LAB -2

TITLE:

TO DETERMINE THE VALUE OF STEFAN BOLTZMANN CONSTANT

THROUGH HEAT TRANSFER IN BLACKBODY VIA RADIATION.

THEORY:
Any object or a substance at a temperature above absolute zero emits
thermal radiation . Thermal radiation emitted energy source is in the form of
electromagnetic radiation and doesn't require any medium for propagation. The
wavelength of thermal radiation varies from 0.1 to 100 µm. All bodies can emit radiation
and absorb it. The emissivity of emitter determines how well a surface emits
radioactive energy. A perfect emitter has an emissivity of 1 ,while poor emitter
has an emissivity of 0.
Stefan Boltzmann law states that “Thermal radiation heat flux or emissive surface of
a black surface is proportional to the fourth power of absolute temperature of
surface. According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, magnitude of radiation heat exchange
between two practical bodies at temperature T1 and T2 is given by :

Q = ε σ A (T41-T42)←(I)

Where,

Q= Heat transfer rate

ε = Emissivity of emitter ( 1 for black body.)

σ = Stefan Boltzmann constant whose value is 5.67×10-8 w/m2K 4

A= Surface area

Further heat transfer is given by:

dT
Q = m Cp ←(II)
dt
Where,

Cp = Molar heat capacity at constant pressure,

M = Mass of disc
From equation (1) and (2),
dT
Or,ε σ A (T1⁴-T2⁴) = m Cp
dt

dT
σ = m Cp × 1/ε A(T14-T24)
dt

The apparatus is designed to determine Stefan –Boltzmann constant. It consists of

a hemisphere fixed to a Bakelite pipe , the outer surface of which forms a jacket
to heat it. Hot water to heat the Hemisphere is obtained from hot water tank,
which is fixed above hemisphere. The copper test disc is introduced at center of
hemisphere. The temperature of hemisphere and test disc is measured with the
help of temperature sensors.

PROCEDURE:
At first, all the valves were closed and the heater tank was filled with water. The
lid was closed and the electric supply was set up. The desired water temperature was
set in Direct Temperature Control (DTC) by increment or decrement and setup button.
The heater was switched on until the water temperature reached the desired temperature.
The valve was opened and the hemisphere was filled with the hot water then overflow
was observed. After the hemisphere was filled the rise in temperature of the hemisphere
was observed. When the temperature of the hemisphere reached the maximum point
(T1), the value was noted and the copper test disc was introduced at the center of the
hemisphere. The channel was switched to T2 channel in multichannel digital temperature
indicator immediately after placing the disc and started noting the temperature reading of
the disc after every 5 second interval. Eight data were taken and Stefan-Boltzmann
constant was calculated.

OBSERVATION:
Mass of disk (m) = 0.0051kg
Diameter of disc (d) = 0.02m
Cp = 4186 J/Kg °C
T1 = 80.2°C = 353.2K
T2 = 25.9°C = 298.9K

OBSERVATION TABLE:

SN. TIME (t) TEMPERATUR SN. TIME(t) sec TEMPERATURE

sec E (T) °C (T) °C

1 0 25.9 14 29.5
65
2 5 26.9 15 70 29.7

3 10 27.2 16 75 29.9

4 15 27.4 17 80 30

5 20 27.7 18 85 30.2

6 25 28 19 90 30.4

7 30 28.2 20 30.5
95
8 35 28.4 21 100 30.7

9 40 28.6

10 45 28.8

11 50 29

12 55 29.2

13 60 29.4

IN GRAPH:
 31

30

29
Temperature (℃)

28

27

26

25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

Time(sec)

CALCULATION:
From Graph,
dT
=0.2081
dt
Actual calculation:
dT
σ = m× Cp× × 1/{ε ×A×(T14-T24)}
dt

0.0051 × 4186 ×0 .2081

2
σ= (0.02) 4 4
1× π ×(353 .2 −298.9 )
4

σ =1.865×10 -7 W / (m2 x K4)

ANALYSIS:
From the above observation table, we found that different time has different temperature
values. With increasing time, temperature of disk also increases gradually and we
calculated the value of Stefan Boltzmann constant. With the help of observation table, we
dT
also plot the graph of temperas time and calculated the slope of temperature and time .
dt
And from the handmade graph it was found that the slope was 0.208.

RESULT:

The value of Stefan Boltzmann constant was found to be 1.865× 10-7 W / (m2 * K4).

CONCLUSION:

From the above observation table, we found that different time has different temperature
values. . With the help of observation table, we also plot the graph of temperature v/s
dT
time and calculated the slope of temperature and time . In this way, the value of Stefan
dt
Boltzmann’s constant can be determined with the help of Stefan Boltzmann’s apparatus.

DISCUSSION:

In this lab, we determined the value of Stefan Boltzmann’s constant with the help of
Stefan Boltzmann’s apparatus. It consists of a hemisphere fixed to a Bakelite plate and
the copper test disc is introduced at center of hemisphere. The temperature reading of
plate and disc was noted from apparatus. The data was noted in the duration of 5 seconds.
After the experiment was performed, we calculated the value of Stefan Boltzmann’s
constant. Input voltage should not be above 230v and below 180v. We checked for any
leaks in the apparatus. We introduce the copper disc only after the hemisphere has
reached its maximum temperature. We took the data fast and accurately. We turned off
the heater after water has reached the desired temperature.