3.

4 Practice [45 marks]

1. A variety of Pelargonium has yellow leaves. When plants of this variety [1 mark]
are crossed, the resulting seeds produce green, yellow and white
seedlings in the ratio 1 : 2 : 1. If plants with yellow leaves are crossed with plants
with green leaves, what would the expected ratio of phenotypes in the offspring
be?

2. A pair of alleles controls the secretion of antigens corresponding to blood [1 mark]

group in saliva. Examine the pedigree chart.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Based on this pedigree chart, which best describes the allele conferring antigen
secretion in saliva?
A. Dominant
B. Recessive
C. Sex-linked
D. Co-dominant
3. Outline how two parents could have a child with any of the four ABO [4 marks]
blood groups.

4. The image shows the chromosomes in four cells of an insect at the end of [1 mark]
meiosis.

What is the diploid number of this insect?

A. 16
B. 8
C. 4
D. 2

5. A human gene has two alleles. One allele, P, is dominant over the [1 mark]
recessive allele p. Embryos that are homozygous for the dominant allele
die in the uterus. What is the expected ratio of genotypes for the live offspring of
a heterozygous man and a heterozygous woman?
A. 1 : 1
B. 2 : 1
C. 3 : 1
D. 4 : 0

6. In cats, black coat colour is dominant over gray. A female black cat, [1 mark]
whose mother is gray, mates with a gray male. What is the predicted ratio
of phenotypes in the offspring?
A. 100 % black
B. 50 % black to 50 % gray
C. 75 % black to 25 % gray
D. 100 % gray
7. Isolated communities in rural Finland, Hungary and some of the Scottish [3 marks]
islands have a high incidence of red-green colour blindness. Describe the
inheritance of red-green colour blindness.

8. An allele for lactase persistence allows humans to digest milk as adults. [1 mark]
People who lack this allele are lactose intolerant in adulthood.

What is the pattern of inheritance?

A. Lactase persistence is sex-linked recessive.
B. Lactase persistence is autosomal recessive.
C. Lactase persistence is sex-linked dominant.
D. Lactase persistence is autosomal dominant.

The diploid number of chromosomes in horses (Equus ferus ) is 64 and the diploid
number in donkeys (Equus africanus) is 62. When a male donkey and a female
horse are mated, the result is a mule which has 63 chromosomes.

9a. State the haploid number for horses. [1 mark]

9b. Explain reasons that mules cannot reproduce. [2 marks]

9c. Discuss whether or not horses and donkeys should be placed in the [2 marks]
same species.

9d. A mule was born at the University of Idaho in the USA with 64 [1 mark]
chromosomes. Suggest a mechanism by which this could happen.
10. In a person who is heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia, where is the [1 mark]
mutation found?
A. In every gamete produced
B. Only in gametes carrying an X chromosome
C. In all brain cells
D. In blood plasma

11. In a human with type A blood, what determines the blood group? [1 mark]
A. Sex chromosomes
B. One or two alleles
C. Multiple alleles
D. Codominant alleles

12. In a person who is heterozygous for sickle-cell anemia, where is the [1 mark]
mutation found?
A. In every gamete produced
B. Only in gametes carrying an X chromosome
C. In all brain cells
D. In blood plasma

13. In a human with type A blood, what determines the blood group? [1 mark]
A. Sex chromosomes
B. One or two alleles
C. Multiple alleles
D. Codominant alleles

The table summarizes the genome size of several organisms.

14a. Distinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype. [1 mark]

14b. Outline a structural difference between the chromosomes of [1 mark]

Helicobacter pylori and Homo sapiens.
14c. Deduce the percentage of adenine in Oryza sativa if the proportion of [1 mark]
guanine in that organism is 30 %.

The figure shows a pedigree chart for the blood groups of three generations.

14d. Deduce the possible phenotypes of individual X. [1 mark]

14e. Describe ABO blood groups as an example of codominance. [1 mark]

This is a pedigree chart of a family with hypophosphatemia, an X-linked condition,

in which bone deformities occur because of poor absorption of phosphates into
the blood.

15a. Using the pedigree chart, deduce the type of allele that causes [2 marks]
hypophosphatemia.

15b. Identify the genotype of the individual marked with a star in the [1 mark]
pedigree chart, using appropriate symbols for your answer.
 The diagram shows one of Thomas Hunt Morgan’s crosses of Drosophila in the
early 20th century.

16a. State the type of inheritance shown. [1 mark]

16b. Identify the recombinants. [1 mark]

16c. The chi-squared value was calculated as shown. Deduce, with reasons, [2 marks]
whether the observed ratio differed significantly from the expected
Mendelian ratio.

17a. Isolated communities in rural Finland, Hungary and some of the Scottish[3 marks]
islands have a high incidence of red-green colour blindness. Describe
the inheritance of red-green colour blindness.

17b. Outline the causes of variation in one example of continuous variation [5 marks]
in humans.
 18. A dominant autosomal allele for lactase persistence allows humans to [1 mark]
digest milk as adults. People who lack this allele are lactose intolerant in
adulthood.

If J and K have a child L, what is the probability that L will be lactase persistent?
A. 25 %
B. 50 %
C. 75 %
D. 100 %

19. The pedigree chart shows the inheritance of hemophilia in some of the [1 mark]
descendants of Queen Victoria. Which letter points to a family member
certain to be heterozygous?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

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