Chapter 18:

Organic Compounds

18.1: Hydrocarbons
18.2: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
18.3: Functional Groups

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Organic Chemistry
A branch of chemistry involving the study of
carbon-containing chemical compounds.

For example

CH4 (methane) - Yes H2O (water) - No

CH3OH (methanol) - Yes NaCl (salt) - No

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Organic Chemistry

Organic Compound:
A carbon containing chemical compound

100,000 new ones each year

natural synthetic

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Organic Chemistry

Why is carbon so special?

 Carbon atoms connect with one another through strong

and stable covalent bonds.

 They also readily form bonds with many other types of

atoms. Thus, it provides a near infinite number of different
kinds of organic compounds.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Organic Chemistry

C C 347 kJ/mol N 159 kJ/mol

C C C N N N N
C N

O
226 kJ/mol
O O O O S S S

O 138 kJ/mol
S S
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Organic Chemistry

S S S

S
S S S
S

Sulfur, S8
More atoms of the same element bound together like this is rare…
…for every element except carbon….

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 C C C C C C C C C

C C C C C C C C C

C C C C C C C C C

C C C C C C C C C

C C C C C C C C C
C C C C C C C C C
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbon: A chemical compound containing

only hydrogen and carbon.

For example

CH4 (methane) - Yes

CH3OH (methanol) - No

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Hydrocarbons

• Structural isomer: Molecules having the same

molecular formula but different structures.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Hydrocarbons

• Structural isomer: Molecules having the same

molecular formula but different structures.
"configurations"

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Hydrocarbons

• Structural isomer: Molecules having the same

molecular formula but different configurations.
• Configuration: The specific way in which the
atoms of a molecule are connected to one
another.

"Configuration" = "Connectivity"

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Hydrocarbons
Cis and Trans Isomers
• Isomers in which the order of atom bonding is the
same but the arrangement of atoms in space is
different

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Number of
possible
Formula isomers

C5H12 3
C6H14 5
C7H16 9
C8H18 18
C10H22 75
C20H42 366,319
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Hydrocarbons

• Conformation: The spatial orientation of a single

configuration.

Rotate this bond

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Hydrocarbons

• Conformation: The spatial orientation of a single

configuration.

Like pivoting
your arm at the
elbow

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Hydrocarbons

• Conformation: The spatial orientation of a single

configuration.

These are two "conformations" of the same

configuration.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Hydrocarbons

What is the chemical formula for the following

structure?
A. C3H8
B. C4H10
C. C5H12
D. C6H14

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Hydrocarbons

What is the chemical formula for the following

structure? H
H
A. C3H8 H c
B. C4H10 H H
H c c H
C. C5H12 H c cH
H H
D. C6H14 H

CHECK YOUR ANSWER

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Hydrocarbons
Types of hydrocarbons

1) Saturated hydrocarbon 2) Unsaturated hydrocarbon

- In which each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms
- Contains only single bonds
- Known as alkanes and is indicated by the suffix –ane, as in
butane.
- General formula CnH2n+2

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Hydrocarbons
Types of hydrocarbons

1) Unsaturated hydrocarbon
- In which not each carbon atom is bonded to four other
atoms
- Contains either double bond/s or triple bond/s
1. Alkenes - Unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain
double covalent bonds (general formula CnH2n)
2. Alkynes - Unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain triple
covalent bonds (general formula CnH2n-2)

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Hydrocarbons

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: A hydrocarbon

containing one or more multiple bonds.

A special case of an unsaturated hydrocarbon is the

benzene ring.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Aromatic Compounds

An organic compound containing one or more

benzene rings

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Where do Hydrocarbons Come From?

Fossil fuels
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

What is the chemical formula for the following

structure?
A. C5H10
B. C5H12
C. C6H12
D. C6H14

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

What is the chemical formula for the following

structure?
A. C5H10
B. C5H12
C. C6H12
D. C6H14

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Functional Groups
Any atom other than
Heteroatom:
hydrogen or carbon in an
organic molecule.

Functional Group: A combination of carbon,

hydrogen, and heteroatoms
that behave as a single unit.
Organic molecules are
classified by the functional
groups they contain.
For example…

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Functional Groups

© 2011 Pearson
Chapter 12 Education, Inc.