STCW Chapter VI Regulation VI/2

Mandatory minimum requirements for the issue of certificates of

proficiency in survival craft, rescue boats and fast rescue boats.

Every candidate for a certificate of proficiency in survival craft and

rescue boats other than fast rescue boats shall:

1. be not less than 18 years of age;

2. have approved seagoing service of not less than 12 months or
have attended an approved training course and have approved
seagoing service of not less thy six months; and
3. meet the standard of competence for certificates of proficiency
in survival craft and rescue boats, set out in section A-VI/2,
paragraphs 1 to 4 of the STCW Code.

1. be the holder of a certificate of proficiency in survival craft and

rescue boats other than fast rescue boats;
2. have attended an approved training course; and
3. meet the standard of competence for certificates of proficiency
in fast rescue boats, set out in section A-VI/2, paragraphs 7 to 10
of the STCW Code.

Section A-VI/2

1. Every candidate for a certificate of proficiency in survival craft

and rescue boats other than fast rescue boats shall be required
to demonstrate competence to undertake the tasks, duties and
responsibilities listed in column 1 of table A-VI/2-

1. Every candidate for certification shall be required to provide

evidence of having achieved the required standard of
competence through:

1. demonstration of competence to undertake the tasks,

duties and responsibilities listed in column 1 of table
A-VI/2-1, in accordance with the methods for demonstrating
competence and the criteria for evaluating competence
tabulated in columns 3 and 4 of that table; and
 2. examination or continuous assessment as part of an
approved training programme covering the material set out
in column 2 of table A-VI/2-1.

DAY 1
COMPETENCE: TAKE CHARGE OF A SURVIVAL CRAFT OR RESCUE
BOAT DURING AND AFTER LAUNCH

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH CHAPTER IV OF

LSA CODE

1. Shall have purely rigid hull

2. Lifeboat strength
3. Buoyancy

TYPES OF LIFEBOATS:

1. OPEN
2. ENCLOSED
3. FREE-FALL

 Vessels before July 1986 may still have open lifeboats.

 Enclosed lifeboats are required after July 1986

1.0 CONSTRUCTION AND OUTFITTING OF SURVIVAL CRAFT AND

RESCUE BOATS AND INDIVIDUAL ITEMS OF THEIR EQUIPMENT

1.1. General requirements for the construction and outfitting of

survival craft and rescue boats in accordance with Chapter
IV of LSA Code

1.2 TYPES OF SURVIVAL CRAFTS AND THEIR EQUIPMENT

OPEN TYPE LIFEBOAT

 Without a permanent cover.
  May be with or without an engine.
 Have a removable mast, sails and oars.
 Whilst those with an engine or mechanical, not provided with a
mast and sails.

TYPES OF TOTALLY ENCLOSED LIFEBOAT

 Fire protected
 With self-contained air support system

RESCUE BOAT
 Passenger ships of 500 GRT and over shall carry at least one
rescue boat complying with the requirements of the Code on
each side of the ship.

 Passenger ships of less than 500 GRT shall carry at least one
rescue boat complying with the requirements of the Code.
2.0 CHARACTERISTICS AND FACILITIES OF SURVIVAL CRAFT AND
RESCUE BOATS

2.1 CHARACTERISTICS AND LIMITATIONS OF SURVIVAL CRAFT

AND RESCUE BOATS

LIFEBOATS

ACCESS INTO LIFEBOATS –

 Can be rapidly boarded and disembarked
 Three (3) minutes from the time the instruction to board is given
(For Cargo Ships)

CAPACITY
Number of persons which a lifeboat to be launched by falls:
 No. of persons with an average of 75 kg, all wearing lifejackets
 No. of spaces that can be provided on the seating arrangements

FREE-FALL LIFEBOATS RELEASE SYSTEM

 Two (2) independent activation systems

 Could release load up to at least 200% of the normal load
 Protected against accidental or premature use
 Designed to test the release system without launching the lifeboat

INFLATABLE LIFERAFT

 Shall have a canopy to protect the occupants

 Six persons or more persons capacity

MARINE EVACUATION SYSTEM – An appliance for the rapid transfer of

persons from the embarkation deck of a ship to a floating survival
craft.

MES LIFE RAFT

2.2 FUNCTIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE FACILITIES

ASSOCIATED IN THE USE OF SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE
BOATS
INFLATABLE LIFERAFT

 Be fitted with an efficient painter of length equal to not less than

10 m plus the distance from the stowed position to the waterline
in the lightest seagoing condition or 15 m whichever is the
greater

LIFEBOAT MARKINGS – Means of identifying the ship to which the

lifeboat belongs & the number of the lifeboat shall be marked in such a
way that they are visible from above.

Markings found on a lifeboat:

 Maker's name and trademark

 Serial Number
 Date of manufacture
 Name of approving authority
 Name and place of the last service
 Number of persons permitted

3.0 TYPES OF DEVICES USED FOR LAUNCHING OF SURVIVAL CRAFT

AND
RESCUE BOATS

3.1 VARIOUS TYPES OF DEVICES USED FOR LAUNCHING SURVIVAL

CRAFT AND FOR RESCUE BOATS

SINGLE ARM DAVIT – Mainly used for lifting and lowering a boat/raft or
other types of rafts.

GRAVITY TYPE DAVIT

3.2 PROCEDURE IN OPERATING

OPEN LIFEBOAT LAUNCHING PROCEDURE

1. Initial preparations
2. Lower to deck level
3. Secure to embarkation deck
4. Embark personnel
5. Lower to water
6. Letting go

ENCLOSED LIFEBOAT

1. Initial preparations
2. Launch actions
3. Lower to water
4. Entering water
5. Letting go
6. Final actions

FREE-FALL LIFEBOAT

There is no standard procedure for launching free-fall lifeboats, as

design and fittings vary considerably.

LAUNCHING LIFERAFT
1. Automatic Release
2. Manual Release
 3. Launch Life raft
4. Inflate Life raft
5. Automatic Release

AFTER LAUNCHING LIFERAFT

1. Righting Upturned Life raft

2. Board quickly
3. Move clear of the ship
4. Stream the Sea anchor
5. Close the entrances
6. Further actions

3.3 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN OPERATING LAUNCHING DEVICE

LAUNCHING ARRANGEMENTS

DAVIT LAUNCHED LIFE RAFT

 Incorporates all the features of a TOB life raft.

 With the addition of webbing or rope arrangement which allows
the raft to be suspended from a davit
 Arrangement is strong enough to allow the life raft to be loaded
and lowered with its full complement.

LAUNCHING SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS INTO A ROUGH

SEA

1) Crew to be wearing lifejackets.

2) Stop the vessel.
3) Check the plug and rig fenders on the inboard side.
4) A long boat rope should be passed along the hull and secured
fore and aft.
5) One painter forward and one painter aft at all times and to be
kept taut.
6) Get the engines running.
7) At the time of lowering have the ship heading in the direction in
which it will lie the steadiest.
8) Lower the lifeboat from the embarkation deck, after crew
embarks.
 9) Rig cargo scrambling nets in case of persons falling overboard or
lifeboats smashing up they have a chance of survival.
10) Keep her well frapped in and held by the gunwale until ready
for launching.
11) Have oil bags ready over the side
12) When the vessel rolls the right way, let go the frapping, lower
quickly onto a wave crest.
13) As she slides onto a succeeding trough her falls are
automatically slacked by the boats weight.
14) On rising to the next crest, they are amply slacked for rapid
unhooking.
15) Let go aft painter and keep forward painter so that the boat
takes a sheer using her rudder.
16) Let go forward painter, go full ahead and clear the ship's side.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN LAUNCHING SURVIVAL CRAFT AND

RESCUE BOAT

 Rig fenders, mattresses or mooring ropes to prevent the boat from

being staved during an adverse roll.
 A cargo net, slung between davits and trailing in the water for
crew to hang on in case the boat capsizes alongside. It should
not hamper the operation of the boat.
 The painter is rigged and kept tight throughout to keep the boat in
position between the falls.
 The falls are loosely tied with a line, led to the deck and manned.
When the boat is unhooked, the line will steady the falls and
prevent accidental contact with the boat crews.
 Once unhooked, the blocks should be taken up to avoid injuring
the crews in lifeboat.

CLEARING THE SHIP’S SIDE

How to get clear of the ships’ side in a lifeboat

 Using the engine
 Oars
 The painter is very useful during maneuvering to assist in clearing
the ship’s side by pulling it.
 Using the paddle
 Using the sea anchor
5.0 DANGERS ASSOCIATED WITH UPON USE OF ON-LOAD RELEASE
DEVICES

PROCEDURES IN ACTIVATING ON-LOAD RELEASE DEVICES

TYPES OF LIFEBOAT RELEASES MECHANISM

There are two types of lifeboats releasing mechanisms- on load and

offload. These mechanisms release the boat from the davit, which is
attached to a wire or fall by means of a hook. By releasing the hook,
the lifeboat can be set free to propel away from the ship.

TYPES OF LIFEBOAT RELEASE COMPONENTS

ACTIONS AND PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES TO BE TAKEN AFTER
LEAVING THE SHIP

ACTIONS TO TAKE WHEN ABOARD

INITIAL ACTIONS
Once you’ve launched the life raft & boarded it.
then do the following:

 Use the paddles to paddle away from the sinking vessel, you could
also take the
sea-anchor and roll it into a ball and throw it in the direction you
want to go and then pull it towards you.
 Look for survivors in the water and take them onboard the survival
craft
 If 2 or more life rafts are launched from the vessel, paddle over to
them and make your lifer aft fast to it (double rations and you're
now a bigger target too)
 Stream the both rogues, this will improve the life rafts stability
 Inflate the floor to prevent hypothermia
 If you took it with you, place the E.P.I.R.B. into the water and
attach the lanyard to the life raft
 Issue sea-sickness tablets
 Set the watch, save your flares until you see a vessel/plane (never
fire a distress rocket with any aircraft in the area)
 Check the sponsons for air, there is a bellows to pump them up
with
 In poor weather close the doors
 Read instructions for survival contained inside the craft

DAY 2
PERSONAL LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES
1. Life jacket
2. Lifebuoy
3. Immersion Suit
4. Thermal Protective Aid
5. Anti-exposure Suit

PERSONAL PREPARATIONS FOR ABANDONING SHIP

1. PREPARATION
Few things to do if time permits before going over the side:
 See to it that your life saving gears are in first class condition
 Clothes you wear & the gear you take depend upon whether what
climate you’re in.
IN COLD CLIMATE:
Clothing

1. Long woolen underwear and woolen socks

2. Wind proof jacket
3. Helmet or watch cap
4. Garments that can be slipped off easily
5. Gloves
6. Wallet & Money Belt

Actions before leaving the ship:

1. If possible, drink hot tea or coffee to ward off effect of cold water
2. Test Life jackets
3. Stimulate circulation by deep & rapid breathing

IN HOT CLIMATE:

1. Wear a shirt, trouser, and shoes to protect from the effect of sun
and salt water.
2. Take some articles with you.

PREPARATIONS FOR DEPLOYMENT OF SURVIVAL CRAFT & MARINE

EVACUATION SYSTEM

Muster crew and verify boat assignment

1. Verify individuals to know their tasks as identified in the station

bill.
2. Reassign tasks as necessary for missing or injured individuals.

Visually inspect crew and passengers to ensure:

1. Personal Floating Devices (PFD) are properly worn.

2. Crew brings their survival suits, if required.
3. Hard hats are worn by launching crew, remainders have
appropriate head covering.
Verify crew members; bring equipment identified in their station bill as
assigned.

1. Radio, L/B VHF, SART

2. Blankets
3. Boat Engine Tools

PREPARE THE LIFEBOAT FOR LAUNCHING:

1. Remove cover and strongback from lifeboat, if fitted.

2. Install boat plug.
3. Check releasing lever in the non-release position.
4. Lower man ropes.
5. Lead sea painter forward and make fast.
6. Ship rudder
7. Release gripes.
8. Inform the bridge that the boat is ready for lowering to
embarkation deck level as appropriate.

ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN WHEN REQUIRED TO ABANDONSHIP:

1. Ship should only be abandoned on the orders of the master or

person in charge of the ship.
2. Lifeboats are provided with equipment survival. Extra items
should also be carried on board such as: extra provision of
blankets, food and water, portable radio equipment, and signaling
equipment including pyrotechnics
3. Boarding a lifeboat only be done on designated boarding area and
the leader must ensure that the passengers are properly
distributed, with safety gear on.
4. When boarding through marine evacuation systems, remove
footwear; any sharp objects that may puncture the raft chute/side
5. On davit-launched life rafts, check that the craft is free of
defects and supervise to ensure that no sharp objects are carried
on board, shoes off, passengers must be properly distributed.
6. Board a hand launched life raft by lowering themselves through
the embarkation ladder, gripping firmly on the vertical rope and
avoid holding on to the horizontal wooden step to prevent injury.
 7. Avoid jumping on the canopy or to the raft for it may cause injury
to the persons who are already in the life raft or may cause
damage to the craft.
8. Every effort should be made to keep dry when boarding survival
craft to protect from cold related injuries.
9. The person in charge should ensure that all of the boat’s crew
are present and all occupants are seated with safety belts
fastened before lowering.
10. Ensure that hands and arms are clear of the boat’s sides.
11. Inboard engines of lifeboat and rescue boats should be
started within the duration prescribed by the manufacturer,
usually not over five minutes to avoid overheating
12. Outboard motor should never be started out of the water to
avoid over heating whereby causing damage to the engine.
13. Water spray and air support system should be checked if
launching into oil on the surface.
14. Person in-charge should check that it is clear below before
lowering a boat, launching a raft overboard or deploying marine
evacuation system.
15. If it proves impossible to launch a survival craft or deploy a
marine evacuation system, the person in charge must decide
alternative means and/or other location to facilitate launching
the survival craft safety.

RIGHTING AN INVERTED LIFE RAFT

How will you right an inverted life raft?

7.0 RECOVERING SURVIVAL CRAFT

7.1 METHODS OF RECOVERING SURVIVAL CRAFT

 Use of 'Recovery Strops' re-connecting hooks to the boat

 Ensure that Hooks are properly re-attached and reset
 Fall preventer devices are correctly re-installed or attached.
 Confirmation of the status of the hooks should be given to the
Master prior to commencement of hoisting
 The Boat should initially be hoisted just clear of the water.
  Additional checks should then be made by the officer in charge in
the boat
 Once the boat is hoisted to the embarkation position. it should be
secured in position prior to the boat crew disembarking.
 Once the lifeboat is recovered, it should be adiusted inthe davits
so that the weight of the boat is taken by the davit horn, not the
falls
 Battery power supply cables should be re-connectedand, if
necessary, the lifeboat fuel should be topped-up
 When possible, the lifeboat's drenching system should be flushed
with fresh water to prevent a buildup of salt deposits. If possible,
the same should becarried out for the lifeboat engine.

METHODS IN RECOVERING RESUCE BOAT IN ROUGH SEA CONDITION

PREPARATION

1. Secure a wire pendant to an accessible point on the davit arm.

2. Care to be taken and ensure that all the materials used are of
sufficient strength to accept the weight of a fully laden boat.
3. The boat falls should be retrieved at deck level and the nylon
strop shackle to the linkage of the floating block.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN RECOVERING RESCUE BOAT IN ROUGH SEA

CONDITION
 1. Ensure all openings and hatches are closed to avoid water
ingress.
2. All crew seated inside the craft must tighten their seat belts
before lifeboat is lifted.
3. Check davit and securing area is clear.
4. Check general condition of wires and ensure they are intact on
pulley.
5. The hoisting time should not be less than 0.3m/sec with full
compliment.

8.0 MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES OF SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE

BOATS

8.1 MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES FOR SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE

BOATS

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED IN MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES

COMPETENCE: OPERATING A SURVIVAL CRAFT ENGINE

9.0 METHODS OF STARTING AND OPERATING A SURVIVAL CRAFT

ENGINE

Condition
 Using an engine in an open or enclosed survival craft. or in the
laboratory.

Behavior
 Check engine fuel supply, lubrication and cooling.
 Align starting system it required.
 Start engine.
 Check and monitor engine gages for proper operation.
 Operate engine forward, neutral, and reverse.
 Secure engine operation.

Standard
 All operations are performed safely.
 Operations comply with standard procedures.
  Propulsion is available and maintained as required for
maneuvering.

TYPE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER PROVIDED IN SURVIVAL CRAFT

The fire extinguisher must be type B-C, size II, or larger. Two type B-C,
size I fire extinguishers may be carried in a place of a type B-C, size II
fire extinguisher.

PROCEDURES IN STARTING AND OPERATING A SURVIVAL CRAFT

ENGINE

LIFE BOAT ENGINE

 Powered by a compression ignition engine

 Provided with either a manual starting system, or a power starting
system with two independent rechargeable energy sources
 Capable of operating for not less than 5 min after starting with the
lifeboat out of the water
 Capable of operating when the lifeboat is flooded up to the
centerline of the crankshaft
 Propeller shafting arranged that the propellercan be disengaged
from the engine
 Exhaust pipe should arrange to prevent water from entering the
engine in normal operation.
 All lifeboats shall be designed due to the safety of persons in the
water & the possibility of damage to the propulsion system by
floating debris.
 The speed of the lifeboat:
- When proceeding ahead in calm water
- When loaded of persons & equipment;
- When all engine-powered auxiliary equipment in operation
*Shall be at least 6 knots and at least 2 knots when towing a 25-
person life raft.

* Lifeboat engine and accessories shall be deigned to limit

electromagnetic emissions.

* Water-resistant instructions for starting and operating the engine

shall be provided.
* Lifeboat engine, transmission & engine accessories shall be
enclosed in a fire-retardant casing or other suitable arrangements
providing similar protection.

LIFEBOAT ENGINE – Means shall be provided for recharging all engine

starting, radio and searchlight batteries. Radio batteries shall be used
to provide power for engine starting. Means shall also be provided for
recharging lifeboat batteries from the ship's power supply with a
voltage not exceeding 55v which can be disconnected at the lifeboat
embarkation station.

COOLING SYSTEM – Lifeboat engines are either of the following

cooling system:

 Air-cooled
 Freshwater-cooled
 Seawater-cooled

Freshwater cooling systems require protection with anti-freeze when

navigating to cold areas.

Engine should be capable of running with the lifeboat out of the water
for a minimum of 5minutes before it overheats.

BATTERY CHARGING ---

START AND OPERATE THE SURVIVAL CRAFT ENGINE AND APPLY THE
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES BASED ON OPERATION'S MANUAL

The most general symptoms of outboard engine troubles can be placed

in the following categories such as:

 engine does not start

 engine halts & runs unsteadily
 engine remains inactive for a long time
 engine overheats strangely
  engine races at unequal intervals when it is being tried out
 lifeboat engine emits superfluous blue smoke

COMPETENCE: MANAGE SURVIVORS AND SURVIVAL CRAFT AFTER

ABANDONING SHIP APPLY FIRST AID TO SURVIVORS

10.0 FOOD AND WATER APPORTIONMENT

10.1 PROVISIONS PROVIDED ON BOARD SURVIVAL CRAFT

1. Food ration totaling not less than 10,000 kJ for each person.
2. Water ration
Rules in drinking water for survival:
- First 24 hours; abstain from drinking water
- Drink water slowly, wet your lips at first, to moisten your
mouth.

11.0 FIRST AID KIT AND RESUSCITATION TECHNIQUES

11.1 CONTENTS OF THE FIRST AID KIT

FIRST AID – The immediate care given to a person with minor injuries,
such as cuts, minor burns, and sprains. It may also be the initial
stabilizing treatment given to a person with more serious injuries, such
as broken bones.

When you are first on the scene:

 You may need to rescue the victim from a dangerous situation.

Move the victim if he or she is in danger, or have the electric
power shut off.

Here is the order of actions that you might take in a major emergency:

CONTENTS OF A BASIC FIRST AID KIT:

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)

 An Emergency Procedure performed in an effort to manually

preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to
restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person
who is in cardiac arrest.
 It is indicated in those who are unresponsive with no breathing or
abnormal breathing
 It is a combination of Rescue Breathing &External Chest
Compression

Compressions
 Push hard & fast on the center of the victims chest

Airway
 Tilt the victims head back & tilt the chin to open the airway

Breathing
 Give mouth-mouth rescue breaths
----
 A universal compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2 is
recommended by the AHA.

 With children, if at least 2 trained rescuers are present a ratio of

15:2 is preferred

 In newborns a rate of 3:1 is recommended unless a cardiac cause

is known in which case a 15:2 ratio is reasonable.
RECOVERY POSITION – If the person starts breathing again, place
them in the recovery position. Periodically re-check for breathing until
help arrives.

12.0 EFFECTS OF HYPOTHERMIA AND ITS PREVENTION

12.1 HYPOTHERMIA

- A potentially dangerous drop in body temperature usually

caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, with 37°C
as the normal core temperature followed by 35°C as a
 symptom o hypothermia, 33°C skin temperature, 31°C
unconscious but responds to simulation.

SYMPTOMS FOR ADULTS:

- Shivering
- Slow, Shallow Breathing
- Confusion and Memory Loss
- Drowsiness or Exhaustion
- Loss of coordination
- Slow, weak pulse
- Slurred or mumbled speech

SYMPTOMS FOR INFANTS:

- Cold to touch, bright red skin

- Slow, weak pulse

13.0 MANAGEMENT OF INJURED PERSONS

13.1 IMPORTANCE OF PROMPT AND ACCURATE IDENTIFICATION OF

PROBABLE COURSE AND EXTENT OF INJURIES

The identification of probable cause, nature and extent of injuries or

conditions should be prompt and the treatment will minimize the
immediate threat to life.

TREATMENT OF PEOPLE RECOVERED FROM COLD WATER

- Check for vital signs. Is the casualty breathing? Are they

unconscious Unresponsive or conscious?
 - Begin appropriate First Aid as applicable.
- Always obtain medical advice as soon as cold water for long,
and is conscious.
- Occupants who were exposed and dry for short durations (2 to
3 days), and are fully alert, may require treatment for mild
hypothermia as described above for conscious immersion
survivors.
- Occupants who are wet and cold and less alert will require to
be recovered in a semi-horizontal position and should be
treated in the same way as immersion casualties at the same
level of alertness.
- Warm sweet drinks should be provided.

FROSTBITE

 Keep the affected body part elevated

 Move to a warm area
 Remove all wet clothing and constrictive jewelry
 Give the person warm, non-alcoholic, non-caffeinated fluids to
drink

Care for Frostbite

 Apply a dry, sterile bandage, place cotton between any involved

fingers or toes (to prevent rubbing), and take the person to a
medical facility as soon as possible.
 Never rewarm an affected area if there is any chance it may freeze
again
 Transport victim immediately to the nearest hospital.

IMMERSION FOOT

DAY 3
HEAT EXHAUSTION & HEAT STROKE

Heat Exhaustion

 Often occurs when people exercise (work or play) in a hot, humid

place and body fluids are lost through sweating, causing
dehydration and overheating of the body.
  Person's temp may be elevated but not above 104°F (40°C)

Symptoms:

 Often pale with cool, moist skin

 Sweating profusely
 Muscle cramps or pains
 Feels faint or dizzy
 May complain of headache, weakness, thirst, and nausea
 Body temp elevated - usually more than 100°F (37.7°C) and the
pulse rate increased

Care for Heat Exhaustion

 Rest in a cool, shaded area

 Give cool fluids (water or sports drinks). Do not give any
beverages containing alcohol or caffeine.
 Loosen or remove clothing.
 Apply cool water to skin. Do not use an alcohol rub.

Heat Stroke

 A.K. A Sunstroke
 A life-threatening medical condition
 Person's cooling system stops working and the internal body
temperature rises to the point at which brain damage or internal
organ damage may result
 Temp may reach 105°F or greater
 (40.5°C or greater)

Symptoms:

 Unconscious or has a markedlyabnormal mental status dizziness,

confusion, hallucinations, or coma)
 Flushed, hot, and dry skin
 May have slightly elevated blood pressure at first that falls later
 May be hyperventilating
 Body temp of 105°F (40.5°C)

Care for Heat stroke:

  Move the person to a cooler environment, or place him or her in a
cool bath of water.
 Moisten the skin with lukewarm water and use a fan to blow cool
air across the skin.
 Give cool beverages.

TREATMENT FOR CONTAMINTATION BY OIL FUEL

Survivors may be affected by oil on the water when abandoning ship,

which will result in some or all of the following:
 Swallowing of oil - Swallowing oil will cause vomiting, victim
should be given additional water
 Oil covering the skin and clothes - Oil should be wiped off the skin
with anything available from survival craft
 Inhalation of oil into the lungs
 Inflammation of the eyes- Eyes should be washed out and
protected from sunlight

SHOCK – A state of collapse and failure of cardiovascular system that

leads to inadequate circulation.
Basic Causes of Shock:

 Poor pump function

 Blood or fluid loss
 Blood vessel dilation
First Aid Management for Shock

Proper Positioning
Proper Body Heat
Proper Medical Advice

Wounds – A break in continuity of the tissues in the body.

Classification of Wounds:

 Open (External) Wounds

 Close (Internal) Wounds

Types of Open Wounds:

 Abrasion – Wounds resulting from scraping off the skin and

underlying tissues.
 Puncture – Wounds caused by pointed objects.
 Incision - Wounds caused by sharp objects.
 Laceration – Wounds that has jagged or irregular edges.
 Avulsion – Wounds caused by forcible separation or tearing of the
tissue.

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR OPEN WOUND

Wounds with minor bleeding:

 Clean the wound with soap and water

 Apply mild antiseptic
 Cover the wound with dressing and bandage

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR OPEN WOUND

Wounds with Severe Bleeding:

 Control bleeding
 Cover the wound with dressing and bandage
 Care for shock
  Consult physician

Types of Closed Wounds

 Sprain
 Contusion
 Hematoma
 Ecchymosis

First Aid Management for Close Wound:

ICES

Burns – An injury involving the skin, which may include the nerves,
blood vessels, muscles or bones, resulting from exposure to excessive
heat, chemicals, electricity or radiation.

Types of Burn:

 Thermal
 Chemical
 Electrical

Degrees of Burn:

1. First Degree Burn – Involve the top layer of the skin, the
epidermis. Redness and swelling present.
2. Second Degree Burn – Involve the epidermis and some portion of
the dermis. Blister is common.
3. Third Degree Burn – Extend to all layers of the skin, including
subcutaneous tissues, muscle, bones, and internal organs.

First Aid Management for Thermal Burn

1. Cool the burned area under running water.

2. Apply burn ointment or burn gel if available.
3. Cover the area with dry non-sticking sterile dressing or clean
cloth.
4. Care for shock.
First Aid Management for Chemical Burn

1. Flush burned area with running water.

2. Remove contaminated clothing.
3. Cover the affected area with dry sterile dressing or clean cloth.
4. Seek medical attention promptly.

Chemical Burn of the Eyes

1. Keep the eyelids open.

2. Flood the affected eye with gentle stream of water.
3. Loosely bandage both eyes.
4. Seek medical attention.

TYPES OF ROUGH SEAS

 Head sea: A sea that is broad on the bow, coming at an angle

between the bow and amidships.
 Broad sea: A sea coming at you between the bow and amidships.
 Beam sea: A sea coming at a right angle to the keel of your boat.
 Quartering sea: A sea coming at an angle between amidships and
astern.
 Following sea: A sea coming directly on the transom.
 Chop or confused sea state: A combination of wind, waves and
current produces a confused sea that seems to batter the boat
from all directions at once.

ROW AND STEER A BOAT

15.0 USE OF PAINTER, SEA-ANCHOR AND ALL OTHER EQUIPMENT

PROCEDURE IN USING PAINTER, SEA-ANCHOR AND OTHER

EQUIPMENT

Sea Painter – Line used to tow a lifeboat behind a ship to keep the
boats closer together.

- The length must be two (2) times the distance from the boat
deck to the light water line or 50 feet whichever is greater.
- It is attached by a toggle passed through a line with an eye
spice to make it easy to release in an emergency when the
coxswain give the command.

16.0 DETECTABILITY AND LOCATION OF SURVIVAL CRAFT

EQUIPMENT TO BE USED TO AID DETECTABILITY AND LOCATION OF

A SURVIVAL CRAFT

 SART
 EPIRB
 RADAR Reflector

17.0 METHOD IN HELICOPTER RESCUE

METHODS OF HELICOPTER RESCUE

Helicopters often play an important role in rescue operations at sea,

as they can quickly locate a casualty and rescue them from the water.
Most SAR (search and rescue) helicopters also have a doctor or
medically trained crew who can start treating patients as soon as they
are recovered.

DEVICES AND EQIUIPMENT USED ---

METHODS OF HELICOPTER RESCUE

 Single Lift – Is a typical rescue sling. Approach the sling in a way

so that it is always between you and the hoist. The sling is to be
put under the armpits and the straps to be tightened
 Double Lift – When using double lift, the helicopter sends a rescuer
down to put the sling around the person to be rescued.
 Basket Lift – When using a basket lift, the person has to sit down,
with arms and legs inside the basket. The head to be bended
towards the knees, the hand around the knees. Keep still until
the basket life is onboard the helicopter.
 Stretcher Lift – When rescuing badly injured persons, stretcher
lifts are used. A tiller rope is often used for as well stretcher as
basket lifts in order to keep the stretcher or the basket clear of
obstacles. The tiller rope must never be made fast onboard the
ship. In big ships the injured persons most often can be rescued
from the deck. In small ships a raft is put out aft. If practicable a
member of the crew should be in the raft besides the patient in
order to assist during the picking up. When the rescuing is
carried out from a life raft the roof must be deflated and all on
board must sit down on the roof. When rescuing from lifeboats,
masts, antennas, etc. should be laid down.

PREPARATIONS AND METHODS IN HELICOPTER RESCUE

Communicating with Helicopter

Communication between ship & helicopter for winching operations:

 Information exchanged will be understood.
 Direct radio link should be established.
 Exchange information & instruction about rendezvous position,
may be established through shore-based radio station.
 Ship should monitor VHF channel 16 for the arrival of the
helicopter.
  When the helicopter is equipped for DF, it can identify the ship &
home on it by using the ship's radio transmission on an agreed
frequency.
 Avoid any misunderstandings, the selection of internationally
developed.
 Visual signals may be used to communicate with the helicopter.

ROUTINE FOR SURVIVAL:

Duties and responsibilities of a leader:

 You must know your job

 Know your men and look for their welfare
 Keep your men well informed
 Make sound and timely decision
 Make sure the task was understood, supervised and accomplished

Qualities of a leader:

 Expert in handling, working and navigating a ship or boat at sea

 Possess a skill of a good seamanship and be able to follow the
seaway of life

Role of a leader during survival:

 The final authority in all matters, but must also give everybody the
chance to be heard.
 Directs everybody while on distress
 The determining factor in decision making, for high rate of survival

Maintenance of moral – Moral and mental condition as regards to

courage, zeal, confidence, enthusiasm or willingness to endure
hardship and is also known as a state of mind that back up with
courage and confidence.

Survival at Sea – Lookout duties aboard survival craft.

Established schedule of lookout duties. The leader will assign watch
to everyone by turns except those who are weak. The watch may last
for one hour but should not extend over two hours. Generally, 2-men
watch is considered appropriate however, it depends on the number of
individuals aboard a lifeboat or life raft.

ACTIONS TO TAKE WHEN ABOARD THE SURVIVAL CRAFT:

Duties of a lookout includes:

 To see if any more drifters is on the water

 To search for land
 To see whether rescuing ships or aircraft are in the vicinity
 To see if the survival craft is approaching any danger, like rock or
floating debris
 To monitor the condition of the raft and/or boat constantly
 To listen to the whistle or shout of any drifters
 Watch for any light in the dark
 Report to the leader immediately any changes detected during his
tour of duty
 Pass any important matters to the incoming watch or lookout

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES TO BE TAKEN IN MARSHALING LIFE

RAFTS

MARSHALLING LIFE RAFTS – With breakers flowing rapidly it won't be

possible to out-run them and run aground simply by using the lifeboat's
engines.
Heaving onto the sea when heading inshore might lead the boat to lose
its steerage way causing the boat to get broadside to the sea / swell
and keel over. If, in case the boat capsizes, remember to swim clear of
the boat as soon as possible.

Selecting your landing point:

Once the landing point is selected, take your time to adjust to the
situation. Landing onto the leeward side of the mainland or island, or
on a point projecting out into water is more favored than crashing in
from the windward side. Avoid the glare of the sun as far as possible to
circumvent from getting baffled when finding the correct landing spot.
Choosing a sandy beach for landing is advised. Never beach in the
nighttime.
SUITABILITY OF A BEACHING LOCATION OR AREA FOR BEACHING
SURVIVAL
CRAFT IN A GIVEN SITUATION

COMPETENCE: USE LOCATING DEVICES, INCLUDING

COMMUNICATION AND SIGNALING APPARATUS AND PYROTECHNICS

20.0 RADIO LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES CARRIED IN SURVIVAL

CRAFT

Radio Equipment

Portable VHF Transceivers:

- Portable VHF transceivers performance standards

- Capable to be operated on channel 16 and 1 other channel
- Capable to be operated by unskilled personnel
- Capable to be operated by personnel wearing gloves
- Capable for single hand operation
- Capable to withstand drops on to a hard surface from a height
of 1 meter
- Be of small size and light weight
- Not to be unduly affected by seawater or oilBe water tight to a
depth of 1 meter for at least 5 minutes
- No sharp projections which could damage survival crafts
- Capable to be operated in ambient noise level likely to be
encountered on board survival craft
- Have provisions for attachment to the clothing of the user
- Be either a highly visible yellow/orange color or marked with a
surrounding yellow/orange marking strip
 - Be resistant to deterioration from prolonged exposure to
sunlight

What is SART? (Search and Rescue Transponder) – An extremely vital

equipment on the ship as it performs the job of a signal-man. It is a
vital machine during distress for it helps in locating the position of the
vessel in case it goes off-track.

USE PORTABLE RADIO EQUIPMENT AND SIMULATE ACTIVATION OF

SATELLITE EPIRBS AND SARTS

SART (Search and Rescue Transponder) – a self-contained, waterproof

transponder intended for emergency use at sea. These devices may be
either a radar-SART. or a GPS-based AIS-SART (automatic
identification system SART).

- A test can be done in port in conjunction with a vessel's own

radar, or with the radar on a nearby vessel, provided that the
duration of the test is kept to the absolute minimum time to
avoid any disturbance to other vessels. Such tests should be
coordinated with the local harbor master and/or coast guard.

EPIRB (Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons) – A device that

are designed to save life by alarming rescue authorities and indicating
your location.

TYPES OF EPIRB:

Category I

- 406/121.5 MHz, Float-free, automatically activated EPIRB.

Detectable by satellite anywhere in the world. Recognized by
GMDSS.

Category II

- 406/121.5 MHz, Similar to Category I, except it is manually

activated. Other models are also water activated.
121.5/243 MHz EPIRBs

- The international Cospas-Sarsat ceased satellite processing of

121.5/243 MHz beacons on 01 February 2009. Although ELT
(Emergency Locator Transmitter) used by aircraft may still be
used, alerts from these devices or from 121.5/243 MHz EPIRBs
will no longer be acted upon unless independently confirmed
by two independent non-satellite sources.

406 MHz EPIRBs

- The 406 MHz EPIRB was designed to operate with satellites.

The signal frequency (406MHz) has been designated
internationally for use only for distress. Othercommunications
and interference, such as on 121.5 MHz, is not allowed on this
frequency.

406 MHz GEOSAR System

- The major advantage of the 406 MHz low earth orbit system is
the provision of global Earth coverage using a limited number
of polar-orbiting satellite. Coverage is not continuous,
however, and it may take up to a couple of hours for an EPIRB
alert to be received. To overcome this limitation, COSPAS-
SARSAT has 406 MHz EPIRB repeaters aboard several
geostationary satellites.

TESTING EPIRB

 406 MHz EPIRBs can be tested through its self-test function,

which is an integral part of the device. 406 MHz EPIRBs can also
be tested inside a container designed to prevent its reception by
the satellite. Testing a 406 MHz EPIRB by allowing it to radiate
outside such a container is illegal.

BATTERY REPLACEMENT OF EPIRB

 Batteries must be replaced by the date indicated on the EPIRB

label using the model specified by the manufacturer. It should be
replaced by a dealer approved by the manufacturer. If the
 replacement battery is not the proper type, the EPIRB will not
operate for the duration specified in a distress.

REGISTRATION OF 406 MHZ EPIRBS

 Proper registration of your 406 MHz satellite emergency position-

indicating radio beacon (EPIRB) is intended to save your life, and
is mandated by Federal Communications Commission
regulations. The Coast Guard is enforcing this FCC registration
rule.

21.0 PYROTECHNIC DISTRESS SIGNALS

1. Hand Flare

- Small cylindrical stick that produces an intense red smoke or

light without an explosion
- Should be held out leeward when activated
- Can be used by the day as we as night

Operation:

1. Pull out red end until telescopic tube is fully extended and
engaged
2. Unscrew red end cap and point away.
3. Pull ball out sharply to fire
4. Hold at arms-length. Point downwind. End plug ejects after 2
seconds delay.

2. Rocket Parachute Flare

- Fires a single red star to a height of approximately 300m

- Produce intense red smoke
- Parachute opens up & reduce the rate of descent which give
more time to the flare to remain at a height
Operation:

1. Hold signal firmly by ribbed handle. Unscrew RED bottom cap. Do

not point at people or property.
2. Hold rocket vertically above head pointing away from body.
3. Ensure hands remain clear of too. To fire – pull red ball sharply
down.

3. Buoyant Smoke Signal

- Held in a compact container with a buoyant nature

- Mostly for use by the day
- -Can indicate the position of distress with the bright orange
smoke
- Also for determining the wind direction for rescue

Line Throwing Appliances

-Not a distress signaling equipment but is counteracting

equipment in distress situations
- Used so that a connection is made in terms of a strong line
between the distressed ship and the safe ship
Operation:

1. Remove the front cover and point in the desired fight direction.
2. Pull out safety pin.
3. Aim over the top of target. Be prepared for recoil.
4. Turn grip to left or right to fire.
5. If misfire occurs hold unit in firing position for at least 60
seconds, then dispose of overboard.