[ LoEa 에 signalingy

< Cell surface receptors >

그 .
Paracrine sigmanlimg
-

short distance
ㆃ 그 Ion -

chamnel recepfors
embryonic induction : one layer of Eall
-

allosteric receptors that open & shut ,

induces a nearby layer to xransfonn

infiuxof Cazt cl …
allowing ions : Na + ,
K+ , ,

into amother cell typ 은

2 .

sgnaptic signaling O
; O . G -

Brotein -

coupled receptors [ GPEB )

-

axom of nerve cel releases naupotransmiflers -

changes the cyfoplasmic side of the

3 Au oErine receptor
+
signaling

;
⑦
nelper T cells release gfolines that acfivates G protain bonds +o EGTR
-

( -

, ,

sismal tneumsalves t o ralease more <

yfoKines Catalyze conversion Of ATP +0 EAMP ,

3 Receptor Tyrosine SRTK )

< stages of cel
signaning >
.
Kimase

Sspans TBK enzyme tuat catalyze

그 Beception ,
- : a signal mo 미 ecule (
iigand ) from transfer of Phosphate groups fron
outside celn binds to a mecepfor ATP to amino acid tyrosine 1
on the farget cell

2 it
.

Transdustion ' signal is converted so

3
cam bring specific response

3 response
.

Besponse : cellulan OcEurs by regulation

of transcription or
cytoplasmic action
* After it enters , second messenger
( CAMP ) Earries tue signa 에

고
 prophase
ㅡ

입르어어빼는
mnumwwwowe
moet Teloonase
터시따니파어더
me
" .
[ Mecasto see 1f opn 다

( 1
cesl is oK to enter

mitosis If mot …

APOPTOSIS

&
,

ㅁ
G ㅁ j
puyicallyseperatingfuetwo
cells

mm

Lxcelnsrowss doubles proA ,

and prepares for mibos s

K "
cmromatin
"

n
Doubles DNA
DNA
Loose
maferial 데 vead
ㅡ
← reasiarto

!
?

d
censtop
tu 은
wnen an 상
qiwision

otner다.
.
0
vm
just
dojows

O SE
O
마뿜 B
- M
checks if tue

cel growed bis d

Finishes
enoush replication
* " DroorA
d
sismaling
trote ins
Prophase
→ pNA winz . tisuthy an

join togetner by a
. sicter

centromere
umomatnSS 홀+ 를를이남다 s
→
Telophase

DNA unwinds
nuclei form at the poles
→ two new

~centriovas
Fi =

- → The nucdeus dissolves

OQ
→ spindle dissolves
:
□
centrioles totue poless 8
⑨
… 고많
move

:
→

Puling fibers between tuem

마 "
: - → cleavage furrowforms im animal cells
8 …

⑧
S
;

creatins the spindle Cel late forms in celsp

1 ant

prometaphase
T신
, 8:088 대
S ⑧

cyfoKinesis
- → spindle has finished forming
and sister curomatids are - → puysically seperated
joined fosetner

⑥ H 니 man Cells have 46 Pieces of DNA

Metaphase =
46 chromosomes
- → Tne spindle is finished ,

come from
23 come from mother fatnerr
Z3

훈
and spindle fibers attach N , n 고W , I 대

회유트
" "
In humans
"
23 is tne haploid 46 is tue diploi
"

centromeves Pull
,

to and
,

고 고
chromo somes to line up
half oftue tWo (full ]

eduatora
af the ful DNAS 와 sets Of DNA

2n ← mother
o 아 metaphase plate cel )

dInterphase
Anaphase

D
sister 2n
spindle fibers pull
렬은
>
통유를
-

Imitosistcgfokinesis
.

cnromatin . to oppostenok . ↓
This breaks tue centromares 2n
2n t
dausuter < ell
 Factorsthat
influence
varietyn

crossover >
-

[
Bandom
Assortment

randomfertilizafiom ←

randum
Assortment [
 Mitosis malkes somat 음
Gregor 서
endel

cells
- > I PMA TC identical
.
→ 2 cels

y festimg
peaplantleves
ㄱ
ineiosis EXamples : Tal vs short → trait
makes germ line
cesex
I )
→ IRM . . T . CP 에 " AnTnC > 4 cellsnonizentical
A
M Pupple vs white

recessive
grnpominat
callow vs

inflatedwrin
sled vs
prophase
:

nucleusl
Pissolve prophasey -

ytue test Eross

toforxa - → Because we did racombination
spindle starts ,

we start Witu non -

identical
:
Forcing an organism to mate

sistercuromati
Condemse DNA into with recessive
sister chromatids
a
compiletiy
and join tnem with their homolosous individual and tuen analyzimg
chromosome
the genetics of offspring

롱
. .
없

영수
. .
→

tetrad increase
I
law o f dominance

Every fraif has z aeles

To Every individnal
sjoinccL)
-

! !!
4 chronati 6 gefs z copies

variety
of each trait (
: aKa synapsis
each from mom / dad )
4 .
crossing over / reEombination occurs
-

one allele is dominant ,

anotner one is recessive

용 없. -
도 fan individu 에 has a domimant
d allele tue traif exprasse 당 is domimant
L
.

form chaisma > crossins over

-

If no dominant allele is present

througu chaismata ,

the traif is recessive .

2 n
Metapnase ,
Anaphase , Telophase I f < ytokinesis
meiosisI Eitokinesis TT > tall
↓
-

↓
t
T = tals
-

→ same as metaphase in mitosis

T + → tall
Instead use nomologous chromosomes n short
,
n t =

fuan sister chromatids .

f + → shorf
 Rure bred
2 alaw of segregation T+ Gs
truebreering
> pynybrid cross
TfGs
During anapnase tue alleles AA nomozygous dominanf
-

ontne 2 Enromosomes " , 이 ,

토트
Aa in
seperate intodifferet gametes
-

heterozygous s carrier / nybrid

더마더에 .

더에
T+ T+ aa -

homozygous recessive
다 , 더에
d 더리나더에거가다시더
급 승
공회대
O ex ) B B
,
1
I , 더어 데 "

IIX
"

BBGenoypicl
, BB
: 1 p

매
B ☆ entypical ' oof - an dominant

TTGG 1
-

3 Law of Independert Assortment

.

TTGS T 2

Tne sesregation of of TTsg

-

one pair 이
-

alleles does mot afectthe T +

TT
segregation of anotner pair
GsTtss 속로
Punnet stuares
TFGg ftgg T +
GGT 2

- → Tool for
Fisuring out genetics
/ X *
++ GG
1

of TG Ts tG tg fs ts ts +
ofEsPring or Parants g
ㅡ ++ Gs T 2

TT X TT
Eualprobability ++ ss -

이
'
구
GTG o 4 TfGg G= : : 42 : : 1
" : z :
* , 1 1

발
2

이볼를 이더지
2

,
P =
9 :
3 :
3 : 1
더세 데에
높

T T

4 possible
더세에더에더 " 더" TallGreen
Tall <ellow
1 + 2+4 +

3
2 = 9

T TT TT 1 =
+ 2
offsprings 4 ffsg
더에 더 " 다 ShortGreen 3

더에더에
=
1 + 2
5 oTT
[
+ T + T+ 5 O 1 Tt

100 % T 에
11 1 더이 더세 사 . ,
P : 1 : 위 : : "
Shorf Kellow ,
 Incomplete dominanl
-

ㅡ
Mutiple alleles Polygenic Inneritance
potnanelesaredoninant
alleles Traifs that Controlled
-

Tnere aremore tnan fwo ara

by
-

Both traits are expresse 당 in mone than one

ER gene
. Blood type
every cel of tue uexerozygote ,
-

often these traits have a

A
blending tue expression > malke
Protain A spectrum of effect
(
wneve
Insomplete
dominance B multiple genes dotue same
→ make Protein B
EX flowers
.

job buf aveactive and

some
proteirrecessive
o > no

IIXB
others

몸
BB → re 8 are not

매많며
+
ww

nv
>

까
white

…
웹 쁩 EX Human
.

skin color

Lx many senes make melanin

AB AB
or 에
no

+ -

> make Profein

AO A
BB B
A =
make Melanin
codominance > M 0 protein
-

BO B a =
no Melanin
ㆃ ㅇ
-

Botn allelesaredominant
MelaninB
malke
=

some cells intue neterozygote IAIA A

-

=
melaninb
no =

express one trait others

, express IB : =
B
the other Melaninb
make
=

; : = O

Melaninc
no=

EX Eows

.IIT
.

생빠. 용바름
Melanint

.I빼많며
If
make=

몸 IIT
BB → brown *
Ww wnite
melanime
no=

→
. .

Bw MelaminF
make=

- > inie 6 cw

.
A 251

AB 25 "
Melaninf
no =

. 타
B 21

AABbDdeeffAABBDDeeff
O 25 %

) same !
 sex - 1 im sed
/ X - inked traits EPistasis / Epistaticgenes Gene limkase ( breaks thind law)

" " some gene < ontrol - > 2 Senes on the same chromoso mes
othergenes
]
" -

*
…

L 2 3 " si 에
> It may activate bu witu
t a
easn other n
imnibit senes >
sanytuey
-

or so ,

Autosomal tpaits □ r

"
normal
" possibly seperate by crossing
overr
EX
초 ) o .
Albimism

SeX -
linked
xone gene can shutoff all
traits
ofuar melanin
producinsseness Mitochondrial inneritance
Exx color .

blinoness
f effect → thase motner to
no are Passed by
=
ool
-

XB mof color -

blind
g 떼 children and panssed father
by
=
=
stop al melanim production oi
색
X < olor blind > breaks make
=

every mendelian laws

-

XBXB - = nopmal sil AbBbddeeffyy α

aabbbbEeFFYy
certain diseases worse

~ 1
00000001
XBXy = carrier giA ) -

XX = <
olor - blind ginl AaBbpdeeFFyy -

salbinism

XBY =
normal boy ㅁ
Breakimg the first
@
미
1 a @

Xs =
ㅡ

- 바나
T
color - blino boy
ㅡ

Breaking 1 aw of sagregation 로
+ " + ㅁ

켐사시없맨
we dont seperate alleles ! ( nondisjunction)

샷 II
.IDM
$

II
" ⑥ ㅁ
마마
.
> A mistasse during anapmase wneme

" the Eentromene doas not break an 킹

Phenotypic plasticity
both chromatids go to the same gamete

II . II
+ 사 "
→ some traits change over fime

사쌓아매 5
사싸로
- → This c a n result in one gamete naving > genotype issame , just diffrent
24 or z2 chromosomes
express ' ion
[ a
zygote naving the wrong # of
Typically Zw inneritance
…

curomosomes =
anenp ) oidy : 470 r
45 )
.

colopblimd man > passes to dauguter → seen in some fisn

- birds /
→
-

Down syndrome : 3 Eopies of cnromosome

> dauguters get som →

Eolorblin . son
→ females are Ew males ane ZZ
바지 ( aka
" "

)
,

trisomy 21
Gene mapping
A tall
AAbbdd xO
=

aaBBDD
5 oamu a = short
-rsamu Y
사 B - = purplie
F.

M Distamce x b

D
=

=
wnite

Bound
AaBbDd ④
X aabbdd

# of Fz inoividuals

Q Aamd B show
d =
wrinlaled
.

up togetner 8681 . of the time

BD 4.

-
a
.

-
=

v
∞

(
B ⑬

I
and c snow up together
b
a 3 . b of time
tne
Q oA B 또 - Bis HS
A and c show up tusetner 804 ) of + he fime From these are
data , AB
=
02 D 8
starting
malke a gene map of

100
I
Point
2 X a B
= d 8
the senes for plant &
.
-8 % …
anp - ② erominan

으쁘으음
β
* height flower Eolor , -

고 세 pAr = 4
.

ㅡ and Poa texture on

la bamn
.

one chromosome nA 며

②
a bd . =

46
ㅡ
Total =
1000

Total K 46
* 1 1
=

2 3
4
bamuA
- . 61 = - 응 4
4
D B

"
=

3
am
- 응
.
=
β

y =
z 1 3
2 시 + 2시 + 4
응 ∞
i = 5 am 나
. =

20

A -

D .
00
=
21 = 2 더머리

옴부
88
::
Pedigreeaka family tree

Diagrams used to track atrait

through a
family -

They can be used

fo analyze tue trait .

E ]

.
…피

ITT
↑
사

"
. I
p o
.
미 아티피
- @ 0
. ,
-

"
[
n

F2
0
소
GMo @
( 피) d 0

00 a@

1 2

= man

O = womam

InfV 양
OP OO
0 = has trait

II ⑫ = no trait

traif =
earlobe atacument
unatacue 당 =
A

afacued = a

-
seXx - linked ,fatner hastrait
Al dausnters have trait

.
Both have trait bu parents ,

uildren don f traitis dominant

'

< →
 Genefic Disorder PKI
< spermatogenesisx ~

- >
aufosomal reEessive

기
cysticfiborosis
- > inability to yreas down

<? (7 /1 )[
-

> Au + osoma ) recessive

amino acid phenylalamime
spermatogonium
-

Oogonium - > extracellularfluid

inlungsiand etc Taysachs

d Growtn / Maturation d sickle cell

- → autosomal recessive

>
-

Autosomal recessive > 1 ack of enzyme that

results breaks down li pids

mutaation

<
>
-

Primary
prirmary M indeformed red blood cells

oocgfe resistant
Huntington
spermatocyfe carriers are

*
- →

to malaria
- → autosomal dominant
> degenerafion of nervous

Dorwnsyndrome

는d
system & lead todeath
Meiosis /

~ →
-

4 n chromosormes
to frisomy 21
due
color blinanass

- → sex - linKed recessive

s
-

facial features mental ,

x
retardation buEhenne
oecanknm ≡
muscular
secondary
ㅡ ㅡ

…
ㅡ

= .. rasessive
spermatocyfes Albimism > sex - inked
-

. ntk
ㅡ

- → autosomal recessive > weakening of muskle

1 1 따어매이다 0 l 1
> uffect pigmentation Turner sgndrome

마2 ↓v Z of sKin
,
hair, ayes
- > Xo 45 chpomosowses

spermatids Hemo puilia due to a missing

스

가
< 가> 알
Sex nromosomes
<
- → sex - linKed vecessive
second polar
Oofid - > absenceof profains > smal stature female
body
-

tld
for blood clo * ing
Klinefelter syndrome
doifferentiation Achondroplasia →
XXK 4 n curomosomes

> autosomal dominant due to an extra X

→ dwarfism chromosormes
()
-
나나
> 기 > 기 ovum
-

> male genital ,

but
Anselman syndrome

로로로구
small
abnormanly
> mufation
-

cri -

du -

chat
spermatoz . o - → cosmitive disabilify
mutation
→ deletion