341 Egypt. J. Chem. Vol. 65, No. 5 pp.

647 - 656 (2022)

Egyptian Journal of Chemistry

http://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/

Optimization of Enzymatic Treatment and Reactive Dyeing of Viscose Fabric in

One-bath Process
Ashraf S. El-Shehry a, Yehya A. Youssef b*, Nour E. A. Abdel-Satar c, Emad A. Soliman d and
Ahamed I. Hashem c
a
Textile Dyeing & Finishing, Modern Kobba forWeaving & Finishing Co., Al-Obour City, Egypt
b
Textile Technology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki,12622 Giza, Egypt
cChemistry Dept., Faculty of Science,
Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt
d
Advanced Technology’s and New Materials Institute, City of ScientificResearch and Technology Applications,
New Borg El-Arab City, 21934 Alexandria, Egypt

Abstract

Conventional pretreatment and dyeing processes of viscose fabric are mainly conducted in two baths with substantial amounts
of water and auxiliaries. These processes comprise one bath of two–stages for enzymatic de-sizing and alkaline treatment
adopted using sodium carbonate with peroxide bleaching formulations and a second bath for the dyeing process. In this study,
a regular viscose woven fabric was initially pretreated with a commercial desizing enzyme and subsequently dyed with
different reactive dyes in the same exhaust bath process. The effect of one-bath enzymatic pretreatment and reactive dyeing
was investigated and optimized, employing enzyme and mono- and/or bifunctional reactive dyes at various concentrations.
The results showed that the one-bath pretreatment and dyeing process could be performed successfully, exhibiting remarkable
colour strength and excellent performance equal to that with the conventional pretreatment and dyeing method. Both the
pretreated fabrics via the bio-method and the conventional one exhibited approximately equal efficiency in terms of improved
dyeing and fastness properties. The bifunctional reactive dyes, RR 195 and RBl 5, exhibited higher degrees of dye exhaustion
and total fixation yield than those of the monofunctional reactive dyes, RR 180 and RR 31. Although the shorter the one-bath
enzymatic pretreatment and dyeing process, all the reactive dyeings using this Bio-method showed comparable CIE L*b*a*
and colour difference values ∆E to the conventionally dyed sample using Conv-method, particularly in the case of
bifunctional dyes.

Keywords: Viscose Fabric; Enzyme; Pretreatment; Reactive Dyes; Dyeing.

1. Introduction bifunctional reactive dyes. These dyes can react more

readily with viscose, showing better dye exhaustion
Viscose is one of the most commonly regenerated and fixation than the monofunctional types, resulting
fibers applied to several species of clothing and in improved dye fixation yields. One of the most
textile materials [1-6]. The performance evaluation of important dyeing methods of viscose fibers is the
viscose has been reported in terms of its reducing conventional exhaust method. However, the large
fiber surface fibrils and pilling formation parameters water consumption makes this process particularly
[7-10]. It has been found that the chemical and not attractive on ecological grounds. In order to
enzymatic pretreatments can restrict this problem, achieve effective production process, the fabric
which may result in improving the wetting properties requires separately pretreatment bath to render the
and keep the fabric strength at satisfactory levels. On fabric has satisfactory levels of wetability, swelling
the other hand, viscose fabrics are commonly dyed and reduction of fibrillation tendency, which in turn,
with reactive dyes, which are very popular because of lead to a better dye uptake and increase the forces of
their brilliance, wide range of hues, and excellent dye-fiber interactions [11-16]. Moreover, several
colourfastness properties. Attempts to maximize the attempts have been made to shorten the conventional
reactive dye uptake and fixation yield to viscose via exhaust two-bath processes of pretreatment and
its chemical bonding have included the application of dyeing viscose into one-bath process. In this context,
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author e-mail: ya_youssef@yahoo.com ;(Yehya A. Youssef).
Receive Date: 27 October 2021, Revise Date: 09 November 2021, Accept Date: 14 November 2021
DOI: 10.21608/EJCHEM.2021.103096.4774
©2022 National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC)
648 A. S. El-Shehry et al.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
there is a growing interest in the issues of textile
productivity and process optimization using
innovative, eco-friendly, and sustainable dyeing
methods to reduce the amount of water, energy
consumption and hazardous coloured effluent
discharge [17-19]. Recently, the application of one-
bath pre-treatment and dyeing of viscose fabric with
enzyme in the cold pad-batch method has been
greatly save the chemicals and energy, and reduce the
environmental pollution with an optimized
production process [20]. An alternative method of
viscose fabric pre-treatment and dyeing by the
exhaustion technique in one bath is also of growing
interest. But there is still a lack of research work on
the combined exhaust process of raw viscose like
cotton fabrics. Several attempts have been reported
on the pre-treatment and dyeing cotton in a single
bath and stages of conventional and bio-treatment of
raw cotton using enzymes studied and also dyeing
carried out in the same bath [21-23]. Also, a new
process of combined pretreatment and reactive
dyeing of cotton in a single bath was investigated and
the process completed almost in half of the
conventional dyeing time [24]. As a part of our
ongoing interest to challenge the conventional dyeing
process of reactive dyes, the present work optimizes
the process of enzymatic pre-treatment of raw viscose
fabric with subsequent dyeing in the same bath using
different reactive dyes. The results were compared
with those obtained by the conventional process in
separate baths.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials and Chemicals
A plain-weave viscose gray fabric, 115g/m2, 360
ends/10cm and 280 weft yarns/10cm, was supplied
by Modern Kobbafor Weaving & Finishing Co (El-
Obour City, Egypt). Seven commercial reactive dyes,
comprising two hetero-bifunctional monochloro-s-
triazine/vinylsulphone (MCT/VS) dyes, (RR 195, RB
222), two homo-bifunctional Bis(MCT) dyes (RO
84,RR 141), one homo-bifunctional Bis(VS) dye
(RBl5) and two monofunctional dyes of MCT and VS
dye types (RR 31, RR 180, respectively). These dyes
were supplied by DyStar and Oh Young Industrial
Co. Ltd., and used as received. The C.I. generic name
and chemical structures of these dyes are illustrated
in Table1.Soda ash (Sodium carbonate anhydrous),
Glauber’s salt (sodium sulphate anhydrous) and
glacial acetic acid were supplied by El-Nasr
Pharmaceutical Chemicals Company, Egypt. The
efficient enzyme (α-amylase) namely,
Bactosol®HPA Liq. was obtained from Archroma,
Egypt. Wetting agent (GB Detergent SRM Conc.)
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Egypt. J. Chem. 65 No. 5 (2022)
and Ludigol (mild oxidizing agent that helps to
prevent dyes from reduction) were purchased from
GB Chemical Products Co., Egypt. Other auxiliaries
of sequestering agent (Wat SEQ-10) and an
alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) free non-ionic
detergent (Wat 870) were supplied by WATCO
Dyestuffs & Textile Auxiliaries, Egypt. An anionic
leveling agent (Moral 45), supplied by Istanbul
Chem., Egypt, was also used through this work.
2.2. Conventional Pre-treatment and Dyeing
Processes (Conv-method)
The conventional pre-treatment and dyeing processes
of viscose fabric were conducted as shown in Figure
1, and the total process time was approximately 360
min. The fixation dyeing temperature was carried out
at 80 °C for RR 141, RR 31, RO 84 and 60°C for
RR 195, RR 180, RBl 5 and RB 222.
Pre-treatment (One bath-Two stages -Total Time 190
min)
1. Deszing (2g/l Bactosol®HPA Liq., 2g/l Wat
870, 1g/l Wat 50) – 60 min
2. Bleaching (2g/l H2O2 50%, 1g/l Stabilizer,
1g/l Wat 50, 2g/l Soda Ash) – 70 min
3. Hot Rinsing/Neutralization (1g/l Acetic
acid) - 60 min
Dyeing stage (One bath/One stage- Total time 170
min)
4. (1 g/l Moral 45, 20-40 g/l Gluber’s Salt)
5. Reactive Dye (1-3 % owf),
6. 15-20 g/l Soda Ash
7. Cold Neutralization Acetic acid) /Hot and
Cold Rinsing
2.3. One-bath Pre-treatment and Dyeing method
(Bio-method)
The temperature/time graph of the visibility for one-
bath pre-treatment and dyeing process by using
various concentrations of Bactosol®HPA Liq.
enzyme (1-4 g/l) and 1-4g/l of each Wat 870 and
detergent SRM in addition to 2 g/l Ludigol for all
reactive dyes studied, as shown in Figure 2, with total
time of approx. 175 min. The fixation stages of all
reactive dyes were carried out at the same dyeing
temperatures mentioned in the Conv-method.
The conventionally and enzymatically pre-treated
fabrics dyeing with dye concentrations (1-3% owf)
and the amounts of Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 used for all
the reactive dyes was carried out in accordance to the
recipes listed in Table 2.
 OPTIMIZATION OF ENZYMATIC TREATMENT AND REACTIVE DYEING OF VISCOSE FABRIC… FABRIC 649
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Table 1:: Commercial names and chemical structures of the reactive dyes
CI Generic Commercial Dye Class
Dye structure
name name M. Wt.

CI Reactive Remazol Red

MCT/VS
Red 195 H6BN
1136
(RR195) (DyStar)

CI Reactive Sunfix Navy

MCT/VS
Blue 222 Blue SB
1357
(RB222) (Oh Young)

CI Reactive Suncion
Bis(MCT)
Orange 84 Orange HER
1850
(RO84) (Oh Young)

CI Reactive Suncion Red

Bis(MCT)
Red 141 HE7B
1774
(RR141) (Oh Young)

CI Reactive Remazol Black

Bis(VS)
Black 5 B
991
(RBl5) (DyStar)

CI Reactive Sunfix Red

VS
Red 180 F3B
934
(RR180) (Oh Young)

Procion
CI Reactive
Brilliant Red MCT
Red 31
H8B 992
(RR31)
(DyStar)

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Egypt. J. Chem. 65, No. 5 (2022)
650 A. S. El-Shehry et al.
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°C
140°C

① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥

100°C
30 ´ 10 45 45
80°C 30 ´ 90°C 80°C
10 ´ 60°C 10 ´ 70°C
10 60°C

30´ 30
40°C 10 ´ 10 ´ 5´ 5´ 10 10 ´

1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h

Figure 1 Temperature/time graph of the conventional two-bath process (Conv-method)

°C

① ② ③

80°C 80°C 10 ´ 45 ´ 45 ´

60°C 70c

10 30´ 10
40°C

1h 2h 3h time

Figure 2 Temperature/time graph of the one-bath process (Bio-method)

① Auxiliaries (2g/l Bactosol®HPA Liq., 1g/l Wat 870,1g/l SRM, 1g/l Wat 50, 1g/l Moral 45,2g/l Ludigol, 20-40 g/l
Glauber’s Salt) – 10 min
② Reactive Dye (1-3 % owf), 30 min ③ Soda Ash (15-20 g/l) ④Cold Neutralization Acetic acid) /Hot and Cold Rinsing

measured by soaping the dyed viscose samples in a

Table 2: Amounts of the Glauber’s salt and soda ash
of the Bio- and Conv-methodsreactive dyeing bath
with 10:1 liquor
Dye Conc. (%owf) Na2SO4 g/l
1 20
2 30
3 40
2.4. Measurements and Analyses
2.4.1. Dye exhaustion
The reactive dye uptake by viscose fabric was
measured by sampling the dyebath before and after
the dyeing method. The dyebath concentration (g/l)
was measured at λmax of each dye on Shimadzu UV-
2401PC UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The percentage
of the dye exhaustion on viscose (%E) was calculated
using Eqn. 1:
% = 1− × 100
bath containing 2 g/l nonionic detergent and 2 g/l
sodium carbonate at a liquor ratio 20: 1 and at 95°C
for 15 min to remove the unfixed dye. This procedure
Na2CO3 g/l
15 was repeated until the soaping solution was clear.
20 The colour yield (K/S) of the dyed samples was
20 determined using UltraScan PRO spectrophotometer
with a D65 illuminant and 10° standard observer at
the maximum wavelength of each dye in accordance
with the Kubelka–Munk equation (Eqn. 2). The data
collected from the samples dyed by the two dyeing
processes and the deviation values of the colour
strength (∆K/S) were calculated using Eqn. 3, where
lower percentages indicate lower colour strength of
the samples dyed by Bio-method compared with the
samples dyed by the Conv- method and vice versa.
(1)
/ = (2)

Where, C1 and C2 are the concentrations of dye in Where, R is the decimal fraction of reflectance of
the dyebath before and after dyeing, respectively. the dyed fabric; K is the absorption coefficient; and S
Dye fixation and Colour yield is the scattering coefficient.
/
The dye fixation ratio (%F), the percentage of the ∆K/S = !.
× 100 (3)
/ #!$%.
exhausted dye chemically bound on the fabric was
Also, the percentage dye fixation ratio (%F) on
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Egypt. J. Chem. 65 No. 5 (2022)
 OPTIMIZATION OF ENZYMATIC TREATMENT AND REACTIVE DYEING OF VISCOSE FABRIC…
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viscose was calculated using Eqn. 4:
Where, (K⁄S)Bio. and (K⁄S)Conv. are the colour yield
of the dyed fabrics using Bio- and Conv-methods,
respectively.
/
%& = × 100 (4)
/ '
Where, (K⁄S)is the colour yield of the dyed fabrics
with the values before soaping (1) and after soaping
(2).
The colourreadings of all dyed fabrics were also
expressed in the CIELAB colour space system (often
denoted as L*, a*,b* coordinates). In which, L*
represents lightness or darkness of the sample (a
higher lightness value represents a lower colour
yield); a* denotes redness if positive value or
greenness if negative; and b* represents yellowness if
positive or blueness if negative.
2.4.2.COD Measurement
Laboratory analysis of the chemical oxygen
demand COD of the residual dyebath was carried out
in accordance with Standard Methods for
Examination of Water and Wastewater [25].
2.4.3.Fastness testing
The dyed viscose fabrics, after washing-off using
2 g/l nonionic detergent at 80°C for 15 min, were
tested in accordance with ISO standard methods [26-
28]. The wash fastness test was assessed in
accordance with the standard method ISO 105-C06
B2S [26] (4g/l of ECE detergent, 1 g/1 of sodium
perborate, 25 steel balls) at 50 °C for 30 min and at a
liquor ratio of 50:1. Fastness to acidic and alkaline
perspiration was determined with a perspirometer set
at specific pressure, temperature and time in
accordance with ISO 105-E04 [27]. Any change in
colour of the dyed specimens (Alt) and colour
staining of the adjacent cotton (SC) and wool (SW)
multi-fibers was then assessed with the corresponding
ISO grey scales for colour change and staining. Light
fastness was also assessed using a Xenon arc lamp
test in accordance with ISO 105-B02 [28].
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of enzyme concentration
The raw viscose fabric was treated using the Bio-
method at various enzyme concentrations (1-4 g/l).
The effect of this treatment on the dye ability of the
viscose fabric samples was examined using different
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Egypt. J. Chem. 65, No. 5 (2022)
651
reactive dye types (RR 31, RR 180, RR 195, RO 84,
RBl 5). From the results given in Table 3, it is seen
that the one-bath pretreatment and dyeing of the gray
fabric is very encouraging using Bio-method. Within
the chosen concentrations of enzyme, the maximum
dye uptake was achieved at 2-3 g/l and there was no
reduction in the dye uptake in all cases of reactive
dyes used. From which, the types of bifunctional dyes
exhibited approximately similar results of dye
exhaustion and total fixation yield values to the
conventionally processed fabric using the Conv-
method. However, the monofunctional dyes showed
relatively lower values, particularly at low enzyme
dosages. In other words, the dye build up was found
to be more efficient with hetero-bifunctional reactive
dyes, RR 195, followed by the homo-bifunctional
bis(VS) dye RBl 5, while the monofunctional dyes
RR 31 and RR 180 showed a relatively lower values
dye exhaustion (%E) and total fixation yield (%T), as
shown in Figures 3-6. Also, the Bis(MCT) dyes RO
84 exhibited the lowest dye exhaustion (%E) and
total fixation yield (%T), which may be attributed to
its high molecular weight. These findings could also
be associated with the higher efficient of the
bifunctional dye RR 195, imparting much more
chance for fixation on viscose fabric through the
chemical reaction between the dye MCT/VS reactive
system and the fiber hydroxyl groups. Moreover, in
the course of the pre-treatment stage, the use of
enzyme in the presence of wetting agent could
facilitate starch decomposition and help the removal
of the short fibers, fuzz and spinning oil, so that it can
improve the fabric softness and accelerate water
absorption, promoting higher diffusion of dye
molecules into the fiber during the dyeing stage. The
combination of pre-treatment and dyeing using one-
bath Bio-method has a relatively high dye exhaustion
and total dye fixation if compared to the Conv-
method, following the order RR 195 >RBl 5>RR
180>RR 31 > RO 84. The difference in colour
strength (∆K/S) of the Bio-method compared to the
Conv-method showed a reasonable colour yield on
the viscose fabric, which was approximately similar
as shown in Table 4.
3.2. Effect of dye concentration
To further evaluate the one-bath pre-treatment and
dyeing method, dyeing of viscose fabrics were
conducted at different dye concentrations 1-3% owf.
The colour strength (K/S), for both Bio- and Conv-
652 A. S. El-Shehry et al.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

methods were examined. From the results, mentioned in Figure 7, it can be seen that the K/S values of the Bio-
method dyed viscose samples increased with increasing the dye concentration and secured relatively higher dye
uptake than those of the Conv-method with satisfactory results of CIE L*a*b* and ∆E, which showed acceptable
colour difference values of approximately ∆E < 1.5 particularly in case of RR 195 if compared to the values of
RR 180 (∆E >2), as given in Table 5.

Table 3: Colour strength data of the dyed viscose fabric using Bio- and Conv methods at different enzyme concentrations
Enzyme RR31 RR180 RO84 RBl5 RR195
Conc.
K/S ∆K/S K/S ∆K/S K/S ∆K/S K/S ∆K/S K/S ∆K/S
(g/l)
Conv. 21.1 100 14.92 100 17.01 100 29.96 100 15.97 100
1 21.73 103 16.98 113 17.08 100 31.67 106 18.53 116
2 21.77 103 16.43 110 17.37 97 33.39 111 17.81 111
3 21.16 100 15.98 107 16.79 99 31.43 105 17.80 111
4 21.14 100 15.71 105 16.70 98 30.86 103 17.78 111

Table 4: Effect of enzyme concentrations (1-4 g/l) on the colour CIE L*a*b* and colour difference (∆E) of the
dyed viscose fabric using Bio-method for RR180 and RR195 compared to the Conv-method
Enzyme Conc. (g/l) K/S L* a* b* C* h ∆E
RR195
Conv. 15.97 40.83 56.69 -5.51 56.96 354.44 --
1 18.53 40.13 59.12 -3.37 59.22 356.73 3.31
2 17.81 40.76 59 -3.91 59.13 356.21 2.81
3 17.8 41.51 58.39 -4.41 58.55 355.68 2.14
4 17.78 40.77 58.42 -4.27 58.57 355.82 2.13
RR180
Conv. 14.92 41.82 58.85 -4.06 58.99 356.06 --
1 16.98 40.75 58.75 -3.49 58.85 356.6 2.06
2 16.43 40.94 58.68 -4 58.82 356.1 2.06
3 15.98 40.82 58.42 -3.81 58.54 356.27 1.77
4 15.71 41.33 58.32 -4.32 58.48 355.77 1.87
Where, L* represents lightness or darkness of the dyed sample, a* denotes the red/green value, b* the yellow/blue value,
C* specifies chroma or saturation of the colour and h° denotes hue angle

Table 5: Effect of dye concentrations (1-3 % owf) on the colour data of the dyed viscose fabric using Bio- and
Conv-methods
Dye Conc. (% Dyeing
K/S L* a* b* C* h ∆E
owf) Method
RR195
Conv. 7.39 47.24 55.12 -7.95 55.69 351.79 --
1
Bio 8.17 47.39 56.41 -8.18 57 351.75 1.31
Conv. 15.97 40.58 58.69 -3.82 58.82 356.27 --
2
Bio 17.81 40.19 59.53 -2.49 60.58 357.65 1.62
Conv. 24.91 36.73 58.72 0.24 58.72 0.24 --
3
Bio 28.4 37.41 59.64 0.89 59.65 0.86 1.32
RR180
Conv. 6.85 48.79 54.35 -8.29 54.98 351.33 --
1
Bio 8.43 46.99 55.83 -7.52 56.34 352.33 2.45
Conv. 14.92 41.82 58.85 -4.06 58.99 356.06 --
2
Bio 16.43 40.94 58.68 -4 58.82 356.1 2.06
Conv. 23.07 38.34 59.09 -0.88 59.09 359.15 --
3
Bio 29.96 36.31 59.68 2.57 59.73 2.47 4.05

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Egypt. J. Chem. 65 No. 5 (2022)
 OPTIMIZATION OF ENZYMATIC TREATMENT AND REACTIVE DYEING OF VISCOSE FABRIC… 653
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100 Conv., % E Conv., %T Bio, % E Bio, %T

80
60 40

35
40 30

25
20 K/S
20

15

0 10
5

RR31 RR180 RO84 RBl5 RR195 0

Conv. 3
Bio
Conv. Bio 2
RR31 Conv. Bio
RR180 Conv. Bio
1
RO84 Conv.
Bio
Figure 3 The reactive dye exhaustion (%E) and total dye fixation RBl5
RR195
(%T) using Bio-method dyeing at 1 g/l Enzyme concentration
compared to the Conv-method
100 Conv., % E Conv., %T Bio, % E Bio, %T
Figure 7 Effect of dye concentrations (1-3 %owf) on the colour
80 strength data of the dyed viscose fabric using Bio- and Conv
methods
60
40
3.3. Effect of wetting agent concentration
20 To further investigate the effect of wetting agent on
the reactive dyeing performance using one-bath Bio-
0
Method, the fabrics were treated with different
RR31 RR180 RO84 RBl5 RR195 concentrations of wetting agent (1-4 g/l) at a constant
concentration of enzyme (2 g/l), followed by dyeing
Figure 4 The reactive dye exhaustion (%E) and total dye fixation with 2% owf dye concentration for RR 195 and RR
(%T) using Bio-method dyeing at 2 g/l Enzyme concentration 180. The effect of wetting agent on the colour yield
compared to the Conv-method K/S and the dye exhaustion were secured in Table 6
Conv., % E Conv., %T Bio, % E Bio, %T and Figure 8. From which, It can be obviously seen
100 that the colour strength and dye exhaustion values
increased with increasing the concentration of
80 wetting agent within the range of 1-4 g/l.
60 Adding the wetting agent in the pre-treatment stage
could improve the hydrophilicity of the fiber for
40
further dye affinity of the dye molecules at the dyeing
20 stage to diffuse into the fiber, so that the dyes are
0 more easily combined with fibers, which, in turn,
increases the dye exhaustion and K/S values of the
RR31 RR180 RO84 RBl5 RR195 dyed samples. From the CIE L*a*b* and ∆E data,
Figure 5 The reactive dye exhaustion (%E) and total dye fixation mentioned in Table 6, it was noticed that the increase
(%T) using Bio-method dyeing at 3 g/l Enzyme concentration of wetting agent concentration from 2 to 4 g/l showed
compared to the Conv-method insignificant effect on the colour difference values of
both RR 195 and RR 180 dyes, which ensure the
Conv., % E Conv., %T Bio, % E Bio, %T suitability of the Bio-method dyeing, even at low
100
wetting levels.
80
60 RR180 RR195
40 100
90
20
80
0 70
RR31 RR180 RO84 RBl5 RR195 60
50
Figure 6 The reactive dye exhaustion (%E) and total dye fixation Conv 1 2 3 4
(%T) using Bio-method dyeing at 4 g/l Enzyme concentration
compared to the Conv-method Figure 8 The reactive dye exhaustion (%E) using Bio-method
dyeing at different wetting concentrations compared to the Conv-
method for RR 180 and RR 195
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Egypt. J. Chem. 65, No. 5 (2022)
654 A. S. El-Shehry et al.
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3.4. COD measurements

The COD values of the dyeing effluents of both Conv- and Bio-Methods were further studied to evaluate the
environmental impact of the two processes. The results of both Bio-and Conv-Methods with three different types
of reactive dyes (RR 180, RBl 5 and RR195) are shown in Figure 9. The enzymatic one-bath pretreatment and
dyeing process caused a significant reduction in the COD of the reactive dyeing effluent of 2% owf dyeings,
which in turn, impart much better impact to the environment as expected. This observation is clearly obvious in
the case of the heter-bifunctional RR 195, as its dyeing effluent of the Bio-Methodsecured91 reduction in COD
value. It is also clear that the dyeing effluent of the monofunctional RR 180 with Bio-Method gave almost
comparable result to the heter-bifunctional RR 195. Since, Ludigol acts as a mild oxidizing agent, it is anticipated
that its compounding in the dye effluent can convert the desized products, produced by the enzymatic treatment
of raw viscose fabric, into gluconic acid, lowering the environmental load.
Table 6 The colour data of the one-bath Bio-method dyed samples at different wetting concentrations (1-4 g/l) compared with
conventionally dyed samples
Wetting Conc.
K/S L* a* b* C* h ∆E
(g/l)
RR195
Conv. 15.97 40.58 58.69 -3.82 58.82 356.27 --
1 14.49 43.04 60.44 -4.76 60.63 355.49 1.51
2 17.81 39.97 60.92 -1.54 60.58 357.65 1.29
3 18.6 40.12 60.13 -3.21 60.82 356.98 1.63
4 19.48 40.19 59.53 -2.49 60.94 358.55 1.62
RR180
Conv. 14.92 41.82 58.85 -4.06 58.99 356.06 --
1 15.3 41.06 59.85 -3.52 59.53 356.61 1.7
2 16.43 40.94 58.68 -4 58.82 356.1 2.06
3 17.65 40.52 59.99 -2.76 60.06 357.37 2.01
4 18.5 40.18 59.91 -2.21 59.95 357.89 2.44

Table 7: Fastness Properties of the dyed viscose samples using Conv- and Bio-methods at 2% owf reactive dye concentration

Dyeing K/S Perspiration fastness*

Washing fastness*
Dye Method Acidic Alkaline light
CC SC SW Alt SC SW Alt SC SW
Conv. 15.97 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4
RR195
Bio 17.81 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4
Conv. 19.07 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4 4-5 4
RB222
Bio 19.72 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4 4-5 4
Conv. 17.01 4 4-5 4-5 3-4 3-4 3-4 4 3-4 3-4 3-4
RO84
Bio 17.37 4 4-5 4-5 3-4 3-4 3-4 4 3-4 3-4 3-4
Conv. 17.68 4-5 4-5 4-5 3 3-4 4-5 4 4-5 3-4 4-5
RR141
Bio 18.64 4-5 4-5 4-5 3 3-4 4-5 4 4-5 3-4 4-5
Conv. 29.96 4-5 5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 5 4
RBl5
Bio 33.39 4-5 5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 5 4
Conv. 14.92 4-5 5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4
RR180
Bio 16.43 4-5 5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4
Conv. 21.1 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5
RR31
Bio 21.77 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5
* CC = Change of colour SC = Staining on cotton SW = Staining on wool

Conv Bio 22516

24000 4. Conclusion
16000
The one-bath pretreatment and dyeing of raw viscose
18000 fabric using Bio-Method compared to the
11920
12000 conventionally two-bath process was studied. The
optimal one-bath process conditions of Bio-method
6000 1600 1986 2100 were evaluated by the determination of colour
0 strength of the dyed samples and dyeing parameters
of exhaustion percentages, total dye fixation for each
RR 180 R Bl 5 RR 195
of the reactive dyes used. The Bio-method dye build
Figure 9 COD values of the dyeing effluents of both Conv- and up was found to be more efficient with hetero-
Bio-methods with 2% owf dyeing of RR180, RBl 5 and RR 19 bifunctional reactive dyes, RR 195, followed by the
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 OPTIMIZATION OF ENZYMATIC TREATMENT AND REACTIVE DYEING OF VISCOSE FABRIC…
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homo-bifunctional bis(VS) dye RBl 5 while the
monofunctional dyes RR 31 and RR 180 have a
relatively lower values dye exhaustion (%E) and total
fixation yield (%T) and the Bis(MCT) dyes RO 84
exhibited the lowest dye exhaustion (%E) and total
fixation yield (%T). The enzymatic one-bath
pretreatment and dyeing process caused a significant
reduction in the COD of the reactive dyeing effluent
of 2% owf dyeings as in the case of both bifunctional
dyes RR 195 and RBl 5 and monofunctional dye RR
180, which in turn impart much better impact to the
environment as expected. Also, there was almost
same fastness properties of the dyed samples by one-
bath Bio-method and gave the same effect to those
obtained by the two-bath Conv-method. This
observation can motivate the application of Bio-
method for further demanding of dyeing viscose with
reactive dyes at reduced time, water and energy
parameters.
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