RECORDING OF A SIMPLE MUSCLE TWITCH

Draw and label the simple muscle curve.

1. Define the stimulus? What is the difference between stimulus and impulse?
2. What are the types of stimuli and give examples? Which is the most preferred stimulus?
3. What are the advantages of Electrical stimuli?
4. What is the composition of ringer solution and functions of each ingredient?
5. What are the causes of latent period?
6. What is true latent period?
7. What are the causes for increased or decreased latent period?
8. What is Physiological curve?
9. What are the typical normal values of different periods of muscle contraction? How the
periods are calculated and by what instruments?
10. What are the factors which influence the height of contraction?
11. What is the difference between simple muscle curve and simple muscle twitch?
12. What are the differences between isometric and isotonic contractions? Give examples from
normal working of muscles in the body?
13. Correlate the simple muscle curve and its action potential on the same time scale?

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SIMPLE MUSCLE TWITCH

Draw and label the effect of temperature on muscle contraction
1. What is the temperature of warm ringer and what are the effects of warm ringer on skeletal
muscle contraction?
2.What is the temperature of cold ringer and what are the effects of cold ringer on muscle
contraction?
3.What are the causes for the effects of warm ringer?
4.What are the causes for the effects of cold ringer?
5.What is heat rigor and what is the mechanism underlying?
6. What is rigor mortis? How is it is produced and what is the importance of rigor mortis?
7.Why the effect of warm ringer should be recorded before recording the effect of cold ringer?
8. What is the applied importance of hypothermia?
VELOC ITY OF NERVE IMPULSES CONDUCTION
Draw and label the effects of Stimulating the Muscle end and vertebral ends of a
muscle nerve preparation:
1.What is the clinical significance of determining the conduction velocity of nerves?
2.What is the normal velocity of conduction of the sciatic nerve of the frog?
3.What are the factors that affect the velocity of conduction in the nerve?
4.In which condition does the velocity of conduction decrease?
5. What is the classification of nerve fibres according to their diameter?
6.What is saltatory conduction?
EFFECT OF STRENGTH OF THE STIMULUS ON MUSCLE
CONTRACTION/QUANTAL SUMMATION
Draw and label the effects of different strengths of stimuli on skeletal muscle
contractions:
1. How do you classify a stimulus according to intensity?
2. Define sub minimal, minimal, sub maximal, maximal and supra maximal stimuli?
3. Why the response of the muscle goes on increasing with increasing strength of stimulus?
4. Why there is increase in amplitude with sub maximal stimuli?
5. What is quantal/multifibre summation?
6. What is motor unit?
7. Why there is no increase in the amplitude with supra maximal stimuli?
8. What is the advantage of recruitment of motor units in voluntary muscular activity?

EFFECT OF TWO SUCCESIVE STIMULI ON SIMPLE MUSCLE

CURVE/WAVE SUMMATION
Draw and label the effects of two successive stimuli in different phases of simple
muscle curve
1. What is the cause for 2 nd stimulus to be ineffective when the 2 nd stimulus falls during the
first half of latent period?
2. Explain the various responses obtained, when the second stimulus falls during different
phases of first Simple Muscle Curve?
3.What is beneficial effect and what are the causes for it?
4.Define summation? In which phase 2nd stimulus should fall to produce summation of
contraction, can summation occur in cardiac muscle if not why?
5. What is Refractory period? Is it same in all excitable tissues?
6.What are the types of summation
7. What is summation of Stimuli?
8.What is superposition or super imposition?
GENESIS OF TETANUS
Draw and label the effects of increasing frequency of stimuli on skeletal muscle
1. Define tetanus?
2. What is minimum tetanising frequency of a muscle? What are the factors which
influence MTF?
3. What is treppe or staircase phenomenon or Bowditch phenomenon?
4. What is clonus and how it differs from tetanus?
5. How MTF is calculated?
6. What is the disease tetanus?
7. What is cause for Tetany?
8. Differentiate rigor, tetanus and contracture?
9. What is the nature of contraction of voluntary muscle in the body?
10. What is the minimum rate of stimuli required to produce tetanic contraction in frog
muscle and human muscle?
11. Can the cardiac muscle undergo tetanus?

PHENEMENON OF FATIGUE IN SKELETAL MUSCLE.

Draw and label the fatigue curve:
1.Define Fatigue.
2.What are the causes of fatigue and how is fatigue removed?
3.Why there is increase in height in first few contractions?
4.How the fatigue is reversed in the muscle?
5.What are the effects of fatigue on simple muscle curve?
6.Which is the seat of fatigue in intact body and in isolated muscle nerve preparation?
7.What is contraction remainder? What is its cause?
8. What is direct curve,recovery curve?
9.How do you postpone fatigue?
10. How do fatigue is recorded in intact body?
RECORDING OF A NORMAL CARDIOGRAM AND EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE ON FROG’S BEATING HEART
Draw and label the normal cardiogram:
Draw and label the effect of temperature on normal cardiogram:
1. What is the normal heart rate of frog?
2. What is the sequence of contractions in different parts of heart?
3. What is normal cardiogram and what is electro cardiogram?
4 What are the effects of warm and cold ringer on white cresentic line?
5. What is the advantage of removing pericardium?
6. What are the ganglia present near white cresentic line?
7. What are the effects of warm and cold ringer on whole heart?
8. Which is the pace maker of frogs heart?

EFFECTS OF STANNIUS LIGATURES ON FROG’S HEART

Draw and label the effect of Stannius ligature on frog’s heart:
1. What are the pacemakers in human heart and frog’s heart?
2. Can we apply Stannius ligatures to human heart?
3. What are the normal rhythms in the frog’s heart?
4. What happen when 1st Stannius ligature is applied to frog’s heart?
5. What happen when 2nd Stannius ligature is applied to frog’s heart?
6. What is the applied aspect of Stannius ligatures?

REFRACTORY PERIOD ON FROG’S BEATING HEART

Draw and label extrasystole and compensatory pause:
1. What is refractory period and what are the types of refractory period?
2. What is the effect of a stimulus during systole?
3. What is the effect of a stimulus during diastole?
4. Define the terms extra systole and compensatory pause?
5. What is the relation of sum of the normal systole, extrasystole and compensatory pause to
normal heart beat recorded?
6. What conditions do you find extrasystole in humans?
7. What is the cause for increased force (height) of contraction following compensatory
pause?
8. What are the means by which we can recognize extrasystole in human heart?
9. Why cardiac muscle cannot be tetanized?
EFFECT OF VAGAL STIMULATION ON FROG’S BEATING HEART
Draw and label the effect of vagal stimulation on frog’s heart::
1. What is the nerve supply to Frog’s heart?
2. What are the effects of sympathetic stimulation on Frog’s heart?
3. What are the effects of stimulation of parasympathetic nerve on Frog’s heart?
4. What are the effects of stimulation of vagus for a prolonged period?
5. What are vagal escape beats and what are the causes?
6. What is the effect of stimulation of white cresentic line? Why?
7. What is the innervation of human heart?
8. Diagrammatically depict the effect of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on
pacemaker potential in human heart.
9. What is vagal tone? In which individuals vagal tone is high?