MUSLIM

CUSTOMS AND TRADITION

The iranun, jama kalaagan, kalibugan, maguindanao, maranao, molbog, and sama (including badjao,
balanguingui, and various tawi tawi group) are the ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines that are
primarily Muslim. Muslims in Sangil, Tausog, and Yakan pray five times a day, lovingly and on their
knees, following the traditional traditions. They also fast for the entire month of Ramadan, from sunrise
to sunset. Traveling to Mecca has similarities to traveling to Jerusalem, the holy city.

DANCES

Muslims come from a variety of cultural backgrounds, and the traditional dances of different Muslim
communities are based on the ethnic or regional identities of the participants. Examples include the
Zaffa procession in Arab countries, the Saman Dance among the Gayo people in Indonesia, the Dabke in
Middle Eastern countries, the Sufi Whirling associated with Sufism, and several traditional dance forms
in Southeast Asia, such as the Joget in Malaysia and the Tari Saman in Indonesia. These dances, which
are performed at weddings, religious festivals, and cultural events, represent a fusion of historical
customs, local customs, and cultural influences found in Muslim-majority areas across the world.

ARTS

Muslim communities' artistic expressions are richly varied, influenced by a wide range of religious and
cultural traditions. Mosques, manuscripts, textiles, and architectural wonders are all decorated with
Islamic art, which is known for its elaborate geometric patterns, arabesques, and calligraphy. It is a visual
representation of faith and devotion. Modern Muslim artists go beyond conventional forms and
investigate a broad spectrum of subjects and media, tackling political, social, and personal storylines
while fusing aspects of Islamic culture. Poetry, literature, and music all have important roles to play in
defining cultural identity and spiritual experience. Examples of these genres are Sufi poetry, traditional
Islamic literature, and Qawwali music. Muslim communities around the world participate in lively
discourse, celebrate cultural diversity, encourage creativity, and enhance global discourse through their
artistic expressions.

FOOD

A typical Filipino-Bangsamoro fried rice pancake is called panyalam or panyam. It is prepared by

combining coconut milk, muscuvado (brown sugar), and crushed glutinous rice into a deep-fried butter.

PRODUCTS

The wide variety of goods that are connected to Muslim communities are a reflection of their cultural
history, religious beliefs, and local customs. Islamic calligraphy and art are widely recognized, with artists
producing elaborate works using geometric patterns and Quranic passages. Clothes and textiles are
important; traditional attire, such as thobes and hijabs, expresses cultural identity, and fabrics with
motifs and embroidery are used for ceremonial and ornamental purposes. Crafts like metalwork,
woodworking, and ceramics showcase expert craftsmanship and regionally specific cultural themes.
Halal food products, which provide a range of meats, dairy, cereals, and snacks, guarantee conformance
to Islamic dietary requirements.

CLOTHING

Men's Islamic clothing usually covers the head and the region between the waist and the knees, while
women's Islamic clothing covers the body from the ankles to the neck and the hair. A few Muslim
women also wear facial coverings.

RELIGIOUS BELIEF

Observant Muslims gather at the mosque on Fridays for communal devotion in addition to their five
daily prayers. Their imam is in charge of the worship. Muslims are guided in their everyday lives and in
their worship of God by their belief systems, fasting, almsgiving, and pilgrimages.

WAY OF LIVING

Islam has a lot of laws governing relationships and daily living. The Qur'an is the primary source of these
laws, followed by the Hadith, or accounts of the sayings and deeds of the prophet Muhammad.
B'LAAN

CUSTOMS AND TRADITION

Strong oral traditions, communal solidarity, and appreciation for nature characterize the rich cultural
history of the B'laan people of the Philippines, who are primarily concentrated in areas like Davao
Occidental. They have a wide range of rituals and ceremonies that they follow, such as harvests,
weddings, and births. These celebrations are frequently accompanied by lively dancing, lively music, and
spirit offerings. Their core beliefs are animistic, with a strong reverence for natural and ancestor spirits.
The artistic handicraft, customs of B'laan healing, and rites of passage marking significant life transitions
are well-known aspects of these cultures. A strong awareness of the interdependence of humans and
nature is reflected in the widespread ethos of sustainability and environmental respect seen in their
customs.

DANCES

Several ancient dances performed by the B'laan people are essential to their heritage and sense of self.
The "T'nalak," which takes its name from the finely woven cloth that the B'laan are renowned for, is one
famous dance. Dancers in the T'nalak style typically imitate the rhythmic motions and patterns of
weaving on a loom, creating a beautiful impression of the weaving process. The "Kadal Tahaw," a
ceremonial dance done at important events including weddings, harvest festivals, and ceremonies
honoring ancestral spirits, is another noteworthy dance. The Kadal Tahaw is a celebration of ethnic pride
and communal togetherness that includes vibrant motions backed by traditional musical instruments
like drums and gongsIn addition, B'laan men execute the "S'biring" dance, which is a dynamic dance that
mimics hunting and warrior-like acts, demonstrating their power and agility. These and other dances are
essential to the preservation of B'laan culture and the transmission of their customs from one
generation to the next.

ARTS

The B'laan people have a rich artistic tradition that spans a wide variety of performing and visual arts,
representing their way of life and cultural heritage. B'laan artists are well-known for their elaborate
weaving, metalworking, and pottery. They also create beautiful textiles, such as the T'nalak cloth, which
is made using traditional techniques and embellished with symbolic figures. B'laan potters produce
geometric patterns and naturalistic images on their ceramics, and metalsmiths create elaborate jewelry
and ritual items. B'laan culture is known for its colorful dances that are performed to traditional music
played on gongs and drums. These dances frequently portray events from everyday life and spiritual
beliefs.Furthermore, oral storytelling is essential for maintaining B'laan customs since it passes along
myths, stories, and historical accounts from one generation to the next, strengthening the people's bond
with their homeland, ancestors, and sense of cultural identity.
FOOD

The rich resources of their surroundings and their agricultural way of life are fundamental to the B'laan
people's culinary heritage. Rice, corn, and root crops like taro and cassava are staple meals that are
frequently eaten with foraged fruits and vegetables from the forests. A sizable portion of their diet also
consists of meat from hunting and domesticated animals like pigs and poultry, which is sometimes
prepared using conventional techniques like grilling, boiling, or stewing. Their meals become more
varied when they include fish and other seafood that they get from local rivers and coastal locations.
B'laan food is known for its simplicity, emphasizing the inherent flavors of the food with minimum spice
and fresh ingredients. Usually, meals are shared with the community, strengthening ties between
neighbors and preserving cultural customs.

PRODUCTS

The B'laan people are renowned for creating a wide range of handcrafted items that pay homage to
their customs and cultural history. Textiles with exquisite weaving, like the well-known T'nalak fabric,
are among their noteworthy offerings. These textiles are painstakingly made utilizing methods that have
been handed down through the years. Furthermore, B'laan potters are masters at their craft, producing
ornamental and useful ceramics with elaborate patterns derived from geometry and natural elements.
Another important facet of B'laan workmanship is metalworking, where they use methods that
demonstrate their proficiency in forging and decorating metal to create jewelry, decorations, and
ceremonial things. These handcrafted goods represent the B'laan people's ties to their homeland,
heritage, and artistic expression in addition to being useful items with cultural value.

CLOTHING

The B'laan people are known for their simple, practical, and colorful traditional attire, which reflects
their connection to nature and sense of cultural identity. Traditionally, women wore "t'nalak" or
"dagmay," which are handwoven skirts stained with natural dyes obtained from plants and minerals and
decorated with elaborate geometric designs. Shirts or blouses made of locally produced materials, such
as cotton or abaca fiber, are frequently worn with these skirts. Men typically wear shirts made of
handwoven fabric with loincloths known as "wanes" or "baong." They also adorn their clothes with
headgear, bracelets, and beaded necklaces, which lend a dash of tradition and cultural pride to their
daily outfits. These accessories are fashioned from woven fibers or feathers.
RELIGIOUS BELIEF

The B'laan people's religious traditions are closely linked to their animistic beliefs and spiritual practices,
which center on a respect for the natural world, ancestors' spirits, and deities that live there. In order to
respect these spirits and ask for their protection, guidance, and blessings on a variety of life-related
topics, including farming, hunting, and communal well-being, rituals and ceremonies are held. During
these rituals, food, drink, and symbolic objects are offered. Shamans or other spiritual leaders lead
chants, dances, and prayers. By preserving harmony between the natural world and humanity, these
rituals guarantee the B'laan community's spiritual and material well-being.

WAY OF LIVING

The B'laan people have long lived an agrarian, communal lifestyle that is ingrained in their kinship with
the land and their cultural legacy. Their societies place a great focus on familial relationships and mutual
support, and are frequently structured around extended families or clans. The main sources of food are
agriculture, which includes growing rice, corn, and root crops. Hunting, fishing, and foraging in the
forests provide additional sources of food. Because traditional housing is adapted to the tropical
climate, it usually comprises of stilted bamboo or thatch-roofed houses. Families frequently labor
together in the fields, share meals, and engage in cultural events and rituals that strengthen social
cohesiveness and cultural identification as part of their everyday routinesMany B'laan villages work hard
to maintain their traditional way of life in the face of modern influences, striking a balance between
cultural customs and interaction with the outside world.
TAGAKAULO

CUSTOMS AND TRADITION

The rich rituals and traditions of the TagaKaulo people, an indigenous community in the Philippines, are
intricately entwined with their way of life and cultural identity. In TagaKaulo civilization, family and
familial ties are very important, and extended families frequently reside together in close-knit villages.
Their traditions are frequently based on animistic beliefs, and they have a great regard for the natural
world, ancestors' spirits, and the gods that live there. Offerings, dances, and chants led by shamans or
other spiritual leaders are usually part of the rituals and ceremonies held in honor of these spirits. The
TagaKaulo have a rich oral tradition in which they preserve their cultural history and pass on knowledge
from one generation to the next by telling stories and singing about myths, tales, and historical events.
The ancient arts and crafts of the TagaKaulo people, like weaving, ceramics, and beadwork, are also
significant components of their culture and demonstrate their inventiveness and skill. The TagaKaulo
people preserve traditional traditions and practices in the face of contemporary influences, giving them
a strong sense of connection to their ancestry and shared identity.

DANCES

The vivid dance tradition of the TagaKaulo people is an essential means of expressing their spiritual
beliefs and cultural identity. The "Tugtog," a ceremonial dance done at important events including
weddings, harvest festivals, and rites honoring ancestral spirits, is one of their famous dances. The
Tugtog is known for their complex footwork and rhythmic motions, which are complemented by
traditional music performed on drums, gongs, and bamboo flutes. Another significant dance is the
"Binanog," which is frequently done to commemorate successes, show appreciation for abundant
harvests, or call forth blessings for the neighborhood. Inspired by the Philippine eagle's flight, the
Binanog embodies strength, agility, and a connection to the natural world through its exquisite
movements. By means of these dances, the

ARTS

The cultural traditions and close ties to the natural world are reflected in the diverse visual and
performing arts of the TagaKaulo people's rich artistic legacy. The elaborate weaving of the T TagaKaulo
people is a notable feature of their artistic expression. They create fabrics that are embellished with
vivid patterns and symbols that represent cultural identity, beliefs, and legends. The pottery-making
skills of TagaKaulo artists are also exceptional; they produce ornamental pieces as well as functional
utensils that are adorned with elaborate patterns derived from traditional and natural themes. Another
important artistic endeavor among the TagaKaulo is beadwork, where craftspeople expertly create
elaborate jewelry and accessories with vivid colors and designs. The TagaKaulo people commemorate
their history, convey their distinct viewpoint, and safeguard their cultural identity for future generations
via their artistic expression.
FOOD

The rich natural resources in their surroundings and their agricultural lifestyle have shaped the
diversified culinary legacy of the TagaKaulo people. Root crops like as cassava, taro, and sweet potatoes
are staple staples in their diet; these are commonly grown in communal gardens along with rice and
corn. Their diet also includes fishing and hunting, since freshwater fish and wild game are good sources
of protein. The TagaKaulo i also collect a wide range of wild fruits, vegetables, and edible plants from the
forests, adding wholesome and delectable elements to their meals. These foods are prepared using
traditional cooking techniques including grilling, boiling, and steaming, and they are frequently seasoned
with herbs, spices, and condiments that are available locally.

PRODUCTS

The artisanal objects produced by the TagaKaulo people are a reflection of their traditional
workmanship and cultural history. Among their most famous offerings are finely woven textiles that are
made with age-old methods that have been passed down through the generations. In TagaKaulo
communities, these textiles are used for both practical and decorative uses. They frequently have
complex designs and vivid colors. The pottery-making skills of TagaKaulo artists are also exceptional;
they produce beautiful pieces and useful vases with intricate designs influenced by natural and cultural
themes. Another important facet of TagaKaulo artistry is beadwork, where craftspeople use vibrant
beads and traditional patterns to create exquisite jewelry, accessories, and decorative pieces. The
TagaKaulo people demonstrate their ingenuity and talent via their artisanal items, which also help to
preserve their cultural history and identity for future generations.

CLOTHING

The TagaKaulo people's attire is an expression of their traditional way of life and cultural identity; it is
frequently distinguished by its bright colors, simplicity, and usefulness. Women usually wear handwoven
skirts with elaborate patterns and designs that express cultural significance and symbolic meanings.
These skirts are created from locally obtained materials like cotton or abaca fiber. These skirts complete
the traditional look when worn with blouses or shirts made of comparable materials. Men typically pair
shirts or tunics with loincloths, or trousers, made of woven fabric. They also adorn their clothes with
headgear, belts made of weaving, and jewelry made of beads, which gives their regular clothing a dash
of tradition and ethnic pride. The TagaKaulo people's clothes have cultural importance in addition to
being functional, representing their ties to their community, heritage, and ancestry.
RELIGIOUS BELIEF

The animistic beliefs and spiritual practices of the TagaKaulo people, which are centered on a reverence
for nature, ancestor spirits, and deities inhabiting the environment, are the foundation of their religious
activities. In order to respect these spirits and ask for their protection, guidance, and blessings on a
variety of life-related topics, including farming, hunting, and communal well-being, rituals and
ceremonies are held. During these events, spiritual leaders or shamans lead songs, dances, and prayers
while offering food, drink, and symbolic items are made. By preserving peace between people and the
natural environment, these customs guarantee the TagaKaulo community's spiritual and economic well-
being. The TagaKaulo people reinforce their connection to the spiritual forces that affect their life,
maintain their cultural legacy, and create social bonds through their religious activities.

WAY OF LIVING

The traditional way of life of the TagaKaulo people is closely entwined with their community customs
and natural environment. Strong kinship ties and networks of assistance among themselves are fostered
by the way their communities are structured around extended families or clans. Their primary source of
income is agriculture, which includes raising crops like rice, corn, and root vegetables. Hunting, fishing,
and foraging in the forests provide additional revenue. Traditionally, homes have thatch or bamboo
roofs on stilts, which blend in with the surroundings while offering protection. Families frequently labor
together in the fields, share meals, and engage in cultural events and rituals that fortify social ties and
maintain cultural identity as part of their daily routine. Many TagaKaulo villages work to preserve their
traditional way of life in spite of modern influences, striking a balance between adherence to customs
and adaptability to their environment.
MANOBO

CUSTOMS AND TRADITION

The Manobo people preserve a complex tapestry of rituals and traditions that are essential to their way
of life and cultural identity, especially those of Malita, Davao Occidental. Strong links to one's family and
community are essential, and societal systems are frequently structured around large kinship networks.
Their daily lives are guided by their reverence for environment and ancestral spirits, which stems from
their profoundly ingrained animistic beliefs. Important life events like births, marriages, and harvests are
marked by rituals and ceremonies, which are frequently accompanied by traditional music, dances, and
offerings to spirits. Because of their rich oral tradition, the Manobo people are able to preserve their
cultural heritage and wisdom for future generations by transmitting myths, stories, and historical
narratives through songs, chants, and storytelling. Furthermore, traditional crafts like weaving, ceramics,
and basketry represent the complex relationships between the Manobo people, their land, and their
spiritual beliefs while also serving as creative and cultural expressions.

DANCES

Within their culture, the Manobo people have a number of traditional dances that have different
functions. One such dance is the "Talun-Hudan," a joyous dance done during joyful events including
marriages, harvest festivals, and neighborhood get-togethers. The vibrant outfits of the Talun-Hudan,
embellished with feathers and beads, and their rhythmic footwork are what define them. The
"Binanog," another significant dance, is frequently done to ask for blessings for abundant harvests and
the prosperity of the community. Inspired by the Philippine eagle's beautiful flight, the Binanog
symbolizes power, harmony, and a connection to the natural world.. In addition, the "Dugso" is a
ceremonial dance done to respect the spirits of the ancestors and ask for their protection and direction.
For the Manobo people, every dance has great cultural value that upholds their customs and spiritual
beliefs while fortifying social ties within the group.

ARTS

The Manobo people's arts comprise a wide variety of customs that mirror their cultural identity and
relationship to the natural world. Weaving is a well-known artistic endeavor among the Manobo, who
use age-old methods that have been passed down through the centuries to create fabrics with complex
patterns and designs. These textiles are frequently used for clothing, blankets, and ritual
embellishments, among other utilitarian and ceremonial uses. Manobo potters are also skilled in
producing ornamental items and useful utensils decorated with naturalistic patterns and symbolic
motifs. Another important facet of Manobo craftsmanship is basket weaving, which creates storage
containers and containers out of locally available materials like bamboo and rattan. The Manobo people
express their creativity, uphold their cultural legacy, and strengthen their ties to their ancestors'
customs and the surrounding environment via their artistic endeavors.
FOOD

The varied diet of the Manobo people is a reflection of their agricultural way of life and the abundance
of natural resources in their surroundings. Rice, corn, and root crops grown in swidden fields or
communal gardens, such as sweet potatoes, taro, and cassava, are examples of staple foods. Leafy
greens, beans, squash, and other tropical fruits like bananas and coconuts are among the fruits and
vegetables that are frequently added to these basics after being harvested from the forests. They obtain
protein from hunting and fishing as well as from wild game, freshwater fish, and other seafood. The
Manobo people strengthen their social ties and cultural customs by sharing meals together and cooking
them using traditional techniques including boiling, stewing, grilling, or roasting over an open fire.

PRODUCT

The Manobo people create a wide range of handcrafted items that showcase their traditional
craftsmanship and cultural legacy. Among their most famous offerings are finely woven textiles made
with methods that have been handed down through the years. These fabrics, which are used for both
utilitarian and decorative purposes in Manobo tribes, frequently have vivid colors and elaborate
patterns. Furthermore, Manobo potters are masters in their craft, producing both functional and
decorative ceramics with intricate designs influenced by both cultural and natural themes. Another
important facet of Manobo artistry is basketry, where craftspeople expertly weave mats, containers, and
other objects out of local materials like bamboo, rattan, and palm leaves. The Manobo people
demonstrate their ingenuity and talent via their artisanal items, which also help to preserve their
identity and cultural heritage for future generations.

CLOTHING

The Manobo people's traditional attire is a reflection of both their practical necessities in their
surroundings and cultural legacy. Women frequently don "tapi" or "inabal," which are elaborately made
on traditional looms and decorated with vibrant geometric designs, as handwoven skirts. Typically,
blouses embellished with embroidery or beaded and composed of airy materials like cotton or abaca are
worn with these skirts. Men usually wear shirts or tunics with loincloths, known as "bahag," or trousers
made of woven fibers. To finish off their look, they also wear headdresses made of woven fibers or
feathers, belts made of woven materials, and jewelry crafted from beads. The Manobo people's clothes
have cultural importance in addition to being utilitarian, representing their ties to their heritage, natural
surroundings, and customs.
RELIGIOUS ACTIVITY

The Manobo people's religious rituals are based on their animistic beliefs and spiritual practices, which
are centered on awe for the natural world, ancestors' spirits, and gods that live there. In order to
respect these spirits and ask for their protection, guidance, and blessings on a variety of life-related
topics, including farming, hunting, and communal well-being, rituals and ceremonies are held. During
these events, spiritual leaders or shamans lead songs, dances, and prayers while offering food, drink,
and symbolic items are made. By upholding equilibrium between people and the natural environment,
these ceremonies guarantee the Manobo community's continuous prosperity and spiritual ties. The
Manobo people develop social links, maintain their cultural legacy, and reaffirm their connection to the
spiritual forces and ancestral traditions that guide their life via their religious practices.

WAY OF LIVING

The Manobo people have always lived a way of life that is closely entwined with their community
customs and natural environment. Strong kinship ties and networks of assistance among themselves are
fostered by the way their communities are structured around extended families or clans. Their economy
is based primarily on agriculture, with crops grown in swidden fields or communal gardens, including
rice, corn, and root vegetables. Their diet is augmented by hunting, fishing, and foraging in the
woodlands, which offer supplies of protein and nutrition. Traditionally, homes have thatch or bamboo
roofs on stilts, which blend in with the surroundings while offering protection. Families frequently labor
together in the fields, share meals, and engage in cultural events and rituals that fortify social ties and
maintain cultural identity as part of their daily routine. Many Manobo villages work to preserve their
traditional way of life in the face of modern pressures, striking a balance between adherence to customs
and adaptability to their environment.