Egu 027

JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY VOLUME 55 NUMBER 7 PAGES 1353^1387 2014 doi:10.
1093/petrology/egu027
Petrology of Plutonic Xenoliths and Volcanic

Rocks from Grenada, Lesser Antilles
C. C. STAMPER1*, J. D. BLUNDY1, R. J. ARCULUS2 AND

E. MELEKHOVA1
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/petrology/article/55/7/1353/1517430 by guest on 22 February 2024

1
SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL, BRISTOL BS8 1RJ, UK
2
RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, CANBERRA, A.C.T. 0200,
AUSTRALIA
RECEIVED OCTOBER 21, 2013; ACCEPTED MAY 2, 2014
Grenada is the southernmost island in the Lesser Antilles arc, a chain respective assemblages and mineral chemistry demonstrating the
of subduction-related volcanoes distinguished by its diversity of effect of small-scale changes in melt composition and magma storage
magma composition and unusually abundant plutonic xenoliths, conditions between these two islands. We suggest that the unusual
many with cumulate textures. We have determined the mineral com- petrological and geochemical characteristics of Grenada magmas are
positions of a newly collected, extensive suite of plutonic xenoliths a result of proximity to the South American continent and associated
from Grenada and examined their relationship with the lavas in an localized thickening of the oceanic lithosphere. This increases the
attempt to explore the role of intra-crustal processes on magmatic evo- depth of magma generation and is reflected in the elevated LREE/
lution. The plutonic assemblages are dominated by mafic phases HREE of the Grenada lavas, indicating that last equilibration
with abundant hornblende and clinopyroxene, and include the only with a garnet lherzolite source occurred at a depth of 60 km.
known plagioclase-free examples in the Lesser Antilles. Bulk compos-
itions are unlike those of natural silicate melts and are consistent
with the majority of the xenoliths having a cumulate origin. KEY WORDS: Lesser Antilles; Grenada; plutonic; xenoliths; picrites
Experimental and thermobarometric evidence shows that the entire
cumulate suite can be generated in a narrow pressure range
(0·2^0·5 GPa) with different assemblages resulting from small
variations in melt chemistry and temperature.Temperature estimates I N T RO D U C T I O N
are consistent with the observed crystallization sequence of olivine The composition of primitive arc magmas is a result of the
! clinopyroxene ! hornblende ! plagioclase. A spinel phase is interplay between hydrous, slab-derived material and
present throughout ranging from Cr- to Fe3þ -rich. The crystalliza- mantle wedge peridotite; however, most arc magmas
tion sequence requires elevated magmatic H2O contents (7 wt % erupted at the surface are differentiated, and are compos-
H2O) sufficient both to suppress plagioclase crystallization and to itionally far removed from their primitive, mantle-derived
render this phase extremely rich in anorthite upon appearance; this parental melts. The modification of the primitive magmas
is a characteristic of many island arc settings. Studied lavas from occurs during differentiation within the crust and upper-
the M- and C-series span picrites and ankaramites to hornblende- most mantle, with experimental phase relations highlight-
and orthopyroxene-bearing andesites. MELTS modelling confirms ing the influence of intensive parameters such as pressure
experimental hypotheses that the two lava series can be derived from (P), temperature (T) and oxygen fugacity (fO2) on mag-
a common picritic magma, with M-series differentiation occurring matic evolutionary pathways. The island of Grenada
in the uppermost mantle (1·4^1·8 GPa) and C-series in the shal- (Fig. 1) is unusual in having erupted some of the most
low crust (0·2 GPa). Plutonic xenoliths from Grenada are notably primitive picrites known from arcs globally, and thus may
different from those of the neighbouring island of St Vincent, the provide insights into the ways arc magmas evolve,
ß The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All

rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@
*Corresponding author. E-mail: c.stamper@bristol.ac.uk oup.com
JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY VOLUME 55 NUMBER 7 JULY 2014
−64˚ −62˚ −60˚ −58˚

(a) 18˚
(b)
St Kitts and Nevis
Antigua and
Northern Domes Barbuda
Montserrat
Guadeloupe
CARIBBEAN
PLATE 16˚
Mt St Catherine
Dominica
Mt Granby
Fedon’s AMERICAN
Martinique
Camp

PLATE
St Lucia 14˚
South East
Mountain St Vincent
Barbados
Mt Maitland
Grenadines
Southern C Grenada
ari bbean fau
lt 12˚
Trinidad
and Tobago 50km
5km Venezuela
10˚
Fig. 1. (a) Map of Grenada showing volcanic peaks (triangles) and the distribution of major volcanic deposits (shaded areas) (after Arculus,
1976; Bouvier et al., 2010a). Green stars denote the sampling locations for this study. (b) Position of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles arc. Dashed
line depicts the approximate position of the subduction zone (after Wadge & Shepherd, 1984) where the American Plate is being subducted west-
wards beneath the Caribbean Plate.
particularly during transit from their mantle wedge cumulates must have bulk compositions unlike those of
sources and during residence in the crust. natural silicate melts (Arculus & Wills, 1980) because they
The most common, and hence most studied, products of are subtractive assemblages fractionated from a residual
arc magmatism are extrusive. This type of material repre- liquid. This is in contrast to rocks that represent a silicate
sents the end-product of magmatic processes and so is melt that has ‘frozen’ and solidified without movement of
dominated by the hallmarks of immediately pre- and syn- crystalline phases with respect to interstitial melt (and
eruptive processes. Moreover, the majority of lavas have eventual matrix) beyond the sampling or analytical range
undergone varying degrees of differentiation since the gen- employed. Such rocks have a bulk chemical composition
eration of their parental magmas in equilibrium with consistent with once having been a magma. This dichot-
mantle wedge peridotite; this means we are restricted in omy is considerably easier to distinguish for plutonic rock
the resolution and extent of information available from suites dominated by mafic assemblages, as is the case at
lavas alone. In contrast, high-pressure phase assemblages Grenada, where the bulk composition of the first crystalliz-
within cumulate-textured plutonic blocks have an intrin- ing phases is unlike that of any plausible cotectic liquids.
sically greater preservation potential than phenocrysts in This is not true of more evolved systems, such as those of
lavas and are hence more likely to yield clues to the true the northerly islands in the Lesser Antilles, where plutonic
fractionation history of the magmas (Arculus & Wills, rocks contain quartz and abundant feldspar (Arculus &
1980; Macdonald et al., 2000). Wills, 1980). In these cases, unequivocal identification of
The origin, description and nomenclature of plutonic cumulates may only be possible using trace element data.
blocks is not straightforward. Irvine (1982) argued that The formation of cumulates is also contentious. Wager
the original cumulate classification of Wager (1960) is ap- (1960) concluded that such rocks are the products of dens-
propriate for cumulate-textured rocks, irrespective of ity-controlled crystal settling. This was challenged in sev-
their genesis, stating simply that cumulates are rocks eral studies (e.g. McBirney & Noyes, 1979) in which a
formed from minerals ‘concentrated through fractional hypothesis involving in situ crystallization at intrusion mar-
crystallisation’. The natural corollary of this is that gins was invoked. One of the main arguments against
1354
STAMPER et al. PLUTONIC XENOLITHS AND LAVAS, GRENADA
simple crystal settling is the low density of plagioclase rela- distribution is controlled by a NE^SW-trending transform
tive to plausible parental liquids (Bottinga & Weill, 1970; fault (Arculus, 1976), with the last recorded activity con-
Murase & McBirney, 1973); gabbroic assemblages are fined to the emergence of a scoria cone near Radix village
common in both arc and continental margin settlings, dating from around 1000 years ago (Devine, 1995).
and show no evidence for crystal flotation or monominera- Andesitic and dacitic eruptions have been less prolific on
lic ‘rafts’. It is also clear that cumulate processes continue Grenada in comparison with other Lesser Antilles islands
long after the initial crystal growth, with a number of (Arculus, 1976); basalts and basaltic andesites are the dom-
workers highlighting the importance of compaction, and inant eruptive products, including high-Mg basalts with
intercumulus melt convection and replenishment (Tait 17 wt % MgO (Van Soest, 2000). Several workers have
et al., 1984; Sparks et al., 1985; Holness et al., 2005). proposed that the aforementioned transform fault has
From this point we refer to all coarse-grained intrusive allowed rapid ascent of primitive M-series magmas origi-

rocks in this study under the umbrella term ‘plutonic’. nating from the upper mantle (Devine, 1995; Bouvier
Where the bulk-rock and mineral chemistry is consistent et al., 2010a).
with a subtractive assemblage, it is termed a ‘cumulate’. If Basalts on Grenada have historically been split into two
its cumulate origin cannot be demonstrated, we refer to main groups: the microphyric, high-Mg olivine basalts of
the rock as a ‘gabbro’ without any genetic connotations. the ‘low-Sr’ or ‘M-series’, and the clinopyroxene-phyric,
The Lesser Antilles arc is unusual globally with respect ‘high-Sr’ (and Ca) or ‘C-series’. Hawkesworth et al. (1979)
to the abundance and variety of erupted plutonic blocks, separated the mafic lavas on the basis of petrographic ob-
examples being found on all islands with the exception of servations and the existence of two separate lavas groups
Nevis (Arculus & Wills, 1980). In addition, the southern- is corroborated by the geochemical study of Thirlwall &
most islands are renowned for the occurrence of high-Mg Graham (1984). Primitive M-series basalts are character-
basalts, with Grenada and St Vincent exhibiting the most ized by highly magnesian compositions (MgO 17 wt %),
primitive lavas of the entire arc (Arculus, 1978; silica-undersaturation and microphyric textures. They
Macdonald et al., 2000). This work represents a detailed commonly contain skeletal olivine and irregular quench
petrological, mineralogical and geochemical study of a clinopyroxene (Thirlwall & Graham, 1984). In contrast,
newly collected, diverse suite of plutonic xenoliths and ankaramitic C-series basalts from Grenada are unusual in
lavas from the island of Grenada; samples collected the Lesser Antilles arc system, having high CaO for a
during fieldwork in 2009 and 2011 specifically targeted the given MgO content and being rich in clinopyroxene
former lithologies. We explore the comparative petrogen- phenocrysts. To date they have been found only in
esis of phases in plutonic and lava assemblages. Data from Grenada and the Grenadines. Similar high-Ca magmas
plutonic xenoliths, and comparison with previous experi- are of minor but widespread occurrence in arcs globally
mental studies, are then used to relate their mode of forma- (Schiano et al., 2000). C-series whole-rock compositions
tion to magma storage conditions beneath the volcanic range between 4 and 8 wt % MgO with 10 wt % CaO.
system at Grenada, and produce a model for the sub-arc The petrological differences between the M- and C-series
mantle beneath the southern Lesser Antilles. are accompanied by systematic variations in trace elements
and Nd-Sr isotopes. Both series are variably enriched in
light rare earth elements (LREE); however, C-series bas-
GEOLOGIC A L S ET T I NG alts are also relatively enriched in large ion lithophile
The Lesser Antilles (Fig. 1) is an active oceanic island arc elements (LILE), particularly Sr, and depleted in Zr and
resulting from the relatively sluggish (2 cm a1) west- Nb (Hawkesworth et al., 1979; Thirlwall & Graham, 1984;
wards subduction of the Atlantic oceanic lithosphere be- Thirlwall et al., 1996). Similar to their M-series counter-
neath the Caribbean Plate. The arc is 750 km in length. parts, they also display a moderate Eu anomaly
Many studies refer to a systematic geochemical variation (Macdonald et al., 2000). In general, the C-series have
from north to south (e.g. Brown et al., 1977; Turner et al., higher 143Nd/144Nd and lower 87Sr/87Sr than the M-series
1996; Macdonald et al., 2000), but work by Davidson & (Hawkesworth et al., 1979). One of the obvious questions to
Wilson (2011) suggests that this as an oversimplification of address is how the plutonic assemblages relate, if at all, to
the along-arc trend. Grenada is the most southerly island either or both of these lava series
in the Lesser Antilles arc, comprising five major volcanic
centres (Arculus, 1976). South East Mountain was active
in the middle Miocene (10 Ma), whereas the younger X E N O L I T H P E T RO L O G Y
centres of Mt Maitland, Fedon’s Camp, Mt Granby, and Plutonic xenoliths in this study are from a variety of loca-
Mt St Catherine date from Pliocene^Pleistocene times tions on Grenada (Fig. 1) and are commonly found in
(Arculus, 1976; Briden et al., 1979; Speed et al., 1984). The reworked explosive deposits and in breccias and hyaloclas-
most recent eruptions on Grenada have produced magnes- tites. They occur as rounded clasts, ¼ 0·01^0·25 m;
ian basaltic scoria cones and explosion craters whose rarely, rinds of the host lava may be attached.
1355
The mineralogy of the plutonic xenoliths is dominated subtractive assemblage. The principal textural varieties
by mafic phases. Hornblende and clinopyroxene are abun- are described below and shown in Fig. 3. It should be
dant and commonly occur with olivine and anorthitic noted that hornblende-dominated cumulates can be split
plagioclase. More primitive assemblages lack plagioclase, into three groups: hornblendite verges on being monomi-
and orthopyroxene is notably absent. Layering and tex- neralic; clinopyroxene hornblendite has general textural
tural variation can be seen on a hand-specimen scale, al- resemblance to poikilitic hornblende gabbro, but lacks
though most of the cumulates appear isotropic and plagioclase; plagioclase hornblendite comprises equigranu-
homogeneous. As noted by Arculus & Wills (1980), the ma- lar plagioclase and hornblende. Hornblende-bearing gab-
jority of the Grenada plutonic xenoliths display adcumu- bros are subdivided into two varieties depending on the
late textures, with only a minority of orthocumulates. texture of their hornblendes: hornblende gabbros and poi-
Crystal sizes range up to 4 mm, but about 5% of the kilitic hornblende gabbros. Mineral abbreviations follow

sample set has at least a small portion that can be textur- those in Table 1.
ally described as ‘microcumulate’, with crystal sizes
0·25 mm. Wehrlite (cpx þ ol þ spl)
A total of 72 samples were studied; these have been sub-
Wehrlitic adcumulates are dominated by large interlocking
divided into 10 families on the basis of textural and modal
grains of ( 3 mm) unzoned clinopyroxene (80%) and
data (Table 1). Volume modes of mineral phases were ob-
( 1mm) 20% partially iddingsitized olivine with rare
tained by point counting using a mechanical stage (Fig. 2).
interstitial scoria. Spinel occurs most commonly as inclu-
Counts varied between 250 and 3000 points, depending
sions in olivine and along grain boundaries.
on the homogeneity and size of the thin section, aiming to
minimize 2s to 2% (Van der Plas & Tobi, 1965). The
volume mode obtained in this way was converted to mass Clinopyroxenite (cpx þ hbl þ ol þ spl slf)
mode using solid solution-corrected mineral densities Clinopyroxene-dominated cumulates have a classic ortho-
(Deer et al., 1996). The plutonic xenoliths have been classi- cumulate texture comprising 75% rounded 1mm
fied using the scheme of Streckeisen (1976) (the exception clinopyroxene grains, which commonly contain melt inclu-
is the assemblage hornblende þ plagioclase, which is sions (Fig. 3a). Fine-grained anhedral clinopyroxene, poi-
termed ‘plagioclase hornblendite’) and are designated as kilitic hornblende and partially iddingsitized olivine are
cumulates if textural evidence, mineral chemistry and interstitial to the clinopyroxene phenocrysts. Spinel occurs
bulk composition are consistent with them being a as inclusions in silicate phases and along grain boundaries.
Table 1: Plutonic rock classification
Type ol cpx hbl plag opx spl slf ap Features
Peridotite
harzburgite x – – – x x – – Interlocking fresh ol and altered opx with spl inclusions
Cumulate
wehrlite x x – – – x – – Large unzoned cpx and altered olivine
clinopyroxenite x x x – – x – Cpx phenocrysts with interstitial ol, cpx, hbl
hornblendite x x – – x – Sub-euhedral hbl with 1208 grain boundaries, rare cpx and ol
cpx hornblendite x x – – x – Poikilitic hbl with inclusions of cpx and spl
plag hornblendite – x x – x – 1208 grain boundaries between euhedral
inclusion-free hbl and plag
hbl gabbro x x x – x – 1208 grain boundaries between euhedral inclusion-free cpx, hbl and plag
poikilitic hbl gabbro x x x – x – Poikilitic hbl with inclusions of cpx, plag and spl, interstitial plag
Gabbro
hbl gabbro – x x x – x x x Interlocking plag, cpx and sub-euhedral hbl with heavy black rims
and inclusions of ap, spl and slf
gabbro – x – x – x – x Equigranular inclusion-free cpx, plag and spl with minor ap
x, mineral phase present; —, mineral phase absent; , minor mineral phase; ap, apatite; cpx, clinopyroxene; hbl, horn-
blende; ol, olivine; opx, orthopyroxene; plag, plagioclase; slf, sulphide; spl, spinel.
1356
ol cpx spl amph plag opx
Peridotite Harzburgite (GR45)
Wehrlite (GR36)
Poik hbl gabbro (GR21)
Clinopyroxenite (GRN17)
Clinopyroxenite (GRN24)

Cpx hornblendite (GR17)
Hornblendite (GR15)
Cumulates Clinopyroxenite (GR29)
Clinopyroxenite (GR5−1)
Hornblendite (GR25)
Hbl gabbro (GRN6)
Plag hblite (GR11)
Plag hblite (GR52)
Hbl gabbro (GRN21)
Hbl gabbro (GRN5)
Hbl gabbro (GR42)

Gabbros
Gabbro (GRN9)
Ankaramite (GR45)
Lavas
Hbl andesite (GRN9)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Mineral mode (wt %)

Fig. 2. Modal proportions (by mass) of silicate and oxide phases in Grenada rocks using the classification inTable 1; sample numbers are given
in parentheses. Cumulates are listed in order of decreasing Fo content of olivine followed by An# of plagioclase, demonstrating that there is
no correlation between modal mineralogy and olivine or plagioclase chemistry, consistent with cumulus character. Plagioclase is most abundant
in the more evolved lavas and cumulates, and in gabbros.
Hornblendite (hbl þ cpx ol þ spl slf) gabbro (below) but lacks plagioclase. Clinopyroxene
The vast majority of grains (95%) are sub-euhedral ranges from large ( 4 mm) equant (and rarely zoned)
adcumulate hornblende exhibiting 1208 grain boundaries, grains with olivine and spinel inclusions to small
with inclusions limited to spinel and rare olivine (Fig. 3b). ( 0·5 mm) anhedral blebs with indistinct grain
The grain size varies from 0·5 to 4 mm although is gener- boundaries, and is a common included phase in horn-
ally homogeneous on a thin-section scale. Clinopyroxene blende. Olivine is rounded ( 2 mm) and extensively
is an interstitial phase; olivine, where present, is heavily iddingsitized.
iddingsitized.
Plagioclase hornblendite
Clinopyroxene hornblendite (hbl þ plag þ spl slf)
(hbl þ cpx ol þ spl slf) Plagioclase hornblendite has an equigranular, adcumulate
Modally dominated (65%) by interlocking poikilitic texture, comprising roughly equal proportions of large
green^brown hornblende, the clinopyroxene hornblen- ( ¼1^5 mm) interlocking hornblende and plagioclase
dite is texturally very similar to poikilitic hornblende with isolated spinel blebs of 0·5 mm (Fig. 3e). Inclusions
1357
(a) (b)
hbl
cpx

1 mm 1 mm
(c) (d)
hbl
plag
cpx
1 mm 1 mm
(e) (f)
cpx + plag + ap + spl
1 mm 1 mm
Fig. 3. Photomicrographs (plane-polarized light) of plutonic xenolith textures. (a) Wehrlite. Large unzoned clinopyroxene; adcumulate texture.
(b) Hornblendite. Dominated by subhedral hornblende crystals. (c) Equant hornblende gabbro. Interlocking clinopyroxene, hornblende and
plagioclase with 1208 grain boundaries. (d) Poikilitic hornblende gabbro. Hornblende oikocrysts containing inclusions of clinopyroxene, spinel
and iddingsitized olivine, with interstitial plagioclase. (e) Plagioclase hornblendite. Euhedral interlocking hornblende and plagioclase. (f)
Gabbro. Upper microcumulate layer comprising clinopyroxene, sodic plagioclase, apatite and spinel. Lower layer exhibits the same mineralogy
but is coarser grained.
within the hornblende are limited to small ( 5 mm) Hornblende gabbro

grains of spinel and sulphide. Plagioclase varies in (hbl þ plag þ cpx þ spl ol slf)
size from ¼ 0·25 to 3 mm and contains sporadic large Hornblende gabbro has a similar equigranular texture to
( 50 mm) devitrified melt inclusions. The assemblage ap- plagioclase hornblendite but with the addition of unzoned
pears to be in textural equilibrium; grain boundaries are clinopyroxene grainscontaining rarecompletely iddingsitized
usually 1208. olivine (Fig. 3c). Commonly, the interiors of clinopyroxene
1358
grains show alteration to hornblende along fractures. Spinel Hornblende gabbro (hbl þ cpx þ plag þ spl þ ap þ slf)
comprises large anhedral blebs ( 0·5 mm), both interstitial One sample contains dark brown equant hornblende
to andas inclusions in silicate phases. ( 1mm) crystals with ubiquitous black alteration rims.
The hornblende is commonly embayed, contains inclusions
Poikilitic hornblende gabbro of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and apatite, and has an inter-
(hbl þ plag þ cpx ol þ spl slf) locking texture with plagioclase. Zoned clinopyroxene
The majority of Grenada gabbros are distinctive in thin sec- crystals ( 0·75 mm) are rounded and contain large
tion in containing poikilitic hornblende (Fig. 3d). ( 0·1mm) inclusions of anhedral spinel. Plagioclase
Plagioclase, clinopyroxene or hornblende may each be mo- laths of 1·5 mm are riddled with devitrified melt inclu-
dally dominant, whereas olivine is a minor phase and some- sions and show strong oscillatory zoning, similar to pheno-
times absent. Hornblende commonly forms large crysts seen in the lavas.

interlocking oikocrysts with chadacrysts of partially to com-
pletely iddingsitized olivine, clinopyroxene and spinel. Mantle-derived xenoliths
Clinopyroxene itself forms equant grains of 4 mm, also Three xenoliths of mantle-derived harzburgite were col-
contains inclusions of olivine and spinel, and is sometimes lected from Queen’s Park, the same location as those
observed reacting to form hornblende along grain bound- described in the studies of Parkinson et al. (2003) and
aries. Plagioclase is predominantly interstitial, forming Bouvier et al. (2010a). A variety of mantle xenoliths from
small (length 1mm) sub-euhedral laths. Spinel size varies Grenada have previously been identified (Parkinson et al.,
according to its petrological context; small ( ¼ 0·1^ 2003; Vannucci et al., 2007), but the specimens from this
0·5 mm) inclusions with equant form are common in mafic study are all harzburgitic, are hosted by microphyric pic-
phases, whereas the largest grains are associated with inter- rite, and contain interlocking olivine and orthopyroxene
stitial plagioclase and have a rounded or anhedral shape, with inclusions of Cr-rich spinel. Olivine has a fresh, un-
reaching 1mm. In rare cases, spinel may form interlock- altered appearance and displays fracturing and kink band-
ing masses of several millimetres width. ing; in contrast, orthopyroxene shows a degree of
alteration. Spinel occurs as small ( 5 mm) euhedral in-
Cumulate crystallization sequence
clusions in both olivine and orthopyroxene.
The relative crystallization order of the cumulate phases can
be inferred from textural relationships and is consistent for
the entire crustal cumulate suite. A range of spinel compos- M I N E R A L COM POSI T IONS OF
itions precipitate throughout the crystallization sequence.
Cr-rich spinel and olivine are the first phases to crystallize,
T H E X E NOL I T H S
the former phase appearing both as inclusions in olivine Representative mineral compositions are presented in
and as interstitial grains in more primitive cumulates. The Tables 2^7 with the full dataset available in the Supplemen-
lack of Cr-rich spinel in clinopyroxene indicates that the tary Data (supplementary data are available for download-
latter precipitates after olivine, and all three phases are com- ing at http://www.petrology.oxfordjournals.org). Electron
monly included in poikilitic hornblende. Plagioclase is the microprobe analyses were performed at the University of
last silicate phase to appear, inferred by its common intersti- Bristol using a five-spectrometer Cameca SX-100 instrument
tial texture, its presence as an inclusion in all other phases, with a 20 kV accelerating voltage and 20 nA beam current,
and lack of spinel inclusions. The crystallizaton sequence calibrated using synthetic oxide, mineral and metal stand-
then is Cr-rich spl þ ol ! cpx ! hbl ! plag. Sulphides ards (detection limits are reported in the Supplementary
and apatite, both present in the non-cumulate gabbros, are Data). Ferric iron contents were estimated using the stoi-
likely to appear towards the end of this sequence. chiometric methods of Droop (1987) for spinel, Lindsley
(1983) for clinopyroxene and Holland & Blundy (1994) for
Non-cumulate gabbros hornblende. For these minerals, Mg# is expressed as
Two samples are not included in the cumulate classification 100 Mg/(Mg þ Fe2þ). No sulphides were analysed. There is
on the basis of their texture, bulk composition and mineral no correlation between modal mineralogy and olivine or
chemistry, as discussed in later sections. plagioclase composition (Fig. 2). Moreover, despite the wide
range in mode, there is surprisingly little variation in horn-
Gabbro (cpx þ plag þ spl þ ap) blende or clinopyroxene mineral compositions between the
In the only example in the suite of a hornblende-free different xenolith types.
gabbro, the assemblage is dominated by clinopyroxene
and plagioclase, the former containing numerous small Olivine
( 5 mm) spinel inclusions (Fig. 3f). Apatite is also present Olivine (Fo83·672·9) is present in only 50% of the sam-
as euhedral grains of 0·25 mm and has 1208 grain ples studied and, with the exception of an olivine-rich clin-
boundaries with the silicate phases. opyroxenite, is a relatively minor phase, comprising
1359
Table 2: Representative olivine analyses
Type: pdt cum cum cum cum lava (M) lava (M) lava (M) lava (M) lava (C)
Assemblage: harz wehrlite cpxite hblite PHG picrite picrite ol basalt andesite ank
Sample: GR45 GR36 GRN24 GR15 GR2 376 476 GR18 GR24 262
SiO2 40·76 39·83 39·30 38·76 38·03 41·18 41·07 38·64 39·23 40·39
TiO2 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·01 0·02
Al2O3 b.d.l. 0·02 0·02 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·03 b.d.l. 0·02 b.d.l. 0·02
FeO 10·51 15·57 17·83 20·59 24·62 8·43 9·55 14·75 15·68 11·57

MnO 0·17 0·27 0·36 0·38 0·59 0·13 0·16 0·28 0·27 0·17
MgO 48·44 44·57 42·27 40·64 37·24 50·35 48·37 44·65 43·99 47·83
CaO 0·07 0·16 0·14 0·08 0·15 0·15 0·11 0·18 0·19 0·19
Na2O 0·01 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·05
K2O b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·01 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·01 b.d.l. b.d.l.
P2O5 – – b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·02 b.d.l. 0·02 – b.d.l. b.d.l.
Cr2O3 0·01 b.d.l. 0·01 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·04 0·01 0·01 b.d.l. 0·04
NiO 0·35 0·13 0·21 0·17 0·12 0·49 0·35 0·17 0·11 0·27
Total 100·33 100·58 100·15 100·64 100·81 100·84 99·66 98·73 99·47 100·57
Fo 89·2 83·6 80·9 77·9 72·9 91·4 90·0 84·4 83·3 88·1
pdt, peridotite; cum, cumulate; lava (C), C-series lava; lava (M), M-series lava; ank, ankaramite; cpxite, clinopyroxenite;
harz, harzburgite; hblite,
P hornblendite; PHG, poikilitic hornblende gabbro; —, not analysed; b.d.l., below detection limit,
Fo ¼ 100 Mg/(Mg þ Fe).
Table 3: Representative clinopyroxene analyses
Type: cum cum cum cum cum gab lava (M) lava (M) lava (M) lava (C)
Assemblage: wehrlite cpxite hblite PHG hbl gabbro gabbro gabbro picrite basalt ank
Sample: GR36 GR29 GR15 GR4 GRN6 GRN9 61 GR18 GR19 GR45
SiO2 48·63 48·71 50·68 48·83 48·99 51·03 49·54 49·72 48·63 49·01
TiO2 0·90 0·70 0·69 0·90 0·61 0·55 0·55 0·61 0·87 0·77
Al2O3 6·38 5·91 3·79 5·48 4·74 2·48 4·70 4·45 4·23 5·63
FeO 5·90 6·15 6·58 7·78 7·80 8·41 4·92 7·91 10·32 4·86
MnO 0·11 0·15 0·15 0·22 0·26 0·40 0·10 0·28 0·39 0·09
MgO 14·09 13·93 15·08 13·67 13·88 13·31 14·61 14·15 13·93 14·65
CaO 23·92 23·56 22·42 21·16 22·65 22·78 22·90 21·39 19·69 23·67
Na2O 0·27 0·33 0·31 0·53 0·25 0·43 0·62 0·40 0·29 0·23
K2O b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l.
P2O5 – – 0·02 0·03 0·01 b.d.l. b.d.l. – – –
Cr2O3 0·33 0·65 0·03 0·43 0·15 0·03 0·85 0·01 b.d.l. 0·89
NiO 0·02 0·03 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·03 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·02
Total 100·58 100·11 99·75 99·06 99·34 99·46 98·80 98·93 98·36 99·83
AlIV 0·20 0·19 0·12 0·16 0·16 0·08 0·15 0·13 0·14 0·18
P
Fe3þ/ Fe 0·46 0·43 0·26 0·24 0·33 0·18 0·48 0·23 0·21 0·44
Mg# 88·8 87·7 84·7 80·5 82·6 77·5 91·1 8·50 75·2 90·5
cum, cumulate; gab, gabbro; lava (C), C-series lava; lava (M), M-series lava; ank., ankaramite; cpxite, clinopyroxenite;
hblite, hornblendite; PHG, poikilitic hornblende gabbro; —, not analysed; b.d.l., below detection limit; Mg# ¼ 100 Mg/
(Mg þ Fe2þ) with Fe3þ/Fe2þ estimated using Lindsley (1983).
1360
Table 4: Representative hornblende analyses
Type: cum cum cum cum cum gab lava (M) lava (M) lava (M) lava (M)
Assemblage: cpxite hblite PHG hbl gabbro plag hblite hbl gabbro b.andesite andesite andesite andesite
Sample: GR5-1 GR25 GR21 GRN5 GR11 GR42 GR40 GRN21 212 GR19
SiO2 41·09 40·43 41·94 40·01 39·57 42·25 40·04 40·98 40·79 43·50
TiO2 2·06 1·73 1·77 1·85 1·72 2·11 1·82 1·69 1·94 1·70
Al2O3 14·53 14·65 15·36 12·83 14·73 11·79 13·91 14·08 13·89 10·87
FeO 9·06 10·29 9·38 11·41 11·33 12·99 10·98 9·39 13·53 15·11

MnO 0·11 0·11 0·11 0·18 0·13 0·29 0·12 0·12 0·20 0·39
MgO 14·99 14·35 14·44 13·49 13·71 13·32 13·93 15·14 12·52 12·72
CaO 12·30 12·43 12·75 11·56 12·51 11·70 11·73 12·39 11·62 10·61
Na2O 2·57 2·51 2·53 2·60 2·54 2·27 2·66 2·54 2·46 2·06
K2O 0·48 0·54 0·48 0·40 0·51 0·52 0·54 0·44 0·59 0·08
P2O5 0·02 0·02 – 0·03 – 0·03 0·03 – b.d.l. –
Cr2O3 0·12 0·14 0·13 0·01 0·01 0·02 0·02 0·01 0·01 0·01
NiO 0·03 0·03 0·03 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·02 b.d.l. 0·06 b.d.l. b.d.l.
Total 97·37 97·24 98·93 94·38 96·76 97·29 95·78 96·84 97·55 97·04
AlIV 2·06 2·12 2·02 1·97 2·19 1·80 2·07 2·05 2·01 1·63
P
Fe3þ/ Fe 0·54 0·56 0·39 0·46 0·55 0·40 0·51 0·62 0·40 0·47
Mg# 86·3 84·7 81·7 79·4 82·4 74·9 82·0 88·1 73·1 73·4
cum, cumulate; gab, gabbro; lava (C), C-series lava; lava (M), M-series lava; b.andesite, basaltic andesite; cpxite,
clinopyroxenite; hblite, hornblendite; PHG, poikilitic hornblende gabbro; plag hblite, plagioclase hornblendite; —, not
analysed; b.d.l., below detection limit; Mg# ¼ 100 Mg/(Mg þ Fe2þ) with Fe3þ/Fe2þ estimated using Holland & Blundy
(1994).
Table 5: Representative plagioclase analyses
Type: cum cum cum gab gab lava (M) lava (M) lava (M) lava (M) lava (C)
Assemblage: hbl gabbro PHG plag hblite hbl gabbro gabbro picrite picrite basalt andesite ank
Sample: GRN6 GR40 GR52 GR42 GRN9 286 61 GR18 GR31 262
SiO2 43·92 43·89 44·43 49·67 54·23 45·63 49·37 44·32 56·08 45·15
TiO2 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·03 0·03 0·02 0·02 b.d.l.
Al2O3 34·74 34·73 34·60 31·49 28·25 33·65 31·44 34·47 26·76 33·89
FeO 0·53 0·61 0·58 0·49 0·52 0·82 1·05 0·55 0·53 0·64
MnO b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l.
MgO 0·06 0·04 0·04 0·02 0·03 0·08 0·06 b.d.l. 0·06 b.d.l.
CaO 19·06 18·52 18·26 14·71 11·19 18·05 15·07 18·10 9·18 18·35
Na2O 0·66 0·82 1·08 3·08 5·29 1·33 2·64 1·15 6·18 1·24
K2O b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·06 0·13 0·03 0·35 0·03 0·25 0·03
P2O5 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·03 0·02 b.d.l. 0·03 – 0·02 b.d.l.
Cr2O3 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l.
NiO b.d.l. 0·01 0·01 b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·01 0·02 b.d.l.
Total 98·99 98·64 99·04 99·54 99·68 99·63 100·04 98·67 99·12 99·33
An 94·0 92·6 90·3 72·3 53·5 88·1 74·4 89·5 44·4 88·9
Ab 5·9 7·4 9·6 27·4 45·8 11·8 23·5 10·3 54·1 10·9
Or 0·1 0·0 0·0 0·4 0·8 0·2 2·1 0·2 1·4 0·2
cum, cumulate; gab, gabbro; lava (C), C-series lava; lava (M), M-series lava; ank, ankaramite; plag hblite, plagioclase
hornblendite; PHG, poikilitic hornblende gabbro; —, not analysed; b.d.l., below detection limit; An ¼ 100Ca/
(Ca þ Na þ K); Ab ¼ 100Na/(Na þ Ca þ K); Or ¼ 100K/(K þ Na þ Ca).
1361
Table 6: Representative orthopyroxene analyses Table 7: Representative spinel analyses
Type: pdt pdt lava (M) lava (M) wt % 1 2 3

Assemblage: harz harz andesite andesite
Sample: GR45 GR45 GR31 GR19 SiO2 0·13 0·08 0·08
TiO2 0·41 3·33 5·01
SiO2 56·33 55·94 54·06 51·74 Al2O3 20·66 14·79 4·91
TiO2 0·03 0·04 0·14 0·14 Fe2O3* 6·53 43·60 54·00
Al2O3 2·11 2·14 0·68 1·72 FeO 13·71 26·16 31·06
FeO 6·64 7·12 16·31 20·18 MnO 0·47 0·34 0·39

MnO 0·18 0·19 1·01 0·80 MgO 13·96 6·55 2·73
MgO 33·81 33·41 25·83 22·82 CaO 0·07 0·08 0·06
CaO 0·63 0·59 1·54 1·20 Na2O b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l.
Na2O b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·07 b.d.l. K2O 0·01 b.d.l. b.d.l.
K2O b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. b.d.l. P2O5 – – b.d.l.
P2O5 – – 0·03 – Cr2O3 44·61 5·41 0·07
Cr2O3 0·40 0·40 b.d.l. b.d.l. NiO 0·26 0·20 0·05
NiO 0·09 0·08 b.d.l. 0·02 Total 100·84 100·54 98·18
Total 100·25 99·93 99·67 98·63 Cr# 59·2 19·8 0·9
Mg# 90·1 89·3 73·8 66·8 Mg# 64·4 26·2 13·5
pdt, peridotite; lava (M), M-series lava; harz, harzburgite; *FeO and Fe2O3 recalculated by stoichiometry.
—, not analysed; P b.d.l., below detection limit; —, not analysed; b.d.l., below detection limit;
Mg# ¼ 100 Mg/(Mg þ Fe). Cr# ¼ 100Cr/(Cr þ Al); Mg# ¼ 100 Mg/
(Mg þ Fe2þ) with Fe3þ/Fe2þ estimated using
Droop (1987). 1, Chromite inclusion in olivine
22 wt % by mode. In stark contrast to pristine olivine in from cumulate wehrlite; 2, pleonaste inclusion
plutonic xenoliths from St Vincent (Tollan et al., 2012) and in hornblende from cpx hornblendite; 3, titan-
iferous magnetite in plagioclase hornblendite.
in Grenada lavas, it is ubiquitously partially to completely
altered to red^brown iddingsite. The alteration always
occurs at grain edges and along cracks, and may extend where clinopyroxene is present as inclusions in poikilitic
hornblende, it may show normal zoning in Mg# (8%)
throughout the whole mineral, although fresh cores do
but without any concomitant variation in Al or Ti content.
commonly remain. There is no evidence for post-alteration
Gabbroic clinopyroxene is of similar composition but has
overgrowth and the degree of alteration bears no correl-
a restricted Mg# range of 82·7^77·4.
ation to mineral assemblage; the surrounding minerals
are alteration-free. Olivine primarily occurs as inclusions Hornblende
in poikilitic clinopyroxene or hornblende, and contains in-
Hornblende is modally dominant, being present in all but
clusions of Cr-rich spinel. Grains are compositionally
two plutonic blocks. In the hornblendites it totals 95 wt
homogeneous and zoning is restricted to 3 mol % Fo.
% of the rock, but more commonly comprises 35^60 wt
CaO varies between 0·10 and 0·18 wt % and Ni shows a
%. Regardless of texture or proportion, compositions are
range from 0·03 to 0·21wt %. In contrast, olivine in the
calcic pargasite (based on Leake et al., 2003; Fig. 5) with
peridotite xenoliths (Fo89·288·2) is fresh and unaltered, al-
Mg# ¼ 87·6^76·2 and show normal zoning of 5 %
though some grains show extensive fracture networks.
Mg#. Hornblende has two distinct forms, predominantly
Inclusions of Cr-rich spinel are common; CaO is charac-
occurring as poikilitic crystals with varying proportions
teristically 0·08 wt % and Ni contents vary between
of olivine, clinopyroxene, spinel and plagioclase as inclu-
0·34 and 0·41wt %.
sions, but may also be euhedral and equant, and contain
small inclusions of spinel. Gabbroic hornblende has opacite
Clinopyroxene rims and inclusions of spinel, apatite and sulphides.
Clinopyroxene (Mg# ¼ 90·6^78·9) is present in all sam-
ples identified as cumulates with the exception of the Plagioclase
plagioclase hornblendite; its modal proportion varies from Plagioclase in the Grenada cumulates is predominantly
4 to 83 wt %. Compositions are Al- and Ca-rich diopside anorthitic, in the range An94·685·0 (Fig. 6), with a low Or
(Fig. 4a), and are also high in Fe3þ/Fe (0·2^0·5). The ma- component. Compositional variation in single samples is
jority of grains are homogeneous and unzoned, although generally 10 mol % An; however, rare distinct grains of
1362
50 Wo
(a)
45
Diopside 50
50
Hedenbergite Cumulates
45 45
Gabbros
Peridotite
Augite M-series lavas
C-series lavas

20 20
Pigeonite
5 5
Clinoenstatite Clinoferrosilite
En Fs
Wo
Enstatite (b)
5 5
Ferrosilite
En Fs
Fig. 4. (a) Clinopyroxene and (b) orthopyroxene compositions in plutonic xenoliths, peridotite xenoliths and lavas plotted on an En^Fs^Wo
diagram (Morimoto, 1988).
CaB ≥ 1.50; (Na + K)A ≥ 0.50; Ti < 0.50; AlIV ≥ Fe3+ Fig. 4b), the Mg# being comparable with that of coexist-
100 ing olivine in the same samples, and also orthopyroxene
80
in the study of Parkinson et al. (2003) (En91·686·7). CaO is
Mg# (Mg/Mg+Fe2+)
MAGNESIO-
EDENITE SADANAGAITE restricted to 0·6 wt % and Al2O3 is 2·2 wt %. Grains
60 contain inclusions of Cr-rich spinel.
PARGASITE
40 Spinel
FERRO-EDENITE FERROPARGASITE SADANAGAITE
20 Spinel has an extensive compositional range, exhibiting a
complete continuum from chromite to titaniferous magnet-
0 ite. Despite its ubiquity within the sample set of rocks,
7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5
spinel rarely exceeds 5 wt % by mode. The most Cr-rich
Si (apfu) spinels are present within olivine and orthopyroxene in
Cumulates Gabbros M-series lavas mantle-derived harzburgite (Cr# 64). In the cumulates,
Fig. 5. Hornblende composition in plutonic xenoliths and lavas (after chromite occurs as inclusions in olivine (Cr# 61) and
Leake et al., 2003). interstitial to silicates in the wehrlitic assemblage
(Cr# ¼ 55). The presence of pleonaste spinel of intermedi-
An7550 are present within some cumulates. Modally ate composition (Cr# 540 and Mg# ¼ 40^20) is charac-
variant from 10 to 65 wt %, plagioclase grains are unzoned teristic of Grenada within the Lesser Antilles arc (Arculus
and are commonly interstitial (anhedral or interlocking & Wills, 1980). The distinguishing feature of this type of
laths), but also occur as inclusions in clinopyroxene or spinel is high Al2O3 (12^20 wt %) and it occurs as inclu-
hornblende. In contrast to iddingsitized olivine, coexisting sions in silicate phases and along grain boundaries in clin-
plagioclase is fresh and unaltered. Plagioclase in gabbroic opyroxenites. Ti-rich magnetite (5·8 wt % TiO2, Mg#
samples is ubiquitously more sodic (An72·351·4). 20) is present primarily in plagioclase-bearing cumulates
and gabbros, although rare examples are found in some
Orthopyroxene clinopyroxenites and hornblendites. It is typically anhe-
Orthopyroxene occurs only in the mantle-derived harz- dral, forming interstitial blebs of 0·5 mm or inclusions of
burgite xenoliths. It is highly magnesian (En88·6, 0·1mm in hornblende.
1363
60
Cumulates (n = 123) Table 8: Representative analyses of melt inclusions hosted in
50 plutonic rocks (normalized totals)
% of analyses
40
Type: cum cum cum cum gab
30
Assemblage: cpxite PHG PHG PHG gabbro
20 Sample: GR29 GR21 GR1 GR1 GRN9

Host: cpx hbl hbl hbl cpx
10
(a)
0 SiO2 49·41 55·52 60·86 70·03 71·07
TiO2 0·60 0·82 0·30 0·40 0·36

60 Lavas (n = 206) Al2O3 23·35 18·23 12·94 18·99 16·82
FeO 9·77 8·70 3·69 2·50 2·09
50
MnO 0·26 0·25 0·20 0·15 0·14
% of analyses
40 MgO 2·63 2·89 5·11 0·11 0·37

CaO 8·77 8·17 11·04 2·86 3·22
30 Na2O 3·72 3·91 3·99 2·77 3·36
K2O 0·90 1·12 1·70 2·00 2·48
20
P2O5 0·57 0·37 0·14 0·18 0·08
10 Cr2O3 0·01 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·01 b.d.l.
(b) NiO 0·02 0·02 0·04 b.d.l. b.d.l.
0
Total 100·00 100·00 100·00 100·00 100·00
60 Mg# 32·4 37·2 71·2 7·5 24·0
Gabbros (n = 20)
50 cum, cumulate; gab, gabbro; cpxite, clinopyroxenite; PHG,

poikilitic hornblende gabbro; cpx, clinopyroxene; hbl, horn-
% of analyses
40 blende; —, not analysed; b.d.l., below detection limit;

Mg# ¼ 100 Mg/(Mg þ Fe). Analyses normalized to 100%
30 on a volatile-free basis.
20
there is no systematic change in Fe/Mg ratio with host com-
10 position and no attempt has been made to account for
(c) post-entrapment crystallization (PEC). Electron micro-
0
probe totals are 83·2 wt %; subsequent references to MI
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
compositions employ normalized (to 100%) compositions.

Mol % An (plagioclase) MI compositions vary from SiO2 ¼ 49·4 to 71·1wt %
Fig. 6. Plagioclase compositions (mol % anorthite) of (a) cumulates, and MgO ¼ 5·1 to 50·1wt %, defining a range that ex-
(b) M-series lavas and (c) gabbros. Cumulates are dominated by tends to higher SiO2 contents than represented by the
highly calcic gplagioclase; in contrast, lavas and gabbros have more bulk lavas (Fig. 7). There is no relationship between min-
evolved compositions.
eral assemblage and MI composition: the most evolved
MI are found in high-Mg diopside in clinopyroxenites; in-
clusions within a single thin section encompass a wide
M E LT I N C L U S I O N S I N P L U T O N I C range of compositions.
X E NOL I T H S
A total of 36 glassy melt inclusions (MI) present in plutonic
clinopyroxene, hornblende and spinel were analysed for G R E N A DA L AVA P E T RO L O G Y
their major element composition by electron microprobe Lava samples for this study were taken from the same
analysis (EPMA), with the same calibration as for the sili- locations as the plutonic xenoliths; 12 were attached to
cate phases (Table 8). To minimize the migration of alkalis xenoliths and 26 were sampled in situ from lava flows
during analysis of hydrous glasses, the analytical conditions (Table 9). These samples were supplemented by 12 thin sec-
were adjusted to utilize a defocused beam (10 mm and tions from the collections of Arculus (1973) and Graham
4 nA; Humphreys et al., 2006) and Na and K were mea- (1980), which also have corresponding whole-rock analyses.
sured first. Although it is possible that the composition of The Grenadan lava suite is dominated by basalts and
the MI have been modified by post-entrapment processes, lavas with 455 wt % SiO2 are rare (Fig. 8). M-series
1364
75
Cumulates − no plag M−series lavas
70 Cumulates − with plag 28 C−series lavas
Gabbros Primitive MIs (B ’10)
65 Cumulate MIs 24
Al2O3 (wt %)
SiO2 (wt %)
60 20
16
55
12
50
8
45

(a) 4 (b)
20 8
Total alkalis (wt %)

15 6
CaO (wt %)
10 4
5 2
(c) (d)
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
MgO (wt%) MgO (wt%)
Fig. 7. Bulk-rock major element variations in Grenada lavas (whole-rock analyses from the Georoc database) and plutonic rocks (estimated
from mineral modes and EPMA data), melt inclusions hosted in olivine from the scoria (B ’10; Bouvier et al., 2010a), and melt inclusions
hosted in cumulate phases.
Table 9: Grenada lava classification from studied thin sections
Type ol cpx opx hbl plag qz ap spl slf Features
M-series
picrite o, x x – – x – – x – Dominated by normally zoned Mg-rich ol phenocrysts
ol basalt o, x o, x – – o, x – – x – Normally zoned ol, cpx and plag phenocrysts
ol hbl basaltic andesite o, x o, x – o o, x – – x – Large oscillatory zoned plag phenocrysts with varying
proportions of cpx, hbl and altered ol
hbl andesite o o, x o o, x o, x x x x x Plag and hbl phenocrysts. Silica-rich samples contain opx
or groundmass ap þ qz; others contain trace ol
C-series
ankaramite o, x o, x – – x – – x – Large normally zoned cpx and ol phenocrysts in a
plag and spl groundmass
o, phenocryst phase; x, groundmass mineral; cpx, clinopyroxene; hbl, hornblende; ol, olivine; plag, plagioclase; slf,
sulphide; spl, spinel.
picrites contain olivine phenocrysts, which are joined by Quartz and apatite are rare groundmass phases in the
clinopyroxene and plagioclase in the basalts. More evolved most silica-rich andesites. Phenocrysts in all lava types are
lavas have abundant plagioclase phenocrysts with horn- normally zoned and the groundmass is commonly
blende, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene phenocrysts. microphyric.
1365
16
M−series lavas
14 Phonolite C−series lavas
Melt inclusions (B’10)
Unclassified
12 Trachyte
Tephri-
Na2O + K2O (wt %) 10 Phono-

Trachy-
Trachydacite
andesite Rhyolite
8 Basaltic
Trachy-
Tephrite
6 Trachy- andesite
basalt

Dacite
2 Basaltic Andesite
Picro- Andesite
basalt Basalt
0
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
SiO2 (wt % )
Fig. 8. Total alkalis vs silica for the Grenada lavas (Le Bas et al., 1986) from the Georoc database and Arculus (1973). Where a lava is not classi-
fied as belonging to either M- or C- series, it is marked by a cross. Also shown are olivine-hosted melt inclusions from picritic scoria (B ’10;
Bouvier et al., 2010a). The majority of samples are basalts and basaltic andesites, with the most primitive M-series lavas and the majority of C-
series showing a degree of silica-undersaturation.
M-series (2·0 mm). As in the basaltic andesites, hornblende

Picrites and olivine basalts occurs as both euhedral and poikilitic crystals with rare in-
The most magnesian lavas in the Grenada suite (16 wt % clusions of Fe^Cu sulphides. In some samples, clinopyrox-
MgO) are M-series and are dominated by normally ene forms euhedral phenocrysts with numerous spinel
zoned olivine phenocrysts ( 1·25 mm) with clinopyrox- inclusions. Orthopyroxene is unzoned and is euhedral
ene, plagioclase and spinel appearing as minor ground- (1·5 mm) with abundant spinel inclusions. Groundmass
mass phases of 0·25 mm (Fig. 9a). More evolved phases present in all samples are plagioclase, spinel and
olivine basalts contain phenocrysts of oscillatory zoned clinopyroxene, with minor hornblende.
clinopyroxene and plagioclase ( 1·5 mm) in addition to
normally zoned olivine ( 1mm). C-series
Ankaramite
Hornblende basaltic andesites Basaltic C-series lavas are characteristically ankaramitic,
Basaltic andesites are modally dominated by plagioclase dominated by equant, normally zoned, clinopyroxene
phenocrysts ( 2·0 mm) but also contain varying propor- phenocrysts and a significant population of normally
tions of phenocryst clinopyroxene, hornblende and idding- zoned olivine (Fig. 9d). Plagioclase is present only as a
sitized olivine ( 1·0 mm) (Fig. 9b). The groundmass is groundmass phase, along with spinel and anhedral clino-
also plagioclase-rich and contains clinopyroxene, spinel pyroxene ( 0·1mm).
and trace olivine. Plagioclase phenocrysts have normal C-series lavas of more evolved composition have been
and reverse oscillatory zoning, and the interiors are identified (60 wt % SiO2, 3 wt % MgO; Thirlwall
degraded and riddled with devitrified melt inclusions. et al. 1996) but were not examined in this study.
Hornblende is both poikilitic, with inclusions of iddingsi-
tized olivine, clinopyroxene, spinel and plagioclase, and
euhedral with very few inclusions and reaction rims of M I NER A L COM POSI TIONS OF
Fe^Ti oxides. T H E L AVA S
Representative mineral compositions are presented in
Hornblende andesites Tables 2^7 with the full dataset and detection limits avail-
The most evolved lavas examined in this study are andes- able in the Supplementary Data. Analyses were carried
ites, and the continuum in silica content is reflected in the out using the same protocol as for the xenoliths.
mineralogy: the silica-poor examples contain trace olivine,
whereas silica-rich examples contain orthopyroxene or Olivine
groundmass apatite and quartz (Fig. 9c). Plagioclase and Olivine phenocrysts in lavas are ubiquitously Mg-rich and
hornblende phenocrysts are present in all specimens normally zoned. The most primitive olivine is found in
1366
(a) (b)

1 mm 1 mm
(c) (d)
1 mm 1 mm
Fig. 9. Photomicrographs (plane-polarized light) of textural features in lavas. (a) Picrite. Olivine phenocrysts in a clinopyroxene and plagio-
clase groundmass. (b) Hornblende basaltic andesite. Hornblende, plagioclase and clinopyroxene phenocrysts in a plagioclase and spinel ground-
mass. (c) Andesite. Hornblende, plagioclase and orthopyroxene phenocrysts with large inclusions of spinel. Groundmass comprises plagioclase
and clinopyroxene. (d) Ankaramite. Zoned clinopyroxene and olivine phenocrysts in a plagioclase and spinel groundmass.
M-series picrites (Fo91·479·1) and C-series ankaramites clinopyroxene composition is seen in andesites, where
(Fo89·983·2). Phenocrysts in olivine basalts are less forsteri- the phenocrysts are high-Al augite (Mg# ¼ 89·9^74·1)
tic (Fo84·475·5). In all phenocrysts, rim compositions are and less calcic (20 wt % CaO). C-series clinopyroxene
never lower than Fo75. The majority of phenocrysts have is indistinguishable from its M-series equivalent: it is
CaO 0·1wt %. Cr-rich spinel and rare glassy pockets similarly Al-rich (8·2 wt % Al2O3), diopsidic
are found as inclusions. In the more evolved lavas, and (Mg# ¼ 87·2^74·6) and has a high Fe3þ/Fe content
similar to the crustal cumulates, olivine is completely (0·40). It also displays ubiquitous normal zoning in
altered to iddingsite. Mg# of 5.
Clinopyroxene
Zoned clinopyroxene is characteristic of Grenada lavas Hornblende
and phenocrysts show compositional variation of 10 % Hornblende in M-series lavas is calcic pargasite (after
Mg#. As noted by Arculus (1978), they also display rim Leake et al., 2003; Fig. 5) and occurs in two distinct forms.
enrichment in Al2O3 and TiO2 (5·0 wt % and 1·3 wt It is predominantly present as poikilitic crystals of
% respectively). M-series picrites, basalts and basaltic 2·0 mm with inclusions of iddingsitized olivine, clinopyr-
andesites contain diopsidic clinopyroxene with 23 wt oxene, spinel and plagioclase. Less commonly, it is found
% CaO, Mg# ¼ 95·2^80·6 and Fe3þ/Fe ¼ 0·40^0·20 as euhedral equant crystals ( 1·0 mm) displaying break-
(Fig. 4a). In picrites and basaltic andesites, normal down rims of Fe^Ti oxides, with small inclusions of spinel
zoning is common with rims of Mg# 80, whereas in and sulphides. Both forms can be found in the same
the olivine basalts phenocrysts exhibit both normal and sample and there is no preference for a particular lava
reverse zoning (rims of Mg# 5 different from core type. Regardless of texture, the crystals are unzoned and
composition). The only significant compositional shift in have a consistent Mg# between 82·3 and 77·0.
1367
Plagioclase standard fused disk techniques, of the original Arculus

Plagioclase is a common phenocryst and groundmass PhD thesis collection (Arculus, 1973; unpublished data).
phase in Grenada M-series lavas. Phenocrysts are Plagioclase-free plutonic rocks plot outside the range
2 mm, display ubiquitous oscillatory zoning and contain defined by the whole-rock analyses of Grenada lavas,
many devitrified melt inclusions. Core compositions are having lower SiO2, Al2O3 and total alkalis, and higher
most calcic in olivine basalts and become increasingly albi- CaO. The majority of plagioclase-bearing plutonic rocks
tic in the more evolved lavas (total range is An93·9^43·1); are also distinct from the lavas in terms of CaO and total
however, phenocrysts as anorthitic as An94·0 are found in alkali content (Fig. 7). In this way they can be discrimi-
basaltic andesites and andesites (Fig. 6). nated as cumulates. That the cumulates lie on a tangent to
equilibrium liquids on the liquid line of descent is consist-
Orthopyroxene ent with them being a subtractive assemblage (Hunter &

The occurrence of orthopyroxene is limited to M-series an- Sparks, 1987). This is best demonstrated by the plot of
desites, where it forms unzoned tabular phenocrysts ( CaO vs MgO, where M-series lavas show an early deple-
1·5 mm) of En73·865·0 Wo2·53·6 (Fig. 4b), CaO 1·8 wt tion in CaO, consistent with the first fractionating assem-
% and Al2O3 ¼ 0·7^2·3 wt %. blages being rich in clinopyroxene and hornblende
(manifest as wehrlites, clinopyroxenites and hornblen-
Spinel dites). Both gabbros with more evolved mineralogy
The most abundant spinel type in the Grenada lavas is (plagioclase An60) have major element compositions
titaniferous magnetite (TiO2 5^13 wt %), which occurs that replicate a natural silicate liquid, inconsistent with a
in the groundmass of all lava types and as small cumulate origin.
(0·1mm) rounded inclusions in clinopyroxene, orthopyr- As noted by Bouvier et al. (2010a), melt inclusions in oliv-
oxene and hornblende. Dominated by Fe3þ, Mg# is gener- ine from picritic scoria, whose composition has been cor-
ally 515 and Fe3þ/Fe is 0·50^0·60. Rare grains can rected for post-entrapment crystallization (PEC), plot
have 0·2 mm and are poikilitic, enclosing portions of between M- and C- series trends for all major elements.
groundmass clinopyroxene. Chromite (Cr# 69) com- The uncorrected MgO contents of these inclusions do not
monly forms euhedral inclusions in olivine ( 0·1mm), exceed 7·7 wt %, ranging from 1·2 to 6·8 wt %, meaning
and also makes up part of the groundmass in ankaramites that the melt inclusions have an uncorrected composition
and picrites. Characterized by their high Al content similar to the C-series lavas. In contrast, cumulate-hosted
(16·8 wt % Al2O3), spinels of intermediate composition melt inclusions span a compositional range that lies at the
can be classified as pleonaste, with Fe3þ/Fe 0·55^0·65 evolved end of the lava suite and beyond, extending to
and Cr2O3 of the order of 5 wt % (Cr# ¼ 10^40, 470 wt % SiO2 and 50·5 wt % MgO.
Mg# ¼ 30^15). This is the least common spinel type in
the lavas, occurring as rare inclusions in clinopyroxene Olivine
phenocrysts and in the groundmass of some picrites. Grenadan olivines are all highly magnesian (Fig. 10).
Phenocrysts in the lavas are in the range of Fo91·473·4,
overlapping with but extending to more magnesian com-
C O M PA R I S O N O F X E N O L I T H S positions than those found in the plutonic rocks
A N D L AVA S (Fo83·672·9). In contrast, olivine in the peridotite xenoliths
The cumulates and lavas in this study are complementary, (Fo89·288·2) is comparable with the most magnesian oliv-
and together with the peridotite xenoliths and gabbros, ine in the picrites. Forsterite contents are positively corre-
sample different locations and processes within the sub-vol- lated with NiO: both peridotitic and picritic olivine
canic system. The prevalence of zoning in lava phenocrysts contain 0·21wt % NiO (Fig. 10a). Mantle-derived olivine
demonstrates a much more complex growth history than can be distinguished from basaltic phenocrysts based on
the homogeneous plutonic xenolith minerals. Although its CaO content (Fig. 10b). Lava phenocrysts have CaO
the lavas and plutonic rocks contain similar minerals, the 0·10 wt %, indicating a magmatic origin, whereas olivine
lavas are much richer in plagioclase and contain consider- in the peridotites has CaO 0·08 wt %. Of the olivines
ably less hornblende. present in the lavas, 10% have CaO contents consistent
with a peridotitic origin, suggesting there may be a small
Whole-rock compositions xenocryst population in some picrites; however, the vast
Whole-rock major element compositions of plutonic rocks majority of phenocrysts have Fo89 and CaO 0·10 wt %,
and peridotite calculated from point counted mineral confirming that picrite formation occurred by direct crys-
modes and mineral compositions, are given in Table 10. tallization from a high-Mg melt (Devine, 1995). Olivine in
Whole-rock analyses of lavas are from the Georoc database the plutonic rocks is demonstrably less magnesian than pi-
(http://georoc.mpch-mainz.gwdg.de/georoc/Entry.html) critic or peridotitic olivine. Its Ni content is equivalent to
and reanalysed samples by X-ray fluorescence, using that of lava phenocrysts of the same Fo content, whereas
1368
Table 10: Normalized (to 100%) plutonic and peridotite bulk-rock compositions (wt % oxides) estimated from mineral
modes and electron microprobe compositions of minerals
Sample SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 Cr2O3 NiO
harzburgite (GR45) 39·85 0·03 1·31 11·23 0·21 44·12 0·11 0·01 b.d.l. 0·06 2·74 0·32
wehrlite (GR36) 47·34 0·49 3·66 8·03 0·15 21·11 18·67 0·19 b.d.l. b.d.l. 0·31 0·04
poik. hbl gabbro (GR21) 41·69 1·38 18·66 10·66 0·13 10·51 14·59 1·98 0·30 b.d.l. 0·08 0·02
poik. hbl gabbro (GR4) 43·45 1·05 18·61 8·88 0·13 10·68 15·49 1·43 0·17 0·02 0·08 0·02

clinopyroxenite (GRN17) 43·27 0·69 6·19 12·63 0·26 25·39 9·83 1·09 0·17 0·02 0·34 0·11
clinopyroxenite (GRN24) 45·00 1·06 9·20 9·87 0·18 17·23 16·31 0·83 0·10 0·02 0·15 0·04
cpx hornblendite (GR17) 42·64 1·50 11·77 10·64 0·15 15·78 15·20 1·75 0·33 b.d.l. 0·20 0·04
hornblendite (GR15) 42·60 1·80 10·76 13·66 0·26 17·40 10·44 2·41 0·31 0·02 0·31 0·04
clinopyroxenite (GR29) 46·15 0·88 7·49 8·08 0·15 16·44 19·52 0·79 0·11 b.d.l. 0·35 0·03
clinopyroxenite (GR5-1) 48·20 0·88 6·80 7·46 0·14 14·92 20·74 0·59 0·06 0·02 0·18 0·02
hornblendite (GR25) 41·20 1·83 14·76 11·08 0·11 14·68 13·09 2·44 0·50 0·03 0·24 0·02
hbl gabbro (GRN6) 43·06 1·17 19·44 8·75 0·12 9·47 15·99 1·55 0·36 0·02 0·04 0·02
plagioclase hornblendite (GR11) 42·34 0·66 28·40 5·00 0·05 4·84 17·21 1·30 0·18 b.d.l. 0·01 0·01
plagioclase hornblendite (GR52) 42·88 1·14 21·51 8·45 0·11 9·10 14·47 1·98 0·30 0·02 0·02 0·02
hbl gabbro (GRN21) 42·65 1·37 15·95 12·31 0·20 10·29 15·06 1·78 0·23 0·02 0·13 0·02
hbl gabbro (GRN5) 42·77 1·31 19·30 10·32 0·13 9·20 14·60 2·01 0·27 0·03 0·04 0·02
plutonic hbl gabbro (GR42) 48·57 0·99 20·11 8·34 0·14 6·04 12·15 3·30 0·30 0·03 0·03 0·01
plutonic gabbro (GR9) 48·28 0·76 13·07 11·63 0·26 7·26 16·44 2·13 0·05 0·02 0·09 0·01
0.8 0.5
(a) (b) Cumulates
Lavas (M)
0.7
Lavas (C)
0.4 (possible
0.6 xenocrysts)
Peridotite
0.5
0.3
CaO (wt %)
NiO (wt %)
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0 0.0
70 75 80 85 90 95 70 75 80 85 90 95
Fo (olivine) Fo (olivine)
Fig. 10. Composition of Grenada olivines. Peridotitic olivine includes ‘primary’ grains from Parkinson et al. (2003). (a) Forsterite content de-
creases steadily with NiO. The highest NiO contents are recorded in peridotitic grains (0·7 wt %). Olivine in plutonic rocks is less primitive
than picritic or peridotitic olivine, and overlaps with lava phenocrysts of the same Fo content. (b) Peridotitic and primitive magmatic olivine
(Fo 88, Ni 0·4 wt %) can be discriminated by virtue of its CaO content: olivine in harzburgite xenoliths contains CaO 0·08 wt % whereas
lava phenocrysts have CaO 0·10 wt % (dashed line). A small proportion of olivine in picritic lavas has a low CaO content, suggesting that
there could be a minor xenocryst population in these samples.
1369
0.4 2.3
Cumulates (without plag)
Cumulates (with plag)
Gabbros
2.2
Lavas (M) - cores
Lavas (M) - rims 2.1
0.3 Lavas (C) - cores
2.0
1.9
AlIV hbl
AlIV cpx
0.2 1.8
1.7

1.6
0.1 Cumulates (without plag)
1.5 Cumulates (with plag)
Gabbros
Lavas (cores)
Lavas (rims)
0.14
0.0
70 75 80 85 90 95 100
0.12
Mg# cpx
0.10
K (apfu) hbl
Fig. 11. Variation in tetrahedrally co-ordinated Al in clinopyroxene
in both M- and C-series lavas. M-series lavas and plagioclase-bearing
cumulates display a decrease in AlIV with Mg#. Lava phenocryst 0.08
cores overlap with cumulate compositions but show varying degrees
of normal zoning in Mg# with associated rim enrichment in Al 0.06
(and Ti). Gabbroic clinopyroxene has a restricted composition with
low AlIV and Mg#. 0.04
0.02
CaO is at the lower end of the range spanned by magmatic
olivine. In contrast to the weak correlation observed in 0.00
70 75 80 85 90 95
the lava phenocrysts, there is no relationship between
CaO and Fo in plutonic olivine. Mg# hbl
Fig. 12. Variation in hornblende composition. Plagioclase-bearing cu-
Clinopyroxene mulates and lavas both show a decrease in AlIV with decreasing
Clinopyroxene in both lavas and cumulates is high-Al di- Mg#. There is no compositional distinction between cumulate
grains and the majority of lava phenocrysts, with the exception of an
opside; gabbroic clinopyroxene is augitic. Lavas and outlier sample that has significantly lower K than any other
plagioclase-bearing cumulates show a correlation between Grenada hornblende.
Al2O3 content and Mg#, and gabbros have a restricted
range of AlIV (Fig. 11). Zoned clinopyroxene is characteris-
tic of Grenada lavas (Arculus, 1978) and the phenocrysts one key exception; hornblende in andesite with coexisting
are normally zoned by 10 % Mg#. In contrast, the ma- orthopyroxene has a much lower K content (0·02
jority of cumulate and gabbroic clinopyroxene is homoge- a.p.f.u.).
neous and unzoned. Where clinopyroxene is present as
inclusions in poikilitic hornblende it may show normal Plagioclase
zoning in Mg# (8 % Mg#) but without any marked Both lavas and cumulates contain highly calcic plagioclase
difference in Al or Ti content. of An90, but lava phenocryst compositions also extend to
An43·1 (Fig. 6). Lava phenocrysts are highly zoned and con-
Hornblende tain numerous devitrified melt inclusions whereas cumu-
Cumulate and phenocryst hornblende show few compos- late plagioclase grains are homogeneous and inclusion-
itional differences, with all hornblende analyses classifying free. Gabbroic plagioclase has a more restricted and
as calcic pargasite (after Leake et al., 2003) regardless of evolved composition (An72·338·8).
habit or rock type (Fig. 5). Similar to clinopyroxene, cumu-
lates without plagioclase contain the highest Mg# horn- Orthopyroxene
blende, with plagioclase-bearing rocks showing a decrease Orthopyroxene is completely absent from the cumulate as-
in AlIV with decreasing Mg# (Fig. 12). Cumulates, plu- semblages, being present only in mantle-derived harzburg-
tonic rocks and lavas have K (a.p.f.u.) ¼ 0·06^0·14, with ite and M-series andesitic lavas. Its composition is
1370
reflective of the two modes of genesis: harzburgite contains The plutonic xenoliths in this study are almost exclu-
Mg-rich enstatite (Mg# ¼ 89·0^88·3, CaO 0·6 wt %); sively sampled from secondary deposits, and so are lacking
magmatic enstatite has Mg# 73·8 and CaO 1·6 wt %. in original geological context; however, eight cumulate
Al2O3 is within the range 0·7^2·3 wt % for both rock and three peridotite xenoliths have an attached rind
types. of the host lava present in the thin section. The nature of
the boundary between rock types is variable. Some con-
Spinel tacts are gradational and melt is seen to penetrate between
An extensive compositional range of spinels is found in the grain boundaries of the xenolith with clear evidence
both Grenada lavas and cumulates (Fig. 13) showing a for millimetre- to centimetre-scale entrainment of cumu-
complete continuum from chromites to titaniferous mag- late material into the host lava. In contrast, other bound-
netite. It is possible to observe this variation within a aries are sharp with a distinct contrast between xenolith

single cumulate or lava thin section and Arculus (1978) and lava, and mineral phases appear unzoned at the
noted that such extreme fluctuation in spinel chemistry is contact.
highly unusual in terrestrial magmatic suites. Aluminous Hornblende in lavas and cumulates is both texturally
pleonaste spinel is rare but occurs in many other arc suites and compositionally indistinguishable (Fig. 12), with poiki-
worldwide (Della-Pasqua et al., 1995). Spinel in gabbros is litic and euhedral forms occurring in both rock types.
restricted to magnetite. One exception to this is the euhedral low-K hornblende
(0·02 a.p.f.u.) in a hornblende andesite, which plots in a
distinct region away from cumulate hornblende analysed
DISCUSSION both in this study and in that by Arculus & Wills (1980).
Xenocryst population in the Grenada lavas The presence of orthopyroxene and lack of olivine in this
Devine & Sigurdsson (1995) identified the incorporation of sample demonstrates that this is an evolved lava. In a pre-
plutonic material in basalts from the proximal submarine vious study it was noted that hornblende is a rare phase in
volcano Kick ’Em Jenny, and there is significant evidence the Grenada lavas, and crystallizes only in the most
that this process is widespread in all Grenada lavas. evolved M-series magmas (Brown et al., 1977); this may be
100 100 0.6

Grenada cumulates
Grenada gabbros
M−series lavas
C−series lavas 0.5
80 Grenada peridotite 80
St Vincent cumulates
0.4
60 60
+
Fe3 / ΣR3
Ti (apfu)
Cr#
0.3
+
40 40
0.2
20 20
0.1
0 0 0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Mg# Mg# Mg#
Fig. 13. Spinel compositions from Grenada showing an extensive compositional range from chromite to titaniferous magnetite. In contrast to St
Vincent, both M-series lavas and cumulates contain Al-rich spinel of intermediate Cr#, Mg# and Fe3þ/Fe (pleonaste). The observed vari-
ation commonly occurs within one thin section. Gabbroic spinel is exclusively magnetite.
1371
an example of true magmatic hornblende. In contrast, we Intensive parameters relating to plutonic

suggest that the abundant hornblende in the more primi- xenolith formation
tive lavas is xenocrystic, sourced from disaggregated plu- Knowledge of magma storage conditions, particularly the
tonic rocks. P^T^H2O^fO2 of cumulate formation, is critical to inter-
Several lines of evidence indicate that entrainment of cu- preting the sub-volcanic system beneath Grenada. A study
mulate material into the lavas is not limited to hornblende. of plutonic xenoliths from St Vincent has suggested that
Rare plagioclase phenocrysts of An90 occur in basaltic there gabbros were generated in the shallow crust at
andesites and andesites in which the dominant plagioclase 0·2 GPa and 970^11478C from a hydrous (4·6 wt %
composition is An5060. This is in addition to a small H2O) Al- and Ca-rich basalt (Tollan et al., 2012). The plu-
proportion of heavily iddingsitized olivine, a characteristic tonic xenoliths from Grenada are markedly different and
of cumulate olivine grains. Devine & Sigurdsson (1995) have a greater range of mineral assemblages, and thus pro-

stated that the compositional similarity of clinopyroxene vide a useful comparison of the sub-arc processes beneath
in both rock types precludes confirmation of the presence neighbouring islands. We use two methods to estimate in-
of xenolithic clinopyroxene; however, we find that only tensive parameters of cumulate formation: geothermo-
some clinopyroxenes in lavas have rim enrichment of Ti barometry and experimental phase relations.
and Al, resulting from magmatic overgrowth (Fig. 11), sug-
gesting that the lavas contain a mixture of both xenocryst Geothermobarometry of plutonic xenoliths
and phenocryst material. It is also clear that this phenom- The absence of orthopyroxene and coexisting Fe^Ti oxides
enon is not confined to crustal cumulates. As discussed by from the cumulate assemblages from Grenada precludes
Bouvier et al. (2010a), and indicated in Fig. 10, olivine com- the use of several well-proven geothermobarometers.
position indicates that some picrites contain a small Nevertheless, the minerals and melt inclusions present do
(510%) population of peridotitic olivine. We note that allow the use of some geothermobarometers to compute
Bouvier et al. (2010a) identified a more significant xenocryst P^T^H2O^fO2. We have evaluated the accuracy of those
population than in this study, possibly because they were geothermobarometers that are applicable to the Grenadan
sampling scoria rather than lava flows. Quartz xenocrysts suite by using experiments on appropriate compositions
from disaggregated crustal material were also identified in from Grenada (Stamper et al., 2014), St Vincent (Pichavant
basalts and basaltic andesites by Arculus (1978) and et al., 2002b; Pichavant & MacDonald, 2007; Melekhova
Thirlwall et al. (1996). et al., in preparation), and other locations in which the
Devine & Sigurdsson (1995) dismissed plagioclase accu- starting compositions fall on the liquid line of descent at
mulation as the cause of the high-Al basalts, but the in- Grenada (Fig. 14). Full details of the analysis are available
corporation of xenolithic material undoubtedly has in the Supplementary Data, with the general conclusions
implications for the whole-rock composition of the lavas. and justifications for choice of geothermobarometers sum-
It is likely too that this process occurs throughout the marized here.
Lesser Antilles. Bouvier et al. (2008) highlighted a popula- Equilibrium temperatures are consistently reproduced
tion of xenocrystic olivine from mantle xenoliths in basalts by four of the tested geothermometers [ol^melt: Putirka
from Martinique and St Vincent, and the compositional et al. (2007); cpx^melt: P ’08: Putirka (2008); hbl: Ridolfi
similarity between plutonic minerals and lava phenocrysts & Renzulli (2012); hbl^plag: Holland & Blundy (1994)];
has been noted at many islands in the arc (e.g. Arculus & however, olivine in the plutonic xenoliths is ubiquitously
Wills, 1980; Tollan et al., 2012). We may only be able to re- heavily iddingsitized, and as a consequence, no olivine-
solve the true effect of xenocryst assimilation through hosted melt inclusions remain. This rules out the use of
trace element studies. the olivine^melt thermometer. We chose to use two oliv-
The incorporation of plutonic grains as xenocrysts in the ine^spinel geothermometers (O’Neill & Wall, 1987;
lavas indicates a low level of consolidation before eruption, Ballhaus et al., 1991) despite their relative inaccuracy in
and that fragmentation occurs during explosive, volatile- reproducing the high end of experimental temperatures in
rich eruptions. Cumulate xenoliths commonly contain an attempt to afford some insights into the high-tempera-
interstitial scoria along grain boundaries that are rich in ture history of the cumulates, but place more emphasis on
microlites (50 mm) of plagioclase, providing evidence for the minimum temperature estimates from the range of
rapid quenching of the host melt. Unexsolved spinel in the olivine^spinel pairs. We used all three oxybarometers that
cumulates confirms their sudden eruption from supersoli- were evaluated [ol^spl: O’Neill & Wall (1987) and
dus temperatures (Arculus & Wills, 1980). Dark breakdown Ballhaus et al. (1991); hbl: Ridolfi & Renzulli (2012)] to
rims on hornblende are related to syn-eruptive decompres- compute fO2; these formulations are able to reproduce ex-
sion (Rutherford & Hill, 1993) and are exclusive to lavas perimental fO2 to within 2 log units. The use of oxybarom-
and gabbros, illustrative of less rapid ascent and stalling eters involving both olivine^spinel and hornblende has the
in the upper crust where hornblende is not stable. additional benefit that it covers the entire range of
1372
(a) 6
4
fO2 (ΔFMQ)
Parkinson et al.

2
( 20 0 3 )
1
0
(b) 1400
1300
GRN15 (4kbar) H2O-sat
1200 STV301 (4kbar) 7 wt % H2O
1100 STV315 (4kbar) 6 wt % H2O

T (ºC)
1000
900
800
700
GR17 Cpx hornblendite
Hornblendite
Hornblendite
Cpxite
Wehrlite
Harzburgite
Plag hblite
Plag hblite
Hbl gabbro
Hbl gabbro
Hbl gabbro
Hbl gabbro
GR59 Poik. hbl gabbro
Gabbro
Clinopyroxenite
Clinopyroxenite
Clinopyroxenite
GR45
GR36
GR29
GRN17
GR5-1
GR15
GR25
GR11
GRN6
GR52
GRN21
GRN24
GRN5
GR42
GRN9
Pdt Cumulates Gabbros
Ol - spl (O’Neill & Wall, 1987) Cpx - melt (Putirka, 2008) Hornblende (Ridolfi &Renzulli, 2012)
Ol - spl (Ballhaus et al., 1991) Hbl - plag (Holland & Blundy, 1994)
Fig. 14. Geothermobarometric estimates of (a) oxygen fugacity and (b) temperature for peridotite and plutonic xenolith samples. Cumulates
listed in order of decreasing Fo (olivine), followed by An# (plagioclase). The shaded area in (a) shows the range of fO2 estimates for the sub-
arc mantle beneath Grenada (Parkinson et al., 2003). Dashed lines in (b) denote experimentally determined liquidi of a Grenadan picrite
(GRN15, Stamper et al., 2014), a high-Mg basalt from St Vincent (Pichavant et al., 2002b, STV301) and a basaltic andesite from St Vincent
(Pichavant & MacDonald, 2007, STV315). Upper estimates from the olivine^spinel geothermometers of O’Neill & Wall (1987) and Ballhaus
et al. (1991) are faded out owing to both formulations tending to overestimate temperatures (see Supplementary Data).
1373
cumulate assemblages. On the basis of poor performance can be used in the formulation is An90; six of the cumulates
in the experimental evaluation, we have not used any of contain more calcic plagioclase and so their temperatures
the tested formulations to derive pressure [cpx: Nimis will be underestimates.
(1999); cpx^melt: Putirka (2008); hbl: Ridolfi & Renzulli Temperature estimates for olivine^spinel, clinopyroxene,
(2012)] and H2O estimates [hbl: Ridolfi & Renzulli (2012); hornblende and coexisting plagioclase are remarkably
Al2O3 in melt: Pichavant & MacDonald (2007)]. similar. This indicates that the melts parental to the cumu-
Figure 14 and Table 11 show the full range of tempera- lates were multiply saturated with up to five phases be-
tures and fO2 estimates for the cumulates and plutonic tween temperatures of 900^10008C, with temperatures
rocks in this study. All five thermometers are insensitive to comparable with experimentally determined liquidi of
pressure and we assume a value of 0·5 GPa for cumulates H2O-rich low-Mg basalts and basaltic andesites.
and plutonic rocks and 1·0 GPa for the mantle xenolith, The consensus from oxybarometry is that all rock types

except for the geothermometer of Ridolfi & Renzulli are highly oxidized. Previous estimates of fO2 at Grenada
(2012), where a pressure estimate is intrinsic to the calcula- are quoted as FMQ (fayalite^magnetite^quartz; O’Neill,
tion. Hornblende^plagioclase temperatures are quoted 1987) þ 1 to þ 2 for the sub-arc mantle (Parkinson et al.,
with the caveat that the most anorthitic plagioclase that 2003); this is in agreement with our value of FMQ to
Table 11: Estimates of oxygen fugacity and temperature for the plutonic xenoliths
Sample Type T (8C) log fO2
ol–spl ol–spl cpx–melt* hbl hbl–plag ol–spl (FMQ) ol–spl hbl

(Ball) (O’N & W) (Put) (R & R) (H & B) (Ball) (ON & W) (R & R)
Peridotite
GR45 harzburgite 960–965 1217 – – – 1·2 0·0–0·2 –
Cumulates
GR36 wehrlite 956–1124 1189–1438 877 – – 1·5–2·9 0·5–1·7 –
GR59 poik. hbl gabbro 786–1043 993–1243 – 905–931 913–960y 3·0–4·0 1·9–2·3 4·0–4·3
GR21 poik. hbl gabbro 975–1291 1181–1424 930 907–922 823–989 2·6–4·0 1·4–2·6 3·1–4·0
GR29 cpxite 1014–1090 1201–1333 1030–1044 931–958 – 1·8–3·2 0·7–1·8 4·7–5·1
GRN17 cpxite 936–1110 1141–1332 – 932–1045 – 2·4–3·9 1·2–2·3 2·9–5·9
GR4 poik. hbl gabbro 986–1112 1212–1289 – 909–941 957y–1013y 3·7–4·3 2·0–2·4 2·6–3·8
GR17 cpx hornblendite 1015–1072 1212–1289 962–1041 915–952 – 2·8–3·38 1·5–1·9 3·8–4·5
GR5-1 cpxite 1043–1093 1218–1271 977–1220 914–947 – 3·0–3·7 1·6–2·1 3·1–4·1
GR40 poik. hbl gabbro – – 951–1054 931–956 971–1032y – – 2·8–4·1
GR15 hblite 900–1060 1104–1259 – 901–993 – 3·3–4·0 1·3–1·5 2·3–4·8
GR2 poik. hbl gabbro – – – 897–978 941–1070y – – 1·3–4·4
GR11 plag hblite – – – 882–964 897y–1067y – – 3·4–4·2
GRN6 hbl gabbro – – – 878–894 929y–948y – – 3·3–3·7
GR52 plag hblite – – – 885–930 946y–1005y – – 3·3–3·6
GRN21 hbl gabbro – – – 899–972 949y–1030y – – 2·9–3·6
GR33 poik. hbl gabbro – – 942–1044 885–952 867–984 – – 2·7–3·8
GRN24 cpxite – – – 944–971 893–972 – – 1·8–3·7
GRN5 hbl gabbro – – – 883–930 933–993 – – 3·3–3·7
Gabbros
GR42 hbl gabbro – – – 822–921 832–957 – – 2·1–3·3
GR9 gabbro – – 937–1057 – – –
*Cpx–melt thermometer uses clinopyroxene-hosted melt inclusions.

yMol % An is 90 so temperatures are minimum estimates according to the restrictions in the model.
Ball, Ballhaus et al. (1991); H & B, Holland & Blundy (1994); O’N & W, O’Neill & Wall (1987); Put, Putirka (2008); R & R,
Ridolfi & Renzulli (2012). Upper estimates of olivine–spinel temperatures are treated with less confidence and are shown in
italics.
1374
75 32
(a) (c)
70
28
65
Al2O3 (wt %)
SiO2 (wt %)
24
60
55 20
50 16
45
12

20 (b) 0 5 10 15 20
MgO (wt%)
15 Martel et al. (1999) - average andesite
CaO (wt %)
Pichavant et al. (2002a) - HAB

Sisson & Grove (1993) - 87S35a
10
Pichavant & MacDonald (2007) - STV315
Graham (1980) − 311
5 Sisson & Grove (1993) - average basalt
Cawthorn et al. (1973) - 184 & 286
Pichavant et al. (2002b) - STV301
0
Melekhova et al. (in prep) - RSV49
0 5 10 15 20 Stamper et al. (2014) - GRN15
MgO (wt%)
Fig. 15. Experimental starting compositions used in evaluation of geothermobarometers and estimation of magma storage conditions. Grey
symbols illustrate the liquid line of descent as depicted by lavas (triangles), and melt inclusions in olivine from picritic scoria (diamonds) and
cumulates (crosses). Starting compositions vary in the range 45^62 wt % SiO2 and 15^2 wt % MgO, encompassing the entire range of lava
whole-rock compositions from Grenada.
FMQ þ1·2 for harzburgite. Plutonic xenoliths range from picritic to andesitic compositions, and cover the range of
FMQ þ 0·5 to þ 4·3 (Fig. 14a). Similar to temperature, the lavas erupted on Grenada. Having screened the experi-
estimates involving olivine^spinel pairs have a consistent mental starting materials in this way it is then possible to
offset, with Ballhaus et al. (1991) yielding values that are explore the conditions that yield a good match to the
1^2 log units higher than those of O’Neill & Wall (1987; observed phase assemblages and mineral compositions in
updated, personal communication). Despite the wide the xenoliths.
range in fO2 estimates, within the crustal cumulates there Some initial inferences as to the melt composition and
is no correlation with measures of magmatic differentiation conditions required to generate the plutonic xenolith as-
or mineral assemblage. semblages can be made from examining the phase rela-
tions and crystallization sequence, without any reference
to mineral chemistry (Table 12). To place further con-
A combined approach to estimating straints on the magma storage conditions that produced
magma storage conditions based on particular assemblages, it is important to match the com-
geothermometry and experimental studies position of the experimental phases with the ranges seen
In combination with geothermobarometry, experimental in the natural silicates. Only a limited number of experi-
studies can be used to place constraints on the magma stor- mental run products from Cawthorn et al. (1973) and
age conditions during the formation of the plutonic xeno- Graham (1980) were analysed in the original studies and
liths. For experiments to be applicable to Grenada, the so compositional data are unavailable for some runs.
major element composition of the starting mix must lie on
the liquid line of descent (Fig. 15), in effect representing a Wehrlite (ol ! cpx)
residual liquid from the fractionating assemblage. Starting Wehrlite is the most primitive cumulate assemblage found
mixes from the selected experimental studies cover a at Grenada. It has high variance demonstrated by the fact
range of 45^62 wt % SiO2 and 15^2 wt % MgO, spanning it can be generated experimentally over a wide range of
1375
Table 12: Experimental conditions required to generate natural crustal cumulate assemblages in the same crystallization se-
quence as found on Grenada
wehrlite clinopyroxenite hornblende gabbro plagioclase Reference

hornblendite hornblendite
ol ! cpx ol ! cpx ! hbl ol ! cpx ! hbl ! plag hbl ! plag
GRN15
P (GPa) 0·7–1·7 – – –
T (8C) 1150–1325 – – – Stamper et al. (2014)

H2O (wt %) 2·9–5·0 – – –
RSV49
P (GPa) 0·4–1·0 0·7–1·0 – –
T (8C) 1080–1150 1030–1100 – – Melekhova et al. (in preparation)
H2O (wt %) 2·8–8·3 8·5–9·7 – –
STV301
P (GPa) 0·4–1·2 – – –
T (8C) 1050–1220 – – – Pichavant et al. (2002b)
H2O (wt %) 0·9–2·6 – – – Pichavant & Macdonald (2007)
184
P (GPa) 0·50 0·50 0·50 –
T (8C) 1051–1100 961–1031 921·00 – Cawthorn et al. (1973)
H2O (wt %) sat sat sat –
286
P (GPa) 0·5 0·5 0·5 –
T (8C) 1051–1118 1001–1031 921–961 – Cawthorn et al. (1973)
H2O (wt %) sat sat sat –
Average basalt
P (GPa) – – 0·2 –
T (8C) – – 965 – Sisson & Grove (1993)
H2O (wt %) – – sat –
311
P (GPa) 0·2 – – –
T (8C) 1050 – – – Graham (1980)
H2O (wt %) 5 – – –
STV315
P (GPa) 0·4 – – –
T (8C) 1050 – – – Pichavant & Macdonald (2007)
H2O (wt %) 4·9 – – –
SG87S35a
P (GPa) – – – 0·2
T (8C) – – – 925–970 Sisson & Grove (1993)
H2O (wt %) – – – sat
HAB
P (GPa) – – 0·5 0·4
T (8C) – – 1000 945–949 Pichavant & Macdonald (2007)
H2O (wt %) – – 6·8 6·9–8·2
Average andesite
P (GPa) – – 0·2 –
T (8C) – – 930 – Martel et al. (1999)
H2O (wt %) – – 6·9 –
Starting compositions listed in order of decreasing MgO content (Fig. 16). sat, H2O-saturated experiment.
1376
pressures (0·2^1·7 GPa) and H2O contents (0·9 wt % to 8·7^9·7 wt % MgO at H2O-saturated conditions [9·7 wt
H2O-saturated) from compositions with 8 wt % MgO % H2O as estimated by Papale et al. (2006)] at 0·5 GPa
(Table 12); in all of these cases olivine is a liquidus phase, (Table 12). Very few of these run products have electron
followed by clinopyroxene, and the temperature range of microprobe analyses, but an experiment at 10318C provides
these experiments is the highest of all assemblages (1050^ the best match for the natural compositions (Fig. 17). This
13258C). In less magnesian basalts either hornblende or temperature is consistent with the majority of values from
plagioclase crystallizes in the place of clinopyroxene, and clinopyroxene-hosted melt inclusions, and the lower range
in andesites plagioclase becomes the liquidus phase. of olivine^spinel pairs (950^10508C). The same assem-
Olivine in Grenadan wehrlite is restricted to Fo84 and blage is generated by the higher pressure experiments of
this allows us to place good constraints on its conditions of Melekhova et al. (in preparation); however, both olivine
formation. High-pressure (P 0·7 GPa) experiments exclu- (Fo8794) and hornblende (Mg# ¼ 92^95) are too magnes-

sively produce highly magnesian olivine of Fo9095, match- ian to be representative of natural cumulate compositions.
ing the most forsteritic olivine found in Grenadan basalts,
but precluding these pressures from being representative Hornblende gabbro ( ol ! cpx ! hbl ! plag)
of cumulate formation (Fig. 16). Comparable olivine and Hornblende gabbros are the most abundant cumulate as-
clinopyroxene are generated only at 0·4 GPa, 10508C and semblage sampled at Grenada. The main silicate phases
6·3 wt % H2O from a high-magnesian basalt (STV301, are cpx þ hbl þ plag; olivine, if present, is only a trace
Pichavant & MacDonald, 2007). The temperature of this component, thus both olivine-bearing and olivine-absent
experiment is in agreement with the range of minimum experiments are considered. Moreover, there is no demon-
values from the two olivine^spinel thermometers (956^ strable difference in natural mineral chemistry between
11898C). We believe that the temperature given by the one the two textural variants of the assemblage, and so all cu-
clinopyroxene-hosted melt inclusion in this assemblage mulate hornblende gabbros are grouped together in this
(8778C) is erroneously low: it is probable that the major section.
element composition of this inclusion has been affected by Temperatures from clinopyroxene-hosted melt inclusions
post-entrapment crystallization. (930^10548C) and hornblende (878^9788C) reflect the
observed crystallization sequence. Hornblende^plagioclase
Clinopyroxenite and hornblendite (ol ! cpx ! hbl) temperatures encompass the whole range (823^10708C).
Clinopyroxenite and hornblendite both comprise predom- Olivine^spinel pairs yield a wide range of minimum tem-
inantly clinopyroxene and hornblende crystallizing after peratures (756^12128C). As mentioned, if present, olivine
minor olivine, and vary only in modal mineralogy and tex- is a minor phase in this assemblage and is invariably heav-
tures. Therefore, in this analysis the two assemblages are ily altered; for these reasons we place little emphasis on
grouped together. these estimates.
Experiments containing coexisting ol þ cpx þ hbl were Experiments producing hornblende gabbro are at
reported by Cawthorn et al. (1973), using a basalt with lower temperature (921^10448C) than plagioclase-free
Wehrlite
0.30
High pressure experiments (0.7 - 1.7 GPa)
Pichavant et al. (2002b) - STV301
0.20 Melekhova et al. (in prep) - RSV49

Stamper et al. (2014) - GRN15
AlIV cpx
Low pressure experiments (0.2 - 0.5 GPa)

0.10 Graham (1980) − 311
0.4 GPa Pichavant & MacDonald (2007) - STV315
1050ºC Pichavant et al. (2002b) - STV301
6.3 wt % H2O
0.00
80 90 100
Fo (olivine)
Fig. 16. AlIV of wehrlitic clinopyroxene vs forsterite content of olivine (Fo). Coloured symbols show the composition of phases in experimental
wehrlites compared with corresponding natural cumulate ranges (shaded area). Despite overlapping with natural clinopyroxene compositions,
high-pressure (P 0·7 GPa) experiments generate highly magnesian olivine of Fo9095. An exact match is produced by an experiment from
the high-Mg basalt of Pichavant & MacDonald (2007) at 0·4 GPa, 10508C and 6·3 wt % H2O.
1377
Clinopyroxenite / hornblendite The closest match to a hornblende gabbro of the

0.3 observed natural composition is a basalt with 8·7 wt %
(a) MgO at 0·2 GPa, 9658C and H2O-saturation (5·8 wt %
H2O as estimated by Papale et al. (2006)) from Sisson &
Grove (1993). These conditions produce a commensurate
0.2 mismatch between the forsterite content of olivine and
anorthite content of plagioclase (Fig. 18).
AlIV cpx
Plagioclase hornblendite (hbl ! plag)

Plagioclase hornblendite lacks olivine or clinopyroxene
0.1 and is generated exclusively by low-pressure (0·2^0·4 GPa)

0.5 GPa and low-temperature (925^9708C) experiments on high-
1031ºC
H2O-sat alumina basalts (51^54 wt% SiO2; 5^4 wt% MgO;
16^18 wt% Al2O3) with 7 wt% H2O (Table 12).
Grenadan plagioclase hornblendite has characteristic-
(b) ally anorthitic plagioclase (An90), which restricts the ex-
2.2 periments that are applicable to the natural assemblages
(Fig. 19). A good match for hornblende and plagioclase
composition is produced by hydrous (8·2 wt % H2O) bas-
alts at 0·4 GPa and a restricted temperature range (945^
AlIV hbl
9498C) (Pichavant et al., 2002a). This is encompassed by

temperature estimates from natural hornblende
1.8
(882^9648C) and hornblende^plagioclase pairs
(897^10678C). At lower H2O, the same melts and P^Tcon-
ditions produce gabbro (cpx þ plag), an assemblage found
in the more evolved plutonic rocks whose bulk-rock com-
position indicates that they may represent frozen silicate
1.4
60 70 80 90 100 liquids.
Fo (olivine) Summary
The entire suite of cumulate assemblages seen at Grenada
High pressure experiments (0.7 - 1.7 GPa) can be generated experimentally in a narrow pressure
(0·2^0·5 GPa) and temperature range (965^10508C) at
Melekhova et al. (in prep) - RSV49
high melt H2O contents (5·8 wt %). Production of a dif-
ferent mineralogy results from simple variations in melt
chemistry, with more primitive melts crystallizing corres-
Cawthorn et al. (1973) - 286 pondingly more mafic cumulates (Table 13). High H2O
IV
Fig. 17. Al of (a) clinopyroxene and (b) hornblende vs forsterite
contents are required to suppress plagioclase crystalliza-
content of olivine (Fo) in experimental clinopyroxenite and hornblen- tion and stabilize hornblende. The result is an offset be-
dite. Coloured symbols show composition of phases in experimental tween olivine and plagioclase composition (Fig. 20), a
runs compared with ranges in natural xenoliths (shaded areas). The characteristic feature of cumulates from various arc set-
best experimental match with the natural mineral chemistry of all
three phases is produced in an experiment on an H2O-saturated tings around the world. Experiments confirm that early
high-Mg basalt at 0·5 GPa and 10318C (Cawthorn et al., 1973). High- fractionation of mafic phases (olivine, clinopyroxene and
pressure experiments yield olivine with Fo that is too high to be repre- hornblende) depletes the melt in MgO before conditions
sentative of the natural assemblages (Melekhova et al., in become conducive to plagioclase crystallization. Gabbros
preparation).
containing sodic plagioclase crystallize from evolved melts
with lower H2O.
assemblages, span a pressure range of 0·2^1·0 GPa and con- Origin of textural features
tain 7 wt % H2O (Table 12). The production of horn- Poikilitic hornblende is a distinguishing textural feature of
blende gabbro is promoted by a low silica content relative many Grenada cumulates (Arculus & Wills, 1980), and we
to the degree of fractionation; experiments with higher divide assemblages containing the same coexisting phases
degree of silica-saturation produce orthopyroxene at the into different families by virtue of its presence (Table 1).
expense of olivine (e.g. Pichavant et al., 2002b; Pichavant The assemblage hbl þ cpx þ ol is common to both clino-
& MacDonald, 2007, Melekhova et al., in preparation). pyroxene hornblendite and hornblendite, with hornblende
1378
Hornblende gabbro
0.3
(a) (b)
0.2 GPa
965ºC
H2O-sat
0.2
AlIV cpx
0.1

(c) (d)
2.2
AlIV hbl
1.8
1.4
60 70 80 90 80 90 100
Fo (olivine) An (plag)

Martel et al. (1999) - average andesite
Pichavant et al. (2002a) - HAB
Sisson & Grove (1993) − average basalt
IV
Fig. 18. Al of clinopyroxene and hornblende vs forsterite content of olivine (Fo) and anorthite content of plagioclase (An) in experimental
hornblende gabbro. Coloured symbols show composition of phases in experimental runs compared against ranges in xenoliths of hornblende
gabbro (shaded areas). Only one experiment shows a good match for all four phases in hornblende gabbro: an H2O-saturated basalt at
0·2 GPa and 9658C (Sisson & Grove, 1993).
in the former family having a poikilitic appearance and This hypothesis is supported by the zoning of clinopyr-
that in the latter exhibiting an interlocking equilibrium oxene chadacrysts contained in hornblende oikocrysts.
texture; hbl þ cpx þ plag þ ol is split into poikilitic and Unlike clinopyroxene phenocrysts in lavas, zoning is re-
equigranular varieties of hornblende gabbro. Here we stricted to Mg# and there is no associated increase of Al
speculate on the cause of the two different textures. or Ti content. Fe^Mg diffusion occurs on a shorter time-
Experiments have shown that is it possible to produce scale than Al or Ti diffusion in both ortho- and clinopyrox-
coexisting hbl þ cpx þ ol and hbl þ cpx þ plag þ ol ene (Sautter et al., 1988; Saunders et al., 2012), and this
through simple co-crystallization in narrow P^T^H2O indicates that the perturbation causing the zoning
windows, thus generating equigranular varieties of these occurred shortly before the cumulate phases were
assemblages. In contrast, we believe poikilitic hornblende quenched below the closure temperature; this feature is
may result from injection of hydrous melt into a cumulate consistent with a sudden injection of more evolved hydrous
pile containing olivine and clinopyroxene (wehrlite). This melt. Clinopyroxene is observed reacting to hornblende
produces late crystallizing hornblende, and in the case of along cracks in these assemblages. Furthermore, olivine
poikilitic hornblende gabbro, interstitial plagioclase. chadacrysts in hornblende are commonly completely
1379
altered to iddingsite. Such alteration in cumulate rocks is Generation of M- and C-series lavas
rare and is usually confined to hypabyssal or volcanic Experimental data indicate that the cumulates were pro-
rocks where hydration is associated with late-stage cooling duced from a range of basaltic magma compositions
of an igneous body (Gay & LeMaitre, 1961); however, id- (12·1^4·4 wt % MgO) at 0·5 GPa, corresponding to
dingsite formation at magmatic temperatures has been re- intra-crustal depths of less than about 15 km; however, it is
corded (Goff, 1996; Clement et al., 2007) and is ascribed to highly probable that the vertical extent of the sub-volcanic
the injection of water-rich fluids whilst in situ at depth. system beneath Grenada is much greater and its character-
The estimates of high H2O content in the Grenadan ization holds the key to resolving the origin and nature of
magmas are consistent with such an interpretation and the parental liquids.
may explain why olivine in otherwise pristine, unaltered The petrologically and geochemically distinct M- and
rocks is so ubiquitously iddingsitized. C-series lavas at Grenada have markedly different liquid

lines of descent, which are most effectively illustrated on a
plot of whole-rock CaO vs MgO content (Fig. 7c). After
Plagioclase hornblendite an initial modest increase in CaO, the M-series lavas
2.4 show a steady fall in MgO content; in contrast, the clino-
pyroxene-rich C-series becomes much more enriched in
CaO before displaying a sharp decrease in both compo-
2.2 nents. The experiments of Stamper et al. (2014) suggested
that pressure has the biggest effect on melt composition.
2.0 At higher pressures clinopyroxene follows olivine as the
AlIV hbl
liquidus phase over a small temperature interval, preclud-

ing significant CaO enrichment. In contrast, at lower pres-
1.8
sures the same magma will experience a protracted
0.4 GPa
period of olivine-only crystallization before clinopyroxene
1.6 945 - 949ºC saturation, thereby allowing considerable enrichment of
8.2 wt % H2O CaO in derivative liquids. Stamper et al. (2014) proposed
that both series could be generated from a common paren-
1.4
tal melt; this can be tested by using the MELTS algorithm
70 80 90 100
(Ghiorso & Sack, 1995; Asimow & Ghiorso, 1998) to
An (plag)
model the liquid evolution of a primitive Grenadan basalt.
Low pressure experiments (0.2 - 0.5 GPa) MELTS modelling
Pichavant et al. (2002a) - HAB Prior to undertaking MELTS modelling, we confirmed
Sisson & Grove (1993) - 87S35a that the MELTS model is able to accurately simulate the
Fig. 19. AlIV of hornblende vs anorthite content of plagioclase in ex- compositions of H2O-undersaturated experimental glasses
perimental plagioclase hornblendite. Coloured symbols denote com- from Stamper et al. (2014) generated from a picritic parent
position of experimental assemblages compared with corresponding at 0·7^1·7 GPa under oxidizing conditions, thus validating
natural cumulate ranges (shaded area). Two experiments with the ap-
propriate calcic plagioclase are generated by hydrous basalts with its use with highly magnesian melts (full details are given
8·2 wt % H2O at 0·4 GPa and a restricted temperature range (945^ in the Supplementary Data). Having validated its use, we
9498C) (Pichavant et al., 2002a). modelled the equilibrium crystallization of two Grenadan
Table 13: Magma storage conditions required to generate natural cumulate assemblages as inferred from experiments
Assemblage Intensive parameters Melt chemistry (wt %)
P (GPa) T (8C) Initial H2O (wt %) SiO2 MgO Experiment (reference)
wehrlite 0·4 1050 6·3 47·8 12·1 4-4 (Pichavant & MacDonald, 2007)
cpxite/hblite 0·5 1031 9·7* 47·5 9·7 286 (Cawthorn et al., 1973)
hornblende gabbro 0·2 965 5·8* 49·7 8·7 82-66 # 7 (Sisson & Grove, 1993)
plagioclase hornblendite 0·4 945–949 8·2 51·3 4·4 HAB1 & 11 (Pichavant et al., 2002a)
*H2O-saturated experiment; H2O content estimated using Papale et al. (2006).
1380
70
enriching the residual melt in CaO and depleting it in MgO.
plag[x] In the vast majority of cases this is followed by clinopyroxene,
75 which acts to reduce both the MgO and CaO content. The
point of clinopyroxene saturation is thus reflected in a‘down-
turn’on the CaO vs MgO plot, and defines the difference be-
80 tween the two lava series. Experimental phase relations of a
Grenadanpicritehighlight pressure as having the greatest in-
Mol % Fo
ol[x] fluence on the phase boundaries of clinopyroxene (Fig. 18;

85 Stamper et al., 2014), and this is corroborated by the MELTS
results. Higher pressures promote co-saturation of olivine
and clinopyroxene closer to the liquidus. The effect on the

90
liquid line of descent is to deplete both MgO and CaO, the
pattern observed in the M-series lavas. Conversely, lower
95 pressures act to delay the onset of clinopyroxene saturation,
Plutonics (this study)
creating the characteristically Ca-rich lavas of the C-series.
Plutonics (Graham 1980)
Lavas Oxygen fugacity (fO2) has little impact on silicate phase
100 relations; however, redox conditions dramatically affect
100 95 90 85 80 75 70 the stability and composition of spinel. More oxidizing
Mol % An conditions result in higher magnetite contents in crystalliz-
Fig. 20. Compositions of coexisting olivine and plagioclase in
ing spinel, causing a more dramatic melt depletion in
Grenada plutonic xenoliths and lavas. The offset between olivine and FeO. We can harness this sensivity of melt composition to
plagioclase composition is a characteristic feature of plutonic xeno- fO2 to identify a small window of feasible redox conditions.
liths from arc settings and is a consequence of high H2O contents sup- At fO24FMQ þ 2, the fall in FeO is too rapid to be the
pressing plagioclase crystallization until the fractionation of mafic
phases has substantially depleted the melt in MgO. In contrast, lavas prevailing fO2 in the magma storage region. Spinel stabil-
are characterized by co-evolving olivine and plagioclase. The plot ity is promoted at higher pressure, hence the separation be-
also highlights xenocryst contamination in lavas; basaltic andesites tween isobaric runs.
contain An90 plagioclase from plutonic xenoliths (plag[x]) and Initial melt H2O content is a major control on plagio-
Fo87 olivine from peridotite xenoliths (ol[x]).
clase saturation and so exerts a large influence over melt
Al2O3. Low initial H2O contents allow early plagioclase
crystallization and a consequent sharp depletion in melt
picrites with the MELTS algorithm. The chosen starting
Al2O3. As initial H2O content increases throughout the
compositions, AMG6103 (Thirlwall et al., 1996) and
MELTS runs, plagioclase saturation is inhibited and melt
GDA011 (Devine, 1995), have similar MgO contents but
Al2O3 is sustained for longer periods of differentiation. A
different CaO contents, representing varying degrees of value of 3 wt % H2O was found to produce the best
mantle melting (Minster & Alle'gre, 1978). match with the whole-rock compositions.
Single MELTS runs were isobaric and had a fixed fO2 In conclusion, the C- and M-series can be generated at
and initial melt H2O content. Liquids were modelled at 0·2 GPa and 1·4^1·8 GPa, respectively, from a picritic
pressures of 0·2^1·8 GPa at 0·4 GPa intervals at 0^6 wt % parent at FMQ þ 2 and 3 wt % H2O. These findings are
H2O and FMQ ^ 4 to FMQ þ 3 (input files are given consistent with the hypothesis of Stamper et al. (2014) that
in the Supplementary Data). The upper pressure limit M-series olivine basalts and their derivatives are formed
was chosen as 1·8 GPa as this pressure is equivalent in the upper mantle. The characteristics of these primitive
to more than double the crustal thickness beneath the lavas are preserved by rapid ascent through the crust,
Lesser Antilles (Kopp et al., 2011). The range of H2O con- which may be enhanced by a transform fault that bisects
tents reflects the volatile contents recorded in primitive the island (Devine, 1995). In contrast, C-series crystalliza-
olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the island (0·2^6·4 wt tion is initiated at shallow levels in the crust. Magma stor-
% H2O, Bouvier et al., 2010a). Changes in P^fO2^H2O age in this region increases the potential for crustal
are manifest in the evolution of the major element compos- contamination, which may go some way to explaining the
ition of the modelled liquids, and constraining magma observed trace element and isotopic characteristics of the
storage conditions necessitates that the calculated liquids C-series (Thirlwall et al., 1996). The fO2 and H2O content
replicate the trends in the natural whole-rocks. We find are consistent with evidence from experiments, melt inclu-
that the optimum match for both starting compositions sions and oxybarometry.
with the Grenada lava suite is obtained at 3 wt % H2O at
FMQ þ 2 (Fig. 21). Mantle source
For both picrites, olivine is the first silicate phase to crystal- MELTS modelling indicates that M-series picrites have a
lize under all fO2^H2O conditions, simultaneously deep origin, and the most primitive examples represent
1381
18
M−series lavas 0.2 GPa
C−series lavas 0.6 GPa
16 Primitive MIs 1.0 GPa
1.4 GPa
CaO (wt %)
14 1.8 GPa
12
10

(a) AMG6103 (b) GDA011
6
0 5 10 15 5 10 15 20
MgO (wt %) MgO (wt %)
16
AMG6103 GDA011
14
12
FeO (wt %)
10
6
(c) (d)
4
10 15 20 25 15 20 25 30
Al2O3 (wt %) Al2O3 (wt %)
Fig. 21. Evolution of two Grenadan picrites [AMG6103: Graham (1980); GDA011: Devine (1995)] at FMQ þ 2 and 3 wt % H2O modelled iso-
barically using MELTS compared with whole-rock analyses of M- and C-series lavas and olivine-hosted melt inclusions (Bouvier et al., 2010a).
Isobaric differentiation is able to describe both M- and C-series lavas, particularly for high-CaO picrite AMG6103. At high pressures (1·4^
1·8 GPa), olivine and clinopyroxene co-saturate close to the liquidus and reproduce the observed M-series trend. Lower pressures act to delay
the onset of clinopyroxene saturation, and the C-series is best simulated by crystallization at 0·2 GPa. fO2 influences spinel composition, and
hence melt FeO; initial H2O controls the temperature of plagioclase saturation and is manifest in the Al2O3 content of the melt.
melts that have experienced 510% fractionation from pri- Fig. 22), testifying to melt generation at a shallower depth
mary mantle melts (Devine, 1995). Therefore, these lavas in the spinel stability field. Furthermore, Woodland et al.
should offer insights into the mantle source beneath (2002) noted that Re depletion in the Grenada samples
Grenada, and how it compares with other islands in the was most easily explained by the presence of garnet in the
southernmost Lesser Antilles. mantle wedge.
Various lines of geochemical evidence suggest that the Evidence for a difference in the depth of melt gener-
magma source in the mantle wedge is located at a greater ation is also provided by experiments on primitive bas-
depth than beneath the neighbouring island of St Vincent. alts from the two islands. A St Vincent HMB achieves
Grenada and the Grenadines are the only islands in the multiple saturation (coexisting ol þ cpx þ opx) between
Lesser Antilles that show significant LREE/HREE enrich- 1·2 and 1·6 GPa (Pichavant et al., 2002b; Melekhova
ment in both whole-rocks ([Ce/Yb]N ¼ 2^13) and melt in- et al., in preparation) at H2O contents of 1·5^4·5 wt
clusions (Bouvier et al., 2010b), consistent with a mantle %; however, the same is not true for Grenada, where
source containing residual garnet (Shimizu & Arculus, experiments on an M-series picrite in the same pressure
1975; Minster & Alle'gre, 1978; Macdonald et al., 2000). In range and a wide range of H2O contents generate only
contrast, primitive ‘high-magnesia basalts’ (HMB) from liquidus olivine (Stamper et al., 2014). In a separate
St Vincent display flat REE profiles (Heath et al., 1998; study, peridotite melting experiments at 2·0^3·0 GPa
1382

Fig. 22. Schematic diagram to illustrate sub-arc structure beneath Grenada and St Vincent, oriented normal to the direction of subduction (i.e.
along strike of the arc). LAB, lithosphereâsthenosphere boundary. Seismic velocities from Kopp et al. (2011) and depth of slab from Wadge &
Shepherd (1984). Coloured squares indicate pressures of formation for plutonic xenoliths as constrained by experimental studies; colours corres-
pond to bulk compositions in Fig. 15. Rare earth element (REE) plots show whole-rock analyses of primitive basalts from Grenada and St
Vincent with MgO 410 wt %, from Thirlwall et al. (1996) and Heath et al. (1998) respectively. Grenada picrites are enriched in LREE relative
to HREE, consistent with a mantle source containing residual garnet; in contrast, high-magnesian basalts from St Vincent exhibit flat REE pro-
files, indicative of a shallower source where the stable aluminous phase is spinel. Both experiments (Stamper et al., 2014) and MELTS modelling
show that the M- and the C-series are generated at 1·4^1·8 GPa and 0·2 GPa respectively, consistent with the latter experiencing significant
crustal contamination and the former undergoing rapid ascent through the lithosphere (Devine, 1995).
produced liquids very similar in composition to the M- that has been attributed to depth of melting (Devine,
series, indicating that the last M-series equilibration 1995).
with the mantle occurred at a depth of 60 km On this basis, we believe that the mantle source beneath
(Hirose & Kushiro, 1993; Devine, 1995). M-series lavas Grenada is mostly likely to be a garnet-bearing peridotite.
are also noted for their silica-undersaturation, a feature The experimental anhydrous phase relations of a
1383
Grenadan basanitoid demonstrate that olivine, clinopyrox- respective petrology and geochemistry of the erupted ma-
ene and garnet are stable liquidus phases under reducing terial from the two islands. Plutonic blocks from St
conditions at 2·5 GPa (Arculus, 1975); however, as noted Vincent are modally dominated by plagioclase and include
by Pichavant et al. (2002b), the absence of orthopyroxene troctolites containing calcic plagioclase coexisting with
on the anhydrous liquidus of an Mg-rich basalt does not fresh olivine (Tollan et al., 2012), whereas Grenada cumulates
necessarily preclude an origin by melting of a lherzolitic are modally poor in plagioclase and olivine is partially
source under hydrous conditions. We rule out an exclu- iddingsitized. The prevalence of plagioclase at St Vincent
sively pyroxenite source on the basis of the presence of also results in a compositional hiatus in spinel composition
orthopyroxene-bearing mantle-derived xenoliths from be- (Fig. 13).
neath Grenada (Parkinson et al., 2003). We suggest that the increasing depth of melt generation
is related to the position of Grenada at the southern end

A model for magma generation beneath the of the arc, close to the South American continental
southernmost Lesser Antilles margin, which is associated with a local thickening of the
The along-arc geochemical variations in the Lesser oceanic lithosphere (Fig. 22). Volcanic activity does not
Antilles have long been recognized (Brown et al., 1977). continue south of Grenada and hypocentral locations of
Several researchers have highlighted an important bound- earthquakes appear to show that the subducting slab be-
ary between St Vincent and Grenada, although its position comes near-vertical south of 0128N (Wadge & Shepherd,
within the Grenadines is as yet undetermined (Wadge & 1984), transitioning away from a subduction regime.
Shepherd, 1984; Macdonald et al., 2000). Here we attempt Proximity to the continental margin also results in
to use geochemical and petrological evidence to demon- Grenadan melts containing the greatest sediment contribu-
strate the relative difference between St Vincent and tion in the arc (Turner et al., 1996). Material eroded from
Grenada, and propose a model to explain the sub-arc the highlands of the Guiana Shield is deposited in front of
structure beneath the islands (Fig. 22). the southern part of the arc by the Orinico River (White
As discussed previously, it is clear that Grenada is anom- & Dupre¤, 1986). Some workers have attributed the sedi-
alous within the Lesser Antilles arc. Volcanic centres on ment signature to crustal contamination (e.g. Davidson,
Grenada erupt silica-undersaturated, highly magnesian 1987); however, recent melt inclusion evidence appears to
M-series basalts (the most primitive lavas recorded in the support sediment input to the mantle wedge (Bouvier
Lesser Antilles) and the isotopically distinct C-series, as et al., 2010b); both may be significant in the case of
well as exhuming mantle-derived peridotite xenoliths. St Grenada.
Vincent, only 140 km to the north of Grenada, is also A recently collected suite of plutonic xenoliths and lava
noted for its highly magnesian (MgO 10 wt %) basalts samples from the Grenadines should provide a valuable
(Heath et al., 1998); however, the HMB are not silica- dataset for testing this model, and constraining whether
undersaturated, are less potassic, and show less LREE en- the petrological and geochemical transition between
richment than the M-series (Macdonald et al., 2000). Grenada and St Vincent is gradational or localized.
Furthermore, the C-series are conspicuously absent from
St Vincent and the rest of the Lesser Antilles.
The difference in parental magma composition is mani- CONC LUSIONS
fest in the character of the plutonic xenoliths. Grenada (1) Plutonic xenoliths from Grenada are dominated by
wehrlites and clinopyroxenites are the most mafic plutonic hornblende and clinopyroxene, with varying proportions
assemblages identified in the Lesser Antilles. Cumulate of plagioclase, olivine and spinel, resulting in a wide var-
olivine from Grenada has the same maximum Fo content iety of mineral assemblages. The most primitive samples
as that from St Vincent, but contains significantly less Ni are wehrlites and plagioclase-free clinopyroxenites and
(Tollan et al., 2012), and Cr-rich (Cr# 424) spinel is con- hornblendites; more evolved xenoliths contain plagioclase
fined to assemblages from Grenada. Hornblende is less po- and lack olivine and clinopyroxene. Cumulates have a
tassic at the more northerly island and the plutonic blocks bulk composition that is distinct from the lavas and plu-
contain rare orthopyroxene (Arculus & Wills, 1980; Tollan tonic rocks, and have a restricted mineralogy. Rare gab-
et al., 2012). bros contain plagioclase of an evolved composition and
Primitive olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the two is- apatite. They have a bulk composition comparable with
lands record a similar range of H2O contents: 0·8^5·2 wt% natural silicate melts and are likely to represent the crystal-
at St Vincent and 0·2^6·4 wt% at Grenada (Bouvier lization products of small pockets of evolved magma that
et al., 2008, 2010a); however, key features within the plu- have stalled in the shallow crust.
tonic blocks are suggestive of a higher H2O content in the (2) Experimental and thermobarometric evidence shows
magma source beneath Grenada. The appearance of that the entire cumulate suite can be generated in a
plagioclase is demonstrably earlier in the crystallization se- narrow pressure (0·2^0·5 GPa) window from a range of
quence at St Vincent, and this has a large influence on the basalts (12·1^4·4 wt % MgO), with different mineral
1384
assemblages resulting from small variations in melt chem- S U P P L E M E N TA RY DATA

istry and temperature. Temperature estimates are consist-
Supplementary data for this paper are available at Journal
ent with a crystallization sequence of olivine !
of Petrology online.
clinopyroxene ! hornblende ! plagioclase. A high H2O
content (7 wt % H2O) suppresses plagioclase crystalliza-
tion such that there is an offset between the forsterite con-
R EF ER ENC ES
tent of olivine and the anorthite content of plagioclase, a
Arculus, R. (1975). Melting behavior of two basanites in the range 10^
feature characteristic of island arc settings. Gabbros with
35 kbar and the effect of TiO2 on the olivine^diopside reactions at
sodic plagioclase are produced from more evolved melts high pressures. Carnegie Institiution of Washington Yearbook 74, 512^515.
with low H2O contents. Arculus, R. (1976). Geology and geochemistry of the alkali basaltân-
(3) This study has examined both M- and C-series lavas, desite association of Grenada, Lesser Antilles island arc. Geological

spanning picrites and ankaramites to hornblende- and Society of America Bulletin 87(4), 612^624.
orthopyroxene-bearing andesites. Olivine, clinopyroxene Arculus, R. & Wills, K. (1980). The petrology of igneous blocks and
and plagioclase are all common phenocryst phases, dis- inclusions from the Lesser Antilles island arc. Journal of Petrology
21, 143^168.
playing zoning and a greater compositional range than
Arculus, R. J. (1973). The alkali basalt, andesite association of
the cumulate minerals. Plagioclase phenocrysts are appre- Grenada, Lesser AntillesPhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.
ciably more sodic and true magmatic hornblende is a Arculus, R. J. (1978). Mineralogy and petrology of Grenada, Lesser
rare phase, consistent with loss of H2O during magma Antilles island arc. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 65(4),
ascent. MELTS modelling confirms that the M- and 413^424.
C-series lavas are products of differentiation at deep Asimow, P. & Ghiorso, M. (1998). Algorithmic modifications extend-
(1·4^1·8 GPa) and shallow (0·2 GPa) levels, respectively. ing MELTS to calculate subsolidus phase relations. American
Mineralogist 83, 1127^1132.
(4) Grenada lavas contain a significant xenocryst popu-
Ballhaus, C., Berry, R. & Green, D. (1991). High pressure experimen-
lation. Cumulate hornblende and plagioclase and perido- tal calibration of the olivineôrthopyroxene^spinel oxygen geoba-
titic olivine can be discriminated on the basis of mineral rometer: implications for the oxidation state of the upper mantle.
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between xenoliths and their host lavas indicate that frag- calculated from partial molar volumes of oxide components.
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JOURNAL OF PETROLOGY VOLUME 55 NUMBER 7 PAGES 1353^1387 2014 doi:10.

Petrology of Plutonic Xenoliths and Volcanic

C. C. STAMPER1*, J. D. BLUNDY1, R. J. ARCULUS2 AND

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RECEIVED OCTOBER 21, 2013; ACCEPTED MAY 2, 2014

ß The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All

−64˚ −62˚ −60˚ −58˚

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Table 1: Plutonic rock classification

Type ol cpx hbl plag opx spl slf ap Features

ol cpx spl amph plag opx

Peridotite Harzburgite (GR45)

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Hbl gabbro (GR42)

Mineral mode (wt %)

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within the hornblende are limited to small ( 5 mm) Hornblende gabbro

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Table 2: Representative olivine analyses

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Table 3: Representative clinopyroxene analyses

Table 4: Representative hornblende analyses

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Table 5: Representative plagioclase analyses

Table 6: Representative orthopyroxene analyses Table 7: Representative spinel analyses

Type: pdt pdt lava (M) lava (M) wt % 1 2 3

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20 Sample: GR29 GR21 GR1 GR1 GRN9

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40 MgO 2·63 2·89 5·11 0·11 0·37

50 cum, cumulate; gab, gabbro; cpxite, clinopyroxenite; PHG,

40 blende; —, not analysed; b.d.l., below detection limit;

compositions employ normalized (to 100%) compositions.

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Total alkalis (wt %)

Table 9: Grenada lava classification from studied thin sections

Type ol cpx opx hbl plag qz ap spl slf Features

Na2O + K2O (wt %) 10 Phono-

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M-series (2·0 mm). As in the basaltic andesites, hornblende

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Plagioclase standard fused disk techniques, of the original Arculus

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100 100 0.6

an example of true magmatic hornblende. In contrast, we Intensive parameters relating to plutonic

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1100 STV315 (4kbar) 6 wt % H2O

GR40 Poik. hbl gabbro

GR2 Poik. hbl gabbro

GR33 Poik. hbl gabbro

within the hornblende are limited to small ( 5 mm) Hornblende gabbro

M-series (2·0 mm). As in the basaltic andesites, hornblende