Co Hoc Dat Chau Ngoc An CHD Ch1 2010 TN (Cuuduongthancong - Com)

Baøi giaûng A. Prof. Dr.
CHAÂU NGOÏC AÅN
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1. Teân moân hoïc:
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Cô hoïc ñaát
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CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
Baøi giaûng A. Prof. Dr. CHAÂU NGOÏC AÅN
Chöông 1 Tính chaát cô lyù cuûa ñaát

Chöông 2 ÖÙng suaát
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Chöông 3 Bieán daïng vaø luùn coâng trình
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Chöông 4 Söùc choáng caét cuûa ñaát – Söùc chòu taûi cuûa ñaát neàn
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Chöông 5 Aùp löïc ñaát leân töôøng chaén
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TAØI LIEÄU THAM KHAÛO
a/ Cô hoïc ñaát; Chaâu Ngoïc AÅn; NXB ÑHQG TP.HCM, 2004, 2009
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b/ Soil mechanics, R. F. Craig, Spon Press 2004
c/ Soil mechanics solution’s manual, R. F. Craig, Spon Press 2004
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d/ Soil mechanics basic concepts and engineering applications,
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A.Aysen 2004
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e/ Problem solving in soil mechanics A. Aysen 2003
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e/ Soil behaviour and Critical state Soil Mechanics; [DAVIS
MUIR WOOD]; Cambrige University 1990
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www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~cnan
o
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cnan@hcmut.edu.vn
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Tính chaát vaät lyù cuûa ñaát
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ÑÒNH NGHÓA ÑAÁT
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* Ñaát laø lôùp vaät lieäu phong hoùa naèm treân cuøng cuûa voû traùi
ñaát, laø ñoái töôïng nghieân cöùu cuûa nhieàu ngaønh khoa hoïc – kyõ
.c
thuaät trong ñoù coù ngaønh Cô hoïc ñaát.
ng
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* Lôùp vaät lieäu khoâng bò phong hoùa laø ñaù naèm beân döôùi trôû
an
thaønh muïc tieâu nghieân cöùu cuûa moân Cô hoïc ñaù.
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* Lôùp ñaát coù theå deã daøng ñaøo thaønh caùc hoá baèng tay hay
ng
nhöõng maùy ñaøo ñôn giaûn; coøn ñaù caàn söû duïng nhöõng thieát bò
o
du
khoan, ñuïc maïnh hôn ñoâi khi caàn phaûi noå mìn ñeå môû hoá
moùng.
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* Do caùch nhìn nhaän treân, caùc loaïi ñaù daêm, ñaù cuoäi coù theå
xem laø ÑAÁT.
Phong hoùa töï nhieân laø taùc ñoäng laâu daøi cuûa söï thay ñoåi nhieät ñoä,
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cuûa möa, cuûa gioù, cuûa hieän töôïng ñoùng baêng vaø tan baêng, cuûa
sinh vaät, ..., bieán ñaù thaønh ñaát.
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Coù ba loaïi phong hoùa chính:
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*phong hoùa vaät lyù: nhieät; va chaïm
an
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*phong hoùa hoùa hoïc: acid töï nhieân ng
*phong hoùa sinh hoïc: reã caây; coân truøng
o
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Caùc khoái ñaù do phong hoùa bieán thaønh ñaù cuoäi, soûi saïn, caùt, boät,
seùt.
Caùc khoaùng trong ñaù Caùc khoaùng do phong hoùa Loaïi ñaát hình thaønh
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Thaïch anh (quartz) Thaïch anh Caùt
ng
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Moscovite muscovite Caùt mica
an
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Biotite mica Clorite hoaëc vermiculite
ng Seùt saãm maøu
Orthoclase feldspar Illite hoaëc Kaolinite Seùt saùng maøu

o
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Plagioclase felspar Monmorilonite Seùt tröông nôû

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(a) hình daïng haït seùt kaoline coù daïng baûng (aûnh cuûa Lambe,
1951)
(b) hình daïng haït seùt Illite coù daïng baûng (aûnh cuûa Martin-MIT)
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(traùi) hình daïng nhoùm haït seùt kaolinite, kích thöôùc ngang aûnh
laø 17m
(phaûi) hình daïng nhoùm haït seùt Halloysite coù daïng kim
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gibbsite
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+16
co
an
th
ng Caáu truùc silic
o
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G
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Kyù hieäu gibbsite-silic
caáu truùc cô baûn cuûa khoaùng kaolinite

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caáu truùc cô baûn cuûa khoaùng illite (traùi) vaø montmotilonite (phaûi)
Ñaëc ñieåm caáu truùc haït cuûa seùt kaolinite, illite vaø
montmorillonite tích ñieän tích aâm treân beà maët do caùc
ion O2- hoaëc (OH)-.
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Trong töï nhieân phaân töû nöôùc phaân ly ion moät ñaàu mang
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ñieän tích aâm vaø moät ñaàu khaùc coù ñieän tích döông neân bò
co
giöõ chaët treân beà maët khoaùng seùt hình thaønh moät voû
an
nöôùc bao quanh.
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o ng
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Caùc saûn phaåm phong hoùa bò vaän chuyeån bôûi nöôùc chaûy traøn hoaëc chaûy
thaønh doøng ñeán caùc nôi thaáp hôn hình thaønh caùc lôùp ñaát traàm tích,
cuõng coù theå bò vaän chuyeån bôûi gioù taïo ra ñaát phong tích loaïi naøy raát tôi
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xoáp.
Caùc haït ñaát to chæ di chuyeån vôùi caùc doøng chaûy vaän toác lôùn neân thöôøng
.c
khoâng ñi quaù xa nôi hình thaønh, tröø nhöõng côn luõ queùt thaät lôùn.
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Ngöôïc laïi, caùc haït nhoû nhö caùt, boät, seùt di chuyeån vôùi caùc doøng nöôùc
co
coù vaän toác trung bình ñi raát xa ñeán caùc vuøng baèng phaúng vaø hình
an
thaønh caùc ñoàng baèng, caùc löu vöïc caùc doøng soâng. Nhö chaâu thoå soâng
th
Cöûu Long, soâng Hoàng vaø caùc chaâu thoå caùc soâng khaùc treân theá giôùi.
ng
Soâng coù löu löôïng caøng lôùn mang theo ñöôïc nhieàu saûn phaåm phong
o
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hoùa seõ taïo ra chaâu thoå caøng roäng.

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Caùc saûn phaåm phong hoùa khoâng bò di chuyeån ñöôïc goïi laø ñaát taøn tích
cu
(residual soil), loaïi naøy coù thaønh phaàn khoaùng vaø kích thöôùc thay ñoåi
raát lôùn.
Caùc lôùp traàm tích thöôøng xen keû bôûi caùc lôùp ñaát thoâ - mòn khaùc nhau
tuøy theo ñaëc tính möa baûo treân traùi ñaát
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Soils - What are they?

• Particulate materials
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- Sedimentary origins (usually)
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- Residual
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• Wide range of particle sizes
- larger particles: quartz, feldspar
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o ng
- very small particles: clay minerals
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• Voids between particles

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A r a g o n ite - r ic h s o il x 2 0 0 0
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Cemented calcareous sand
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Saûn phaåm cuûa phong tích trong vuøng khoâ noùng thöôøng coù côû haït ñoàng
nhaát vaø raát xoáp, hình thaønh caùc vuøng ñaát hoaøng thoå (loess), loaïi ñaát
giaûm söùc chòu taûi raát maïnh khi ñoä aåm taêng ñeán moät giaù trò nhaát ñònh.
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Ñaát töï nhieân thoâng thöôøng goàm ba thaønh phaàn: raén-loûng-khí, giöõa
caùc haït raén laø phaàn roãng chöùa nöôùc vaø caùc boït khí
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On peut donc les classifier en des groupes différents: Les cailloux, les graviers,
les sables, les silts, les argiles. Il existe de nombreuses définitions.
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Blocs erratiques ou Cailloux Graviers Sables Silts Argiles Colloïdes
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enrochements.
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Atterberg 200 20 2 0.02 0.002 0.0002
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ASTM 300 75 4.75 0.075 0.005 0.001
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AASHO 75 2.0 0.075 0.005 0.001
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USCS 300 75 4.75 0.075

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Classes granulométriques (l’unité de diamètre des grains est en mm)
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Baøi giaûng A.
Dr Prof.
CHAÂU Dr.NGOÏ
CHAÂ
CUAÅNGOÏ
N C AÅN
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Va
Solid
Vw
Water
Vs
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Air
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• Soil is generally a three phase material
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• Contains solid particles and voids
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• Voids can contain liquid and gas phases
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o ng
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Va
Solid
Vw
Water
Vs
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Air
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ng
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an
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Va
Solid
Vw
Water
Vs
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Air
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ng
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Phase Volume Mass Weight

u
cu
Air Va 0 0
Water Vw Mw Ww
Solid Vs Ms Ws
Units
• Length metres
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• Mass tonnes (1 tonne = 103 kg)
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• Density t/m3
ng
•
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Weight kilonewtons (kN)
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• Stress kilopascals (kPa) 1 kPa= 1 kN/m2
• Unit weight
th
kN/m3
o ng
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• Accuracy Density of water, rw = 1 t/m3

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Stress/Strength to 0.1 kPa
Weight and Unit weight
• Force due to mass (weight) more important than mass
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• W = Mg
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• Unit weight
ng
co
an
th
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• W = Mg
.c
W
• Unit weight g 
ng
V
co
M g
g 
an
V
th
g = rgng
o
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• W = Mg
.c
W
• Unit weight g 
ng
V
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M g
g 
an
V
th
g = rgng
o
du
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sv = r g z
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z sv
sv = g z
Specific Gravity
This is defined by
Density of Material r
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G  
Density of Water rw
.c
Unit Weight of Material g
ng
G  
gw
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Unit Weight of Water
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• Gs @ 2.65 for most soils
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ng
• Gs is useful because it enables the volume of solid
o
du
particles to be calculated from mass or weight

u
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Specific Gravity
This is defined by
Density of Material r
om
G  
Density of Water rw
.c
Unit Weight of Material g
ng
G  
gw
co
Unit Weight of Water
an
• Gs @ 2.65 for most soils
th
ng
• Gs is useful because it enables the volume of solid
o
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particles to be calculated from mass or weight

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Ms Ms Ws Ws
Vs    
rs Gs r w g s
Gs g w
Voids ratio
• It is not the actual volumes that are important but rather
the ratios between the volumes of the different phases.
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This is described by the voids ratio, e, or porosity, n, and
.c
the degree of saturation, S.
ng
co
an
th
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Voids ratio
om
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ng
Vv
• The voids ratio is defined as e 
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Vs
an
th
o ng
du
u
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Voids ratio
om
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ng
Vv
co
Vs
an
Vv
• and the porosity as n 
th
V
o ng
du
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Voids ratio
om
.c
ng
Vv
co
Vs
an
Vv
th
V
o ng
The relation between these quantities can be simply
du
determined as follows
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cu
Vs = V - Vv = (1 - n) V
Voids ratio
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.c
ng
Vv
co
Vs
an
Vv
th
V
o ng
The relation between these quantities can be simply
du
determined as follows
u
cu
Vs = V - Vv = (1 - n) V
Hence
Vv Vv n
e   
Vs ( 1  n )V 1  n
Degree of Saturation
• The degree of saturation, S, has an important influence on
soil behaviour
Vw Vw
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• It is defined as S  
Va  Vw
.c
Vv
ng
co
an
th
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soil behaviour
Vw Vw
om
Va  Vw
.c
Vv
ng
• The phase volumes may now be expressed in terms of e, S
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and Vs
an
th
• Vw = e S Vs Va = Vv - Vw = e Vs (1 - S)
ng
o
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soil behaviour
Vw Vw
om
Va  Vw
.c
Vv
ng
• The phase volumes may now be expressed in terms of e, S
co
and Vs
an
th
• Vw = e S Vs Va = Vv - Vw = e Vs (1 - S)
ng
o
Assuming Vs = 1 m3, the following table can be produced
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Phase Volume Mass Weight

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Air e (1 - S) 0 0
Water e S e S rw e S gw
Solid 1 Gs rw Gs gw
Unit Weights
• The bulk unit weight
g Gs Vs  g g ( Gs  e S )
om
W e S Vs
g bulk 
w w w
 
Vs  eVs 1  e
.c
V
ng
co
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Unit Weights
om
W e S Vs
g bulk 
w w w
 
Vs  eVs 1  e
.c
V
• The saturated unit weight (S = 1)
ng
co
g ( Gs  e )
g
w
sat

an
1  e
th
o ng
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Unit Weights
om
W e S Vs
g bulk 
w w w
 
Vs  eVs 1  e
.c
V
ng
co
g ( Gs  e )
g
w
sat

an
1  e
th
• The dry unit weight (S = 0) ng
g Gs
g
o
w

du
dry
1  e
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Unit Weights
om
W e S Vs
g bulk 
w w w
 
Vs  eVs 1  e
.c
V
ng
co
g ( Gs  e )
g
w
sat

an
1  e
th
• The dry unit weight (S = 0) ng
g Gs
g
o
w

du
dry
1  e
u
• The submerged unit weight

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g '  g sat
 g w
Moisture Content
• The moisture content, m, is defined as
om
Weight of Water Ww
.c
m  
Weight of Solids Ws
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
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Moisture Content
om
Weight of Water Ww
.c
m  
Weight of Solids Ws
ng
co
In terms of e, S, Gs and gw
an
th
Ww = gw Vw = gw e S Vs ng
o
Ws = gs Vs = gw Gs Vs
du
u
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Moisture Content
om
Weight of Water Ww
.c
m  
Weight of Solids Ws
ng
co
In terms of e, S, Gs and gw
an
th
Ww = gw Vw = gw e S Vs ng
o
Ws = gs Vs = gw Gs Vs
du
u
cu
hence eS
m 
Gs
Example 1
• Distribution by mass and weight
Phase Trimmings Mass Sample Mass, M Sample Weight, Mg
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(g) (g) (kN)
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Total 55 290 2845  10
ng
-6
Solid 45 237. 3 2327. 9  10
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-6
Water 10 52. 7 517  10
an
th
o ng
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Example 1
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(g) (g) (kN)
.c
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Total 55 290 2845  10
ng
-6
Solid 45 237. 3 2327. 9  10
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-6
Water 10 52. 7 517  10
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• Distribution by volume (assume Gs = 2.65)
th
ng
Total Volume V = p r2 l
o
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Example 1
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(g) (g) (kN)
.c
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Total 55 290 2845  10
ng
-6
Solid 45 237. 3 2327. 9  10
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-6
Water 10 52. 7 517  10
an
th
ng
o
du
Ww
Water Volume 
u
Vw
g
cu
Example 1
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(g) (g) (kN)
.c
-6
Total 55 290 2845  10
ng
-6
Solid 45 237. 3 2327. 9  10
co
-6
Water 10 52. 7 517  10
an
th
ng
o
du
Ww
Water Volume 
u
Vw
g
cu
Ws
Solids Volume Vs 
g w
Gs
Example 1
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(g) (g) (kN)
.c
-6
Total 55 290 2845  10
ng
-6
Solid 45 237. 3 2327. 9  10
co
-6
Water 10 52. 7 517  10
an
th
ng
o
du
Ww
Water Volume 
u
Vw
g
cu
Ws
Solids Volume Vs 
g w
Gs
Air Volume Va = V - Vs - Vw
Ww 10
Moisture content m    0.222  22.2 %
Ws 45
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ng
co
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Ww 10
Ws 45
Vv Va  Vw
Voids ratio e    0.755
om
Vs Vs
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Ww 10
Ws 45
Vv Va  Vw
om
Vs Vs
.c
Vw Vw
Degree of Saturation S    0.780  78.0 %
Vv Va  Vw
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Ww 10
Ws 45
Vv Va  Vw
om
Vs Vs
.c
Vw Vw
Vv Va  Vw
ng
W
co
g bulk
3
Bulk unit weight   18.1 kN / m
V
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Ww 10
Ws 45
Vv Va  Vw
om
Vs Vs
.c
Vw Vw
Vv Va  Vw
ng
W
co
g bulk
3
V
an
Ws
g
3
th
Dry unit weight dry
  14.8 kN / m
V
o ng
du
u
cu
Ww 10
Ws 45
Vv Va  Vw
om
Vs Vs
.c
Vw Vw
Vv Va  Vw
ng
W
co
g bulk
3
V
an
Ws
g
3
th
Dry unit weight dry
  14.8 kN / m
V
ng
6
(W  14.9  10  9.81)
o
g
3
Saturated unit weight   19.04 kN / m
du
sat
V
u
cu
Note that gdry < gbulk < gsat
Example 2
Volume and weight distributions
Phase Volume Dry Weight Saturated Weight
om
3
.c
(m ) (kN) (kN)
ng
Voids 0.7 0 0.7  9.81 = 6.87
co
Solids 1.0 2.65  9.81 = 26.0 26.0
an
th
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Example 2
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3
.c
(m ) (kN) (kN)
ng
Voids 0.7 0 0.7  9.81 = 6.87
co
Solids 1.0 2.65  9.81 = 26.0 26.0
an
th
26.0 kN
g
3
  15.3 kN / m
ng
Dry unit weight, dry
1.7 m
3
o
du
u
cu
Example 2
om
3
.c
(m ) (kN) (kN)
ng
Voids 0.7 0 0.7  9.81 = 6.87
co
Solids 1.0 2.65  9.81 = 26.0 26.0
an
th
26.0 kN
g
3
  15.3 kN / m
ng
1.7 m
3
o
du
(26.0  6.87 ) kN
g
3
u
sat 3
1.7 m
cu
Example 2
om
3
.c
(m ) (kN) (kN)
ng
Voids 0.7 0 0.7  9.81 = 6.87
co
Solids 1.0 2.65  9.81 = 26.0 26.0
an
th
26.0 kN
g
3
  15.3 kN / m
ng
1.7 m
3
o
du
(26.0  6.87 ) kN
g
3
u
sat 3
1.7 m
cu
6.87
Moisture content (if saturated) m   0.264  26.4%
26.0
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Ma khí Va
Mv M Vv
Vw
w
nöôùc
V
M
om
haït
.c
Ms Vs
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Ma = 0 khí Va=(1-S)e
Mv = Se M =Se Vv = e
Vw = Se
w
nöôùc
om
v = 1+e
M
.c
Ms = Gs haït Vs=1
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Vôùi ñaát haït thoâ ñeå phaân tích côû haït thí nghieäm raây vôùi boä raây
chuaån theo thöù töï raây coù maéc raây lôùn ñaët beân treân vaø nhoû daàn
xuoáng döôùi, döôùi cuøng laø ñaùy raây.
om
Kích thöôùc maéc löôùi nhoû nhaát thuaän tieän cho cheá taïo laø 74
.c
micromeùt (moät inche ñöôïc chia thaønh 200 maéc löôùi neân coøn ñöôïc
ng
goïi laø raây soá 200) hoaëc 50micromeùt (cho caùc nöôùc duøng heä ño
co
chieàu daøi laø meùt). Raây coù maéc löôùi nhoû hôn raát khoù cheá taïo vaø keùm
an
hieäu quaû khi raây, vì caùc haït ñaát coù ñieän tích thöôøng gaén chaët vaøo
th
caùc coïng löôùi laøm giaûm kích thöôùc maéc löôùi ng
o
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Ñeå phaân tích côû haït thaønh phaàn mòn, caùc phoøng thí nghieäm thöôøng
söû duïng phöông phaùp laéng ñoïng caùc haït ñaát trong nöôùc vaø ño troïng
löôïng rieâng cuûa hoån hôïp ñaát – nöôùc vaø suy ra haøm löôïng côû haït
om
ñaát nhôø ñònh luaät Stokes, ñöôïc phaùt bieåu: “Moät haït hình caàu rôi töï
do trong baùn khoâng gian chaát loûng seõ nhanh choùng ñaït ñeán vaän toác
.c
giôùi haïn khoâng ñoåi” coù coâng thöùc nhö sau:
ng
co
g  g 2
v 
s w
D
an
18 
trong ñoù th
ng
gs troïng löôïng rieâng cuûa haït
o
du
gw troïng löôïng rieâng cuûa nöôùc

u
 ñoä nhôùt cuûa nöôùc

cu
D ñöôøng kính haït ñaát
Coù theå söû duïng ñaát khoâ ñaõ giaû nhoû baèng chaøy cao su (100g ñaát qua saøng soá 10
hoaëc 50g ñaát qua saøng soá 200) troän ñeàu vôùi khoaûng 1000cc nöôùc (coù theâm hoùa
chaát phaù côïn ñeå taùch rôøi taát caû caùc haït ñaát vôùi nhau) ñeå coù ñöôïc moät hoãn hôïp ñaát
nöôùc ñöng trong moät oáng thuûy tinh hình truï, coù vaïch xaùc ñònh 1000cc. Laéc thaät
om
ñeàu caû veà maät ñoä vaø haït ñoä hoãn hôïp ñaát nöôùc treân, nghóa laø trong baát kyø moät cc
.c
hoãn hôïp coù moät löôïng ñaát baèng nhau vaø trong löôïng ñaát naøy coù ñaày ñuû taát caû caùc
loaïi côû haït.
ng
Xeùt moät cm3 hoãn hôïp ñaát vaø nöôùc ôû ñoä saâu Z döôùi maët nöôùc vaø löu yù ñeán moät côû
co
haït ñöôøng kính D1, thôøi gian ñeå haït D1 rôi töø maët nöôùc ñeán ñoä saâu Z, vôùi vaän toác
an
v1 tính theo coâng thöùc (I.1), laø t1=Z/v1. Trong cm3 ñang khaûo saùt ôû thôøi ñieåm t1 coù
th
loaïi haït lôùn nhaát laø D1 vaø ñaày ñuû caùc côû haït nhoû hôn D1. Do caùc haït lôùn hôn D1 rôi
nhanh hôn D1 neân neáu cuøng rôi töø maët nöôùc thì ñeán thôøi ñieåm t1 ñaõ chìm saâu hôn
ng
Z, coøn caùc haït nhoû hôn D1 rôi chaäm hôn neân vaãn coøn ñaày ñuû trong ñôn vò theå tích
o
du
ñang khaûo saùt, trong khoaûng thôøi gian t moät löôïng haït coù ñöôøng kính D2 < D1 rôøi
khoûi theå tích ñôn vò ñang khaûo saùt thì cuõng coù moät löôïng töông töï rôi buø vaøo töø
u
cu
beân treân, vì ñaát phaân boá ñeàu theo maät ñoä vaø haït ñoä trong hoãn hôïp ñaát – nöôùc.
Goïi M laø troïng löôïng haït ñem laøm thí nghieäm laéng ñoïng, ôû thôøi
ñieåm khôûi ñaàu thí nghieäm luùc vöøa môùi laéc ñeàu hoãn hôïp, thì moät
ñôn vò theå tích (1cm3) chöùa M/V löôïng haït (V laø theå tích hoãn
hôïp), löôïng haït naøy chieám moät theå tính laø M/(Vgs) vaø theå tích
om
nöôùc trong moät ñôn vò theå tích laø [1-M/(Vgs)]. Nhö vaäy, ban ñaàu
.c
moät ñôn vò theå tích hoãn hôïp coù troïng löôïng laø
ng
gi = M/V + [1-M/(Vgs)]gw.
co
Vaøo thôøi ñieåm t1 taïi ñoä saâu Z trong moät ñôn vò theå tích, chæ coøn
an
caùc haït baèng vaø nhoû hôn D1. Goïi N’D1 laø haøm löôïng caùc haït nhoû
th
hôn D1, troïng löôïng haït trong ñôn vò theå tích ñang khaûo saùt laø
ng
N’D1M/V löôïng haït naøy chieám moät theå tính laø N’D1M/(Vgs) vaø
o
theå tích nöôùc trong moät ñôn vò theå tích laø [1- N’D1M/(Vgs)]. Do
du
ñoù, vaøo thôøi ñieån t1 ôû ñoä saâu Z, moät ñôn vò theå tích hoãn hôïp coù
u
troïng löôïng laø

cu
gZ = M/V + [1- N’D1M/(Vgs)]gw.

Nhö vaäy, neáu vaøo thôøi ñieåm t1 ño ñöôïc troïng löôïng rieâng dung
dòch taïi ñoä saâu Z deã daøng tính ñöôïc haøm löôïng N’D1 cuûa côû haït
mòn hôn D . CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
Classification based on Particle Size
om
• Particle size is used because it is related to
.c
mineralogy
ng
– e.g. very small particles usually contain clay
co
minerals
an
• Broad Classification th
o ng
du
– Coarse grained soils

u
cu
• sands, gravels - visible to naked eye
Classification based on Particle Size
om
• Particle size is used because it is related to
.c
mineralogy
ng
– e.g. very small particles usually contain clay
co
minerals
an
• Broad Classification th
o ng
du
– Coarse grained soils

u
cu
• sands, gravels - visible to naked eye
– Fine grained soils

• silts, clays, organic soils
Procedure for grain size
determination
• Sieving - used for particles > 75 m
om
.c
• Hydrometer test - used for smaller particles
ng
– Analysis based on Stoke’s Law, velocity proportional to diameter
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
determination
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of hydrometer test

determination
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of hydrometer test

Grading curves
100
om
80
.c
% F ine r
60
ng
co
40
an
20
th
ng
0
o
0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 100
du
P a r ti c l e s i z e ( m m )
u
cu
W Well graded
Grading curves
100
om
80
.c
% F ine r
60
ng
co
40
an
th
20
ng
0
o
0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 100
du
u
cu
W Well graded
U Uniform
Grading curves
100
om
80
.c
% F ine r
60
ng
co
40
an
th
20
ng
0
o
0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 100
du
u
cu
W Well graded
U Uniform
P Poorly graded
Grading curves
100
om
80
.c
% F ine r
60
ng
co
40
an
th
20
ng
0
o
0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 100
du
u
cu
W Well graded
U Uniform
P Poorly graded
C Well graded with some clay
Grading curves
100
om
80
.c
% F ine r
60
ng
co
40
an
th
20
ng
0
o
0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 100
du
u
cu
W Well graded
U Uniform
P Poorly graded
C Well graded with some clay
F Well graded with an excess of fines
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Giôùi haïn deûo wp laø ñoä chöùa nöôùc cuûa moät que ñaát coù ñöôùng
kính 3mm bò raïn nöùt khi se ñaát baèng tay treân maët kính
CHÆ SOÁ DEÛO IP = A = wl - wP
om
.c
IP < 1 ñaát caùt; 1< IP< 7 ñaát aù caùt; 7< IP< 17 ñaát aù seùt
ng
IP > 17 ñaát seùt
co
an
th
ÑOÄ SEÄT
ng
IL < 0 ñaát ôû traïng thaùi cöùng
o
du
0 < IL < 1 ñaát ôû traïng thaùi deûo

u
cu
IL > 1 ñaát ôû traïng thaùi loûng
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
GIÔÙI HAÏN LOÛNG ( wl ) laø ñoä chöùa nöôùc cuûa maãu

ñaát trong thí nghieäm noùn xuyeân coù ñoä ngaäp saâu 2cm
Atterberg Limits
• Particle size is not that useful for fine grained soils
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Atterberg Limits
om
Volume
50
.c
40
ng
30
co
20
an
10
th
0
SL PL
ng LL
0 50
Moisture100
Content (%)
o
Figure 4 Moisture content versus volume relation during drying
du
u
cu
Atterberg Limits
om
Volume
50
.c
40
ng
30
co
20
an
10
th
0
SL PL
ng LL
0 50
Moisture100
Content (%)
o
du
Figure 4 Moisture content versus volume relation during drying

u
cu
• SL - Shrinkage Limit
• PL - Plastic Limit
• LL - Liquid limit
Atterberg Limits
om
SL - Shrinkage Limit
.c
PL - Plastic Limit
ng
LL - Liquid limit
co
an
mass of water
Moisture content 
th
ng mass of solids
o
du
u
cu
Atterberg Limits
om
.c
PL - Plastic Limit
ng
LL - Liquid limit
co
an
mass of water
th
ng mass of solids
o
du
Plasticity Index = LL - PL = PI or Ip
u
cu
Atterberg Limits
om
.c
PL - Plastic Limit
ng
LL - Liquid limit
co
an
mass of water
th
ng mass of solids
o
du
Plasticity Index = LL - PL = PI or Ip
u
cu
Liquidity Index = (m - PL)/Ip = LI
Classification Systems
• Used to determine the suitability of different soils
om
.c
• Used to develop correlations with useful soil
ng
properties
co
an
• Special Purpose (Local) Systems
– e.g. PRA system of AAHSO
th
ng
• 1. Well graded sand or gravel: may include fines
o
du
• 2. Sands and Gravels with excess fines

• 3. Fine sands
u
cu
• 4. Low compressibility silts

• 5. High compressibility silts
• 6. Low to medium compressibility clays
• 7. High compressibility clays
• 8. Peat and organic soils
Unified Soil Classification

• Each soil is given a 2 letter classification (e.g. SW).
om
The following procedure is used.
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

om
.c
ng
– Coarse grained (>50% larger than 75 m)
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

om
.c
ng
co
an
• Prefix S if > 50% of coarse is Sand
th
• Prefix G if > 50% of coarse is Gravel
o ng
du
u
cu

om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
• Suffix depends on %fines

u
cu

om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
• Suffix depends on %fines

u
cu
• if %fines < 5% suffix is either W or P

• if %fines > 12% suffix is either M or C
• if 5% < %fines < 12% Dual symbols are used

To determine if W or P, calculate Cu and Cc
om
D60
Cu 
D10 x% of the soil has particles
.c
2
smaller than Dx
ng
D30
Cc 
( D60  D10 )
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

To determine W or P, calculate Cu and Cc
om
D60
Cu 
.c
2
smaller than Dx
ng
D30
Cc 
( D60  D10 )
co
an
100
th
80 ng
% F ine r
60
o
du
40
u
cu
20
0
0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 100

om
D60
Cu 
.c
2
smaller than Dx
ng
D30
Cc 
( D60  D10 )
co
an
100
th
80 ng
% F ine r
60
o
du
40
u
cu
20
0
0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 100

om
D60
Cu 
.c
2
smaller than Dx
ng
D30
Cc 
( D60  D10 )
co
an
100
th
80 ng
% F ine r
60
o
du
40
u
cu
20
0
0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 100
D90 = 3
mm

om
D60
.c
Cu 
D10
ng
co
2
D30
Cc 
an
( D60  D10 )
th
ng
If prefix is G then suffix is W if Cu > 4 and Cc is between 1
o
du
and 3
u
otherwise use P
cu
If prefix is S then suffix is W if Cu > 6 and Cc is between 1 and

3

Coarse grained soils
To determine M or C use plasticity chart
om
.c
60
ng
Comparing soils at equal liquid limit
50 Toughness and dry strength increase e

lin
co
with increasing plasticity index "
"A
P la stic ity in d e x
40
an
CH
th
30
ng OH
20
CL or
o
CL OL
du
10
or MH
ML
ML
u
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
cu
Liquid limit
Below A-line use suffix M - Silt Plasticity chart

for laboratory classification of fine grained soils
Above A-line use suffix C - Clay


– Fine grained soils (> 50% finer than 75 m)
– Both letters determined from plasticity chart
om
.c
60
ng
co
lin
"A
40
an
CH
th
30
ng
OH
20
o
CL or
du
10 CL OL
or MH
ML
u
ML
0
cu
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Liquid limit
Plasticity chart
Unified soil classification (including identification and description)
Field identification procedures Group

Information required for Laboratory classification
(Excluding particles larger than 75mm and basing fractions on symbols Typical names
describing soils criteria
estimated weights) 1
D e p e n d i n g o n p e r c e n ta g e s o f f in e s ( fr a c tio n sm a lle r t h a n .0 7 5 m m
D 60
B o rd e l in e c a s e r e q u ir in g u se o f d u a l sy m b o ls
G ra v e ls w i th C le a n g r a v e ls
Wide range of grain size and substantial GW Well graded gravels, gravel-
D e te rm in e p e r c e n ta g e s o f g r a v e l a n d s a n d f ro m g ra in s iz e c u r v e
Give typical names: indicate ap- C = ---- Greater than 4
(lit tle o r n o
U
amounts of all intermediate particle sand mixtures, little or no proximate percentages of sand D 10
om
fin e s )
2
sizes fines and gravel: maximum size:
M o re th a n h a lf o f c o a r se
(D30 )
C c = ----------------------
fr a c tio n i s la rg e r th a n
Predominantly one size or a range of angularity, surface condition, Between 1 and 3

GP Poorly graded gravels, gravel-
s i ev e s iz e ) c o a rs e g ra i n e d so ils ar e c la s si fie d a s fo l lo w s
D10 x D60
sizes with some intermediate sizes sand mixtures, little or no and hardness of the coarse
M o re th a n h a lf o f m a te r ia l i s la r g e r th a n
missing fines grains: local or geological name

Not meeting all gradation requirements for GW
G ra v e ls
2 .3 6 m m
a m o u n t o f fin e s )
.c
and other pertinent descriptive
U se g r a in s iz e c u rv e in i d e n ti fy i n g th e fr a c tio n s a s g iv e n u n d e r fi e ld id e n tif ic a tio n

Non-plastic fines (for identification GM Silty gravels, poorly
(a p re c i a b le
information and symbol in

procedures see ML below) graded gravel-sand-silt mixtures Atterberg limits below Above "A" line with
parentheses.
fin e s
T h e . 0 7 5 m m s ie v e s iz e is a b o u t th e s m a ll e st p a rti c le v is ib le to th e n a k e d e y e
C o a r s e g r a i n e d so ils
"A" line or PI less than 4 PI between 4 and 7

.0 7 5 m m s ie v e si ze
are borderline cases

Plastic fines (for identification pro- GC Clayey gravels, poorly graded For undisturbed soils add infor-
ng
Atterberg limits above "A" requiring use of dual
GM , GC, SM , SC
cedures see CL below) gravel-sand-clay mixtures mation on stratification, degree
G W , G P, S W , S P
line with PI greater than 7 symbols
of compactness, cementation,
Wide range in grain sizes and sub- moisture conditions and drain-
SW Well graded sands, gravelly D 60
C le a n s a n d s
(lit tle o r n o
stantial amounts of all intermediate age characteristics. C =---- Greater than 6
co
sands, little or no fines U
D 10
particle sizes
fin e s )
M o re th a n h a lf o f c o a r se
fr a c tio n i s s m a ll e r th a n
2
Example: (D 30 )
Predominantely one size or a range of SP Poorly graded sands, gravelly C c = ---------------------- Between 1 and 3
Silty sand, gravelly; about 20% D 10 x D60
sizes with some intermediate sizes missing sands, little or no fines
hard angular gravel particles
2 .3 6 m m
an
Sands
12.5mm maximum size; rounded Not meeting all gradation requirements for SW
M o re th a n 1 2 %
a m o u n t o f fin e s )
Non-plastic fines (for identification pro- SM Silty sands, poorly graded and subangular sand grains
(a p p re c ia b l e
L e ss th a n 5 %
S a n d s w ith
cedures, see ML below) sand-silt mixtures coarse to fine, about 15% non- Atterberg limits below Above "A" line with
5 % to 1 2 %
fin e s
th
plastic lines with low dry "A" line or PI less than 4 PI between 4 and 7
strength; well compacted and are borderline cases
Plastic fines (for identification pro- SC Clayey sands, poorly graded
moist in places; alluvial sand; Atterberg limits above "A" requiring use of dual
cedures, see CL below) sand-clay mixtures
(SM) line with PI greater than 7 symbols
Identification procedure on fraction smaller than .425mm

ng
sieve size
Dry strength Toughness
o
Dilatency
M o re th a n h a lf o f m a te r ia l i s s m a ll e r th a n
S ilt s a n d c la y s
crushing (consistency
le ss th a n 5 0
(reaction
liq u id lim i t
character- near plastic

du
to shaking)
istics limit)
Inorganic silts and very fine sands,
None to Quick to Give typical name; indicate degree
None ML rock flour, silty or clayey
F in e g r a in e d s o i ls
.0 7 5 m m s ie v e si ze
slight slow and character of plasticity, 60

fine sands with slight plasticity
amount and maximum size of Comparing soils at equal liquid limit
u
Inorganic clays of low to medium

Medium to None to very coarse grains: colour in wet con- 50 Toughness and dry strength increase
Medium CL,CI plasticity, gravelly clays, sandy e
high slow dition, odour if any, local or in
"l
cu
clays, silty clays, lean clays with increasing plasticity index

geological name, and other pert- "A
40
P la s tic ity in d e x
Slight to Organic silts and organic silt- inent descriptive information, and
Slow Slight OL
medium clays of low plasticity symbol in parentheses CH
CI
30
inorganic silts, micaceous or
S ilt s a n d c la y s
Slight to Slow to Slight to For undisturbed soils add infor-

g re a te r th a n
liq u id lim i t
dictomaceous fine sandy or

medium none medium MH mation on structure, stratif- OH
silty soils, elastic silts 20
ication, consistency and undis-
50
Inorganic clays of high or

High to very turbed and remoulded states, CL
None High OL
high CH plasticity, fat clays moisture and drainage conditions 10
or MH
CL-ML
ML
Medium to None to very Slight to Organic clays of medium to Example 0
high high medium OH high plasticity Clayey silt, brown: slightly plastic: 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Liquid limit
small percentage of fine sand:
Readily identified by colour, odour
Pt Peat and other highly organic soils numerous vertical root holes: firm Plasticity chart
Highly organic soils spongy feel and frequently by fibrous
and dry in places; loess; (ML) for laboratory classification of fine grained soils
texture
Bieåu ñoà phaân loaïi ñaát theo ñöôøng A treân heä truïc giôùi haïn loûng vaø chæ soá deûo.
C (Clay = ñaát seùt)
M (Mjala = silt = ñaát boät, buïi)
O (Organic = höõu cô )
H (high = deûo cao)
om
L (deûo thaáp)
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Example
100
om
80
.c
ng
% F ine r
60
co
40
an
th
20
o ng
0
du
0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 100
u
cu
Example
100
om
80
.c
ng
% F ine r
60
co
40
an
th
20
o ng
0
du
0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 100
u
cu
• %fines (% finer than 75 m) = 11% - Dual symbols required
Example
100
om
80
.c
ng
% F ine r
60
co
40
an
th
20
o ng
0
du
0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 100
u
cu
• %fines (% finer than 75 m) = 11% - Dual symbols required

• D10 = 0.06 mm, D30 = 0.25 mm, D60 = 0.75 mm
Example
100
om
80
.c
ng
% F ine r
60
co
40
an
th
20
o ng
0
du
0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 10 100
u
cu
Particle size fractions: Gravel 17%

Sand 73%
CuuDuongThanCong.com
Silt and Clay 10% https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
Of the coarse fraction about 80% is sand, hence Prefix is S

Cu = 12.5, Cc = 1.38
om
Suffix1 = W
.c
From Atterberg Tests
ng
LL = 32, PL = 26
co
an
Ip = 32 - 26 = 6
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Example
60
om
.c
lin
"A
ng
40
co
CH
30
an
th
OH
20 ng
CL or
10 CL OL
o
or MH
du
ML
ML
0
u
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
cu
Liquid limit
Plasticity chart

Cu = 12.5, Cc = 1.38
om
Suffix1 = W
.c
ng
LL = 32, PL = 26
co
an
Ip = 32 - 26 = 6
th
From Plasticity Chart point lies below A-line
o ng
Suffix2 = M
du
u
cu

Cu = 12.5, Cc = 1.38
om
Suffix1 = W
.c
ng
LL = 32, PL = 26
co
an
Ip = 32 - 26 = 6
th
o ng
Suffix2 = M
du
u
cu
Dual Symbols are SW-SM
Cu = 12.5, Cc = 1.38
om
Suffix1 = W
.c
ng
LL = 32, PL = 26
co
an
Ip = 32 - 26 = 6
th
o ng
Suffix2 = M
du
u
cu
Dual Symbols are SW-SM

To complete the classification the Symbols should be accompanied
by a description
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Purposes of Compaction
• Compaction is the application of energy to soil to reduce
om
the void ratio
.c
– This is usually required for fill materials, and is sometimes used for
natural soils
ng
co
• Compaction reduces settlements under working loads
an
th
ng
• Compaction increases the soil strength
o
du
u
• Compaction makes water flow through soil more difficult

cu
• Compaction can prevent liquefaction during earthquakes
Factors affecting Compaction
om
• Water content of soil
.c
ng
• The type of soil being compacted
co
an
• The amount of compactive energy used
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Laboratory Compaction tests
• Equipment Handle
om
collar (mould
extension)
.c
Sleeve guide
ng
co
Cylindrical
an
soil mould
th
Hammer for
compacting soil
o ng
Base plate
du
u
cu
Laboratory Compaction tests
• Equipment Handle
om
collar (mould
extension)
.c
Sleeve guide
ng
co
Cylindrical
an
soil mould
th
Hammer for
compacting soil
o ng
Base plate
du
M o u ld H a m m e r H a m m e r
u
cu
v o lu m e m a s s d r o p
S ta n d a r d 1 0 0 0 2 . 5 3 0 0
M o d if ie d 1 0 0 0 4 . 9 4 5 0
Presentation of results
• The object of compaction is to reduce the void ratio, or to
increase the dry unit weight.
om
Gs g
.c
g
w
dry

1  e
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
Gs g
.c
g
w
dry

1  e
ng
• In a compaction test bulk unit weight and moisture content
co
are measured. The dry unit weight may be determined as
an
follows
th
W W t o f S o lid s  W t o f W a te r Ws  Ww
g   
ng
b u lk
V T o ta l V o lu m e V
o
du
u
cu
om
Gs g
.c
g
w
dry

1  e
ng
co
an
follows
th
g   
ng
b u lk
o
du
 Ww 
u
1   Ws
cu
 Ws 
g b u lk

V
om
Gs g
.c
g
w
dry

1  e
ng
co
an
follows
th
g   
ng
b u lk
o
du
 Ww 
u
1   Ws
cu
 Ws 
g b u lk
  (1  m ) g dry
V
Presentation of Results
om
( g d ry )
D r y u n it w e ig h t
.c
m a x
ng
co
an
th
ng
m
o p t
o
du
M o is t u r e c o n t e n t
u
cu
From the graph we determine the optimum moisture content,

mopt that gives the maximum dry unit weight, (gdry)max.
• To understand the shape of the curve it is helpful to
develop relations between gdry and the percentage of air
om
voids, A. V
.c
A (% )   100
a
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
voids, A. V
.c
A (% )   100
a
ng
A V  V
co
1  
w s
100 V
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
voids, A. V
.c
A (% )   100
a
ng
A V  V
co
1  
w s
100 V
an
A
(W  W ) (1  )
th
g W  W s w
100
g   
b u lk s w
ng
d ry
1  m V (1  m ) (V s
 V w
) (1  m )
o
du
u
cu
om
voids, A. V
.c
A (% )   100
a
ng
A V  V
co
1  
w s
100 V
an
A
(W  W ) (1  )
th
g W  W s w
100
g   
b u lk s w
ng
d ry
1  m V (1  m ) (V s
 V w
) (1  m )
o
du
Ws Ww mWs
  
u
Vs Vw
Gs g g g
cu
w w w
om
voids, A. V
.c
A (% )   100
a
ng
A V  V
co
1  
w s
100 V
an
A
(W  W ) (1  )
th
g W  W s w
100
g   
b u lk s w
ng
d ry
1  m V (1  m ) (V s
 V w
) (1  m )
o
du
Ws Ww mWs
  
u
Vs Vw
Gs g g g
cu
w w w
A  Gs g w 
g dry
 (1  ) 
100  G s m  1
 Gs g w 
If the soil is saturated (A = 0) and g dry
  

om
G
 s m 1 
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
 Gs g w 
If the soil is saturated (A = 0) and g dry
  

om
G
 s m 1 
.c
ng
Impossible
co
Zero-air-
an
voids line
th
o ng
du
u
S = 90%
cu
S = 50% S = 75%
Effects of water content

• Adding water at low moisture contents makes it easier
for particles to move during compaction, and attain a
om
lower void ratio. As a result increasing moisture content
.c
is associated with increasing dry unit weight.
ng
co
• As moisture content increases, the air content decreases
an
and the soil approaches the zero-air-voids line.
th
ng
• The soil reaches a maximum dry unit weight at the
o
du
optimum moisture content

u
cu
• Because of the shape of the no-air-voids line further

increases in moisture content have to result in a
reduction in dry unit weight.
Effects of varying compactive effort

ze
in c r e a s in g c o m p a c tiv e ro
-a
e n e rg y ir
-v
om
o
id
s
lin
e
.c
ng
co
an
th
ng
o
du
• Increasing energy results in an increased maximum

dry unit weight at a lower optimum moisture content.
u
cu
• There is no unique curve. The compaction curve

depends on the energy applied.
• Use of more energy beyond mopt has little effect.

Effects of soil type

T y p ic a l V a lu e s
3
om
g d r y ) m a x (k N / m ) m o p t (% )
.c
W e ll g r a d e d s a n d SW 22 7
ng
S a n d y c la y SC 19 12
co
P o o r ly g r a d e d s a n d SP 18 15
an
th
L o w p la s tic ity c la y CL
ng 18 15
N o n p la s tic s ilt ML 17 17
o
du
H ig h p la s tic ity c la y CH 15 25
u
cu
• Gs is constant, therefore increasing maximum dry unit

weight is associated with decreasing optimum moisture
contents
Field specifications
During construction of soil structures (dams, roads) there is
usually a requirement to achieve a specified dry unit weight.
om
.c
ng
Accept
co
an
th
o ng
du
Reject
u
cu
(a) > 95% of (modified) maximum

dry unit weight
Field specifications
During construction of soil structures (dams, roads) there is
usually a requirement to achieve a specified dry unit weight.
om
.c
ng
Accept Reject Accept
Dry unit weighto

c
an
th
o ng
du
Reject
u
cu
M o is t u r e c o n t e n t Moisture content
(a) > 95% of (modified) maximum (b) >95% of (modified) maximum dry
dry unit weight unit weight and m within 2% of mopt
Compaction equipment
E q u ip m e n t M o s t s u ita b le s o ils
S m o o th w h e e le d r o lle r s , s ta tic or W e ll g r a d e d s a n d -g r a v e l, c r u s h e d r o c k ,
om
v ib r a tin g a s p h a lt
.c
R u b b e r tir e d r o lle r s C o a r s e g r a in e d s o ils w ith s o m e fin e s
ng
co
G r id r o lle r s W e a th e r e d rock, w e ll graded coarse
an
s o ils
th
S h e e p s fo o t r o lle r s , s ta tic ng F in e g r a in e d s o ils w ith > 2 0 % fin e s
S h e e p s fo o t r o lle r s , v ib r a to r y a s a b o v e , b u t a ls o s a n d -g r a v e l m ix e s
o
du
V ib r a tin g p la te s C o a r s e s o ils , 4 to 8 % fin e s

u
T am pers, ram m ers A ll ty p e s

cu
Im p a c t r o lle r s M o s t s a tu r a te d a n d m o is t s o ils
Also drop weights, vibratory piles

om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Sands and Gravels

For (cohesionless)soils without fines alternative specifications are
often used. These are based on achieving a certain relative density.
om
e m ax  e
.c
Id 
 e m in
ng
e m ax
co
an
e = current void ratio
th
ng
emax = maximum void ratio in a standard test
o
du
emin = minimum void ratio in a standard test

u
cu
Sands and Gravels

For (cohesionless)soils without fines alternative specifications are
often used. These are based on achieving a certain relative density.
om
e m ax  e
.c
Id 
 e m in
ng
e m ax
co
an
e = current void ratio
th
ng
emax = maximum void ratio in a standard test
o
du
emin = minimum void ratio in a standard test

u
cu
Id = 1 when e = emin and soil is at its densest state

Id = 0 when e = emax and soil is at its loosest state
Sands and Gravels

We can write Id in terms of gdry because we have
Gs g
om
e   1
w
.c
d ry
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Sands and Gravels

Gs g
om
e   1
w
.c
d ry
g (g  g )
ng
d ry d ry d ry

m ax m in
Id
g (g  g
co
d ry d ry d ry
)
m ax m in
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Sands and Gravels

Gs g
om
e   1
w
.c
d ry
g (g  g )
ng
d ry d ry d ry

m ax m in
Id
g (g  g
co
d ry d ry d ry
)
m ax m in
an
th
The terms loose, medium and dense are used, where typically
ng
loose 0 < Id < 0.333
o
du
medium 0.333 < Id < 0.667

u
cu
dense 0.667 < Id < 1
Sands and Gravels

Gs g
om
e   1
w
.c
d ry
g (g  g )
ng
d ry d ry d ry

m ax m in
Id
g (g  g
co
d ry d ry d ry
)
m ax m in
an
th
The terms loose, medium and dense are used, where typically
ng
loose 0 < Id < 0.333
o
du
medium 0.333 < Id < 0.667

u
cu
dense 0.667 < Id < 1

The maximum and minimum dry unit weights vary significantly
from soil to soil, and therefore you cannot determine dry unit
weight from Id CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Bài tập 1.1 đến 1.10 sách A.Ayen

1.1 đến 1.7 sách Craig
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

Co Hoc Dat Chau Ngoc An CHD Ch1 2010 TN (Cuuduongthancong - Com)

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Baøi giaûng A. Prof. Dr.

CHAÂU NGOÏC AÅN

Chöông 1 Tính chaát cô lyù cuûa ñaát

ÑÒNH NGHÓA ÑAÁT

Orthoclase feldspar Illite hoaëc Kaolinite Seùt saùng maøu

Plagioclase felspar Monmorilonite Seùt tröông nôû

Kyù hieäu gibbsite-silic

caáu truùc cô baûn cuûa khoaùng kaolinite

hoùa seõ taïo ra chaâu thoå caøng roäng.

Soils - What are they?

• Voids between particles

Cemented calcareous sand

USCS 300 75 4.75 0.075

Classes granulométriques (l’unité de diamètre des grains est en mm)

Phase Volume Mass Weight

• Accuracy Density of water, rw = 1 t/m3

Stress/Strength to 0.1 kPa

Weight and Unit weight

• Force due to mass (weight) more important than mass

Weight and Unit weight

• Force due to mass (weight) more important than mass

Weight and Unit weight

• Force due to mass (weight) more important than mass

particles to be calculated from mass or weight

particles to be calculated from mass or weight

Phase Volume Mass Weight

• The saturated unit weight (S = 1)

• The saturated unit weight (S = 1)

• The saturated unit weight (S = 1)

• The submerged unit weight

Note that gdry < gbulk < gsat

gw troïng löôïng rieâng cuûa nöôùc

 ñoä nhôùt cuûa nöôùc

D ñöôøng kính haït ñaát

troïng löôïng laø

gZ = M/V + [1- N’D1M/(Vgs)]gw.

Classification based on Particle Size

– Coarse grained soils

• sands, gravels - visible to naked eye

Classification based on Particle Size

– Coarse grained soils

• sands, gravels - visible to naked eye

– Fine grained soils

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of hydrometer test

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of hydrometer test

0 < IL < 1 ñaát ôû traïng thaùi deûo

IL > 1 ñaát ôû traïng thaùi loûng

GIÔÙI HAÏN LOÛNG ( wl ) laø ñoä chöùa nöôùc cuûa maãu

Figure 4 Moisture content versus volume relation during drying

Liquidity Index = (m - PL)/Ip = LI

• 2. Sands and Gravels with excess fines

• 4. Low compressibility silts

Unified Soil Classification

Unified Soil Classification

Unified Soil Classification

Unified Soil Classification

• Suffix depends on %fines

Unified Soil Classification