Current, Resistivity, Resistance

Module 7 - Electric Potential and Circuits

PHYS 51 GHYZ | 1st Semester AY 2023-2024

Module 7 - Electric Potential and Circuits

• CHAPTER 1: Electric Potential

• CHAPTER 2: Capacitance and Dielectrics
• CHAPTER 3: Ohm’s Law
• CHAPTER 4: DC Circuits and Kirchho ’s Laws

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Electric Potential and Circuits
Module 7

• CHAPTER 3: Ohm’s Law

At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

1. State Ohm’s Law

2. Calculate the resistivity and resistance of certain materials

 CURRENT
- any motion of charge from one region to another

dQ
I= = n | q | vd A
dt

DRIFT VELOCITY, vd⃗

- describes the net motion of moving charged particles

Unit: 1 Ampere (A) = 1 Coulomb per second (C/s)

Images from Young, et al., Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics: with Modern Physics 13th Ed
 CURRENT
- any motion of charge from one region to another
Direction of Current Flow

Images from Young, et al., Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics: with Modern Physics 13th Ed
 CURRENT
- any motion of charge from one region to another

CURRENT DENSITY

I
J = = n | q | vd
A
Current Density Vector

J ⃗ = nqvd⃗
Images from Young, et al., Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics: with Modern Physics 13th Ed
 RESISTIVITY
- ratio of the magnitudes of the electric eld and the current density

E
N V
or

ρ=
C m

J
A
m 2

V⋅m
=Ω⋅m
A

Note: 1 Ohm (Ω) = 1 Volt per ampere (V/A)

Images from Young, et al., Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics: with Modern Physics 13th Ed
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RESISTIVITY
- reciprocal of conductivity, σ
- depends on the composition of the material and
changes under di erent temperature settings

Images from Young, et al., Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics: with Modern Physics 13th Ed
ff
OHM’S LAW
- For some materials, particularly metals, at a given
temperature, J ⃗ is nearly directly proportional to E ,⃗ and the
ratio of the magnitudes of E and J are constant.

Recall: E
ρ= E = ρJ
J
V I
=ρ
L A
ρL
V= I
A
If ρ is constant, the total current I is proportional
to the potential di erence V.
ff
 RESISTANCE
L If ρ is constant (for
R=ρ materials that obey Ohm’s

A Law), R is also constant.

Recall:

ρL
V= I V = RI
A

Images from Young, et al., Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics: with Modern Physics 13th Ed
Module 7 - Electric Potential and Circuits

• CHAPTER 1: Electric Potential

• CHAPTER 2: Capacitance and Dielectrics
• CHAPTER 3: Ohm’s Law
• CHAPTER 4: DC Circuits and Kirchho ’s Laws

ff
 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
- an arrangement of electric components that forms a closed
path and where current can ow completely and
uninterruptedly

Direct-Current (DC) Circuit - current is unidirectional

Alternating-Current (AC) Circuit - current is oscillatory

Images from Young, et al., Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics: with Modern Physics 13th Ed
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 Electromotive Force
For an ideal emf source
F n⃗ - Non-electrostatic
force tending to move
charge to a higher
Vab = ξ
potential

F e⃗ = q E ⃗ - Force due
For a real emf source
to the electric eld
Vab = ξ − Iri
Note: When the emf source is
not part of a closed circuit,
Fn = Fe ; there is no net motion
of charge between the
terminals. Terminal Internal
voltage resistance

Images from Young, et al., Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics: with Modern Physics 13th Ed
fi
Images from Young, et al., Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics: with Modern Physics 13th Ed