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CE8403
CE6403 APPLIED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
1. AIM:

 To introduce the students to various hydraulic engineering problems like open

channel flows and hydraulic machines.
 At the completion of the course, the student should be able to relate the theory
and practice of problems in hydraulic engineering.
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2. OBJECTIVES:

The following are the objectives of various topics:

 This course enables the students to understand the flow phenomena in
rivers,streams and man-made channel.
 It enables the students to gain basic knowledge about the design of sewer ,
irrigation channel etc.,
 This course serves as a pre-requisite for the Subjects Environmental
Engineering-I&II.
 This course enables the students to gain idea about hydro power generation.

3. Need and Importance for Study of the Subject

 This course enables the students to understand the flow phenomena in

rivers,streams and man-made channel.
 It enables the students to gain basic knowledge about the design of sewer ,
irrigation channel etc.,
 This course serves as a pre-requisite for the Subjects Environmental
Engineering-I&II.
 This course enables the students to gain idea about hydro power generation.

4. Industry Connectivity and Latest Developments

 Water supply and deign of pipe lines

 Irrigation channels
 hydropower generation

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Department of Civil Engineering

Detailed Lesson Plan

Name of the Subje ct& Code CE6403 APPLIED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Jain. A.K., "Fluid Mechanics", Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 2010.

2. Modi P.N. and Seth S.M., "Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics", Standard Book House, NewDelhi,
2002.

3. Subramanya K., "Flow in open channels", Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2000.

REFERENCES:

1.Ven Te Chow, "Open Channel Hydraulics", McGraw Hill, New York, 2009.

2. Rajesh Srivastava,"Flow through open channels",Oxford University Press, New Delhi,

2008. 3.Bansal, "Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines", Laxmi Publications, New Delhi,

2008.

Hours
Cumulati Books
Sl. No Unit Topic / Portions to be Covered Required /
ve Hrs Referred
Planned

1 Definition and differences between pipe flow and 1 T-3

1. 1
open channel flow
2. 1 Types of Flow - Properties of open channel 1 2 T-3

1 Fundamental equations ,Velocity distribution in 1 T-3

3. 3
open channel
1 Steady uniform flow: Chezy equation, Manning 2 5 T-3,R3
4.
equation
1 Definition and differences between pipe flow and 1 6 T-3, R3
5.
open channel flow
6. 1 Best hydraulic sections for uniform flow 3 9 T-3, R3

7. 1 Computation in Uniform Flow 1 10 T-3, R3

8. 1 Specific energy and specific force 1 11 T-3

9. 1 Critical depth and velocity. 1 12 T-3

2 Dynamic equations of gradually varied and 1 13 T-2,T-3

10.
spatially varied flows
2 Problem in Dynamic equations of gradually varied 1 14 T-2,T-3
11.
and flow

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12. 2 Water surface flow profile classifications 1 15 T-2,T-3

2 Problems in Water surface flow profile 1 16 T-2,T-3

13.
classifications
14. 2 Hydraulic Slope, Hydraulic Curve 1 17 T-2,T-3

15. 2 Slope determination 1 18 T-2,T-3

2 Profile determination by Numerical method: 1 19 T-2,T-3

16.
Direct step method
2 Profile determination by Numerical method: 1 20 T-2,T-3
17.
Direct step method
18. 2 Standard step method 1 21 T-2,T-3

19. 2 Problems in Standard step method 1 22 T-2,T-3

20. 2 Graphical method - Applications 1 23 T-2,T-3

21. 2 Problem solving 1 24 T-2,T-3

22. 3 Application of the energy equation for RVF 1 25 T-2,T-3

23. 3 Critical depth and velocity 1 26 T-2,T-3

24. 3 Critical depth and velocity-problems 1 27 T-2,T-3

25. 3 Critical, Sub-critical and Super-critical flow 1 28 T-2,T-3

26. 3 Application of the momentum equation for RVF 1 29 T-2,T-3

27. 3 Hydraulic jumps - Types 1 30 T-2,T-3

28. 3 Hydraulic jumps-problems 1 31 T-2,T-3

29. 3 Energy dissipation 1 32 T-2,T-3

30. 3 Surges and surge through channel transitions. 1 33 T-2,T-3

31. 3 Surges and surge through channel transitions. 1 34 T-2,T-3

32. 3 Surges-problems 1 35 T-2,T-3

33. 3 Problem solving 1 36 T-2,T-3

34. 4 Impact of Jet on vanes 1 37 T-2,R-3

35. 4 Impact of Jet on vanes 1 38 T-2,R-3

36. 4 Turbines - Classification 1 39 T-2,R-3

37. 4 Reaction turbines - Francis turbine 1 40 T-2,R-3

38. 4 Radial flow turbines 1 41 T-2,R-3

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39. 4 draft tube and cavitation 1 42 T-2,R-3

40. 4 Propeller and Kaplan turbines 1 43 T-2,R-3

41. 4 Impulse turbine 1 44 T-2,R-3

42. 4 Performance of turbine 1 45 T-2,R-3

43. 4 Specific speed - Runaway speed 1 46 T-2,R-3

44. 4 Similarity laws 1 47 T-2,R-3

45. 4 Problem solving 1 48 T-2,R-3

46. 5 Centrifugal pumps-working principle 1 49 T-2,R-3

47. 5 Minimum speed to start the pump 1 50 T-2,R-3

48. 5 NPSH - Cavitations in pumps 1 51 T-2,R-3

49. 5 Operating characteristics 1 52 T-2,R-3

50. 5 Multistage pumps 1 53 T-2,R-3

51. 5 Reciprocating pumps - working principle 1 54 T-2,R-3

52. 5 Negative slip - Flow separation conditions 1 55 T-2,R-3

53. 5 Air vessels 1 56 T-2,R-3

54. 5 indicator diagrams and its variations 1 57 T-2,R-3

55. 5 Savings in work done 1 58 T-2,R-3

56. 5 Rotary pumps: Gear pump 1 59 T-2,R-3

57. 5 Problem solving 1 60 T-2,R-3

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UNIT 1 UNIFORM FLOW

PART A

1. Define open channel flow with examples.

Flow of liquid with a free surface (i.e., surface exposed to atmosphere) through any
passage is known as open channel flow. The liquid flowing through any closed passage without
touching the top can also treated as open channels.
Examples:
1. Flow in natural waterfalls, river and streams
2. Flow in artificial or man-made channels such as irrigation channels and flumes.
3. Closed conduit or pipe carries liquid partially (sewers that carry domestic or industrial waste
water). Generally, liquid flowing in open channel in water.

2. Explain laminar and turbulent flow.

(a) Laminar flow:
If Reynolds number of flow is less than 500, it is called as Laminar flow. The value
of Reynolds number is between 500 and 2000, the flow is transitional.
(b) Turbulent flow:
For values of Reynolds number greater than 2000, the flow is turbulent.
3. What are the various types of flow in open channels?
The flow in open channel is classified into the following types:
(a) Steady and unsteady flow
(b) Uniform and non- uniform flow
(c) Laminar and turbulent flow
(d) Subcritical, critical and supercritical flow.
4. Define the term uniform flow.
If the depth of flow, slope of the bed of channel and cross section remain constant with
respect to distance is called uniform flow.

∂y V
=0, =0
∂s ∂s

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5. Define non uniform flow.

Flow properties, such as depth of flow, velocity of flow are not constant with
respect to distance is called non uniform flow.

∂y ∂V
≠ 0 , ∂s ≠0
∂s

6. Distinguish between steady and unsteady flow.

In steady flow, various characteristics of flowing fluids such as velocity, pressure, density,
temperature etc. at a point do not change with time. In other words, a steady flow may be defined
as that in which the various characteristics are independent of time. Mathematically it can be
expressed as

∂u =0, ∂v ∂w
=0 ; =0
∂t ∂t ∂t

∂p ∂ρ
∂t =0, =0
∂t
In unsteady flow, various characteristics of flowing fluids such as velocity, pressure,
density, etc. at a point change with respect to time.
Mathematically,

v p
≠ 0 and (or) ≠0 ... etc
t t

Unsteadiness refers to the change of flow pattern with the passage of time at a position in the flow.
7. Explain the terms: (i) Gradually varied flow and (ii) Rapidly varied flow. [Anna
Univ.Nov’07&Nov’08]

1. Gradually varied flow

If the depth of flow changes gradually over a long length of the channel, the flow
is said to gradually varied flow (GVF)

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2. Rapidly varied flow.

If the depth of flow changes rapidly over a small length of the channel, the
flow is said to be rapidly varied flow.

8. Write down the formula for Froude number

V
Froute Number F = gD < 1.0

Where

V = Average velocity of flow in m/s

g = Acceleration due to gravity =9.81 m / s2
D = Hydraulic depth in meter

Cross Section Area of flow A

= =
Top Width T
9. Define hydraulic mean depth.

D = Hydraulic depth in meter

= Cross Section Area of flow = A
Top Width T

10.Define specific energy. [Anna Univ.Nov’06&Nov’08]

Specific energy of a flowing liquid is defined as energy per unit weight of a liquid
with respect to the bottom of the channel. By a symbol E.

V2
E = y+
2g
Where
E = Specific Energy
V = Velocity of flow
y = Depth of flow

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11. Define critical flow.

Depth of flow of water at which the specific energy. E is minimum is called as critical depth
(yc)

For rectangular channel, critical depth,

q2 1
3
hc = g

12.Define critical velocity.

Velocity of flow at the critical depth is called critical velocity Vc

Vc = g * yc
Where
yc = Critical Depth
g = Acceleration due to gravity

13.Distinguish between critical, sub critical and subcritical flows.

Critical flow:
Depth of flow of water at which the specific energy is minimum is called as critical flow.
Otherwise, flow corresponding to critical depth is called as critical flow.

For Critical Depth

Froute Number F= V = 1.0

gD

Where D = Hydraulic Mean Depth

Area of flow A
Top Width = T

Sub critical flow:

When the depth of flow in a channel is greater than the critical depth yc, the flow is
called as sub critical flow. It is otherwise, called as streaming flow or tranquil flow.
For sub critical flow, Froude number, F<1

4
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Super critical flow:

When the depth of flow in a channel is less than the critical flow, yc,
the flow is called as sub critical flow or torrential flow. For supercritical flow, Froude
number, F>1

14. Differentiate prismatic and non-prismatic channels.

Prismatic channel
Geometric dimensions of the channel, such as cross section and bottom slope are constant
throughout the length of the channel is called as a prismatic channel. Eg. Most of the artificial
channels of circular, rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular cross section are called prismatic
channels.
Non- prismatic channel
Geometric dimensions of the channel, such as cross section and bottom slope are constant
for length of the channel is called as a non-prismatic channel. Eg. All natural channels such as river,
are non-prismatic channels.

15. Explain specific force (Fc) [Anna Univ. Nov’08]

Specific force is the sum of the pressure force (F) and momentum force due to flow (M) per unit
weight of the liquid at a section.

F + M
Specific Force = Fs =
γ
Where
γ = weight density of Liquid

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