IV.

AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR
Tractor - engineering vehicle specifically
designed to deliver a high tractive effort at
slow speed for the purpose of hauling a
trailer or machinery used in agriculture. A
machine primarily for traction or pulling
an implement.
Harrowing

(a)
Loading

(b)
Dredging
Tractors
Advantages and Disadvantages
Functions of Tractor 1. Not affected by bad weather.
2. Can be adapted for draft, belt or PTO
1. Pull machines behind it.
work.
2. Push machines in front of it. 3. Has considerable range of working
3. Operate machines mounted on it. speed.
4. Transmit power to other machines 4. Requires little attendance when not in
through PTO drive. use.
5. Raise, lower and control machines
5. Readily available in case of urgent
and attachments to its hydraulic need.
power. 6. Requires small storage space.
6. Drive machines through belt power. 7. Limited overloading capacity.
7. Transmit power through flexible 8. Requires cash outlay for fuel and
shaft.
lubrication operation.
8. Furnish power for fast highway 9. Under some condition, inflexibility of
transportation and handling. size of power unit for economical
power production.
Classifications of Tractors Agricultural Tractors

1. According to Use and Application 1. Compact Tractor – four-wheel tractor

a. Farm or agricultural land of less than 20 hp. It is used for
b. Forestry landscaping gardening rather than for
c. Earth working massive agricultural tasks. Equipped
d. Industrial with a single 12in. moldboard plough
e. Military capable of plowing 1 hectare farm
2. According to Type of Farm Tractor within 11 to 14 hours.
a. Standard
b. General purpose, all purpose, utility
c. Row crop
d. Special
e. Orchard, vineyard, lawn
3. According to Running Gear
a. Wheel (two, tricycle, four wheel)
b. Crawler
c. Semi crawler, half track Compact Tractor
4. According to Type of Application
a. Walking, garden 2. Farm Tractor – four-wheel tractor
b. Riding with 20hp and above for massive
c. Tool carrier agricultural task such as plowing,
d. Tandem harrowing, seeding and planting, and
e. Two-way other operations.
f. Compact, mini
d. Large, extra large, super large
e. Frame chassis construction
5. According to Drive
a. Rear-wheel drive
b. Four-wheel drive (unequal wheel,
four large wheel)
6. According to Steering
a. Front wheel Farm Tractor
b. Rear wheel
c. Articulated frame Special-Types Tractors
d. Crab
e. Front axle 1. Tract-Type Tractor – consists mainly
f. Skid steering of two heavy duty endless link device
7. According to Kind of Engine Use known as tract for traction purposes.
a. Gasoline It is used for heavy duty operations
b. Diesel such as earth moving and other
industrial jobs requiring higher power
2. All-Purpose or Row-Crop Tractor –
designed to handle field and belt
jobs, including planting and inter
tillage activities.
3. Orchard Tractor – small- and
medium-sized and is designed to be
operated with advantages under
trees. It is built with lower and
fewer projecting parts and has
fenders for protection purposes.
4. Industrial Tractor - machine of any
size designed for various industrial
Tractor Size Determination
operations and heavy hauling. It has
hoisting, excavating, and/or power-
1. Weight – The heavier the tractor,
loading attachments.
the bigger is the capacity
2. Horsepower – The higher the
Tractor Parts tractor capacity, the bigger is its
size and the more it is capable of
doing heavier and wider operation.
3. Implement Capacity – The more
implement the tractor can draw,
the bigger is the size and the faster
it can finish the operation.

Drawbar Pull

Most important factor in determining

the performance of a tractor. Plowing
and other operations are affected by
the drawbar pull of the tractor.
Drawbar pull is affected by the wheel
slip and by the engine power. It is also
affected by the tractor weight and
type, the type and shape of the
running gears or wheel, the condition
of the ground surface, the inflation
pressure of tires, and others.
Power Train of a Wheel-Drive Tractor Final Drive – gear reduction mechanism
located at the power train between the
Transfers the power from the engine to differential and the driving wheels used
the drive wheel and to the PTO of the to transmit the power of the engine at
tractor. Its functions are to select speed low speed and large torque to the rear
ratios, balance the power to the drive axle and to the wheel of the tractor.
wheels for turning, and allow the tractor
to reverse.
Inflation Pressure of Tractor Tire
Tire Inflation Inflation
Pressure Pressure
KPa Kgf/cm2
Front Tire 2 ply 150 1.5
Front Tire 4 ply 150-200 1.5-2.0
Rear Tire 80-130 0.8-1.3

Tractor Running Resistance

Turbo Charger - increases the output of Sum of all the resistance acting on a
the tractor engine by about 20%. tractor. It includes the following:

Power Transmission - transmits the a. rolling resistance from the soil surface
engine power to the wheel axle and to b. air resistance
the PTO shaft of the tractor. It is also c. acceleration resistance
used to change the torque and the speed d. slope resistance
of the engine tractor to high torque and
low speed as required by the wheel axle Tractor Rolling Resistance
and by the PTO.
Condition of Ground Wheel Crawler
Surface Type Type
Clutch – connects and disconnects the
tractor engine from the power train so Asphalt Road 0.04 0.05
the gear can be shifted or the tractor can Dry Hard Ground 0.07 0.07
be stopped without stopping the engine.
Hard Grassland 0.10 0.07

Differential – special arrangement of Mown Meadow 0.01 0.08

gears that permits one driving member Soft Sandy Road 0.12 0.10
to rotate faster than the other and
Field Just After 0.20-0.30 0.10-0.12
permits operation of the driving wheel Cultivation
at different speed.
Deep Mud 0.02-0.30 0.10-0.12
Fine Sand 0.30-0.40 0.10
Minimum Slip for Maximum Tractive Tractor Standard Specification
Efficiency
Condition Slip Range (%) 1. Model
2. Transmission
Concrete 4–8
3. Engine
Firm soil 8 – 10 4. Bore and stroke
Tilled soil 11 – 13 5. No. of cylinders
6. Displacement
Soft Soil and Sand 14 – 16
7. Speed
8. Compression ratio
Power Take-Off Shaft 9. Chassis
10. Type
Device inherent to the tractor 11. Tire size (front and rear)
transmission drive usually found at the 12. Weight
rear or at the side of the tractor which 13. PTO performance
provides power to attached implement or a. Max power @ rated engine rpm
separate machine. This includes rotary (engine rpm, fuel consumption,
plow, hay baler, corn picker, self unloading hpr-hr-gal
forage wagon, irrigation pump, etc. b. Max power @ standard PTO rpm
(engine rpm, fuel consumption,
hpr-hr-gal
14. Drawbar performance
a. Max Hp (short term) @ mph
b. 100% load (2 hrs) Hp @ mph (fuel
consumption, hp-hr-gal)
(a) c. 75% load (10 hrs) Hp @ mph (fuel
consumption, hp-hr-gal)
d. 500% load (2 hrs) Hp @ mph (fuel
consumption, hp-hr-gal)
e. Max pull (lbs @ mph)
f. % slip of drivers
15. Sound Level (at operator ’s seat)
a. 100% load
b. 75% load
(b) c. 50% load
Power Take-Off Drive d. 50% load @ rated rpm
e. By stander
Recommended Spline Shaft Diameter & No. of 15. Other specifications
Splines per PTO Speed a. Hydraulic system
PTO Shaft Spline Shaft Number of b. Brakes
Speed Diameter Splines c. Steering system
(Rpm) (mm) d. Special equipment
540 35 6 e. Accessories
1000 35 21 f. Optional equipment
g. Overall weight and dimension
1000 45 20
Tractor Brand and Name 2. Ballast – added weight to the tractor
Brand Make that serves as a counter balance to a
Kubota Japan
heavy load that is usually found at
the rear of the tractor.
Iseki Japan

Mitsubishi Japan
3. Chassis – framework that supports
Landini Italy the tractor frame and guts including
Allis-Chamlers USA the engine, transmission, suspension,
Agria Spain etc.
CLAAS Germany
4. Drawbar – bar on the rear of the
Dae Dong South Korea
tractor used for towing.
John Deer USA

International Harvester USA 5. Fast Hitch or Quick Hitch –

Jinma China attachment to the tractor 3-point
New Holland Italy/USA hitch allowing the operator to easily
Shangdong Shifeng China hook onto implements without
leaving the tractor seat.
Yanmar Japan
Massey Ferguson USA 6. Front-End Loader – large bucket-like
Valtra Finland implement attached to the front of
the tractor for lifting materials.
Agritech Brazil
JWD UK 7. Horsepower – amount of energy an
PowerTrac Argentina engine takes to lift 550 pounds one
foot in one second.
Shibaura Japan
Silvatec Denmark 8. Hydro Static Transmission –
Vandel France alternative form of power
transmission that functions most like
CASE New Holland India
the automatic transmission of an
Deutz Germany automobile.
Ferguson-Brow England
9. Hydraulic Transmission –
Fiat Agrifall Italy
hydraulically-driven transmission that
Terminologies offer variable speed with the use of
a foot pedal.
1. Three-Point Hitch – consists of two lift
arms and one top link where pins are 10. Implement – rugged high-
attached to the implement. It is used performance work tools that can be
to attach rear-mounted attachments added to the tractor to increase its
like mowers, blades, scrapers, posthole job functions.
digger, tiller, and backhoes.
11. Power Train – transfers the power
from the engine to the drive wheels
and to the power take off.

12. Power Take Off - powers an

attachment, the PTO allows the
attachment to draw energy from the
tractor ’s engine.

13. Roll-Over Protective Structure –

frame on open station (non-cab)
tractors that provide a safe
environment for the operator in an
event of a rollover.

14. Synchronized Transmission – allows

for the shifting of gears on the move
without the gears clashing.

15. Transmission – gear system that

determines the speed of direction of
the tractor.

16. Zero Turning Radius – ability of

tractor to turn on a dime adding
more maneuverability.
 USEFUL FORMULA

Axle Power Drawbar Power

AXP = ξm x NEP DHP = (F S) / 3.6

where:
where:
AXP - axle power, hp DHP - drawbar power, kW
NEP - net engine power, hp F - force measured, kN
ξm - mechanical efficiency, 0.82 to 0.87 S - forward speed, km/hr
Drawbar Horsepower Drawbar Horsepower

DHP = ξm x NEP DHP = ξm x PTOP

where: where:
DHP - drawbar power, hp DHP - drawbar power, hp
NEP - net engine power, hp PTOP - power take-off power, hp
ξm - mechanical efficiency, 0.75 to 0.81 ξm - mechanical efficiency, 0.86 to 0.89
Wheel Power Engine Speed
0.333 R Ne
Pw = ξm Pe Ve = -----------------
I
where: where:
Pw - wheel power, kW Ve - engine speed, km/hr
Pe - engine power, kW R - diameter of wheel, m
ξm - mechanical efficiency, 0.75 to 0.95 Ne - engine speed. rpm
I - reduction ratio, 1 st gear equal to 4.48
and 4 th gear equal to 1.45
Hydraulic Power PTO Power

HyP = Pg Q / 1000 PTOP = ξm x NEP

where: where:
HyP - hydraulic power, kW PTOP - power take-off power, hp
Pg - gage pressure, kPa NEP - net engine power, hp
Q - flow rate, lps ξm - mechanical efficiency, 0.87 to 0.90
PTO Power PTO Power

PTOP = 2 π F R N / 60 Ppto = ξm Pe
PTOP = 2 π T N / 60
where: where:
PTOP - power take-off power, kW Ppto - PTO horsepower, kW
F - tangential force, kN Pe - engine power, kW
R - radius of force rotation, m ξm - mechanical efficiency, 0.75 to 0.95
N - shaft speed, rpm
T - torque, N-m
Drive Wheel or Track Slippage Travel Reduction or Slip
R - r An - Al
% Slip = 100 ----------- S = 100 -------------
r Al
where: where:
% Slip - percent wheel slip, %
R - total drive wheel revolution count S - slip, %
to traverse the drawbar runway A n - tract revolution under no load
under no load, rev condition, m
r - total drive wheel revolution count A l - tract revolution under load condition,
to traverse the drawbar runway m
under load, rev
Running Resistance Traction Efficiency

R = Cr W ξt = Pd / Pw
where:
R - rolling resistance, kgf where:
Cr - coefficient of rolling resistance, 0.01 to ξt - traction efficiency, %
0.4 for wheel type and 0.05 to 0.12 for Pd - drawbar power, kW
track type Pw - wheel power , kW
W - tractor weight, kg
Wheel Axle Power Wheel Axle Torque

Pd = Pw – Pl or 1000 N
Pd = Pw – (Ps + Pr) T = -------------
2πn
where: where:
Pd - drawbar power or effective power, kW T - wheel axle torque, N-m
Pw - wheel axle power, kW N - wheel axle power, kw
Pl - lost power, kW n - speed of the wheel axle, rpm
Ps - lost power by slip of wheel, kW
Pr - lost power by rolling resistance, kW
Stability Factor
Fw W b
K = -----------
Ph
where:
K - stability factor, 1.25 min
Fw - static front end weight, kg
W b - wheel base, m
P - maximum drawbar pull parallel to the
ground, kg
h - height of static line of pull
perpendicular to the ground, m
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Problem 1

A tractor operating at 3.5 mph develops 3000 lbs drawbar pull in pulling a trailer.
Estimate the required drawbar horsepower of the tractor.

Given:
Tractor speed - 3 mph
Drawbar pull - 3000 lbs

Required: Drawbar Horsepower

Solution:

DHP = F V
= (3000 lbs) (3.5 mph) (5280 ft/mi) (hr/60 min) / 33000 ft-lb/min-hp
= 28 hp

Problem 2

The specific fuel consumption of a tractor is 0.3 lbs per BHP-hour. If the heating value of
the fuel is 19500 BTU/lb, what is the brake thermal efficiency of the tractor?

Given:
Specific fuel consumption - 0.3 lbs/bhp-hour
Heating value of fuel - 19,500 BTU/lb

Required: Brake Thermal Efficiency

Solution:

ξbt = 2545 BTU/hp-hr x 100 /[(0.3 lbs/bhp-

hr) x 19,500 BTU/lb
= 43.5%
Problem 3

An underload tractor drive wheel rotates at 1200 revolution passing a newly cultivated
field. At no load, the tractor drive wheel rotates at 1125 revolution. What is the
percent slippage of the tractor drive wheel?

Given:
Wheel revolution at load - 1200 rev
Wheel revolution at no load - 1125 rev

Required: Percent Slip

Solution:

% slip = [Rl – Rn] 100 / Rn

= [1200 rev – 1125 rev] 100 / 1125 rev
= 6.25%

Problem 4

Wheel slip tests of a tractor has shown that its wheel rotates by two-and-a-half
revolutions at 20m distance. If the tractor wheel has 2m diameter, what is its percentage
slip?

Given:
Wheel diameter - 2m
Wheel rotation - 2½ rev,
Distance travel - 20 m

Required: Percentage Wheel Slip

Solution:

Dl = π D Nr
= π x 2 m x 2.5 rev
= 15.7 m

Dn = 20 m

S = [( 20 m – 15.7 m) / 15.7 m] x 100

= 27.89%
Problem 5

A tractor, shown below, has the following engine specifications: number of cylinders, 6;
cylinder bore, 0.15 m; piston stroke, 0.20 m; engine speed, 2200 rpm; mean effective
pressure, 180 psi; and number of stroke, 4. What are the indicated horsepower and
brake horsepower of the engine, assuming an 80% engine mechanical efficiency?
What is the estimated PTO power, wheel axle power, and drawbar power of the tractor
if its transmission efficiencies are 90%, 92%, and 81%, respectively.

Given:
No. of cylinders - 6
Engine speed - 2200 rpm
Cylinder bore - 0.15 m
Mean Eff Pressure - 180 psi
Piston stroke - 0.20 m
Engine stroke - 4
Engine Mech efficiency - 80%
Transmission efficiency - 90% PTO, 92% wheel axle, and 81% db

Required: Indicated Horsepower and Brake Horsepower of the tractor engine

PTO Power, Wheel Axle Power, and Drawbar Power

Solution:

IHP = [180 lb/in.2 x 704.2 kg/m2 ] x [0.2 m] x [π (0.15 m)2 /4] x [2200 rpm /
60 sec/min] x [6 cylinders] / [ 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp] x 2
= 646.7 hp

Brake Horsepower = 646.7 hp x 0.80

= 517.4 hp

PTO Horsepower = 517.4 hp x 0.90

= 465.7 hp

Wheel Axle Power = 517.4 hp x 0.92

= 475.9 hp

Drawbar Power = 517.4 x 0.81

= 419.1 hp
Problem 6

During transport, a 3,500kg tractor passes through an earth road at a speed of 15 kph.
The rated brake power of the tractor is 125 hp while the transmission efficiency from
the engine to the wheel axle is 80%. If, at 100-meter distance, the 2m-diameter
tractor ’s rear wheel can only rotate 11 revolutions during operation, determine the
following: (1) percentage slip of the tractor wheel; (2) drawbar horsepower of the
tractor; and (3) tractive efficiency of the tractor wheel.

Given:
Tractor weight - 3500 kg
Running velocity - 15 kph
Brake horsepower - 125 hp
Trans efficiency - 80% engine to wheel axle
Wheel diameter - 2 m
Coef. of rolling resist - 0.07

Required: Slip, Drawbar Horsepower and

Tractive Efficiency

Solutions:
Slip = [ 100 m - (π x 2 m x 11 rev)] x 100 / [(π x 2 m x 11 rev)]
= 44.70%
WAP = 125 hp x 0.8
= 100 hp
Ps = WAP x slip
= 100 hp x 0.447
= 44.7 hp
R = 3500 kg x 0.07
= 245 kgf
PR = 245 kgf x 15kph (1000 m/km x hr/3600 sec) / 76.2
= 13.39 hp
Ploss = Ps + PR
= 44.7 hp + 13.39 hp
= 58.09 hp
DHP = 100 hp – (58.09)
= 41.9 hp
Eff t = DHP/WAP
= [41.9 hp x 100] / 100 hp
= 41.9%
Problem 7

A 15hp wheel-axle tractor is running at 10kph speed while harrowing a deep mud soil.
The tractor weighs 1500 kg. The wheel diameter of the tractor is 2 meters and is able
to rotate at 14 revolutions in 100meter distance. What is the speed of the tractor
wheel in revolution per minute? What are the power losses of the tractor by wheel
slip and rolling resistances?

Given:
Tractor WAP - 15 hp
Tractor speed - 10 kph
Tractor weight - 500 kg
Soil condition - deep mud soil
Wheel rotation - 28 rev
Distance traveled - 200 m
Wheel diameter - 2m

Required: Wheel Slip and Speed of tractor

wheel, in rpm
Power Losses due to Wheel Slip
Power Loss due to Running Resistance

Solution:

Slip = [ 200 m - ( π x 2 m x 28 rev ) ] x 100 / [ ( π x 2 m x 28 rev ) ]

= [(200 m – 175.9 m) x 100 / [175.9 m]
= 13.7%

Nw = [10 km/hr x 1000 m/km x hr/60 sec] / [ (π x 2 m) x 0.137]

= 193.6 rpm

Ps = WAP x slip
= 15 hp x 0.137
= 2.6 hp

R = 500 kg x 0.25
= 125 kg

Pr = [125 kg x 10 km/hr x 1000 m/km x

hr/3600 sec] / 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
= 4.5 hp
Problem 8

If the tractor wheel delivers 378.45 N-m torque when rotavating a paddy field, what is
the force at the tractor wheel if it has 2m diameter?

Given:
Wheel diameter - 2 m

Required: Force Available at the Wheel

Solution:

T = FR
F = T/R
= 378.45/ 1m
= 378.4 N

Problem 9

The wheel of the tractor rotates by two-halves revolution at a distance of 20 meters.

What is the percentage slip of the tractor?

Given:
Number of rotation - 2.5 rev
Distance - 20 m

Required: Percentage Slip

Solution:

An = 20 m

π (2 m) (2.5 rev)
AL = -------------------------- = 15.7 m
rev.

20 - 15.7
S = ---------------- x 100 = 27.39%
15.7
Problem 10

The tractor weighs 2.5 tons and runs in a deep mud soil rotavating a paddy field.
Estimate the rolling resistance of the tractor wheel during operation?

Given:
Tractor weight - 2.5 tons
Soil type - deep mud
Rolling Resistance – 0.25

Required: Rolling Resistance

Solution:

R = 0.25 (2500 kg)

= 625 kgf

Problem 11

If the tractor above moves at 15kph speed, what is its power loss?

Given:
Tractor velocity - 15 kph

Required: Power Loss

Solution:

PL = Ps + PRR
625 kgf (15 km/hr) (1000/3000)
= 127.5 (0.2739) + ----------------------------------------------
76.2 kg-m/sec-hp

= 34.92 hp + 34.18 hp

= 69.09 hp
Problem 12

The specific fuel consumption of a tractor engine is 300 g of diesel/kw-hr. How much
fuel would it costs for a 250hp engine if it is operated for 10 hours? Assume a 0.79 kg
per liter specific gravity of fuel and a P47 per liter cost of diesel.

Given:
Specific Fuel Consumption - 300 g/kW-hr
Engine Horsepower - 250 hp
Operating Time - 10 hrs
Fuel Specific Gravity - 0.79
Diesel Cost - P47 per li

Required: Cost of Fuel for 10-hrs operation

Solution:

Fuel consumption = 300 g/kW-hr x 0.746 kW/hp x 250 hp x kg/1000g / 0.79 kg/li
= 70.82 li per hr

For 10 hours = 70.82 li per hr x 10 hrs

= 708.2 li

Cost of Fuel = P47 per li x 708.2 li

= P33,285.4
Problem 13

The indicated horsepower of a tractor engine is 300 hp. What is its expected power take-
off and drawbar power? If the specific fuel consumption of the tractor engine during
plowing is 350 g of diesel/kW-hr, how much diesel will the tractor approximately
consume in 8-hour operation? Assume a specific gravity of diesel of 0.76.

Given:
Tractor Indicated HP - 300 hp
Specific Fuel consumption - 350 g/kW-hr
Required:
Power-Take-Off Horsepower
Drawbar Horsepower
Diesel Consumption in 8-hour operation
Solution:
PTO Horsepower = 300 hp x 0.87
= 261 hp
Drawbar Horsepower = 300 hp x 0.75
= 225 hp
Fuel Consumption = 350 g/kW-hr x 300 hp x 0.746 kW/hp x kg/1000g x 8 hrs / 0.76 kg/li
= 824.53 li

Problem 14

Compute the speed of travel of a tractor at 2 nd gear with engine speed set at 2400
rpm. The diameter of tractor wheel is 2 meters.

Given:
Gear position - 2 nd
Engine speed - 2400 rpm
Wheel diameter - 2m

Required: Tractor Speed

Solution:

Vt = 0.033 x 2400 rpm x 2 m / 2.49

= 63.6 kph
Problem 15

A 10-ton tractor pulls a power harrow at 15-kph speed on a ground with 0.12 rolling
resistance coefficient. The tractor wheel is estimated to have 11% slip. If the tractor
has 500-hp indicated horsepower, what is the drawbar power of the engine
considering the given rolling resistance and wheel slip of the tractor? Assume an 85%
mechanical efficiency of the wheel axle.

Given:
Tractor Weight - 10 tons
Tractor Speed - 15 kph
Coef of Rolling Resistance - 0.12
Wheel Slip - 11%
Indicated Horsepower - 500 hp
Wheel Axle Mech Efficiency - 85%

Required:
Drawbar Horsepower of the Tractor

Solution:

Wheel Axle Power = 500 hp x 0.85

= 425 hp

Rolling resistance = 10 tons x 0.12

= 1.2 tons

Power Loss = (425 hp x 0.11) + (15 kph x 1.2 tons) x (1000 kg/ton
x 1000 m/km x hr/3600 sec)/76.2 kg-m/s-hp
= 46.75 hp + 65.62 hp
= 112.37 hp

Drawbar Horsepower = 425 hp – 112.37 hp

= 312.6 hp
Problem 16

A tractor with 3meter-diameter rear wheel rotates at 14 revolutions passing through a

100-meter distance during plowing. What is the percentage slip of the tractor wheel?
What is the power loss due to slip if the tractor has 200-hp indicated power with 85%
wheel power mechanical efficiency?
Given:
Rear Wheel Diameter - 3m
Wheel rotation - 14 rev
Distance Travel - 100 m
Indicated Horsepower - 200 hp
Wheel Power Mech Eff - 85%
Required: Wheel Power
Solution:
% Slip = (π x 3 m x 14 rev) – 100 m
= (131.947 m – 100 m) / 100 m
= 31.9%

Power Loss due to Slip = 200 hp x 0.85 x 0.319

= 54.23%

Problem 17

An 8-ton tractor with 3m-diameter wheel is running at 2,000-rpm engine speed. What
is its expected speed if its transmission gear is set at 2nd gear position? If the
coefficient of rolling resistance is 0.07, what is its power loss due to rolling resistance?

Given:
Tractor Weight - 8 tons
Wheel Diameter -3m
Engine Speed - 2,000 rpm
Coef of Rolling Resistance - 0.07
Required:
Tractor Speed at 2 nd gear position
Power Loss due to rolling resistance
Solution:
Tractor Speed = 0.033 x 3 m x 2,000 rpm / 2.49
= 79.52 kph
Rolling Resistance = 8 tons x 0.07
= 0.56 ton
Power Loss Due to Rolling Resistance = (560 kg x 79.52 kph x 1000 m/km
x hr/3600 sec )/ 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
= 162.3 hp
Problem 18

A tractor engine with 150-hp indicated power has 2.5m-diameter wheel. What is its
wheel axle torque if it runs at 10-kph speed traversing a 2-km distance during plowing?
Consider an 85% tractor wheel power mechanical efficiency.

Given:
Indicated horsepower - 150 hp
Wheel diameter - 2.5 m
Tractor Speed - 10 kph
Distance Traverse - 2 km
Wheel Power Mech Eff - 85%

Required:
Force Available at the Tractor Wheel

Solution:

Wheel Power = 150 hp x 0.85

= 127.5 hp

Traverse Time = 2 km/10 kph

= 12 min

Wheel Rotation = 2 km x 1000 m/km / (π x 2.5 m)

= 254.6 rev

Wheel RPM = 254.6 rev / 12 min

= 21.2 rpm

Wheel-Axle Torque = 127.5 hp x 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp x 60 sec/min / (2 π x 21.2rpm)

= 4376.22 kg-m
 REFERENCES

ASAE. ASAE Standards 1997. Standards

Engineering Practices Data. ASAE the
Society for Engineering in Agricultural,
Food, and Biological Systems. 2959 Niles
Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659 USA.
Pp. 407-428.

Campbell, J. K. 1990. Dibble Sticks,

Donkey, and Diesels. Machines in Crop
Production. The International Rice
Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna.
329pp.

CIGR. Plant Production Engineering.

Volume III. CIGR Handbook of
Agricultural Engineering. American
Society of Agricultural Engineer. USA. pp.
1-22.

John Deere. Catalog: 5Series. 32pp.

www.JohnDeere.co.uk

Machmillan, R. H. 2002. The Mechanics

of Tractor – Implement Performance:
Theory and Worked Examples.
International Technology Development
Center. University of Melbourne. 165pp.

Tanaka, T. Farm Tractor.. Agricultural

Machinery management Course Handout
Sheet. Japanese International
Cooperation Agency. 45pp. UNEP. Energy
Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia.
www.energyefficiencyasia.org

Tractor.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor
 QUESTIONS and PROBLEMS

1. Ratio of the drawbar power and the 7. Stirring wheel of the tractor can be
wheel axle power. found ____.
a. Lugging efficiency a. in front of the tractor
b. Traction efficiency b. at the rear of the tractor
c. Mechanical efficiency c. in front of the operator ’s seat
d. None of the above d. None of the above
2. Sum of all resistance acting on the 8. An attachment to the tractor for the
tractor. purpose of changing traction and stability.
a. Coefficient of traction a. Ballast
b. Running resistance b. Cage wheel
c. Rolling resistance c. Plow
d. None of the above d. Hydraulic lift
3. Running resistance of a tractor e. All of the above
includes ____.
9. Power drive found at the rear of the
a. rolling resistance
tractor that propels power implements
b. air and acceleration resistance
and stationary machines.
c. slope resistance
a. Power take-off drive
d. All of the above
b. Hydraulic system
4. Weight transfer means ____. c. Differential gear
a. to move paddy from the field to the d. None of the above
granary
b. to transfer torrens title from the 10. Standard rpm of a tractor ’s PTO drive.
landlord to the tenant a. 600 rpm
c. to shift implement’s weight to the b. 200 rpm
tractor ’s drive wheel in order to improve c. 540 rpm
traction d. None of the above
d. None of the above
11. Two-wheeled, hand-operated tractor
5. International testing center for tractor. used primarily as a substitute for draft
a. International Rice Research animals.
Institute a. Power tiller
b. NEBRASKA b. Reaper
c. International Farm Machinery Institute c. Seeder
d. None of the above d. None of the above

6. Vehicle designed to pull, propel, and 12. An attachment to a tractor ’s rear

supply power to operate machinery used wheel to increase traction.
in agricultural operation. a. Ballast
a. Agricultural tractor b. Cagewheel
b. Automobile c. Stirring wheel
c. Payloader d. None of the above
d. None of the above
13. Tractor part that controls the travel 18. Inherent characteristic of tractors to
direction of the machine. maintain or to produce increased drawbar
a. Rear wheel pull even if the speed is reduced.
b. Front wheel a. Lugging ability
c. Stirring wheel b. Mechanical efficiency
d. None of the above c. Coefficient of traction
d. None of the above
14. Tractor device that automatically
raises or lowers the implement in 19. Lower PTO speed of a standard four-
operation to maintain a given draft. wheel tractor is ____.
a. Automatic draft control a. 540 rpm
b. Automatic position control b. 450 rpm
c. 3-point linkage c. 640 rpm
d. None of the above d. None of the above
15. A tractor operating at 3.5 mph
20. Special arrangement of gears that
develops a drawbar pull of 3000 lbs in
permits driving member to rotate slower
pulling a trailer. Estimate its required
or faster than the other and permits
drawbar horsepower.
operation of driving wheels at different
a. 22 hp
speed for easy turn.
b. 28 hp
a. Spur gear
c. 32 hp
b. Planetary gear
d. None of the above
c. Differential
16. The specific fuel consumption of a d. None of the above
tractor is 0.3 lbs per BHP-hour. If the
heating value of the fuel is 19500 BTU/lb, 21. An underload tractor drive wheel
what is the brake thermal efficiency of the rotates at 1200 revolution passing through
tractor? a newly cultivated field. At no load, the
a. 43.5% tractor drive wheel rotates at 1125
b. 57.2 % revolution. What is the percent slippage
c. 61.3% of the tractor drive wheel?
d. None of the above a. 6.25%
b. 8.34%
17. The gear reduction of a tractor located c. 9.97%
in its power train between the differential d. None of the above
and the driving wheel that transmits
power at low speed but large torque to 22. Standard power-take-off speed of a
the rear axles and wheels. tractor.
a. Differential a. 100 rpm
b. Universal joint b. 540 rpm
c. Final drive c. 1200 rpm
d. None of the above d. None of the above
23. Standard number of spline for a PTO 29. Part of the tractor engine where
shaft. pistons slide back and forth and is
a. 6 spline replaced or rebored when damaged.
b. 21 spline a. Cylinder block
c. 20 spline b. Cylinder liner
d. All of the above c. Cylinder head
d. All of the above
24. Standard shaft diameter of a PTO
shaft. 30. Trailing-type implement is hitched to
a. 35 mm the tractor at the tractor ’s ____.
b. 40 mm a. single-hitch point system
c. 50 mm b. three-point hitch system
d. None of the above c. power take off drive system
d. None of the above
25. If a farm tractor is rated at 80 hp, its
metric equivalent is ____. 31. Wheel slip tests of a tractor showed
a. 75 kw that its wheel rotates by two-and-a-half
b. 60 kw revolutions at 20m distance. If the
c. 80 kw tractor wheel has 2m diameter, what is
d. None of the above the percentage slip of the tractor wheel?
a. 15.90 %
26. Part of the tractor to which
b. 21.65 %
implements are hitched.
c. 27.89%
a. PTO drive
d. None of the above
b. Final drive
c. Drawbar
32. The PTO drive of a tractor is used to
d. None of the above
power ____.
27. The coefficient of traction for wheel- a. moldboard plow
type tractor is highest for ____. b. chisel plow
a. concrete road c. rotary plow
b. fine sand d. All of the above
c. sandy loam soil
d. All of the above 33. Four-wheel-drive tractors are ____.
a. tractors that have four running wheels
28. Part of a tractor that retards or stops b. tractors that have four running
one wheel during operation to be able to wheels and the two rear wheels are
make short turn. driven by an engine
a. Differential brake c. tractors that have four running wheels
b. Hand brake and all wheels are driven by an engine
c. Brake pedal d. None of the above
d. All of the above
34. Center-to-center distance between 40. Automatic draft control in a modern
two front wheels or two rear wheels. farm tractor ____.
a. Wheel tread a. automatically controls the amount of
b. Wheel base air passing through the radiator to
c. Wheel lugs regulate the operating temperature of
d. None of the above the engine
b. positions the implement at a constant
35. Hydraulic control levers on typical height or depth relative to the tractor
four- wheel tractors are located at the c. is the hydraulic implement hitch
____. system which automatically raises or
a. front of the operator lowers a soil engaging implement to
b. left side of the operator maintain its draft at a pre-selected value
c. right side of the operator d. None of the above
d. None of the above
41. The power measured at the flywheel
36. Which of the following types of
or at the crankshaft of a four-wheel
drawbar is used for tractors? tractor.
a. Fixed drawbar a. Rated horsepower
b. Swinging drawbar
b. Indicated horsepower
c. Link drawbar c. Engine horsepower
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
37. If the tractor wheel delivers a torque
of 378.45 N-m when rotavating a paddy 42. A tractor weighs 2.5 tons and runs in
a deep mud soil rotavating a paddy field.
field, what is the force at its wheel if its
diameter is 2 meters? Estimate the rolling resistance of the
a. 256.4 N tractor wheel during operation?
a. 467 kgf
b. 378.4 N
c. 401.3 N b. 625 kgf
c. 764 kgf
d. None of the above
d. None of the above
38. PTO shaft profile for a 35mm nominal
diameter shaft, 6 splines, 540rpm rated 43. Distance between the supporting
speed. surface and the lowest point of the
a. Involute spline tractor.
b. Straight spline a. Tractor height
c. V-spline b. Tractor ground clearance
d. None of the above c. Tractor overall height
d. None of the above
39. PTO shaft profile for a 35mm nominal
diameter shaft, 21 splines, 1000rpm 44. The speed, in revolution per minute,
rated speed. specified by the manufacturer.
a. Involute spline a. Rated horsepower
b. Straight spline b. Engine speed
c. V-spline c. Rated engine speed
d. None of the above d. All of the above
45. The weight of the tractor includes its 50. Massey Ferguson tractor is made
total weight, the different tools, the fuel from ____.
tank filled to ____ capacity, and with the a. Finland
normal amount of cooling water and b. United Kingdom
lubricating oil when the tractor is at work. c. USA
a. 60% d. None of the above
b. 80%
c. 100% 51. Ford tractor is made from ____.
d. None of the above a. United Kingdom
b. USA
46. Center of gravity of a standard two- c. France
wheel-drive tractor is located at ____. d. None of the above
a. its mid center 52. Goldstar tractor is made from ____.
b. 1/3 of the wheel base in front of its a. Japan
rear wheel axle b. Korea
c. near its front axle wheel c. China
d. None of the above d. None of the above

47. A tractor pulls a 2m-wide heavy-duty 53. Valtra Velmet tractor is made from
offset disk harrow at 10kph operating ____.
speed. What is the theoretical field a. Finland
capacity of the machine? b. Brazil
a. 2.0 ha/hr c. France
b. 2.4 ha/hr d. None of the above
c. 3.1 ha/hr
d. None of the above 54. Maxion tractor is made from ____.
a. Finland
48. Center of gravity of a four-wheel drive b. Brazil
tractor is located at ____. c. France
d. None of the above
a. its mid center
b. 1/3 of the wheel base in front of its 55. If the specific fuel consumption of the
rear wheel axle tractor engine is 350 g of diesel/kW-hr
c. near its front axle wheel during plowing, how much diesel will the
d. None of the above tractor approximately consume in 8-hour
operation? Assume a specific gravity of
49. John Deere tractor is made from diesel of 0.76.
____. a. 721.57 liters
a. USA b. 769.24 liters
b. Japan c. 824.53 liters
c. Finland d. None of the above
d. None of the above
56. The indicated horsepower of the 61. The effective drawbar pull of a tractor
tractor engine is 300 hp. What is its is reduced by ____ for every percent of
expected power take off horsepower of grade.
the tractor? a. 0.1 %
a. 241 hp b. 1 %
b. 261 hp c. 10 %
c. 345 hp d. None of the above
d. None of the above
62. Hitch system for a tractor suitable for
57. What is the drawbar power of the large, heavy implement for trailing.
tractor in Item 56? a. Three-point hitch system
a. 225 hp b. Drawbar hitch system
b. 298 hp c. Semi-mounted hitch system
c. 315 hp d. All of the above
d. None of the above 63. Device used to protect tractor
operator from dust, noise, rain and heat.
58. Pivotal point of connection of hitch to a. Operator ’s shield
the tractor or the center of the articulated b. Chassis
connection between link and the c. Cab
implement. d. None of the above
a. Link point
b. Hitch pin 64. Assume a specific gravity of fuel of
c. Hitch point 0.79 kg per liter and a cost of diesel of
d. All of the above P47 per liter, how much fuel would it cost
for 10 hours?
59. External shaft of an agricultural tractor a. P26,946.8
other than the PTO that provides b. P28,635.6
rotational power to implements that are c. P33,285.4
usually front- or side-mounted. d. None of the above
a. Belt-drive shaft
b. Secondary PTO 65. Type of tractor tire used to propel as
well as to provide good floatation.
c. Auxiliary PTO
d. None of the above a. Implement tire
b. Traction tire
c. Steering tire
60. The specific fuel consumption of the
tractor engine is 300 g of diesel/kW-hr. d. All of the above
How many liters of fuel will the tractor 66. The draft force of the tractor can be
consume? found at its ____.
a. 70.82 liters per hour a. wheel
b. 79.65 liters per hour b. hitch
c. 86.52 liters per hour c. PTO drive
d. None of the above d. None of the above
67. Perpendicular distance between the 72. Walking-type agricultural tractor with
upper hitch point and the common axis of 5.1- to 16-hp prime mover gasoline
the lower hitch point of the tractor. engine is classified as ____.
a. Mast height a. Type 1
b. Hitch vertical height b. Type 2
c. Stud height c. Type 3
d. None of the above d. None of the above
73. Walking-type agricultural tractor with
68. A frame for protection of the operator
a prime mover of up to 5-hp gasoline
of a compact-utility tractor to minimize
the possibility of serious injury resulting engine is classified as ____.
a. Type 1
from accidental upset.
a. Roll bar b. Type 2
c. Type 3
b. Tractor shield frame
d. None of the above
c. Roll-over protection structure
d. None of the above 74. A tractor has the following engine
specifications: number of cylinders, 6;
69. Self-propelled machine with single cylinder bore, 0.15 m; piston stroke, 0.20
axle designed primarily to pull and propel m; engine speed, 2200 rpm; mean
trailed or mounted agricultural effective pressure, 180 psi; and number of
implement and machinery. stroke, 4. What is its indicated
a. Hand tractor horsepower?
b. Pedestrian tractor a. 646.7 hp
c. Walking-type tractor b. 723.8 hp
d. All of the above c. 791.3 hp
d. None of the above
70. Fraction of power available that is
delivered by the axle of the tractor to the 75. What is the brake horsepower of the
implement through its hitch or drawbar. tractor engine in Item 74, assuming an
a. Tractive efficiency 80% engine mechanical efficiency?
b. Pulling efficiency a. 497.3 hp
c. Drawbar efficiency b. 517.4 hp
d. None of the above c. 678.1 hp
d. None of the above
71. Neutral salt mixed with water and is 76. What is the estimated PTO power of
added to the tire of the tractor to the tractor in Item 74 if its transmission
increase draft. efficiency is 90%?
a. Sodium chloride a. 465.7 hp
b. Calcium chloride b. 531.2 hp
c. Potassium iodide c. 591.4 hp
d. None of the above d. None of the above
77. Still referring to Item 74, what is the 83. Coefficient of rolling resistance of a
wheel axle power of the tractor if its wheel-type tractor on a dry hard ground.
transmission efficiency is 92%? a. 0.07
a. 475.9 Hp b. 0.11
b. 521.7 Hp c. 0.25
c. 592.6 Hp d. None of the above
d. None of the above
84. Coefficient of rolling resistance of a
78. What is the drawbar power of the wheel-type tractor on a deep mud.
tractor in Item 74 if its transmission a. 0.25
efficiency is 81%? b. 0.35
a. 419.1 Hp c. 0.45
b. 466.5 Hp d. None of the above
c. 512.4 Hp
d. None of the above 85. Recommended level of wheel slip on a
tilled soil for a two-wheel-drive tractor.
79. Considered as hazards and risks when
a. 10%
using a tractor. b. 11%
a. Tractor rollover
c. 12%
b. Tractor runover
d. None of the above
c. Tractor power takeoffs
d. All of the above
86. Indicators in determining the emission
e. None of the above limit for a tractor.
80. Major expression of the power ratings a. CO, HC, Nox, PM
of a tractor. b. CO 2 , HC, SOx, PM
a. Brake c. CO 2 , HC, NOx, SOx, PM
b. Drawbar d. None of the above
c. Power Take Off e. All of the above
d. All of the above
e. None of the above 87. The measure of the pulling power of
the tractor engine by way of tires, wheels
81. Maximum power the tractor engine or tracts.
can develop. a. Brake power
a. Brake power b. Drawbar power
b. Drawbar power c. Power take off power
c. Power take off power d. None of the above
d. None of the above
88. Tractor implement control that
82. Recommended level of wheel slip on a automatically changes the position of the
tilled soil for a four-wheel-drive tractor. implement when there is an increase in
a. 10% the resistance in pulling and implement.
b. 11% a. Hydraulic draft control lever
c. 12% b. Hydraulic position control lever
d. None of the above c. Remote control valve lever
d. All of the above
89. It is a manually operated control to 95. Tractor ladders are commonly located
change the implement position when there at the ____ side of the driver seat.
is an increase in implements draft. a. left
a. Hydraulic draft control b. right
b. Position draft control c. Rear
c. Mechanical control d. All of the above
d. None of the above
96. A tractor engine equipped with blower
90. If a four wheel tractor is equipped with and turbine at the exhaust manifold of the
rear and front wheel having lugs, it is a engine cylinder.
____ tractor. a. Naturally aspirated
a. rear-wheel b. Super turbo
b. front-wheel drive c. Super turbo intercooled
c. rear and front wheel drive d. All of the above
d. All of the above
97. A tractor engine equipped with blower
91. Tractor wheel diameter is determined and turbine at the exhaust manifold of the
based on the ____. engine cylinder with a separate radiator
a. rim diameter attachment.
b. rubber diameter a. Naturally aspirated
b. average of the the rim and rubber b. Super turbo
diameter c. Super turbo intercooled
c. None of the above d. All of the above

92. Tractor wheel width is determined 98. A tractor engine without blower,
based on the ____. turbine, and separate radiator attachment
a. rim width the exhaust manifold of the engine.
b. rubber width a. Naturally aspirated
c. Average of rim and rubber width b. Super turbo
d. All of the above c. Super turbo intercooled
d. All of the above
93. When the tractor air cleaner is in
horizontal position at the engine 99. Counter weight provided in front of the
compartment, the air filter is a ____. tractor.
a. dry-type filter a. Front ballast
b. wet-type filter b. Wheel ballast
c. no type filter c. Implement weight
d. None of the above d. None of the above

94. When the tractor air cleaner is in 100. Weight provided at the rear wheel of
vertical position at the engine the tractor to increase traction.
compartment, the air filter is a ____. a. Front ballast
a. dry-type filter b. Wheel ballast
b. wet-type filter c. Implement weight
c. no type filter d. None of the above
d. None of the above