𝑇1 𝑃 𝑃. 𝐿
𝜎1 = = → ∆1 = = ∆2
𝐴 2𝐴 2 𝐸𝐴
2. Elastic Limit State: 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑦
The bar has largest load will reach to yield firstly, so, Bar (1) reach yield
first
𝑃𝑦
∴ 𝑇1 = 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇1 =
2
𝑃𝑦
∴ 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴 = → 𝑃𝑦 = 2𝜎𝑦 𝐴
2
𝑇1 . 𝐿 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴 . 𝐿 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐿
∆1 = ∆𝑦 = = =
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 𝐸
12
𝜎𝑦 𝐴
𝑇2 =
2
3. Elastic-Plastic Stage: 𝑃𝑦 < 𝑃 < 𝑃𝑃
𝑇2 A 𝑇2
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 → 2𝑇2 + 𝜎𝑦 𝐴 = 𝑃𝑦
𝑃𝑦 − 𝜎𝑦 𝐴
𝑇2 = =
2
4. Fully Plastic Stage: 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑃

When all bars are yielded , 𝑇2 = 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 → 𝑃𝑃 = 3 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴 A A A
𝑇2 . 𝐿 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴 .2 𝐿
∆2 = ∆𝑃 = =
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
2 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐿
∆𝑃 = =
𝐸
Elastic-
Elastic Plastic Plastic
𝑃𝑃 = 3 A 𝜎𝑦
System
𝑃 = 2 A 𝜎𝑦 unloading
A 𝜎𝑦
𝑃2
∆
𝜎𝑦 2 𝜎𝑦
∆ = ∆𝑃 =
𝐸 𝐸 x
𝑃1
Elastic-Plastic Responce of the system
13
In the case of unloading:
3 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴 2 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐿
= → 𝒙 = 1.5 (𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
𝑥 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐿 𝐸
𝐸
𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴 + 𝑃 1 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴
= → 𝑃1= (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑥 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐿 2
𝐸
𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴 − 𝑃 2 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴
= → 𝑃2= (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑥 2 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐿 4
𝐸
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 → 2 𝑃 2 − 𝑃 1 = 0
𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐴
2∗ − =0 𝑜. 𝑘.
4 2
𝜎𝑦 . 𝐿
𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ∆𝑃 − 𝑥 =
2𝐸
H. W.:
45 45
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Basis of Plastic Design
2.1 Material Behavior
A uniaxial tensile stress on a ductile material such as mild steel typically provides
the following graph of stress versus strain:
𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛
𝑀
𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝜎𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐿
𝐿𝑜 𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝐸
1
𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 Plastic Strain Hardening
As can be seen, the material can sustain strains far in excess of the strain at which
yield occurs before failure. This property of the material is called its ductility.
The most common, and simplest, model is the idealized stress-strain curve. This
is the curve for an ideal elastic-plastic material (which doesn’t exist), and the
graph is: 𝜎
𝜎𝑦
Elastic Zone Plastic Zone
15
As can be seen, once the yield has been reached it is taken that an indefinite
amount of strain can occur. Since so much post-yield strain is modeled, the actual
material (or cross section) must also be capable of allowing such strains. That is,
it must be sufficiently ductile for the idealized stress-strain curve to be valid. Next
we consider the behavior of a cross section of an ideal elastic-plastic material
subject to bending. In doing so, we seek the relationship between applied moment
and the rotation (or more accurately, the curvature) of a cross section.
16
Flexure of Beam
2.2 Cross Section Behavior
Moment-Rotation Characteristics of General Cross Section
We consider an arbitrary cross-section with a vertical plane of symmetry, which

is also the plane of loading. It is subject to an increasing bending moment, and
assess the stresses at each stage.
𝑏 𝜎 < 𝜎𝑦 𝜎 < 𝜎𝑦 𝜎 = 𝜎𝑦 𝜎 𝜎𝑦
𝜎 = 𝜎𝑦
=1
<1
𝐸. . 𝐴.
=0
𝑃. . 𝐴.
𝜎 < 𝜎𝑦 𝜎 = 𝜎𝑦 𝜎 = 𝜎𝑦 𝜎 = 𝜎𝑦 𝜎 𝜎𝑦
𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 2 3 4 5
- and Stresses
𝑀
𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒
=0
𝑀𝑃
𝑀𝑦 =1
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖o Plastic Strain

-Plastic Hardening
Stage 1: Elastic Behavior
The applied moment causes stresses over the cross-section that are all less than
the yield stress of the material.
17
Stage 2: Yield Moment
The applied moment is just sufficient that the yield stress of the material is
reached at the outermost fiber (s) of the cross-section. All other stresses in the
cross section are less than the yield stress. This is limit of applicability of an
elastic analysis and of elastic design. Since all fibers are elastic, the ratio of the
depth of the elastic to plastic regions, α =1.0.
Stage 3: Elasto-Plastic Bending
The moment applied to the cross section has been increased beyond the yield
moment. Since by the idealized stress-strain curve the material cannot sustain a
stress greater than yield stress, the fibers at the yield stress have progressed
inwards towards the center of the beam. Thus, over the cross section there is an
elastic core and a plastic region. The ratio of the depth of the elastic core to the
plastic region is 1.0 < α <0. Since extra moment is being applied and no stress is
bigger than the yield stress, extra rotation of the section occurs: the moment-
rotation curve losses its linearity and curves, giving more rotation per unit
moment (i.e. loses stiffness).
Stage 4 – Plastic Bending
The applied moment to the cross section is such that all fibers in the cross section
are at yield stress. This is termed the Plastic Moment Capacity of the section since
there are no fibers at an elastic stress, α =0. Also note that the full plastic moment
requires an infinite strain at the neutral axis and so is physically impossible to
achieve. However, it is closely approximated in practice. Any attempt at
increasing the moment at this point simply results in more rotation, once the
cross-section has sufficient ductility. Therefore, in steel members the cross-
section classification must be plastic and in concrete members the section must
be under-reinforced.
18
Stage 5: Strain Hardening
Due to strain hardening of the material, a small amount of extra moment can be
sustained. The above moment-rotation curve represents the behavior of a cross
section of a regular elastic-plastic material. However, it is usually further
simplified as follows:
𝑀𝑃
Elastic Zone Plastic Zone
With this idealized moment-rotation curve, the cross section linearly sustains
moment up to the plastic moment capacity of the section and then yields in
rotation an indeterminate amount. Again, to use this idealization, the actual
section must be capable of sustaining large rotations-that is it must be ductile.
19
Elastic Neutral Axis (E. N. A.) and Plastic Neutral Axis (P. N. A.)
Elastic Neutral Axis (E. N. A.): is the centroidal axis, and can be calculated by
applying:
∑ 𝐴. 𝑦
𝑦̅ =
∑𝐴
Plastic Neutral Axis (P. N. A.): For one material section having yield stress
𝜎𝑦 throughout the whole section, it is the equal area axis. Therefore, it can be
located by setting
(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) = (𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)
Proof:
❖ Elastic: =
∫ 𝜎 . 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝜎 . 𝑑𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑒𝑎 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑒𝑎
𝑀. 𝑦 𝑀. 𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝑑𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑒𝑎 𝐼 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑒𝑎 𝐼
𝑀 𝑀
∫ 𝑦. 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦. 𝑑𝐴
𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑒𝑎 𝐼 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑒𝑎
∫ 𝑦. 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦. 𝑑𝐴
This is the definition of centroidal axis
❖ Plastic: =
∫ 𝜎𝑦 . 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝜎𝑦 . 𝑑𝐴
20
𝜎𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜎𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝐴
Which is means equal area axis
21
Plastic Hinge
Note that once the plastic moment capacity is reached, the section can rotate
freely – that is, it behaves like a hinge, except with moment of MP at the hinge.
This is termed a plastic hinge and is the basis for plastic analysis. At the plastic
hinge stresses remain constant, but strains and hence rotations can increase.
Analysis of Rectangular Cross Section
Since we now know that a cross section can sustain more load than just the yield
moment, we are interested in how much more. In other words, we want to find
the yield moment and plastic moment, and we do so for a rectangular section.
Taking the stress diagrams from those of the moment-rotation curve examined
previously, we have:
𝑏 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑦
𝑝
C
𝑒 𝑝
𝑑
𝑠 𝑑
𝑑 2
2
𝑑
3 𝑇𝑒 𝑇𝑝
T
𝑇𝑝 ℎ𝑝
𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦
𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 − 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐
22
Elastic Moment
From the diagram:
2
𝑀𝑦 = ( 𝑑)
3
But, the force (or the volume of the stress block) is:
1 𝑑
=𝑇= 𝜎𝑦 𝑏
2 2
Hence:
1 𝑑 2
𝑀𝑦 = ( 𝜎𝑦 𝑏) ( 𝑑)
2 2 3
𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 ( )
6
𝑀𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 . 𝑍
𝒃
The term is thus a property of the cross section called the elastic section
𝟔
modulus and it is termed Z.
Elasto-Plastic Moment
The moment in the section is made up of plastic and elastic components:
𝑀 𝑃 = 𝑀′ + 𝑀𝑃 ′
The elastic component is the same as previous, but for the reduced depth, 𝜶
instead of the overall depth, :
1 𝑑 2
𝑀′ = ( 𝜎𝑦 𝑏) ( 𝑑)
2 2 3
23
′ 2
𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀 = 𝜎𝑦 ( )
6
The plastic component is:
𝑀𝑃′ = 𝑃.
The lever arm, s, is:
= 𝑑 + ℎ𝑃
But
𝑑− 𝑑 𝑑
ℎ𝑃 = = (1 − )
2 2
The force C is
= 𝜎𝑦 ℎ𝑃 𝑏
𝑑
= 𝜎𝑦 (1 − )𝑏
2
Hence,
𝑑 𝑑
𝑀𝑃′ = [𝜎𝑦 (1 − )𝑏] [ (1 + )]
2 2
𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀𝑃′ = 𝜎𝑦 ( ) (1 − 2
)
4
And so that, the total elastic-plastic moment
2
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑏𝑑 2 2
𝑀 𝑃 = 𝜎𝑦 ( ) + 𝜎𝑦 ( ) (1 − )
6 4
𝑏𝑑 2 3 − 2
𝑀 𝑃 = 𝜎𝑦 ( )( )
6 2
Plastic moment
From the stress diagram:
24
𝑑
𝑀𝑃 = ( )
2
But, the force (or the volume of the stress block) is:
𝑑
= 𝑇 = 𝜎𝑦 𝑏
2
Hence:
𝑏𝑑 𝑑
𝑀𝑃 = (𝜎𝑦 )( )
2 2
𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 ( )
4
𝑀𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 .
𝒃
The term is a property of the cross section called the plastic section modulus,
𝟒
termed S.
25
Shape Factor
Thus, the ratio of elastic to plastic moment capacity is:
𝑀𝑃 𝜎𝑌 .
= =
𝑀 𝜎𝑌 . 𝑍 𝑍
bd2
𝑓 = 4 2 = 1.5
bd
6
This ration is termed the shape factor, f, and is a property of a cross section alone.
For a rectangular cross-section, we have:
And so a rectangular section can sustain 50% more moment than the yield
moment, before a plastic hinge is formed. Therefore, the shape factor is a good
measure of the efficiency of a cross section in bending. Shape factors for some
other cross sections are:
26
Example
Calculate the section and plastic modulus for bending of the T-section about the
x-axis
Solution
Section modulus caculation :
A = 300 * 20 +430 * 15 =12450 mm2
∑ A. y = 6000 ∗ 440 + 6450 ∗ 215 = 4026750 mm3
Postion of centroid
4026750
y̅ = = 323.4 mm from bottom
12450
300 ∗ 103 2
15 ∗ 4303
I= + 6000 ∗ 116.6 + + 6450 ∗ 108.42
12 12
= 256948000 mm4
256948000
Z= = 794500 mm3
323.4
27
This value of Z gives the maximum stress in the section , which is at the bottom
.
Plastic modulus calculation :
Postion of equal area axis
15 ∗ y = 300 ∗ 20 + (430 − y) ∗ 15
15y = 6000 + 6450 − 15y
12450
∴y= = 415 mm from the bottom
30
Plastic modulus S
20 15
S = 6000 ( + 15) + 15 ∗ 15 ∗ + 15 ∗
2 2
415
415 ∗ = 1443400 mm3
2
S 1443400
Shape factor = = = 1.817
Z 794500
28

Plastic Analysis of Structure: Syllabus

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Plastic Analysis of Structures Dr. Abdulkhaliq A.

Plastic Analysis of Structure

1- Plastic design of steel frames by Lynn S. Beedle

The elastic analysis of structures is based on the assumption is that the

Elastic behavior of the material is the result of the static resistance of

Plastic behavior of material is caused by the formation of new bonds.

Consider the simply supported beam (8 m) length is subjected to concentrated

Maximum bending moment at midspan is:

Load (P), kN Bending Moment kN.m Bending stress (MPa)

Stress – Strain Behavior

In tension test, if the extension of a mild steel specimen is measured (as

At small strain, stress is directly proportional to strain. The material is

After H, an increase in strain requires an increase in stress, but the relation

The idealized perfect elastic-plastic behavior is obtained by:

1- Ignoring the upper yield point

Comparative stress-strain curves for different structural materials

Assumptions in Plastic Analysis

The assumptions are:

1- Idealized stress-strain diagram is assumed.

6- After the hinge mechanism is formed, the curvature of the elements

Fundamental of Plastic Analysis for Structures

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 → 𝐹𝑂𝐵 cos 45 − 𝐹𝑂𝐶 cos 30 = 0 → 𝐹𝑂𝐵 = 1.225 𝐹𝑂𝐶 (1)

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 → 𝐹𝑂𝐵 sin 45 + 𝐹𝑂𝐶 sin 30 − 𝑊 = 0 (2)

Substitution of Eq. (1) into Eq. (2) gives

So that the stresses in the bars are:

• In statically determinate structure collapse occurs when the most heavily

❖ Compatibility condition (kinematic)

Sub. Eq. (2) in (1), get

4. Fully Plastic Stage: 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑃

Elastic-Plastic Responce of the system

In the case of unloading:

Basis of Plastic Design

2.1 Material Behavior

𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 Plastic Strain Hardening

Elastic Zone Plastic Zone

2.2 Cross Section Behavior

Moment-Rotation Characteristics of General Cross Section

We consider an arbitrary cross-section with a vertical plane of symmetry, which

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖o Plastic Strain

Stage 1: Elastic Behavior

Stage 2: Yield Moment

Stage 3: Elasto-Plastic Bending

Stage 4 – Plastic Bending

Stage 5: Strain Hardening

Elastic Zone Plastic Zone

(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) = (𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)

This is the definition of centroidal axis

Which is means equal area axis

Analysis of Rectangular Cross Section

𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 − 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐

From the diagram:

modulus and it is termed Z.

The moment in the section is made up of plastic and elastic components:

The plastic component is:

The lever arm, s, is:

And so that, the total elastic-plastic moment

From the stress diagram:

Thus, the ratio of elastic to plastic moment capacity is:

Section modulus caculation :

A = 300 * 20 +430 * 15 =12450 mm2

∑ A. y = 6000 ∗ 440 + 6450 ∗ 215 = 4026750 mm3