ANSI/IEEE Std 516-1987

(Revision of IEEE Std 516

February 1986 for trial use.)

IEEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on

Energized Power-Lines

Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, N Y 10017, USA
N m b e r 25, 1988 SH1.2096
 An American National Standard
IEEE Guide for
Maintenance Methods on
Energized Power-Lines
1. General
1.1 Scope. This guide provides general recom-
mendations for performing maintenance work on
energized power-lines. It is not intended to include
all of the proven, practical methods and proce-
dures; however, these selected comprehensive
recommendations are based on sound engineer-
ing principles, engineering safety considerations,
and decades of field experience by many utilities.
Included are technical explanations as required
to cover: certain laboratory testing of tools and
equipment; field maintenance and care of tools
and equipment; work methods for the mainte-
nance of energized lines and for persons working
in the vicinity of energized lines.
1.2 Purpose. The purpose of this guide is to
(1) Present in one guide sufficient details of
some of the methods and equipment pres-
ently in use to enable the performance of
safe, energized-line maintenance.
(2) Direct attention to appropriate standards
and other documents for the acquisition of
knowledge on the care and use of required
tools and equipment.
(3) Provide guidance for establishing a safe
work area, taking into consideration the
physical effects of the work area on per-
sonnel.
It is not intended that this guide should replace
present proven utility practices or imply that
these recommendations are superior to existing
practices and, therefore, should be universally
adopted as utility standards. This compilation of
many accepted practices is presented specifically
in the form of a guide to be used by those electric
power utilities and agencies that are seeking guid-
ance in establishing methods and procedures for
maintenance of energized power-lines.
7
This guide is not establishing a standard for
maintenance of energized power-lines in the
electric utility industry as such.
1.3 Application. This guide is broad enough yet
specific enough to be applicable to all aspects of
energized-line maintenance.
Since energized-line-maintenance practices for
different projects are influenced by the magni-
tude and nature of each project, and by local con-
ditians and circumstances, mme a!ternative
methods that have been successfully employed
are presented.
The practices described provide for the safe
performance of energized-line maintenance. They
are based on practices of operating utilities with
many years of successful experiences. Advance-
ment in technology or changes in system design
will probably j u s t a modlfylng the minimum
requirements recommended in this guide.
The approach used within this guide is as
follows:
(1) To present definitions required for clarity.
(2) To indicate the engineering and other
technical considerations essential to the
safe performance of energized-line main-
tenance.
(3) To provide guidance for the necessary test
equipment and procedures associated with
manufacturer and user's acceptance, test-
ing, and care of equipment.
(4) To detail various work methods for work-
ing on or near energized lines and asso-
ciated devices.
1.4 Other Requirements. Requirements of fed-
eral, state, or local regulations should be observed.
When any conflict exists between guide and the
rules of the owner of the line, the owner's rules
should take precedence.
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
1.5 References. This guide shall be used in con-
juction with the following publications:
[ I ] ANSI A92.2-1979, American National Stan-
dard Vehicle Mounted Elevating and Rotating
Devices.'
[2] ANSI C2-1987, American National Standard
National Electrical Safety Code.
[3] ANSI C29.1-1982, American National Stan-
dard Precision Power Transmission Chains, At-
tachments, and Sprockets.
[ 4 ] ANSIIIEEE Std 4-1978, IEEE S t a n d a r d
Techniques for High-Voltage Testing.
[5] ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1988, IEEE Standard
Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms.
[6] ANSI/IEEE Std 524-1980, IEEE Guide to the
Installation of Overhead Transmission Line Con-
ductors.
[7] ANSI/IEEE Std 978-1984, IEEE Guide for In-
Service Maintenance and Electrical Testing of
Live-Line Tools.
[SI ASTM D120-87, Standard Specification for
Rubber Insulating Gloves2
[9] ASTM D149-87, Standard Test Methods for
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage a n d Dielectric
Strength of Electrical Insulating Materials at
Commercial Power Frequencies.
(101 ASTM D1048-88a,Standard Specification for
Rubber Insulating Blankets.
[ 11] ASTM D1049-88, Standard Specification for
Rubber Insulating Gloves.
[ 121 ASTM D1050-85,Standard Specification for
Rubber Insulating Line Hose.
[13] ASTM D1051-87, Standard Specification for
Rubber Insulating Sleeves.
[ 141 ASTM D1078-86, Standard Test Method for
Distillation Range of Volatile Organic Liquids.
[15] ASTM F 96-77(1982), Specification for Elec-
tronic Grade Alloys of Copper and Nickel in
Wrought Forms.
[ 161 ASTM F 478-87, Specification In-Service
Care of Insulating Line Hose and Covers.
ANSI publications are available from the Sales Depart-
ment, American National Standard Institute, 1430 Broadway,
New York, NY 10018.
%ASTMpublications are available from the American Society
for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA
19103.
8
IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE
[ 171 ASTM F 479-88, Specification for In-Service
Care of Insulating Blankets.
[ 18) ASTM F 496-85, Specification for In-Service
Care of Insulating Gloves and Sleeves.
[ 191 ASTM F 71 1-83,Fiberglass-Reinforced Plas-
tic (FRP) Rod and Tube Used in Live-Line Tools.
[ 201 ASTM F 855-83,Temporary Grounding Sys-
tems to be Used on De-Energized Electrical Power
Lines and Equipment.
[ 2 1] ASTM F 968-85, Electrically Insulating Plas-
tic Guard Equipment for Protection of Workers.
[22] CFR, Section 29 1926.955(e)(11) Federal
OSHA Code.
[23] CFR, Section 29. 1926/551 and 1910. 183,
osm.3
(241 CSA C225-76, Vehicle-Mounted Aerial
Devices."
[25] Data Sheet 12304-598-1980.5
[ 261 EPRI Transmission-Line Reference Book
(EL2500, 2nd ed).6
[27] IEC 265-1968, High-Voltage Switches7
[28] IEEE Std 62-1978, IEEE Guide for Field
Testing Power Apparatus Insulation?
[29] IEEE Std 957-1987, Guide for Cleaning
Insulators.
[30] Application Guide for Insulator Contamina-
tion. See Application Guide for Insulators in Con-
taminated Environment. IEEE Paper F77-639-8.
[ 3 1] ASANOVA, T. P. and Rakov, A. I. The State of
Health of Persons Working In Electric Field of
Outdoor 400 kV and 500 kV Switchyards. Hygiene
of Labor and Professional Diseases, no 5 1966,
USSR.
3CFR publications are available from Superintendent of
Documents, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC,
20402.
41n the United States, CSA Standards are available from the
Sales Department of American National Standards Institute,
1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. In Canada they are
available a t the Canadian Standards Association (Standards
Sales), 178 Rexdale Blvd, Rexdale, Ontario, Canada M9W 1R3.
5This publication is available from the National Safety
Council, 444 North Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 6061 1.
'This publication is available from the Research Report
Center, PO Box 50490, Palo Alto, CA 94303.
IEC publications are available from the Sales Department,
American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New
York, NY 10018.
IEEE publications are available from IEEE Service Center,
445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, N J 08854-1331.

METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES
[32] BRIDGES, J. E. Biological Effects of 60 Hz
Electric Fields. IIT Research Institute Final
Report E8151, EPRI Project RP-381-1,
Nov 1975.
[33] BRIDGES, J. E. Environmental Considera-
tions Concerning the Biological Effects of Power-
Frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz) Electric Fields. IEEE
Paper F77 256-1.
[34] ELEK and SIMPSON. Safe Clearance and
Protection Against Shocks During Live-Line Work.
AIEE Paper, Feb 1962, pp 61-1019.
[35] IEEE COMMITTEE REPORT 31-TP67-96.
Recommendations for Safety in Live-Line
Maintenance.
[36] KOUWENHOVEN, W. B., et al. Body Current
in Live-Line Working. IEEE Paper 31-TP65-673.
(371 KOUWENHOVEN, W. B. e t al. Medical
Evaluation of Man Working in AC Electric Fields.
IEEE Paper 31-TP66-395.
[38] KOUWENHOVEN,W. B., and LANGWORTHY,
0. R. Effects of Electric Shock. AIEE Transactions
vol49, Jan 1930, p p 381-394.
[39] KRIVOVA, T. I., et al. Standardization of the
Intensity of an Electrical Field of Commercial
Frequency by the Threshold of Stimulation with
Painful Initiation of Electrical Discharges. USSR.
[40] Live-Line Maintenance Methods. Task Group
for Live-Line Maintenance Methods. IEEE Paper
T-73 157-5.
(41] SINGEWALD, M. R., et al. Medical Follow-up
Study of High-Voltage Lineman Working in AC
Electric Fields. IEEE Paper T73 154-2.
[42] Study in the USSR of Medical Effects of
Electric Fields on an Electric Power System.
Translated from Russian by KNICKERBOCKER,
G. G. IEEE/PES Special Pub, no 10.
2. Definitions
aerial device. A vehicular mounted articulating
device or telescoping boom-type personal lift
device, or both, equipped with an insulating boom
and one or more buckets or a platform used to
position a worker.
aerial work. Work performed on equipment
used for the transmission and distribution of elec-
tricity, which is performed in an elevated position
on various structures, conductors, or associated
equipment.
9
ANSI/ IEEE
Std 516-1987
barehand work. A technique of performing live-
line maintenance on energized wires and equip-
ment whereby one or more linemen work directly
on an energized part after having been raised and
bonded to the energized wire or equipment. These
linemen are normally supported by an insulated
ladder, nonconductive rope, insulated aerial
device, helicopter, or the energized wires or equip-
ment being worked on. Most barehand work
includes the use of insulating live-line tools.
bonded. The mechanical interconnection of con-
ductive parts to maintain a common electrical
potential. Synonym:connected.
bucket. A device designed to be attached to the
boom tip of a line truck, crane, or aerial lift and
support workers in an elevated working position.
It is normally constructed of fiberglass to reduce
its physical weight, maintain strength, and obtain
good dielectric characteristics. Synonym: basket.
bypass. See: jumper.
capacitive current. The component of the mea-
sured current that leads the applied voltage by
90" due to the geometrical capacitance of the tool
or equipment.
clearance. See: work permit.
conduction current. The component of the mea-
sured current in phase with the applied voltage
that is delivered to the volume of the tool or
equipment, due to the physical resistance of the
material comprising the tool or equipment.
conductive clothing. Clothing made of natural or
synthetic material either conductive or inter-
woven with conductive thread to provide from
electrostatic effects of high-voltage energized
electrical conductors and equipment.
conductor. A wire or combination of wires not
insulated from one another, suitable for carrying
an electrical current. However, it may be bare or
insulated. Synonyms: cable, Wire.
conductor cover. Electrical protection equip-
ment designed specifically to cover conductors.
Synonyms: Cover-up,eel, hard cauer,hose, snake,
blanket. See: cover-up equipment.
conductor grip. A device designed to permit the
pulling of a conductor without splicing on fittings,
eyes, etc. I t permits the pulling of a continuous
I
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
conductor where threading is not possible. The
designs of these grips vary considerably. Grips
such as the Klein (Chicago) and Crescent utilize
an open-sided, rigid body with opposing jaws and
swing latch. In addition to pulling conductors this
type is commonly used to tension guys and in
some cases, pull wire rope. The design of the
come-along (pocket-book, suitcase, four bolt, etc)
incorporates a bail attached to the body of a
clamp that folds to completely surround and
envelop the conductor. Bolts are then used to
close the clamp and obtain a grip. Synonyms: buf-
falo, Ch,kwgrip, come-abng, Crescentfour bolt,
grip, Klein, pocketbook, seven bolt, six bolt, slip-
grip, suitcase, Kellem grip.
cover-up equipment. Equipment designed to pro-
tect persons from energized parts in a specific
work area. Many different types are available to
cover conductors, insulators, dead-end assem-
blies, structures, and apparatus. Cover-up mate-
rial may be either flexible or rigid.
current-carrying part. A conducting part
intended to be connected in an electric circuit to
a source of voltage. Noncurrent-carrying parts are
those not intended to be so connected.
davit. An assembly attached to a support or
assembled on a structure to provide a rigging
point for rope blocks, chains, or hoists so as to
manipulate various pieces of apparatus. The davit
is a rigid assembly and does not swivel.
dead. A circuit that has been de-energized so
t h a t t h e circuit has been disconnected from all
intended electrical sources. However, it could be
electrically charged through induction from ener-
gized circuits in proximity to it, particularly when
the circuits are parallel. See: de-energized.
dead-end. The point at which mechanical force
(primarily) and longitudinal strain is applied to a
reliable support. Synonyms: termination, anchor
point, strain attachment.
de-energized. Free from any electric connection
to a source of potential difference and from elect-
ric charge; not having a potential different from
that of the ground. The term is used only with
reference to current-carrying parts that are some-
times alive (energized).
distance clearance. The minimum separation
between two conductors, between conductors and
supports or other objects, or between conductors
IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE
and ground, or the clear space between any
objects.
dynamometer. A device designed to measure
loads or tension on conductors. Various models of
these devices are used to tension guys or sag con-
ductors. Synonyms: clock, load cell.
energized. Electrically connected to a source of
potential difference, or electrically charged so as
to have a potential different from that of the
ground. Synonyms: alive, current carrying, hot,
live.
equipotential. An identical state of electrical
potential for two or more items.
extra-highvoltage (ehv). A term applied to volt-
age levels that are higher that 240 000 V.
gin. An assembly, which when attached to a sup-
port or assembled on a structure, provides a rig-
ging point for rope blocks, blocks, etc, so as to
manipulate various pieces of apparatus. The gin,
unlike the davit, is not as rigid as the boom swiv-
els, affording greater maneuverability.
gloving. A method of performing live-line main-
tenance on energized electrical conductors and
equipment whereby a worker or workers, wearing
specially-made and tested insulating gloves, with
or without sleeves, and using cover-up equipment
while supported by the structure or insulated
aerial-liftequipment, work(s) directly on the ener-
gized electrical conductor or equipment.
grounded. Connected to earth or to some
extended conducting body that serves instead of
the earth, whether the connection is intentional
or accidental.
high voltage (hv). A term applied to voltage lev-
els that are higher than 1000 V.
hoist. An apparatus for moving a load by the
application of pulling force and not including a
car or platform running in guides. These devices
are normally designed using roller or link chain
and built-in leverage to enable heavy loads to be
lifted or pulled. They are often used to dead-end a
conductor during sagging and clipping-in opera-
tions and when tensioning guys. Synonyms: chain
hoist, chain tugger, m#in hoist.
hold out. Operating order, or operating-order
identification tag, or marker. Synonym: hold card.

METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES
hot. See: energized.
insulated tool or device. A tool or device that
has conductive parts and is either coated or
covered with a dielectric material.
insulating clothing. Clothing made of natural or
synthetic material that is designed primarily to
provide insulation from an energized part or
conductor.
insulating tool or device.
(1) A tool or device designed primarily to pro-
vide insulation from an energized part or
conductor. It can be composed entirely of
insulating materials. Examples: conductor
c w , stick, insulating tup.
(2) A tool or device that has conductive parts
separated by a dielectric.
insulator cover. Electrical protection equipment
designed specifically to cover insulators. Exam-
ples: dead-end cover, pole-top cover, ridge-pin
cover. Synonyms: hood, pocketbook. See: cover-up
equipment.
isolated.
(1) Physicallyseparated, electrically and mech-
anically, from all sources of electrical
energy. Such separation may not eliminate
the effects of electrical induction.
(2) Not readily accessible to persons unless
special means for access are used.
jumper. A conductive tool used to maintain elec-
trical continuity across equipment, or a conduc-
tor that shall be opened mechanically to enable
various operations of live-line work to be per-
formed. Synonym: bypass.
leakage current. A component of the measured
current that flows along the surface of the tool or
equipment, due to the properties of the tool or
equipment surface, including any surface deposits.
lineman. A person qualified to perform various
line-work operations including aerial and ground
work.
line-work. Various operations performed by a per-
son on electrical facilities, including ground work,
aerial work, and associated maintenance.
live. See: energized.
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
master ground. A portable device designed to
short circuit and connect (bond) a de-energized
circuit or piece of equipment, or both, to an elec-
trical ground. Normally located remote from, and
on both sides of, the immediate work site. Primar-
ily used to provide safety for personnel during
construction, reconstruction or maintenance oper-
ations. Synonyms: ground set, ground stick
(ANSI/IEEE Std 100-1988 [ 5 ] ' ) .
minimum approach distance. The shortest per-
missible distance between energized electrical
apparatus and any part of a worker's body and
tools or material being handled.
minimum tool distance. The minimum distance
that must be maintained between tools and ener-
gized lines or devices.
minimum tool-insulation distance. The shortest
permissible distance between energized electrical
apparatus and any part of a worker's body or
conducting object while performing live line-work
with an insulating tool in the air gap.
NESC. National Electrical Safety Code, ANSI
C2-1987 [Z].
protective gap. A gap placed between live parts
and ground to limit the maximum overvoltage
that may occur.
rigging. An assembly of material used to manipu-
late or support various tools and equipment in
both energized and de-energized line-work.
rope block. A device designed with one or more
sheaves, a wood or steel shell, and an attachment
hook or shackle, commonly used in pairs with a
rope reeved through the sheaves. The primary
purpose of this device is to provide mechanical
advantage so as to lift or move equipment. Syn-
onym: block and tackle.
snatch block. A device normally designed with a
single sheave, a wood or metal shell, and a hook.
One side of the shell usually opens to eliminate
the need for threading of the line. It is commonly
used for lifting loads on a single line, or as a device
to control the position or direction, or both, of a
fall line o r pulling line. Synonyms: skookum,
Washington, Western.
'The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the refer-
ences in 1.5.
ANWIEEE
Std 516-1987
stick. A type of insulating tool used in various
operations of live-line work. Synonyms:w k stick,
pole,w k pole, hot stick, live-line tool.
strain stick. An insulating support tool that is
used primarily to relieve mechanical loading at
suspension and dead-end configurations so as to
replace damaged insulators or hardware.
stray current. Currents or components that do
not constitute information desired for measure-
ment. Examples: currents due to the stray capac-
itance of a n object to the ground plane, walls, etc.
structure. Material assembled to support con-
ductors or associated apparatus, or both, used for
transmission and distribution of electricity. Exam-
ples: service ple, tower.
suspension of reclosing. To make inoperative
automatic reclosing equipment. Synonyms: hold
out, live-line permit, hold order,hold 08.
tool or equipment current. The total current de-
livered to the tool or equipment.
ultra-highvoltage (uhv). A term applied to vol-
tage levels that are higher than 800 000 V.
universal stick. A stick, or type of insulating tool,
to t h e e n d of which universal tools can be
attached.
universal tool. An accessory designed to attach
to a universal stick allowing one insulated stick to
be used to perform many different operations.
work permit. The authorization to perform work
on a circuit. Synonyms:clearance, guarantee.
3. Technical Considerations and Testing
3.1 Introduction. The performance of energized-
line-maintenance work requires the use of equip-
ment and tools that in many cases are specific to
the work operation. Development of equipment
and tools is based on requirements generated
from field needs and experiences related to tech-
nical considerations and safe work methods.
References or specific guidance concerning the
specialized tools a n d equipment needed for
energized-line maintenance are provided. These
tools and devices are produced in accordance
with certain standards, requirements, or perfor-
mance factors, including the essential elements of
12
IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE
laboratory electrical testing for design, certifica-
tion, and acceptance testing. Other applicable test
methods may also be utilized but comparison of
data between different test procedures is not
practical because of the variations in test condi-
tions. A major part of this section is devoted to
dielectric-current measurements (phase sum of
capacitive and resistive current) for certification
and acceptance. Some aspects of watt-loss testing
are also included.
3.2 Basic Concepts. A major part of this section
is devoted to tool and equipment current mea-
surements for certification and acceptance pur-
poses.
3.2.1 Insulating Properties. Personal safety
and operational security in energized line-work
depend on the insulating properties of insulating
materials and air.
3.2.1.1 Insulating Materials. Insulating
materials are generally defined as a function of
their electrical insulating and dielectric strength.
(1) Electrical insulation is the property of
material to prevent the flow of current
through it.
(2) Dielectric strength is the maximum poten-
tial gradient that the material can with-
stand without rupture.
(3) Factors affecting insulating materials
include temperature, altitude, moisture,
contamination, impurities, and aging.
3.2.1.2 Air As Insulation. The insulating
characteristics of air are defined as its capability
to withstand a n electric field. The dielectric
strength of air is represented by gradients of
potential. The disruptive gradient is influenced by
the air density, humidity, temperature, pressure,
dimensions and separation of the electrodes or
separation of the'metal terminals, shape of the
electrodes, and the characteristics of the applied
voltage.
3.2.1.3 Contamination -Equipment. The
insulating portions of aerial-lift equipment, insu-
lating tools, and cover-up equipment should be
kept free from contamination.
Barehand work and work with insulating tools
can be performed on dry contaminated insula-
tors. Work on wet contaminated devices should
be avoided, but can be performed with insulating
tools using special precautions.
3.2.2 Clearance Formulas
3.2.2.1 General
(1) The formulas are derived empirically. In
Fig 1 a saturation factor is derived from
rod-gap switching-surge flashover data.

METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES
Fig 1
60 Hz Switching-Surge Saturation Factor
The switching-surge factor S as given in
Fig 2 should be correlated with character-
istics of each individual power system.
Switching surges are important in deter-
mining alternating-current clearances. The
maximum switching surge represents the
maximum rise in voltage during a distur-
bance on an operating line or system. Max-
imum switching surge values should be
used when calculating distances.
The configuration of electrodes influences
flashover as a function of the polarity of
the switching surge.
In usual applications for solid insulating
tools, the dry, negative-polarity, switching-
surge flashover voltage is substantially
above power frequency and positive-polarity
values. I t has been shown that the flash-
over curve for the conductor-tower config-
uration lies approximately midway between
the rod-rod and rod-plane gaps as in Fig 2.
13
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
These data substantiate the clearance for-
mula for air gaps and insulating tools, and
as the derivation of clearances from modi-
fied rod-gap data.
Distances determined by means of the
formulas should not be applied without
reference to the other relevant factors con-
tained in this section.
The distance determined by the formulas
should be applied only at elevations below
3000 ft (914 m). Higher elevations require
applicable correction factors as indicated
in Table 1.
The minimum tool-insulation distance and
the mimimum approach distances given in
Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5 are calculated dis-
tances. In practice, however, distances are
rounded off up to the next highest 6 in
(15 cm). When system voltages are higher
than nominal, actual voltage values should
always be used.
ANWIEEE
Std 516-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE

1600

1400

1200

I- 1000
v)

a
V
v)

-1
0
$ 800
-
-I
Y

600

400

200

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I J
4 E 12 16 20
ID) D I S T A N C E ( F E E T I

' T H I S C U R V E C A N N O T BE L I N E A R A T H I G H V O L T A G E S D U E TO T H E
SIZE A N D SHAPE OF T H E R O D - G A P E L E C T R O D E S

Fig 2
Typical -Withstand Voltage
for Switching Surges

(7) In determining dc clearance, values equiv- 3.2.2.2 Minimum Tool-InsulationDistance.

alent to ac peak voltages related to dc sys- In practice, it is generally accepted that insulating
tem voltage-to-ground should be used. material (clean and dry) has a dielectric-strength
(8) The minimum tool-insulation distance as characteristic equal to or greater than that of air,
given in the tables should be maintained based on rod-gap withstand values.
between an energized part and a person at The following formula is recommended for deriv-
ground potential performing a work opera- ing a minimum, safe insulation distance for clean
tion on energized lines or devices. In bare- and dry, solid or fiUed insulating tools intended
hand work, the minimum tool-insulation for energized-line maintenance on ac transmis-
distances should be maintained between a sion systems (351.
person energized at phase potential and
D = (ClC2 + a) S kVLG (Eq 1)
ground.

14
 ANSI/IEEE
METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWR-LINES Std 516-1987

where Table 1
Altitude Correction Factor
D = insulation distance, ft
c, =
0.01, or one percent of line-to-ground Altitude Correction
c, = 1.1,composed of 1.06 for energized-line (m) (ft) Factor
tool-to-air withstand distance ratio plus 900 3000 1.oo
intangibles [35] 1200 4000 1.02
a = saturation factor for crest ( r 2 S kV,) 1500 5000 1.05
1800 6000 1.08
voltages of 630 kV and above (see Fig 1) 2100 7000 1.11
S = maximum anticipated per-unit switch- 2400 8000 1.14
ing surge 2700 9000 1.17
3000 10 000 1.20
kVLG = rms system phase-to-ground kilovolts- 3600 12 000 1.25
actual 4200 14 OOO 1.30
4800 16 OOO 1.35
5400 18 000 1.39
The general formula for insulating tools at all 6000 20 000 1.44
voltages becomes D = (0.011 + a) S kVLGlo
NOTE: Multiply the distance D given in Tables 2,3,4, and 5 by
louse crest voltage 345 fi
. -. overvoltage. the indicated correction factor.
fi

Table 2
Minimum Tool-Insulation Distance AC Energized Line-Work On Insulation
(a) Distance Measured (cm)
kV (rms)
LL 115 121 138 145 161 169 230 242 345 362 500 552 700 800
LG 67 70 80 85 95 100 133 140 200 210 290 320 405 462

S D D D D D D D D a D a D a D a D a D a D
1.5 0 146 0.3 165 1.6 233 2.5 285
1.6 0.2 158 0.6 181 2.0 257 3.0 315
1.7 0.4 171 1.0 199 2.4 282 3.5 347
1.8 0.7 186 1.3 216 2.9 309 4.0 380
1.9 1.0 201 1.6 233 3.3 335 4.5 415
2.0 45 47 54 56 64 67 89 94 0 134 0 141 1.3 218 2.0 254 3.8 365 5.0 450
2.1 47 49 56 59 67 70 94 98 0 141 0 148 1.6 234 2.3 272 4.2 394 5.6 491
2.2 51 52 59 62 70 74 98 103 0 148 0.1 156 1.9 251 2.6 292
2.3 52 54 62 65 73 77 102 108 0.1 156 0.3 166 2.2 268 2.9 312
2.4 54 56 64 68 77 80 107 113 0.3 165 0.6 178 2.5 287 3.3 335
2.5 56 59 67 70 80 84 112 117 0.5 175 0.8 189 2.8 305 3.6 356
2.6 59 61 70 73 83 87 116 123 0.7 185 1.0 200
2.7 61 63 73 76 86 91 120 127 0.9 196 1.2 211
2.8 63 66 75 79 89 94 125 131 1.1 207 1.4 222
2.9 65 68 78 82 92 97 129 136 1.3 217 1.6 234
3.0 67 70 80 84 96 101 134 141 1.5 228 1.8 246

LL Phase to phase
LG Phase to ground
S Maximum anticipated per-unit switching surge
D Distance measured (cm)
a Given in thousandths (saturation factor)
NOTES (1) Distances listed are for standard atmospheric conditions.
(2) Distances are based on altitudes below 1000 m.
(3) Distances do not include any factor for inadvertant movement.

15
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE

Table 2
Minimum Tool-Insulation Distance AC Energized Line-Work On Insulation
(b) Distance Measured (ft)
kV (rms)
LL 115 121 138 145 161 169 230 242 345 362 500 552 700 800
LG 67 70 80 85 95 100 133 140 200 210 290 320 405 462

S D D D D D D D D a D a D a D a D a D a D
~ ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~

1.5 0 4.79 0.3 5.42 1.6 7.65 2.5 9.35

1.6 0.2 5.20 0.6 5.94 2.0 8.42 3.0 10.34
1.7 0.4 5.62 1.0 6.53 2.4 9.22 3.5 11.39
1.8 0.7 6.11 1.3 7.08 2.9 10.11 4.0 12.47
1.9 1.0 6.61 1.6 7.66 3.3 11.00 4.5 13.61
2.0 1.47 1.54 1.76 1.85 2.09 2.20 2.93 3.08 0 4.40 0 4.62 1.3 7.14 2.0 8.32 3.8 11.99 5.0 14.78
2.1 1.55 1.62 1.85 1.94 2.19 2.31 3.07 3.23 0 4.62 0 4.85 1.6 7.67 2.3 8.94 4.2 12.93 5.6 16.11
2.2 1.62 1.69 1.94 2.03 2.30 2.42 3.22 3.39 0 4.84 0.1 5.12 1.9 8.23 2.6 9.57
2.3 1.70 1.77 2.02 2.13 2.40 2.53 3.36 3.54 0.1 5.11 0.3 5.46 2.2 8.80 2.9 10.23
2.4 1.77 1.85 2.11 2.22 2.51 2.64 3.51 3.70 0.3 5.42 0.6 5.85 2.5 9.40 3.3 10.98
2.5 1.84 1.93 2.20 2.31 2.61 2.75 3.66 3.85 0.5 5.75 0.8 6.20 2.8 10.01 3.6 11.68
2.6 1.92 2.00 2.29 2.40 2.72 2.86 3.80 4.00 0.7 6.08 1.0 6.55
2.7 1.99 2.08 2.38 2.49 2.82 2.97 3.95 4.16 0.9 6.43 1.2 6.92
2.8 2.06 2.16 2.46 2.59 2.93 3.08 4.10 4.31 1.1 6.78 1.4 7.29
2.9 2.14 2.23 2.55 2.68 3.03 3.19 4.24 4.47 1.3 7.13 1.6 7.67
3.0 2.21 2.31 2.64 2.77 3.14 3.30 4.39 4.62 1.5 7.50 1.8 8.06

LL Phase to phase
LG Phase to ground
S Maximum anticipated per-unit switching surge
D Distance measured (ft)
a Given in thousandths (saturation factor)
NOTES: (1) Distances listed are for standard atmospheric conditions.
(2) Distances are based on altitudes below 1000 m.
(3) Distances do not include any factor for inadvertant movement.

Table 3
Minimum Tool-Insulation Distance DC Energized Line-Work
DC Pole-to-GroundVoltage
LG 250 kV 400 kV 500 kV 600 kV 750 kV
S D D a D D a D D a D D a D D
(ft) (cm) (ft) (cm) (ft) (cm) (ft) (em) (ft) (cm)
1.2 2.33 71 0 3.73 114 0 4.67 142 0.6 5.91 180 1.9 8.21 250
1.3 2.53 77 0 4.05 123 0 5.06 154 1.o 6.62 202 2.5 9.30 283
1.4 2.48 83 0 4.36 133 0.5 5.20 173 1.5 6.83 236 3.0 9.65 317
1.5 2.91 89 0 4.66 142 0.8 6.26 192 1.9 8.22 251 3.6 11.60 354
1.6 3.1 1 95 0 4.98 152 1.2 6.90 210 2.3 9.02 275 4.2 12.90 393
1.7 3.31 101 0.3 5.43 166 1.5 7.52 229 2.8 9.95 303 4.8 14.20 433
1.8 3.51 107 0.6 5.90 180 1.9 8.22 251 3.3 10.90 332 5.4 15.60 475
1.9 3.70 113 0.9 6.40 195 2.3 8.93 272 3.7 11.80 360 6.0 17.10 521
2.0 3.89 119 1.2 6.91 211 2.6 9.61 293 4.2 12.90 393 6.6 18.71 537
2.1 4.08 124 1.5 7.42 226 3.0 10.40 317 4.7 14.00 427
2.2 4.28 130 1.8 7.96 243 3.4 11.20 34 1 5.2 15.10 460

LG DC pole-to-ground voltage
S Maximum anticipated per-unit switching surge (transient overvoltage)
D Distance measured (ft and cm)
a Given in thousandths (saturation factor)
NOTES: (1) Consideration should be given to increasing some of the minimum insulation distances above, so as to reduce the
stress due to the steady-state voltage a maximum steady-state stress of 60 kV/ft is suggested as an allowance for average worlung
conditions.
(2) If the minimum insulation distances are used, the maximum relative humidity should be restricted to 85%.
(3) Distances listed are for standard atmospheric conditions.
(4) Distances are based on altitudes below 1000 m.
(5) Distances do not include any factor for inadvertant movement.

16
 ANSVIEEE
METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES Std 516-1987

Table 4
Minimum Approach Distance AC Energized Line-Work Air Insulation
(a) Distance Measured (em)
kV (rms)
LL 115 121 138 145 161 169 230 242 345 362 500 552 700 800
LG 67 70 80 85 95 100 133 140 200 210 290 320 405 462
S D D D D D D D D a D a D a D a D a D a D
1.5 0 134 0.3 151 1.6 215 2.5 264
1.6 0.2 144 0.6 166 2.0 237 3.0 293
1.7 0.4 156 1.0 182 2.4 260 3.5 323
1.8 0.7 170 1.3 198 2.6 286 4.0 355
1.9 1.0 185 1.6 215 3.3 312 4.5 388
2.0 41 43 49 52 58 61 81 85 0 122 0 128 1.3 200 2.0 234 3.8 341 5.0 422
2.1 43 45 51 55 61 64 85 90 0 128 0 134 1.6 215 2.3 252 4.2 368 5.6 461
2.2 45 47 54 57 64 67 89 94 0 134 0.1 142 1.9 231 2.6 270
2.3 47 49 56 60 67 70 93 98 0.1 142 0.3 151 2.2 248 2.9 290
2.4 49 51 59 62 69 73 98 102 0.3 151 0.6 163 2.5 265 3.3 311
2.5 51 53 61 65 73 76 101 107 0.5 161 0.8 173 2.8 285 3.6 332
2.6 53 56 63 67 75 79 105 111 0.7 170 1.0 183
2.7 55 58 66 70 78 82 110 115 0.9 180 1.2 194
2.8 57 60 68 73 81 85 113 119 1.1 190 1.4 204
2.9 59 62 71 75 84 88 118 124 1.3 200 1.6 215
3.0 61 64 73 78 87 91 122 128 1.5 211 1.8 226

LL Phase to phase
LG Phase to ground
S Maximum anticipated per-unit switching surge
D Distance measured (cm)
a Given in thousandths (saturation factor)
NOTES: (1) Distances listed are for standard atmospheric conditions.
(2) Distances are based on altitudes below 1000 m.
(3) Distances do not include any factor for inadvertant movement.

Table 4
Minimum Approach Distance AC Energized Line-Work Air Insulation
(a) Distance Measured (R)
kV (rms)
LL 115 121 138 145 161 169 230 242 345 362 500 552 700 800
LG 67 70 80 85 95 100 133 140 200 210 290 320 405 462
~~

S D D D D D D D D a D a D a D a D a D a D
1.5 0 4.33 0.3 4.97 1.6 7.05 2.5 8.66
0.0 0.2 4.73 0.6 5.46 2.0 7.78 3.0 9.60
1.7 0.4 5.13 1.o 5.98 2.4 8.54 3.5 10.60
1.8 0.7 5.59 1.3 6.51 2.9 9.40 4.0 11.64
1.9 1.0 6.06 1.6 7.08 3.3 10.23 4.5 12.73
2.0 1.34 1.40 1.60 1.70 1.90 2.00 2.66 2.80 0 4.00 0 4.20 1.3 6.55 2.0 7.68 3.8 11.19 5.0 13.86
2.1 1.41 1.47 1.67 1.79 2.00 2.10 2.79 2.94 0 4.20 0 4.41 1.6 7.06 2.3 8.27 4.2 12.08 5.6 15.14
2.2 1.47 1.54 1.76 1.87 2.09 2.20 2.92 3.08 0 4.40 0.2 4.70 1.9 7.59 2.6 8.87
2.3 1.54 1.61 1.82 1.96 2.19 2.30 3.05 3.22 0 4.60 0.4 5.01 2.2 8.10 2.9 9.49
2.4 1.61 1.68 1.92 2.04 2.28 2.40 3.20 3.35 0 4.94 0.6 5.34 2.5 8.66 3.3 10.21
2.5 1.67 1.75 2.00 2.13 2.38 2.50 3.32 3.50 0 5.24 0.8 5.67 2.8 9.23 3.6 10.92
2.6 1.74 1.82 2.08 2.21 2.47 2.60 3.45 3.64 0 5.55 1.0 6.01
2.7 1.81 1.89 2.16 2.30 2.57 2.70 3.60 3.76 0 5.88 1.2 6.36
2.8 1.88 1.96 2.24 2.38 2.66 2.80 3.72 3.92 1.1 6.22 1.4 6.73
2.9 1.94 2.03 2.32 2.47 2.76 2.90 3.86 4.05 1.3 6.55 1.6 7.10
3.0 2.01 2.10 2.40 2.55 2.85 3.00 3.98 4.20 1.5 6.90 1.8 7.48

LL Phase to phase
LG Phase to ground
S Maximum anticipated per-unit switching surge
D Distance measured (ft)
a Given in thousandths (saturation factor)
NOTES ( 1 ) Distances listed are for standard atmospheric conditions
(2) Distances are based on altitudes below 1000 m.
(3) Distances d o not include any factor for inadvertant movement.

17
 ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE

Table 5
Minimum Approach Distance DC Energized Line-Work Air Insulation
DC Pole-to-GroundVoltage
LG 250 kV 400 kV 500 kV 600 kV 750 kV

1.2 2.12 85 0 3.33 103 0 4.24 129 0.6 5.40 165 1.9 7.57 23 1
1.3 2.30 70 0 3.68 112 0.1 4.60 142 1.0 6.07 185 2.5 8.62 263
1.4 2.48 76 0 3.96 121 0.5 5.20 158 1.5 6.83 208 3.0 9.65 294
1.5 2.66 81 0 4.24 129 0.8 5.73 175 1.9 7.57 231 3.6 10.82 330
1.6 2.83 86 0 4.53 138 1.2 6.34 193 2.3 8.38 255 4.2 12.05 367
1.7 3.01 92 0.3 4.95 151 1.5 6.91 211 2.8 9.23 281 4.8 13.34 407
1.8 9.19 97 0.6 5.40 165 1.9 7.57 231 3.3 10.11 308 5.4 14.70 448
1.9 3.36 102 0.9 5.87 179 2.3 8.26 252 3.7 11.04 336 6.0 16.12 491
2.0 9.54 108 1.2 6.34 193 2.6 8.91 272 4.2 12.05 367 6.6 17.61 537
2.1 3.72 113 1.5 6.83 208 3.0 9.65 294 4.7 13.10 399
2.2 9.89 119 1.8 7.34 224 3.4 10.42 318 5.2 14.19 433

LG DC pole-to-ground voltage
A Maximum anticipated per-unit switching surge (transient overvoltage)
D Distance measured in feet and centimeters
a Given in thousandths (saturation factor)
NOTES: (1) Consideration should be given to increasing some of the minimum insulation distances so as to reduce the stress due
to the steady-state voltage. A maximum steady-state stress of 60 kV/ft is suggested as an allowance for average working conditions.
(2) If the minimum insulation distances are used, the maximum relative humidity should be restricted to 85%.
(3) Distances listed are for standard atmospheric conditions.
(4) Distances are based on altitudes below 1000 m.
(5) Distances do not include any factor for inadvertant movement.

3.2.2.3 Minimum Approach Distance. To
obtain the minimum approach distance to ener-
gized lines or devices (air insulation using 3.2.2.2),
the aforementioned formula has been modified by
reducing C2 by 10% from 1.1 to 1.0. Thus ClC2
becomes 0.01. The general formula for the min-
imum approach distance for all voltages becomes:
where
D insulation distance, f t
CI 0.01, or one percent of line-to-ground
c
2 1.0
a saturation factor for system voltages of
630 kVIO and above (see Fig 1)
forms- transient and steady state. The first type
occurs before contact is made ( a person touching
an object that is at a potential different from
hidher experience), the second, after contact has
been established. The sensation-of-shock problem
can be solved by bonding or shielding the person
from the electric field, or both.
3.2.3.2 Shielding. When working on or near
energized lines or devices where the strength of
the electric field is noticeable, workers generally
use shielding.
The field intensity inside a conductive shield is
a function of the degree of shielding. The proxim-
ity to the line and the intensity of the field will
determine the shielding required. When working

S
(crest voltage a kVLG)
maximum anticipated per-unit switch-
on lines energized above 150 kV phase-to-phase
by the barehand method, for example, the worker
should have full shielding, such as conductive
ing surge
clothing, whereas when working near a lower-
rms system phase-to-ground kilovolts -
voltage line full shielding may not be necessary.
actual
The discomfort or electric sensation experienced
The general formula for the minimum approach inside the field of the line can serve as a useful
distance for all voltages becomes guide as to when shielding is required and to what
degree.
D = (0.01 + a ) S kVLG
Electrostatically induced current will normally
be much lower in the vicinity of dc lines than near
3.2.3 Electric Fields ac lines, although under certain weather condi-
3.2.3.1 General. One of the most common tions charges on workers and equipment can be
manifestations of an electric field on persons is accumulated as a result of ions carried by the air
the electric shock. This shock may have two from corona-generating points on the conductors

18

METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES
or tools. The charge that may be acccumulated is
extremely variable as it is dependent on humidity,
duration of exposure, wind direction, and the
amount of corona. The use of conducting shoes,
suits, shielding, and bonding as used for ac lines
with equivalent peak voltage to ground is just as
effective for dc.
3.2.3.2.1 Forms of Shielding
Conductive Clothing. Conductive clothing,
comprising footwear, socks, gloves, and a
suit with a hood is a very effective means of
shielding the worker from an electric field
and has become widely accepted, particu-
larly in barehand work.
Conductive Screens and Liners. Conduc-
tive screens can also be used for protection
from an electric field. Properly employed,
they are as effective as conductive clothing.
Conductive liners are commonly used
inside aerial buckets. At extra-high voltage
(ehv) in additon to shielding personnel,
liners sometimes provide the necessary
shielding to the upper portion of the aerial
lift boom in the proximity of the bucket.
3.2.3.2.2 Grounding and Bonding
Grounding. Grounding may be defined as
providing an electrical connection between
equipment and earth (ground) or to some
conductive medium that is a t earth
(ground) potential. In line maintenance,
portable grounding equipment is used for
this purpose.
Grounding cables, ferrules, and clamps
are tested for fault-current capability by
manufacturers in accordance with ASTM
F-855-83 [ 201.
Grounds should be capable of carrying
full fault current long enough for protec-
tive devices to operate. Personnel should
never be in series with a ground lead.
Bonding. Bonding is used to bring all per-
sonnel and objects in the work area to the
same potential. They are not intended to
carry fault current or line current.
Bond cables are used extensively during
barehand, energized line-work to conduct
charging current and thus eliminate the
transient contact sensation between the
worker and the object on which the person
is working. The worker in the bucket is
bonded to the conductor by a bond cable,
which is connected to the bucket bonding
system or shielding system. The use of con-
ductive footwear is recommended. When
the worker is wearing a conductive suit,
ANSVIEEE
Std 516-1987
then the suit should also be bonded. These
bond cables should be installed in such a
way as to minimize probability of carrying
fault current or line current.
When any electrical circuit component is
to be opened or replaced, then a temporary
conducting jumper should be installed to
shunt the component being worked on.
This jumper should be capable of carrying
the line current.
To approach an energized high-voltage
line, workers should wear a conductive
suit. Bonding to the energized conductor
may be done with an insulating tool. To
eliminate electric shock in the area affected
by the electric field conductive objects may
require bonding.
3.2.3.3 Current
3.2.3.3.1 Insulating Tools. The range of
normal dielectric current on insulating tools has
been found to vary from <6 pA to 15 pA/100 kV.
Current exceeding these values may indicate
deterioration of insulating qualities.
3.2.3.3.2 Body Current. Human reaction
to the electric current caused by an electric field
has been determined [38]. The steady-state ac
range of the threshold-of-perception level is
0.6 mA to 1.1 mA while the let-go level may be
considered as being below the 5 mA steady-state
current value. For dc, the threshold of perception
level is 3.5 mA and the safe-let-go is 41 mA. See
[26] (high voltage dc, to f 6 0 0 kV).
3.2.3.4 Direct-Current Considerations
While withstand values of dry surface insu-
lation and of air gaps are essentially the
same for dc stresses as for ac stresses hav-
ing the same peak voltage to ground, small
amounts of moisture and dirt on surface
insulation have a much greater degrading
effect for dc stresses than for ac, and con-
sequently the insulation distance for tools
and ladders used on a dc system is nor-
mally determined on the basis of steady-
state insulating requirements rather than
its impulse characteristics.
Most of the high-voltage dc-system charac-
teristics, such as two conductors versus
three and the inherently lower overvoltage
and fault current, make maintenance work
easier on a high-voltage dc line as opposed
to an equivalent high-voltage ac line. The
major off-setting disadvantage of high-
voltage dc maintenance is the lower with-
stand value of surface insulation when wet
or dirty.
ANSIDEEE
Std 516-1987
(3) It should be recognized that any moisture
or dirt on surface insulation has a much
greater degrading effect when exposed to
dc steady-state stresses as compared to ac
stresses. The use of rope in direct contact
with dc energized lines or devices should be
avoided. Synthetic chains or fiberglass sticks
should be used in series with the rope
unless the insulation length of the rope is
significantly greater than the minimum.
3.2.4 Electrical Properties of Tools and
Equipment
3.2.4.1 Categories of Insulating Materials.
The basic tools and equipment used for work-
ing on or near energized electric lines or power
apparatus can be divided into the following cate-
gories:
Personnel protective or cover-up tools and
equipment, where the electric stress is app-
lied essentially m o s s the thickness of the
tool or equipment. Examples: gloves,sleeves,
overshoes, mats, line hoses. Such tools and
equipment are often made of natural rubber
and rubber-like materials. Such tools and
equipment may be flexible or rigid.
Support, lift or reach-extending tools and
equipment where the electrical stress is
applied essentially along the length of the
tool or equipment. Examples: suspended
or supported aerial devices, ladders, plat-
forms, ropes, chains, poles. Such tools and
equipment are typically made of solid or
hollow insulating materials in whole pieces
or small sections.
3.2.4.2 Dielectric Strength of Personnel
Protective or Cover Tools and Equipment. The
dielectric strength of the tool or equipment
installed in service may depend on the material
thickness and on the air gaps between the worker
and the tool or equipment plus the tool or equip-
ment and the energized part. The resulting di-
electric strength in service may then exceed that
of the tool or equipment itself but it cannot be
determined from direct addition of the material
thickness and air-gap sizes.
3.2.4.3 Dielectric Strength of Support, and
Lift or Reach-Extending Tools and Equipment.
In the case of clean, dry tool or equipment, the
dielectric strength defined as the voltage per unit
length (kV/ft) of the tool or equipment and is
approximately constant up to 600 kV crest. Above
600 kV crest, the dielectric strength is not con-
stant and exhibits saturation.
3.2.4.4 Current of Personnel Protective or
Cover Tools and Equipment. For ac excitation,
20
IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE
this current consists of three components
(1) Capacitative current due to the insulating
material comprising the tool or equip-
ment
(2) Conduction current through the volume of
the tool or equipment
(3) Leakage current along the surface of the
tool or equipment
The conduction current is normally negligible.
For clean, dry tools and equipment] the leakage
current is small and the capacitative current pre-
dominates. Surface deposits may increase the
leakage current significantly.
3.2.4.5 Current of Support, Lift or Reach-
extending Tools and Equipment. For ac excita-
tion] this current consists of the capacitive cur-
rent and the leakage current. For clean, dry tools
and equipment] the leakage current is small and
t h e capacitive current predominates. Surface
deposits may increase t h e leakage c u r r e n t
significantly.
For dc excitation, the capacitive current does
not exist.
3.2.5 Protective Equipment
3.2.5.1 Barriers. Barriers or guards are fre-
quently provided by any method of energized line-
work at voltages up to 69 kV so as to prevent the
worker from approaching too close to equipment
that is at a potential different from one’s self.
When working from insulated supports, either
phase-to-phaseor phase-to-ground voltages should
be considered as they apply.
Insulation (dielectric) capable of withstanding
the voltage is not classed as a guard or barrier but
as cover-up equipment.
3.2.5.2 Protective Gaps. In cases where the
distance of the insulating material or air is affected
by a certain method of performing energized line-
work, a protective gap can be employed to pro-
vide protection by decreasing the switching-surge
flashover probability in the immediate work area.
These gaps may be installed in close proximity to
the work area (at adjacent structures for exam-
ple) or at the terminals (line ends) on the ener-
gized part or parts where the work is being per-
formed, or both.
3.2.5.3 Determination of the Gap Length.
Determination of the gap length and reduction of
the insulation distance can be made as follows [40]:
3.2.5.3.1 To determine a new insulation
distance that can be employed by inserting a pro-
tective gap
(1) Determine t h e minimum gap distance
(insulation distance) based on known rod-
rod gap characteristics to withstand the

METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES
maximum switching-surge voltage antici-
pated during the work period.
Plot this value of voltage on probability
paper at the - 3 sigmavalue (0.14%)-Fig 3,
point A.
Unless a different value is known for a spe-
cific gap configuration, draw a line at 5%
slope t o a + 2 sigma probability value
(97.72%)-Fig 3, point B.
Read the value of the voltage.
Again, using known gap characteristics for
the new voltage, determine the new min-
imum insulating distance from Fig 2.
3.2.5.3.2 To determine the protective-gap
distance necessary to allow use of a new min-
imum insulation distance or approach distance
Use the new mimimum distance obtained
in 3.2.5.3.1(5). If the distance is based on
insulation, then correct by changing the
value C2 in the formula given in 3.2.2.2.
Find the value of the air minimum approach
distance on Fig 2 and from this determine
the sparkover voltage.
Plot this voltage on probability paper, at
the + 2 sigma point (97.72%)-Fig 3, point B.
Unless a different value is known for a spe-
cific protective-gap configuration, draw a
Fig 3
Method Used to Determine the Gap Length and
the Reduction of Insulation Distance
21
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
line at 5% slope to a probability value of
- 3 sigma (0.14%)-FFig 3, point A.
(5) Read the value of the voltage at this point.
(6) Using this new voltage, determine the pro-
tective gap distance from Fig 3.
3.3 Physical Aspects of Energized Line-Work
3.3.1 Electric Fields. In t h e vicinity of a n
energized transmission line, an electric field exists
in the space between the energized conductors
and ground. The strength or intensity of the field
depends upon the number of imaginary lines of
electric force per unit area. Field intensity (volt-
age gradient) is defined as kilovolts per unit
length. A worker standing on the ground under
an energized transmission line conductor, a worker
on a tower or pole working on an energized con-
ductor with live-line tools, or a worker in the
bucket of an aerial lift working on the conductor
are all within the electric field. The lines of the
electric field terminate on the entire surface of
the body and induce an electric current, which
flows through the body to ground. An electric
current that passes along the lines of force as a
result of the to-and-fro motions of the charges on
the atoms of the dielectric is known as the dis-
placement current. If the worker in the field is not
grounded, then the displacement current that
 ~

ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE

enters one side of the body flows through it and
lines of force emanate from the other side to
ground. Under these conditions, the body may
assume a potential other than ground and the
person will receive a small disturbing shock when
he/she touches a grounded object. The magnitude
of the displacement current flowing through the
worker depends on his/her position in the field
and on the strength of the field at the power
frequency.
In this section we are basically considering ac
fields. In dc the electric field is essentially static
and no current is induced to flow to the ground.
3.3.2 Field Intensities in the Work Area
3.3.2.1 Shielding and Fields. The overall
field intensity within which the worker is situated
is readily controlled by shielding. Investigations
and tests have been made to determine field
intensities and associated body current. Workers
with suitable shielding are subjected to values
well below the threshold of feeling or sensation
(approximiately 1 mA) (361. Comparison of the
body current based on the degree of exposure
(shielding) and the electric field for several differ-
ent situations follows [37].
3.3.2.2 Types of Shielding. The types of
shielding employed in this comparison ranged
from none to conductive suit through four types
of screen, namely:
Type A. Complete bucket shielding with a rear
shield wall and overhead canopy
Type B. Complete bucket shielding with a rear
shield wall and no overhead canopy
Type C. Complete bucket shielding only
Type D. Partial bucket shielding
3.3.2.3 Comments. Note that the relative
body current a t a position normally employed on
the tower to perform hot-stick work is higher
than the values obtained with complete bucket
shielding. A worker doing barehand work from a
bucket provided with adequate shielding (Type B)
is exposed to approximately the same or less
Table 6
Worker Exposure and Body Current
Position Type of Body Current
of Worker Shielding at 138 kV at 345 kV
On tower* None 125 pA 395 pA
In bucket A 70 pA 130 pA
In bucket B 155 pA 300 pA
In bucket C 320 pA **
**
In bucket D 375 pA
In bucket Suit ** 50 /LA
*Workeron tower approximately 240 cm ( 8 ft) from conduc-
tor and 320 cm (10.5 ft) from conductor at 345 kV.
**Notmeasured.
electric field as that of a counterpart working
with conventional tools from the tower. As can be
seen from Table 6 the use of a conductive suit
greatly reduces the effect of the electric field.
3.3.2.4 Effects of Fields
3.3.2.4.1 General. An electric field, be it
generated by alternating or electric sources, pro-
duces a charge on a conductive object. It can
induce a current through the human body when
its strength is sufficient and a conducting path is
provided. Protective measures for such field effects
include shielding or bonding, or both.
The charge-discharge effect involves the possible
overt move or surprise reaction to the electro-
static discharge. The use of a bond cable effec-
tively takes care of this situation. Workers should
take the same precautions of discharging their
bodies to ground on dc systems.
3.3.2.4.2 Investigations. Investigations
into the possible effects of alternating-current
electric field on humans commenced in 1962 [37].
Examinations were made of workers who used
insulating tools and on workers employing the
barehand method who were adequately shielded
from the electric field. Results indicate that a
worker is not endangered in any way by working
barehand in a high-voltage alternating-current
electric field as verified by medical reports based
on a nine-year study [37] and [41]. In 1971
reports were made on the medical condition of
selected switchyard personnel who were exposed
to alternating-current fields of 4 kV/m - 27 kV/m
without being shielded [31]. Some adverse
psysiological effects were reported.
To mitigate the reported effects, recommended
exposure values related to time and field intensity
for some selected work areas, operations, and
environments were published. However, since the
published values do not correlate with other
investigations, these time and electric-field expo-
sure values are suspect and subject to wide inter-
pretation [39] and [42].
3.3.2.4.3 Comments. The results of a com-
prehensive literature survey on the effects of
electric fields have been summarized to describe
two contrasting sets of research findings [32].On
the one hand, research results have failed to pro-
vide any evidence that human exposure to pres-
ent levels of fields from high-voltage overhead
power lines, as normally encountered, has any
harmful biological effect. On the other hand, stu-
dies are reported to indicate some undesirable
effects on workers, not in the typical power-line
environment, but in the more complex environ-
ment found in high-voltage switchyards.

22

METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES
This disparity in results can be attributed to
environmental differences between high-voltage
lines and switchyards. Special measurements of
the low-frequency acoustical noise in a high-
voltage switchyard have disclosed a high level
(104 dB [ref 1 A] of 120 Hz) sound. The high-
intensity, 100 Hz or 120 Hz, sound can produce
symptoms similar to those reported for switch-
yard workers that were attributed to the effects
of the electric field. Other possible, biologically
significant, environmental influences in switch-
yards include repeated spark discharges and the
chemical environment.
Numerous studies have similarly neglected the
total environment. This neglect presents a major
obstacle when attempts are made to coordinate
results of studies.
Research has failed to provide any convincing
evidence t h a t electric fields from extra-high
voltage/high-voltage transmission lines as nor-
mally encountered have any harmful biological
effect. Studies that report negative findings are
considered either transmission-line or electric-
field situations but not switchyard environments.
The disparity in results could be attributed, there-
fore, to dlfferences in these two environments [33].
3.4 Electrical Tests
3.4.1 Introduction. Tables are provided to
summarize the basic and ‘essential elements of
electrical data and values that are applicable, and
therefore to be considered, in the employment of
tools, materials, and equipment in energized-line
operations, namely design tests, certification tests,
and periodic tests. I t is recommended that the
withstand or voltage check be made with elect-
tricity of the same characteristics as that on
which the equipment is being used. For example,
if the equipment is being used on 60 Hz, the peri-
odic withstand test should be made with 60 Hz ac.
This requirement is dictated by the presence of ac
corona under test conditions. Use of dc will not
provide this effect nor provide a true indication of
equipment conditions with respect to corona.
3.4.2 Dielectric Current
(1) The preferred criterion is the measurement
of tool or equipment current since this is
the primary concern related to the use of
the specimen. Tool or equipment current
measurement provides a numerical objec-
tive evaluation of the specimen quality.
(2) Tool or equipment current values obtained
on subsequent tests of a given tool should
be within 10%of the initial acceptance-test
value for that particular tool if the tool is to
23
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
be considered as acceptable. Tools having
values greater than 110%of the acceptance
value should be cleaned, dried, and refin-
ished as recommended or approved by the
manufacturer and retested. Unless the
retest value is less than 110%of the initial
value of the tool, the tool should be consi-
dered as degraded and should be removed
from service.
(3) Changes in tool or equipment current values
during a test may be indications of any or
all of the following’factors:
(a) Contamination
(b) Moisture
(c) Specimen degradation
(d) Instability of the test setup
If the test setup is not at fault, the tool should
be cleaned, dried, and refinished as recommended
by the manufacturer and retested.
3.4.3 Voltage, Voltage V,, is t h e maximum
operating voltage to which the equipment should
be subjected during routine employment in work
operations. For example, for a 345 kV system with
a nominal maximum operating voltage of 362 kV,
V,,should be adjusted accordingly. In cases where
the bus voltage is unregulated, the user should
recognize the voltage transformation ratio possi-
ble and the maximum voltage that can appear
under normal situations from the source line and
then be reflected through the transformer.
3.4.4 Evaluation Equipment
3.4.4.1 General
(1) A long specimen should be evaluated by
testing along its length. Electrodes should
be oriented so that the section being tested
overlaps, or includes, from 5%to 10%of the
previously tested section. The length of
time for voltage application may be a signif-
icant factor in evaluating the quality of new
specimens. Testing at high voltages for
extended periods to determine specimen
conditions through heating is both ambig-
uous and difficult to detect objectively, and
may lead to premature specimen degrad-
ation.
(2) Electrodes and cables should be shielded to
ground out stray current so the monitored
current is indicative of the tool or equip-
ment current through and along the sur-
face of the test specimen.
(3) Initial tool or equipment current readings
should be made when the specimen is new
and has clean uncontaminated surfaces so
as to establish an as manufactured or as
received condition. These data are used for
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
making a comparison between the speci-
men being tested and the acceptance limits
established for that particular cross-section
area and specific electrode configuration.
The value of the tool or equipment current
should be recorded for comparison with
later test records of that particular speci-
men. Values of the tool or equipment cur-
rent that change during the test should be
noted. A reading that shows a decrease
may be indicative of absorbed moisture
drying out during the test. A reading that
shows an increase may be indicative of
incipient degradation of the specimen.
Tests should be performed by competent
personnel on equipment that is clean and
dry (unless otherwise specified).
Historical data is very effective in noting
degradation of electrical insulation and it
is suggested that a base or benchmark be
established for each piece of equipment
(see 3.4.6.3).
Insulation check. Verification of the integ-
rity of the equipment insulation should be
made by one of the following methods:
(a) Watt-loss measurement
(b) Tool or equipment current measure-
ment
Any other test method for detecting breakdown within
the insulation should be approved by a competent authority
before being used.
(7) The test method and test equipment should
be selected on the basis of the purpose of
the product and the characteristic of fault
that needs evaluation or detection. The test
setup and test equipment capability must
also be reviewed in this light.
3.4.4.2 Dielectric-Current Measurement
Method
3.4.4.2.1 Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic
( f r p ) and Wood Materials
(1) Test-Voltage Supply. The power supply vol-
tage parameters are dependent on factors,
such as electrode design and the distance
over which the tests are conducted. The
required test-voltage capacity for manu-
facturers' testing is that which will give a
voltage gradient of 100 kV rms/ft of
fiberglass-reinforced plastic (frp) specimen
being tested. The required test-voltage
capacity for acceptance testing by users is
that which will give a voltage gradient great
enough for evaluation of material but not
so great as to lead to material degradation
from corona or streamer discharges.
24
IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE
( 2 ) Test Current. The supply-current magni-
tude is dependent on factors, such as the
electrode design and the cross-section size
of the test specimen.
(3) Other Considerations
(a) Leads, bushings, a n d instruments
should be shielded to minimize erro-
neous stray current.
(b) Meters of other current-indicating
devices should be incorporated to give
quantitative data for material evalua-
tion.
(c) The power supply should have a n
adjustable interrupting device (circuit
breaker) to ensure against current
significantly greater than the lower
acceptance level for a given specimen
and against damage to t h e power
supply.
(d) Interlocks and grounding features
should be included for operator pro-
tection.
3.4.4.2.2 Electrode Design and Spacing.
High, electrical-stress areas, particularly at the
edges of the electrodes may lead to streamers at
the test-specimen surface unless electrode design
and spacing are considered. These streamers occur
at voltages below flashover, erode the insulation
by ionic bombardment, and cause electrons to
rupture the insulation chemical bonds leading to
degradation in the organic materials. The result-
ing conductive deposits act as an extension of the
electrode and cause further progressive degra-
dation.
( 1) Electrode Shielding. Shielding, guarding, or
improving the shape of the electrode helps
to reduce the corona damage of the test
specimen. Shielded electrodes modeled after
the one shown in Fig 4 should include the
following features:
(a) Intimate contact of the electrode to
the test-specimen surface
(b) Shield oriented as shown in Fig 4,
Detail 1 so that its leading surface is
25 mm (1 in) closer to the high-voltage
electrode than the contact spring on
t h e pickup electrode assembly, t o
ensure adequate shielding.
( 2 ) Electrode Spacing. The spacing of elec-
trodes is determined by the purpose of the
test and the voltage chosen. For manufac-
turers' or production testing of fiberglass-
reinforced plastic (frp) materials, the volt-
age should be 100 kV. Short spacing of
 ANSI/IEEE

$
METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES Std 516-1987

TO OUTER STRAY CURRENl

HIGH VOLTAGE LEAD

HIGH-VOLTAGE CORONA RING

O I L CURRENT COLLECTOR
DETAIL 1 DETAIL 2

SHIELDED CABLE
1 SHIELD
/ RAOIO- ,-SHIELD ED'ENCLOSURE

I VOLTMETER
HEWLETT-PACKARO 403A I POLE CLEARANCE
0 1 8 1 n O R 45 m m
STRAY CURRENT GUARO FOR
CURRENT COLLECTOR AT
GROUND EN0

DETAIL4 METER CIRCUIT DETAIL 3

GENERAL SET UP
lOOkV 60Hz

GROUND EN0 HIGH VOLTAGE CORONA

CORONA RING RING
WITH GUARO FOR
STRAY CURRENT
TO CURRENT BAND

METER L E A 0
TO CURRENT BAND

CURRENT BAND

BONO TO
SHIELDED CABLE INSULATED-
SUPPORT

II I
MINIMUM CLEARANCE
SHIELDED TO ANY GROUND
CABLE PLANE3ftOR90cm

TO METER
CIRCUIT
ENCLOSURE 7

Fig 4
Typical Setup for High-Voltage Tests

25
ANWIEEE
Std 516-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE

electrodes allows inspection of more mi-

nute sections for quality control and thus
avoids the averaging effects of wider elec-
trode spacing, for example, 100 kV at 12 in
(30 cm) spacing or an equivalent potential
difference, such as 50 kV at 6 in (15 cm)
spacing prove satisfactory. Testing may also
be performed over a greater distance pro-
vided the applied voltage and distance are
proportionally increased.
NOTE: High-voltage testing at less than 6 in (15 cm) electrode
spacing is not recommended.
3.4.4.2.3 Dielectric-Current Evaluation
Criteria. The curve data given in Fig 5 may serve
as a guide in judging the test results. See 3.4.4.3.3.
3.4.4.3 Watt-Loss Method
3.4.4.3.1 General. The watt-loss method
is employed to determine the electrical condition
of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (frp) and wood
materials using the loss or absorption of energy by
the material compared to a reference based on a
new or good condition value.
3.4.4.3.2 Test Equipment
(1) A suitable test voltage, usually at least
2500 V, must be supplied by the test equip-
ment. Provision for the measurement of
watt loss or the loss (conduction plus leak-
age) component of the total specimen cur-
rent is required. The alternating-voltage
resistance of the specimen can be calcu-
lated as
where
R = ohms
I , = amperes
W = watts
Measurement sensitivity should be sufficient to
distinguish between 1Olo a and 10" 0 resistance.
NOTE: Capacitance and power-factor measurements are not
recommended for routine tests on specimens having a capac-
itance on only a few picofarads. Accurate measurement of
these quantities depends on complete, specimen shielding sys-
tems, which are not feasible for routine tests.
(2) A guard shield to avoid measurement losses
in the equipment itself must be incorpo-
rated in the test equipment, including con-
nections to the specimen. Preferably, the
test equipment should be able to make
measurementss using ungrounded speci-
mens with t h e guard shield at ground
potential (see IEEE Std 62-1978 [28]). The
watt-loss test is relatively unaffected by
extraneous objects in the vicinity of the
specimen.
(3) Test electrodes are applied in the selected
area. Each electrode may be a conducting
strap or collar wrapped tightly around the
specimen or clamped to it. A metal fitting
attached to the specimen is sometimes
used as an electrode. A common arrange-
ment is three electrodes with a spacing of

Fig 5
Typical Values of Dielectric Current for
Fiberglass-Reinforced-Plastic( f r p )
Poles of Various Diameters

ACCEPTlREJECT VALUES OF DIELECTRIC CURRENT FOR

INITIAL MANUFACTURING OR AS RECE/V€D TESTING
OF FOAM-FILLED POLE WHEN USING TEST SETUP OF
14 FIGURE 4 AT 100 kV/ft

12
3-
c
t 10
U
2
V
E 8
0
2
w
0 6

1 1/2m 2 In 2-1/2 in 3 in
(3 8 crn) (5 cm) (64 crn) (76 crn)
FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED-PLASTIC IFRP) POLE DIAMETER Icrn and in)

26

METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES
3 in (7.5 cm) (see Fig 6). The test voltage is
applied to the center electrode and the
measurement made between it and the
outer electrodes.
NOTE: With 10 kV applied, the 6 in (15 cm) section under test
is stressed at 40 kV/1 ft (30 cm).
(4) For long poles, sticks, and other specimens
of considerable length, measurements may
be made a t two or more locations along the
length using the three-electrode method
described in 3.4.4.3.2(3). An important test
location is a t both ends of the insulating
tool, that is, the end normally applied to
the energized line and the end held by the
worker. An alternative method is to use
two electrodes separated by a consider-
able distance although this usually requires
testing a t a high voltage so as to meet the
test-equipment sensitivity requirements
specified in 3.4.4.3.2(1).When making a
two-electrode measurement, use of t h e
ungrounded-specimen test specified in
3.4.4.3.2(2) is recommended.
3.4.4.3.3 Watt-Loss Method Criteria.
The criteria for acceptance of tools checked
by the watt-loss method should be based on watt-
loss values formulated from histogram data. Test
criteria for specimens made of the same material
and similar dimensions are usually determined
from statistical analyses. However, it can be stated
that wood, fiberglass-reinforced plastic, and many
composite insulating materials, when clean and
dry, have very low leakage so that an alternating-
current resistance greater than 1Olo R is obtained
with the usual three-electrode test arrangement.
If a resistance of l o 9 R or less is obtained, this
Fig 6
General Circuit for Watt-LossTesting
r TEST VOLTAGE
i ing Tools and Other Similar Equipment.
27
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
usually indicates excessive moisture absorption,
dirt, or damage. Equivalent criteria in terms of
leakage current or watt loss at the specified test
voltage may be derived from these resistance
values.
3.4.4.4 Orientation of Equipment and Test
Specimen
(1) The high voltage should be applied to the
end of the test specimen nearest to the
power supply. The orientation of the high-
voltage bus and test specimen should be
such that nearby ground planes do not
introduce significant capacitive effects.
(2) To reduce the effects of stray current on
the specimen and on the meter indication,
the specimen being tested should be paral-
lel to the high-voltage lead or bus (see
Fig 4).
(3) The orientation of the watt-loss test equip-
ment should in accordance with the in-
structions of the test-equipment manufac-
turer.
3.4.5 Standard Test Classification. The fol-
lowing tables are based on the life history aspect
of tools, material, and equipment.
NOTE: To simphfy further references in this section, the term
equipment will be used to cover the three nouns cited.
3.4.5.1 Design-Test Criteria. The values and
other criteria recommended should be used by
the persons involved in the initial specification,
design, component selection and testing, and
assembly of the equipment.
Commonly used values for the anticipated max-
imum switching surge S, are
w 345 kV-S, 3.0 per unit or
=
less
From 345 kV to 500 kV-S, = 2.4 per unit or
less
From 501 kV to 700 kV-S, = 2.0 per unit or
less
3.4.5.1.1 Aerial-Lift Equipment, Insulat-
(1) Nominal voltage criteria
(a) Test voltage = VnLc
(b) Maximum permissible current = 1 PA/
~VLG
(c) Test voltage applied for 3 min
(2) Double rated test
(a) Test voltage = 2 VnLG
where
S, V, < 2 V,, substitute 1.3 V, for 2 V,
(b) Maximum permissible current = 1PA/
kVLG
(c) Test voltage applied for 3 min
ANWIEEE
Std 516-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE

(3) Withstand test Table 7

(a) Test voltage = S;V, Periodic (Routine) Test Values
(b) Test voltage applied momentarily
Condition Dielectric
NOTE: Corona-ring design should be made with regard to Wet Dry Current
boom configuration and for negative-polarity streamers.
Vn Vn I,
3.4.5.1.2 Conducting Protective (Shield- Device (kV/ft) (kV/ft) (FA) Reference
ing) Equipment Insulating hand lines
During the 3 min proof test, the dielectric
current surface should be monitored and Manila 0 75 l/kVLG
Synthetic 30 75 l/kVLG
recorded. The constant current on 4 in2 Chain 40 75 l/kVLG
(25 cm2) on surface should be I = 2 mA
Shielding Pulling-in lines
Dielectric (leakage) current = Manila 0 75 l/kVLG
(1 pA/1 R )/in2 [(l p A / l n )/6.5 cm2] Synthetic 15 75 l/kVLG
at an electric field of 25 kV/m Slings 30 75 l/kVLG
Thermal withstand of the material = 400 OF
(200 "C) on contact
3.4.5.2 Certification-Test Criteria. Certifi-
cation tests are used to demonstrate that the
final equipment assembly has performance char- (4) Switching impulse withstand voltage
acteristics that will enable the equipment to be (250/2500 ps)
used under design conditions. Certification tests Distribution voltages = 2 . 4 / a . VR peak
should not be destructive in nature and are con- Transmission voltages = 3 . 0 / 0 ' VR peak
(5) Shielding
sidered to be of limited frequency, that is, on
Dielectric (leakage) current =
initial purchase of equipment, after repairs, and
(1 pAI1 R)/in2 [ ( l pAI1 R)/6.5 cm2]
for future recertification. The same applies to
at an electric field of 25 kV/m
acceptance tests. For impulse and switching-surge
3.4.5.3 Periodic-TestCriteria. Periodic tests
tests, the magnitude of voltage used is given as
may be made to determine the condition of the
crest values.
Commonly used values for the anticipated max- equipment. Test intervals may be established on
criteria such as,elasped time, voltage level, number
imum switching surge S, are
of times used, condition of use or company user
Below 345 kV S, = 3.0 per unit or less policy, or a combination of these. Even when
From 345 kV to 500 kV S, = 2.4 per unit or less equipment passes a periodic electrical test, the
From 501 kV to 700 kV S, = 2.0 per unit or less user should still visually inspect or otherwise
check the equipment before use. For example,
NOTE: These factors may be reduced by factors within the even though a rubber glove is given a periodic
system.
electrical test, there is no assurance that the glove
3.4.5.2.1 Aerial-LiftEquipment", Insulat- has not been damaged in transportation from the
ing Tools, and Other Equipment. Test values test site to the work site, so a visual inspection
and conditions are the same as in 3.4.5.1.1. should always be made before use to check for
3.4.5.2.2 Insulating Protective Equipment. mechanical damage.
manufacturer's rating kV 3.4.5.3.1 Aerial-LiftEquipment, Energized-
3 min proof withstand voltage = 1.4/ Line Tools, and Other Similar Equipment.
fi - v , r m s (1) Test voltage = VLG(operating voltage)
Minimum critical flashover voltage = 1.6/ (2) Maximum permissible current = 1 pAI kVLL
fi -VRrms (3) Time of applied voltage = 3 min
Impulse withstand voltage (1.2/50 ps) (4) Check insulation for cracks, blisters, or
Distribution voltages = 2.8/fi * VRpeak other visual signs of deterioration
Transmission Voltages = 3 . 0 / n ' VR peak 3.4.5.3.2 Conducting Protective (Shield-
ing) Equipment
(1) Conductive clothing (suit, shoes, socks, and
gloves). Resistance, head to foot: R = 100 0,
l 1 Corona-ring design should be made with regard to boom maximum
configuration and for negative-polarity streamers. (2) Maximum resistance:R, = 1 O / l in (2.5 cm)
 ANWIEEE
METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES Std 516-1987

3.4.6 Acceptance-Test Reference equipment and shows trends in the performance

3.4.6.1 Number of Tests. If no disruptive dis-
charge occurs during any five consecutive
impulses, the specimen should be considered as
having met the test. If more than one of the ap-
plied impulse waves cause a disruptive discharge,
the test specimen should be considered as having
failed the test. If only one of the five applied
impulses causes a disruptive discharge, ten addi-
tional impulses should be applied. If no disruptive
discharge occurs on any of the ten additional
impulses, the specimen should be considered as
having met the test, otherwise the specimen has
failed.
3.4.6.2 Differences in Tool or Equipment
Current. When the tool or equipment-current
values for two adjacent sections differ by more
than 20% of the smaller value, the tool should be
rejected even if it meets other criteria.
3.4.6.3 Histograms. Histograms of initial tool
or equipment-current values for acceptance of
tools or equipment may be established from pro-
duction or manufacturing limits. The basic pur-
pose of these histograms is to indicate a trend
and to establish reference points of each tool
being tested. In the absence of historical infor-
mation or another equivalent basis, the tool or
equipment-current values for fiberglass-reinforced
plastic provided in Fig 5 are applicable.
Plotting of histograms on graph paper give a
good graphic review of the testing of the tool or
of the material under tests.
3.4.6.4 Electrical-Test References
(1) Low frequency: ASTM D149-87 [9].
(2) Lightning impulse: ANSI/IEEE Std 4-1978
[41.
(3) Water for wetting: IEC 265-1968 [27].
Method of test, 7000 Win3 (17 800 R/cm3)
k 15%at 77 OF (25 "C).
(4) Standard atmospheric conditions: tempera-
ture of 77 OF (22 "C) +
9 O F (5 "C); relative
humidity of 35% minimum.
( 5 ) Correction to standard conditions: light-
ning and switching impulse; voltage, ANSI
C29.1-1982 [3].
3.4.6.5 Tools and Equipment. See Table 8
for types of tools and equipment.
3.4.6.6 Acceptance Tests Required. Accep-
tance tests for various tools, devices, and equip-
ment should be as shown in Table 9.
3.4.6.7 Specific Test Guidance
3.4.6.7.1 Dielectric Tests. Dielectric tests
for protective cover-up material should be con-
ducted to evaluate the capability of meeting the
values indicated in 3.4.6.4 for such equipment.
3.4.6.7.2 Evaluation of Criteria. After
considering the performance of line protection
and other equipment in accordance with the tests
listed in Tables 10 and 11 the performance char-
acteristics can be determined and assigned.

Table €4
Types of Tools and Equipment
Device Reference Remarks

Aerial lifts ANSI A92.2-1979 [ l ] Latest revision

Rope CSA C225-76 [ 241 Latest revision
Gloves ASTM D120-87 [SI Latest revision
Sleeves ASTM D1051-87 [13] Latest revision
Blankets ASTM D1048-88a [ 101 Latest revision
Hose ASTM D1050-85 [I21 Latest revision
Hoods ASTM D1049-88 [ I l l Latest revision
Hard cover-up -
Hot sticks -
Conductive suits
Conductive footwear
Carts Cable cart suspended from
conductors
Stringing equipment ANSI/IEEE Std 524-1980 [SI
Synthetic chain - Includes that made from
polypropylene
Line guards ASTM F968-85 [21]
Couplers ASTM F968-85 [21]
Crossarm guards ASTM F968-85 [ 2 1 ]
Pole covers ASTM F968-85 [ 2 1]
Cutout covers ASTM F968-85 [ S l ]
Helicopters CFR, Section 29.1926/551 Used to lower and raise
and 1910.183, OSHA [23] workers to and from
structures

29
ANWIEEE
Std 516-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE

Table 9
Acceptance Test References
Tool, Equipment, or Device Standard or Other Remarks

Cover-up equipment
Flexible material
Glove ASTM D120-87 [8] Latest revision
Insulator hoods ASTM D1049-88 [ 11] Latest revision
Line hose ASTM D1050-85 [ 121 Latest revision
Sleeves ASTM D1051-87 1131 Latest revision
Blankets ASTM D1078-86 (141 Latest revision

Rigid material ASTM F968-85 [ 2 1]

AI1

3.4.7 Guidance for Specific Devices made of one wrap of AWG No 18-AWG
3.4.7.1 Synthetic Rope No 24 bare copper wire and pigtailed.
Samples of rope from every lot (single (4) The wetting of the specimen should be
finished-production length) should be tested done in the following manner. A clean
by the manufacturer and each reel identi- nonmetallic tank or trough shall be rinsed
fied by lot. If the single finished-production with the same type of water to be used dur-
length is greater than 600 ft (180 m), the ing wetting [see 3.4.6.4 (4)]. The entire
tests should be conducted at both ends. rope specimen should be kept submerged
The rope specimen for testing should be at horizontally in the test water at a depth of
least 8 f t (250 cm) long so that when the 12 in (30 cm) for a period of 15 min to 20
rope is held in a vertical position there will min. The hold-down devices should be non-
be 5 ft (150 cm) of rope free from knots, metallic.
eyes, or splices. The ends should be heat- ( 5 ) The specimen should be drained within
sealed. When the specimen is handled, it 1 min after removal from the wetting tank
should always be outside the test length by hanging it in a vertical position with an
(see Fig 7). unrestrained weight of 10 Ib (4.5 kg) at-
NOTE: Rope is tested in a vertical position so that the tached. It should be allowed to drain at
effect of moisture inside it can be evaluated. atmospheric conditions as near standard
as practical with the rope-attachment point
The electrodes should be attached prior to
and weight-attachment point as shown
wetting the specimen (see Fig 7 for at-
in Fig 7. The specimen should be allowed to
tachment points). The electrode should be
dry for 15 min.
(6) The 60 Hz voltage should be applied imme-
Table 10 diately after the 15 min drying period and
Evaluation Criteria should be raised from 0 kV to 30 kV in not
less than 5 s but not more than 15 s. The
Performance Evaluation
Characteristics Technique voltage should be held at 30 kV for 30 s. The
current obtained over 24 in (60 cm) of the
Voltage 1. 60 Hz flashover test specimen should not exceed 1 mA
2. Switching-surge withstand
3. Lightning impulse from the time of initial application of volt-
age until the end of the test.
Current 60 Hz flashover voltage
tool or equipment current
-
3.4.8 Marking and Identification General
(1) All equipment should be marked with the
manufacturer’s name or logo, and date of
Table 11 manufacture, (month and year).
Periodic (Routine) Test Values (2) All markings and identification should be
permanent, that is, weather-resistant, not
Applied voltage 1.2 V,, LG susceptible to sunlight, fading, etc. They
Duration of voltage 3 min should be tested, as required, to ensure
Permissible maximum
tool or equipment current 1 pAIW they will remain legible for the intended
service life of the device. See Table 12.

30
 ANWIEEE
METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES Std 516-1987

- ROPE-ATTACHM ENT PO INT

(BASKET. PARALLEL JAW, OR EQUIVALENT GRIP)
(NOT GROUNDED)

HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRODE
ATTACHMENT POINT

24 in (60cm)

60 in (150 crn)

ATTACHMENT POINT (GROUND)

10 Ib (4 5 kg)
WEIGHT

Fig 7
Typical Test Setup for
Dielectric Testing of Rope

Table 12 facturer’s tests. After the equipment is put into

Marking and Identification Guide service, periodic testing and in-service checking
ensures that the capability of the equipment
Equipment Information To Be Supplied remains adequate.
Gloves ASTM D120-87 [ 8 ] ,Section 5 The material for tools constructed of fiberglass
Blankets ASTM D1048-88a [lo], Section 5 reinforced plastic (frp) is tested by manufactur-
Hoods ASTM D1049-88 [ l l ] , Section 7 ers in accordance with ASTM F-711-83 [19].
Hose ASTM D1050-85 [12], Section 7
Sleeves ASTM D1051-87 [13], Section 5
Rigid or plastic cover-up 1. Manufacturer’s name or logo 4.2 Scope. This section covers field care in use
2. Date of manufacture handling and storage, periodic inspection and
(month and year)
checking, and maintenance and repair of tools
and devices.
4. In-Service Checking and Care
4.3 Field Care, Handling, and Storage
4.1 Introduction. Tools a n d devices used in 4.3.1 Insulating Tools. When not in use, insu-
energized-line maintenance are usually tested by lating tools should be stored where they will
the manufacturer for certification (see [ l ] ,[8], remain dry and clean and not be subjected to
[lo], [12], [13], [21], and [35]). Very often the abuse. Wood insulating tools should be adequately
user conducts electrical certification (acceptance) supported or hung vertically to prevent warping
testing of equipment and tools to verlfy the manu- a n d stored in a temperature- and humidity-

31
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
controlled room. Insulating tools used for ener-
gized-line maintenance should not be laid on the
ground because of possible contamination or wet-
ting. They should be placed on clean, dry tarpau-
lin, moisture-proof blankets, on tool racks, or
leaned against dry supports. When transporting
insulating tools, ventilated containers should be
provided to prevent damage to the surfaces of the
individual tools, or the tools should be mounted
on racks in trucks or trailers. These racks should
be well padded and so constructed that the tools
are held firmly in place.
4.3.2 Insulting Aerial Equipment. When park-
ing aerial devices in buildings or maintenance
garages where heat sources are present, care
should be taken to avoid damage to the insulated
portion of the arm from excessive heat. Fiberglass
portions can be damaged if their resins are ex-
posed to temperatures of 176 "F (80 "C) or more.
The recommended maximum boom and bucket
loads should not be exceeded.
When moving an aerial device, the boom should
be in the rest position, the buckets in the normal
storage place, and the boom tiedowns secured,
unless the device is specifically designed to be
moved with the boom elevated.
When the unit is being moved, the boom hydrau-
lic system should be disengaged, the auxiliary
engine, if used, should be shut down, and in the
case of hydraulically leveled buckets, the free-
swing valve should be open.
4.3.3 Insulating Cover-up Equipment. Cover-
up equipment should be stored in a clean, dry
condition. Tars and oils left in contact for long
periods can cause softening of plastics and rubber
which, in turn, can reduce the dielectric strength
of the materials; the equipment should preferably
be stored in canvas bags or draped with a plastic
cloth to prevent dust and other contaminants
from building-up on the surfaces. Equipment
should not be stored close to heating pipes or in
places where they might be exposed to the sun-
light for prolonged periods of time.
Protective cover-up equipment should be trans-
ported in canvas bags or other protective con-
tainers. Materials that might crack or distort
cover-up equipment should not be placed or piled
on top of these containers.
4.3.4 Insulating Rope
4.3.4.1 General. Rope used in energized line-
work should be kept clean and dry. It should be
stored in clean, dry containers when not in use.
The use of a moisture absorbing agent such as
desiccant is suggested. When used for transmis-
sion, the rope should not be permitted to contact
32
IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE
the ground; this can be accomplished by paying
the rope in and out of the container, or by having
a tarpaulin or other type of ground cloth on
which to put the rope. Rope used in energized line-
work should not be used for any other purpose.
Handlines and slings should be stored by tying
them in hanks or coils and suspending them from
a rack where the air can circulate freely between
them. Rope should never be used wet when a vol-
tage is applied across it. Not only may a current
pass through the rope but this current may cause
localized internal heating resulting in an almost
total loss of mechanical strength which is not eas-
ily detected visually.
4.3.4.2 Natural Fibers. Natural-fiber rope
should be stored so as to remain clean, cool, and
dry as deterioration is accelerated by hot, humid
conditions. Care should also be taken so that the
rope does not come into contact with acids, caus-
tics, or their vapors.
Natural-fiber rope used for conductor-pulling
lines, when wet, should not be wound on a drum
or reel and allowed to remain there for long peri-
ods of time. A minimum safety factor of 5 should
be applied to the mechanical strength of natural
fiber ropes.
4.3.4.3 Synthetic Fibers. Synthetic rope
should not be stored under tension as it has a
tendency to become permanently elongated; this
will reduce its breaking strength. It should also be
stored in a dark place as exposure to sunlight or
ultraviolet tends to lessen the mechanical strength
and cause deterioration. A safety factor of between
5 to 9 should be applied to synthetic ropes, de-
pending on the material and type of construction.
The manufacturer should be consulted for the
exact value.
4.3.5 Clothing
4.3.5.1 Conductive Clothing. Conductive
clothing, including footwear, should be stored
separately in a location that is dry and dust-free
to prevent contamination by grease, oil, dirt, or
water. It should not be exposed to direct sunlight
for long periods of time.
Other objects should not be stacked on the suits
of clothing because of possible damage to the fine
interwoven material that forms the conductive
portion of the suit and result in hot spots.
Extreme care should be taken when storing the
suits of clothing to ensure that they are clean and
that no sharp or rough objects, which could rip or
tear the materials, are stored with the suits.
Conductive suits and related equipment should
be transported in separate containers to prevent
damage.

METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES
4.3.5.2 Insulating Clothing. Insulating cloth-
ing, such as rubber gloves, rubber sleeves, and
overshoes should be stored in clean, dry locations.
Care should be taken to prevent damage from
rough objects. In addition, insulating equipment,
such as gloves, should not be dropped or allowed
to ride down a handline. Rubber insulating gloves
should never be used without placing protector
gloves over them. A small puncture in the rubber
could render any insulating apparel useless. In
general, the same care should be given to insulat-
ing clothing as to conductive clothing.
4.3.6 Conductor Carts. Care must be taken to
ensure that the combined weight of the conduc-
tor cart, workers, and equipment does not allow
the electrical clearance at midspan to be reduced
below the electrical minimums indicated in Tables
2, 3, 4, and 5.
4.3.7 Grounding and Bonding Devices. The
effectiveness of these devices depends on the
integrity of the electrical-contact surfaces, the
cable stranding, and the clamping mechanism.
Care should be taken to prevent damage to the
cable and the clamping mechanism. These devices
should be stored separately to avoid kinking the
cable. Contact surfaces and threads should always
be kept clean. Heavily oxidized or tarnished con-
tact surfaces may present excessive contact resist-
ance. Poor contact surfaces may jeopardize safety
in the event of a line fault.
4.4 Periodic Inspection and Checking. Proce-
dures for periodic electrical testing of tools and
devices used in energized-line maintenance are
given in Section 3. The acceptance in-service check
values for these devices are listed in Table 7.
4.4.1 Insulating Tools. Insulating tools should
be inspected for indications that show they may
have been mechanically overstressed. Tools that
show evidence of being overstressed (such as,
damaged, bent, worn, or cracked components)
should be removed from service and evaluated for
repair. Feathered, elongated, or deformed rivet
ends, indicate that excessive mechanical loading
has occurred and has weakened or sheared the
bond between the ferrules and the insulating pole.
Hardware, bolts, and pins should be replaced
only with high-strength, tempered-steel material,
Grade 5, or the same as the original part. Nonde-
structive testing should be performed on the mech-
anical end-fittings and saddle clamps after a tool
has been subjected to possible overstressing or
vibrating loads for any extended periods of time
(Magnaflux, Zyglo, and Xray may be used for
checking ferrous and nonferrous parts).
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
When the insulating member of a tool shows
signs of accumulated contamination, tracking,
surface blisters, excessive abrasion, nicks, or deep
scratches, the tool should be removed from ser-
vice, and cleaned or refinished as recommended
by the manufacturer, and retested. Moisture will
reduce the insulating properties of these tools.
When tools have been exposed to excess mois-
ture, their moisture content can be measured
with a commercially available moisture meter in
accordance with the manufacturer’s recommen-
dations.
Jack screws should be examined for excessive
looseness (indicative of worn threads) and free-
dom from binding. Worn elements should be
replaced. Bolt and nut threads should be free of
burrs, roughness, or other damage t h a t may
seriously erode mating threads, and all threads
should be lubricated only with dry lubricants.
4.4.2 Insulating Aerial Equipment
4.4.2.1 Inspection Before Live Line-Work.
Before equipment is used for live line-work it
should undergo a comprehensive, recorded, daily
inspection. Items to be checked or inspected daily,
or both, should include, but not be limited to
(1) Emergency power system, including battery
(2) Hoses and controls (hoses should not be
cut or damaged and controls should move
freely)
( 3 ) Insulating section of boom, which must be
wiped down and visually inspected
(4) The engine should be started and the device
operated through its normal operating cycle
with no one in the bucket. Any unusual
noise, malfunctions, oil leaks, erratic move-
ment, or other occurence that is not nor-
mal should be noted.
4.4.2.2 Periodic Inspection. Comprehensive
periodic inspections should be made and records
kept on file. Items t o be checked, serviced, and
repaired should include but are not limited to
Vehicle and aerial device for lubrication as
specified by the manufacturer
Vehicle power take-off for mounting, con-
trols, linkage, and leaks
Hydraulic pump for mounting, hose con-
nection, leaks, and noise level
Filters for cleanliness or replacement
Hydraulic lines for leaks and general condi-
tion
Mast and turret for cracks and excessive
motion in the bearings
Rotation motor and gear box for oil level,
leaks, and drive mechanism
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
(8) Manifold block or rotary connections for
leaks
(9) Bucket controls for free movement and
self-centering
(10) Oil reservoir for oil level
(11) Outriggers for mounting, welds, and proper
functioning of holding valves
(12) Pivot points for lubrication, proper hose
routing, wear, and hose condition
(13) Bucket-leveling system to make sure the
bucket levels properly
(14) Boom-lift cables for wear, broken strands,
and proper adjustment
(15) Booms for cracks, alignment, and general
condition of the insulating sections
(16) Boom cylinders for leaks and properly func-
tioning holding valves
(17) Bucket and bucket liners for bruises, cuts,
and cracks
(18j Emergency systems for proper operation
(19) D ring attachment for security
(20) Throttle control for proper cycling and sys-
tem settings
4.4.3 Insulating Cover-upEquipment. Cover-
up equipment should be inspected for dents,
tears, cracks, punctures, burns, tracking, distor-
tion, soft spots, loose or broken appendages, con-
tamination, and dampness. Cover-up equipment
that is damaged, as distinguished from being
soiled or damp, should not be used but set aside
for electrical tests and possible repairs.
Equipment that is damp should be thoroughly
wiped with a clean cloth both inside and outside
before use. Where wiping internally by hand is
impossible because of space a clean cloth should
be thrust through to swab internal surfaces. Cov-
ers that are soiled with dust or mud should be
wiped with a moist rag and dried.
4.4.4 Insulating Rope. Ropes used for ener-
gized line-work should be frequently inspected for
deterioration, wear, broken strands, and condi-
tion of eyes and splices. Inspection should include
examination of the inner strands.
4.4.5 Clothing-Conductingor Insulating. All
conductive clothing should be visually inspected
before and after use, checking for rips, punctures,
or any damage that may prevent complete shield-
ing. A defect in the conductive clothing or its
bonding apparatus should be a reason for remov-
ing it from service and instituting immediate
repairs and testing.
Particular care should be given to removing dirt
or gravel, which may be embedded in conductive
shoes.
4.4.6 Conductor Carts. Conductor carts should
IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE
be checked prior to use to make certain the
wheels, drive mechanisms, safety slings, and bond-
ing traveler wheel are in good condition.
4.4.7 Grounding and Bonding Devices. These
devices should be inspected for strand breakage,
especially around the areas where the ferrule is
crimped to the cable, tightness of the cable termi-
nal to the clamp body, and condition of the
threads for smooth operation and clean surfaces.
4.5 Maintenance and Repair of Tools and
Equipment
4.5.1 Insulating Tools. Repair to insulating-
tool fittings by welding or reshaping should not be
done because damage by impact or overstressing
may have weakened the member elsewhere. Weld-
ing may also damage heat treatment of the part.
Damaged tools should therefore be removed from
service.
4.5.1.1 Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic (frp)
Tools. Insulating tools of fiberglass-reinforced
plastic should be wiped with a clean cloth or
paper towel before use and as soon as they
become noticeably contaminated. Cleaning with a
strong detergent solution followed by thorough
rinsing or a cleaning recommended by the manu-
facturer is usually sufficient. However, if this does
not remove all foreign matter, tools may be washed
with a suitable solvent. After cleaning, the tools
should be wiped with a finish restorer recom-
mended by the manufacturer.
Fiberglass-reinforced-plasticinsulating tools
should be repaired only by competent personnel.
Light spots are caused by impact blows and may
or may not have a noticeable effect on the strength
or electrical properties of the tools. If there is no
surface roughness, there is no need for repair.
Small surface ruptures can be seen with the
naked eye and should be repaired by competent
personnel by removing the damaged fibers, clean-
ing the void, and following the manufacturer’s
recommended procedure for repair.
If there is any indication that the outer layer of
material has separated, leaving a void beneath
(this void can accumulate moisture or, under
electrical stress, become ionized), the tools should
be removed from service and refinished as recom-
mended by the manufacturer. Numerous light
spots may show excessive abuse and, coupled
with surface contamination, may reduce flashover
or contribute to insulation degradation.
4.5.1.2 Wood Tools. Although the surface of
the tool may appear to be perfectly dry and the
finish in excellent condition, the wood may have
absorbed excessive moisture from the air if the

METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES
tool has been exposed to high humidity. There-
fore, extra precautions should be taken during
wet seasons of the year. Treatment in a drying
cabinet is recommended if leakage is encoun-
tered. In these cases, tools should be dried at 90 OF
(32 "C) for approximately 48 h and subsequently
subjected to a dielectric or power-factor test.
Prompt touching-up is recommended where the
finish is worn or damaged to prevent dirt or mois-
ture from entering and becoming absorbed by the
wood fibers where it might form dangerous con-
ductive paths.
When general refinishing is required, wood tools
should be thoroughly dried to 6%or 7%moisture
content. After the old varnish and foreign mate-
rial have been scraped off, the surface should be
rendered smooth with flint paper and finished
with two or three coats of varnish, sanding lightly
between coats.
Damage to the finish should be repaired accord-
ing to the manufacturer's recommendations.
Repairs and refinish should be done by compe-
tent personnel and followed by a dielectric or
power-factor test.
4.5.2 Insulating Aerial Equipment. All repair
work should be performed by or under the super-
vision of competent workers.
A detailed record should be kept of all mainte-
nance and repairs performed on the aerial device.
Replacement parts should be as specified by
the manufacturer or as approved by the user.
After major repair work has been performed on
the insulated portion of the aerial device, a certi-
fication or periodic test should be made before
the device is returned to service.
A thorough inspection of the device should be
made if the recommended maximum load of the
bucket or boom has been exceeded.
4.5.3 Insulating Cover-upEquipment. Repairs
to cover-up equipment having cracks, tears, or
holes are not recommended. The only parts that
might be repaired are appendages, damaged or
loose, that have no effect on the dielectric strength
of the equipment.
For instance, a loose rope loop might be rece-
mented using the manufacturer's recommended
repair kit or the scissors bar, or its mounting
hardware might be replaced or reattached to the
bottom lip of the line guard.
4.5.4 Insulating Rope. Damaged sections
should be removed and spliced following the
manufacturer's recommendations.
4.5.5 Clothing
4.5.5.1 Conductive Clothing. Body residues
and other impurities will cause deterioration of
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
conductive clothing. Clothing should be washed
with a mild detergent and thoroughly rinsed in
clean water. The only repairs that should be per-
mitted are conductive patches with conductive
thread or glue, and all repaired sections should be
tested before reuse. Only conductive rubber should
be used for repairing conductive boots.
4.5.5.2 Insulating Clothing. Repairs to insu-
lating clothing are not recommended.
4.5.6 Conductor Carts. Damaged or fatigued
members should be replaced and bonding circuits
periodically checked for continuity.
5. Work Methods
5.1 Introduction. This section covers work meth-
ods based on accepted clearances and techniques
used by electrical utilities in work on energized
lines. It should in no way be considered as a train-
ing outline or be used by untrained personnel as
instructions for doing work on or in the vicinity of
energized lines.
5.2 Scope. This section covers detailed methods
and proper use of equipment for the various con-
ditions under which live-line maintenance can be
performed.
5.2.1 Categories of Energized-Line Mainte-
nance
5.2.1.1 Workers at Ground Potential. The
workers are located on the structure supporting
the conductor or on other work platforms and
remain essentially at ground potential using insu-
lating tools and equipment.
5.2.1.2 Workers at Intermediate Potential.
The workers are isolated from grounded objects
by insulating means, such as an aerial man lift or
an insulating ladder or platform, and work with
insulating tools and equipment.
5.2.1.3 Workers at Line Potential. Workers
are bonded to the energized device on which work
is to be performed and are insulated from
grounded objects and other energized devices
that are at a different potential. This is commonly
known as the barehand technique.
5.3 Insulating and Working Clearances
(1) Working clearances should be obtained by
adding to the minimum insulation distance
(Table 2) an additional distance to provide
for inadvertent movements of the worker.
The amount of this increase should be the
prerogative of the owner of the facilities on
which work is being performed.
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
When a person is at an intermediate poten-
tial, whether to perform work isolated from
energized parts or when approaching such
parts, the distance between the worker and
ground, plus the distance between the
worker and the energized device, should
never be less than the minimum insulation
distance (see Table 2).
While withstand values of dry surface insu-
lation and of air gaps are essentially the
same for dc stresses as for ac stresses hav-
ing the same peak voltage to ground, small
amounts of moisture and dirt on surface
insulation have a much greater degrading
effect for dc stresses compared to ac and
consequently the insulation distance for
tools and ladders used on dc systems will
be determined on the basis of permissible
steady-state stress similar to the perma-
nent insulation on the line:
5.4 Precautions when Working Energized Lines
5.4.1 General Precautions
Energized-line maintenance should not be
started when lightning is visible or thunder
is audible at the work location.
When possible, reclosing should be made
inoperative whenever energized-line mair-
tenance work is in progress on conductors.
On distribution lines, the nature of the
work being performed usually determines
the action to be taken.
All equipment should be inspected for
defects before use.
Protective glasses or other face protection
should be worn if the work requires it.
The nominal voltage of the circuit should
be checked before starting work to ensure
that proper clearances are maintained.
Care should be taken to maintain proper
clearances when using conductive mate-
rial, including noninsulating ropes or slings,
in the vicinity of energized devices.
When required to verify the insulating-
clearance distance, insulating measuring
tools should be used.
Insulating tools should be inspected for
indications of damage before and after
each job.
When a n energized conductor is being
moved, checks should be made to avoid
flashover contact with trees o r other
objects located in the adjacent spans.
Persons not involved in the work operation
should be kept clear of the work site.
36
IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE
5.4.2 Precautions when Working at Ground
Potential
(1) I t is important to determine correct loca-
tions on structures for placement of tem-
porary rigging loads.
(2) Care should be exercised to ensure that
tools properly engage conductors or hard-
ware, or both, before transferring a mecha-
nical load to the tool.
(3) Sticks should not be overloaded.
5.4.3 Precautions when Working at Interme-
diate Potential
(1) When passing conductive objects to the
worker a t intermediate potential, care
should be taken not to decrease the min-
imum insulating distance to ground.
(2) To avoid shocks, the worker should bond to
any conductive object being passed to him.
( 3 ) When returning to a metal structure from
an insulating ladder or similar support
platform, the worker should drain t h e
charge off his/h& body by first contacting
the structure with a small metal tool or
object held tightly in his/her hand.
5.4.4 Precautions when Working at Line
Potential
(1) The worker should be insulated fro,m
ground or objects at a potential other than
that of the device he/she is working on.
(2) The worker should be adequately shielded
from the electric field.
( 3 ) Bonding should be such that the worker is
at the potential of the device on which
he/she is working.
(4) All objects passed to the worker ought to
be brought t o his/her potential before
he/she touches them.
(5) When working with bundled conductors,
the worker should bear in mind that a
heavy fault current will slam the subcon-
ductors together with violent force.
(6) When working in close proximity to other
conductors or objects, the worker should
cover these with protective cover-up equip-
ment or move them to avoid inadvertent
contact with other potentials or ground by
the worker or the equipment he/she is
using.
5.5 Requirements when Working Energized
Lines
5.5.1 General Requirements
(1) Personnel doing energized line-work should
have satisfactorily completed a formal
training course of instruction and practice

METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES
for each applicable category of insulating
device to be used. Records should be main-
tained that include training and work expe-
rience in the categories of work he/she is
expected to perform. In addition, person-
nel performing barehand work should be
examined periodically to determine the
adequacy of the worker’s knowledge of
rules and procedures, his ability to esti-
mate clearance distances visually while in
elevated working positions, and his ability
t o safely use t h e barehand technique,
including the control and positioning of
supporting insulating devices.
Whenever workers are exposed to electric
fields, shielding should be provided as
required.
A well-developed set of formal, written
work rules should be provided for safe
implementation of energized-line mainte-
nance. All personnel should be familiar
with these rules.
Procedures should be continuously exam-
ined and updated to take advantage of new
equipment and work methods.
Frequent, well-developed on-the-job or tail-
gate discussions of the aspect of each
energized line-work program or job by the
working personnel are necessary. Commu-
nication by all participants should con-
stantly be encouraged, both during the
discussions and during the progress of the
work program. Every effort should be made
to provide logical, understandable answers
or reasons for all questions, or both, and all
proposals should be readily received and
discussed, with immediate action initiated
on any approved actions. A high degree of
intra-crew discussion and participation
d e m o n s t r a t e s a highly t r a i n e d , well-
adjusted, energized-line crew.
The leader of the crew should be present
for every job and should personally direct
all energized line-work. An awareness of
the capabilities and the physical and men-
tal condition of each member of the crew is
necessary. No crew member should be
allowed to work during periods, either
temporary or sustained, when one is sus-
pected to be in a physical or mental state
that could contribute to an unsafe opera-
tion of the crew or equipment. The leader
of the crew should be responsible for seeing
t h a t detailed plans are worked out in
advance and for determining the location
37
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
of all grounded and energized parts in the
vicinity of the proposed work. Safe clear-
ances for personnel and their supporting
insulating devices (considering movements
during the work) should be determined in
advance and strictly observed.
5.5.2 Requirements when Working at Ground
Potential
When working from steel structures at volt-
ages above 230 kV phase-to-phase, workers
should be protected by conductive foot-
wear or shielding to avoid static shocks.
The condition of conductors, tie wires, and
insulators should be carefully checked for
signs of burns or other weaknesses. When
such defects are found, extra special care
should be taken while doing the work.
5.5.3 Requirements when Working at Inter-
mediate Potential. The integrity of any insulat-
ing device used to support the worker should be
ensured.
5.5.4 Requirements when Working at Line
Potential
For work o n circuits energized above
230 kV phase-to-phase, the worker should
wear conductive clothing.
Before beginning work, workers should
bond his/her conductive clothing to the
energized device on which helshe is to
work.
When the insulation clearance is decreased
below the minimum value indicated in
Tables 2 or 3, protective gaps should be
installed, preferably at structures adjacent
to the work location on adjacent structures.
5.5.5 Requirements for Gloving
5.5.5.1 General. Rubber and synthetic gloves
and sleeves are available for use on voltages
through 36 kV. Few, if any utilities do not glove
through 7.5 kV. Some do not glove above that level
but use live-line tools. All voltage references are
phase to phase.
5.5.5.2 General Requirements
(1) Rubber gloves (with or without sleeves)
should be worn before entering a hazard-
ous area and removed only after leaving
the hazardous area.
(2) Energized or neutral conductors, ground
wires, messengers, guy wires, etc, in prox-
imity should be covered with approved
protective equipment. This equipment
should be installed and removed from
below, when practicable, and in Such a
manner and sequence as to provide maxi-
mum protection. Protective covering should
ANWIEEE
Std 516-1987
be applied to the nearest and lowest con-
ductor first and removed in reverse order.
(3) Special care is exercised when working in
proximity to fuses, lightning arrestors, etc.
Procedures may require that fuses be
bypassed for the duration of the work.
(4) Protective equipment is normally removed
at the end of the work day.
5.5.5.3 Field Inspection
(1) Rubber gloves and sleeves should be in-
spected at least daily, while in use, for
cracks, bruises, and other damage or
defects. Gloves should be given a roll and
air test at the beginning of the work period
and at any time their condition is suspect.
(2) All other rubber protective equipment
should be given a visual inspection before
being used.
5.5.5.4 Care and Storage
(1) Rubber gloves should never be stored or
worn inside out nor worn without glove
protectors. Gloves should be stored in their
natural shape. Sleeves and blankets should
not be folded or creased. They should be
stored flat or in an approved roll-up.
(2) All rubber protective equipment should be
protected from mechanical damage and
exposure to harmful chemicals, heat, ozone,
oil, grease, etc. Harsh chemicals, oil, grease,
etc, should be removed as soon as practi-
cable by wiping or by using a mild deter-
gent. Thorough rinsing is important to
prevent damage.
5.5.5.5 Working 600V- 7500V. At this volt-
age level, it is uncommon to use supplemental
insulation such as platforms or aerial lifts. With
the use of proper protective equipment (line hose,
blankets, etc), this voltage level is normally worked
directly off the supporting structure.
5.5.5.6 Working 7500 V- 17 000 V. Usually
some additional insulation is required such as
platforms, ladders, or insulated aerial lifts. Instal-
lation of line hose, blankets, and other protective
equipment can be performed from the structure
without additional insulation because contact with
the energized conductor is not necessary. Sleeves
are sometimes used.
5.5.5.7 Working 17 000 V-26 500 V. The
same practices usually apply to this level as at the
7500 V--17000 V level except that line hose,
blankets, etc, are installed with live-line tools or
with the benefit of additional insulation such as
platforms, and insulated lifts. Aerial lifts are often
preferred at this level.
IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE
5.5.5.8 Working 26 500 V- 36 000 V
(1) Insulated aerial lift equipment is univer-
sally accepted as necessary for gloving at
this voltage level. Sleeves are optional. Insu-
lated basket liners are often used.
(2) Work in damp or foggy weather is restricted -
often limited by the boom leakage current
or the atmospheric humidity.
( 3 ) Frequently, a combination of gloves and
live-line tools is used because of construc-
tion, clearances, congestion, etc.
(4) Lower voltage class gloves are not permit-
ted at the job site or are collected and
stored a t a specific location before work as
this voltage is started.
( 5 ) The chassis of the aerial lift should be
grounded to the system neutral, if practi-
cable, otherwise, to a temporary ground
source.
5.6 Insulating Equipment Used in Energized
Line-Work
5.6.1 Insulating Aerial Equipment. Any vehicle-
mounted device that isolates the worker from
ground potential at the vehicle and lower boom
supporting structure and is used to position the
worker for contact with, or work on, energized
lines and apparatus. This category covers aerial
ladders, articulating boom platforms, extensible
boom platforms, and vertical towers. The device
should be rated and certified by the manufacturer.
5.6.2 Insulating Ladder. A single or multiple-
section ladder used for personnel support during
energized line-work. This ladder may be structure-
mounted, base-supported, or cable-supported by
a crane or similar device.
5.6.3 Insulating Platform. An aerial device
designed to elevate a platform in a vertical axis
either by means of insulating arms operating in a
scissors action or by means of an insulating tele-
scoping boom.
5.6.4 Insulating Tower Boom. An insulating
tower boom is used in conjunction with support
platforms such as a bosun’s chair, basket or
bucket, or tree trimmer’s saddle, to position the
worker.
5.7 NoninsulatingEquipment Used in Energized
Line-Work
5.7.1 Conductor Cart. A cart suspended from
the conductor can be used as a work platform for
operations, such as removing insulator strings or
inspecting dampers, spacers, or the conductor
itself.

METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES
5.7.2 Helicopter. Helicopters can be used to
lower and raise workers and tools to and from
structures carrying energized lines and to place
lineman in position for live contact.
5.8 Insulating Devices Used in Energized Line-
Work
5.8.1 Insulating Tools. Insulating tools made
of either wood or fiberglass-reinforced plastic are
used for work on energized devices while the
worker is at ground potential or at an interme-
diate potential.
5.8.2 Insulating Rope. Insulating rope is used
in rigging support platforms for positioning per-
sonnel, controlling conductors, and raising or
lowering tools and equipment whenever work is
being done on or in the vicinity of energized lines
or devices. It can be used alone or in series with
an insulating pole. Insulating chain can be used in
place of insulating rope when high humidity levels
are likely to be encountered.
5.8.3 Protective Cover-up. Protective cover-up
equipment is used at the lower voltages to insu-
late energized lines and devices from the worker.
5.9 Methods for Positioning Personnel
5.9.1 Aerial Lift Equipment Performing Bare-
hand Procedures
5.9.1.1 General Precautions
(1) Before the boom of an aerial lift is elevated,
t h e outriggers on t h e truck should be
extended, and if required, the aerial lift
should be adequately grounded.
(2) The aerial lift should be operated to check
that all controls are operating normally.
(3) Workers should thoroughly clean the soles
of conductive footwear before entering the
bucket of an aerial lift device or mounting a
support platform. The floor of the equip-
ment should also be inspected for dirt or
other material that might prevent good
contact between the floor and the conduc-
tive footwear.
(4) When working aloft, the worker should be
secured to the aerial lift with his/her safety
belt and both legs should be inside the
bucket or platform at all times, with one if
not both feet on the bottom of the bucket
or platform liner.
(5) When an aerial lift is in contact with or
near energized devices, workers on the
ground should avoid making contact with it.
(6) The bucket or platform and upper insulat-
ing boom should not be overstressed by
attempting to llft or support weights in
39
ANWIEEE
Std 516-1987
excess of the manufacturer’s rating. To
protect the fiberglass parts, none of the
parts of the bucket, platform, or upper arm
should be used as a fulcrum for prying or
lifting.
(7) The fiberglass material of which aerial lift
buckets are made should not be considered
as providing any insulating properties.
(8) Bond cables should use break-away clamps
or have a break-away section that allows
for separation from the energized conduc-
tor in an emergency situation.
(9) When it is necessary to move from an aerial
device or ladder to a structure or to a con-
ductor, the worker must not be safetied off
to both devices at the same time.
5.9.1.2 General Requirements
(1) One person capable of operating the over-
riding controls on the truck should be near
the aerial lift when workers are in the
buckets or on the platform.
(2) Before workers are sent aloft, the insulat-
ing member of aerial lifts should be electri-
cally tested by making contact with the line
to be worked on. This electrical check should
be made each time the aerial lift is relo-
cated. The maximum arm current should
not exceed 1 pA/kV phase-to-phase voltage.
(3) Bond cables should remain firmly attached
to the energized device throughout the
work operation.
(4) Insulating members of aerial lifts should be
kept clean and dry.
5.9.1.3 Minimum Clearance
(1) The clearance between any grounded part
of t h e truck a n d t h e insulating boom
assembly should not be less than those
specified in Tables 2 and 3. This includes
the clearance between live and grounded
parts of the aerial lift device.
(2) The clearance between any part of a per-
son, a conducting tool, or a platform com-
bination not at earth potential and a live
conductor should not be less than the
clearance given in Table 4 corresponding to
a switching surge factor of fi.S for the
appropriate voltage. Where this cannot be
achieved for any one conductor the clear-
ance between person, tool, or platform
combination to any other live conductor
that is at a different potential from the first
must be maintained. Where the two live
conductors are on different circuits at dif-
ferent system voltages the clearance shall
be calculated on the basis of voltage to be
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
withstood being the sum of the products of
the S and Vvalues, that is, the clearance
corresponds to
81 VILG s
+ 2 v2LG
5.9.2 Insulating Ladder
5.9.2.1 Structure-Mounted Ladder for Bare-
hand Work
5.9.2.1.1 General Precautions
The end of the ladder should be firmly
secured to the structure.
The ladder should not be secured to a
defective component or to a device that
will be taken apart or moved.
Before the worker mounts the ladder, the
leader of the crew should first assure him-
self that all rigging has been checked.
5.9.2.1.2 General Requirements
Before a worker mounts t h e ladder, it
should be tested electrically by making
contact with the line to be worked on to
check the dielectric current.
The ladder should be moved to a safe de-
energized position prior to allowing the
worker to mount or dismount.
Controlling the movement of the ladder
should be done with insulating tools, or
nonconductive rope or chain, or both.
Except when mounting or dismounting from
the ladder, the worker should maintain his
safety strap around the ladder.
5.9.2.1.3 Minimum Clearance
The minimum insulation distance specified
in Tables 2 and 3, plus an additional dis-
tance for inadvertant movement, should be
maintained between the worker and any
grounded part.
5.9.2.2 Base-Supported Ladder for Live
Line-Work
5.9.2.2.1 General Precautions
The equipment being used as a fixed base
support should provide a sturdy, safe prop
for the length of ladder and weight to be
supported.
Personnel should stay clear of the ladder
and base while the ladder is being moved
into position.
5.9.2.2.2 General Requirements
The equipment being used as a fixed base
support for the ladder should be grounded.
Insulating sticks should be used to move
the ladder to the energized device.
Before the worker mounts the ladder, the
dielectric-current value should be checked
when barehand work is being performed.
40
IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE
(4) The ladder should be checked electrically
each time the base is relocated when bare-
hand work is being performed.
5.9.2.2.3 Minimum Clearance. A clearance
of 8 f t should be added to the mimimum insula-
tion distance indicated in Tables 2 and 3 to allow
for the length of ladder occupied by the person. In
addition, allowance should be made for inadver-
tant movement.
5.9.2.3 Cable-Supported Ladder for Live
Line-Work
5.9.2.3.1 General Precautions
The lifting device should be of adequate
capacity to handle the ladder load without
any risk of an operating deficiency.
It should be adequately supported and
secured to ensure safe operation at all
expected angles and positions.
The equipment should be closely inspected
by the supervisor and operator following
setup, and any noted or suspected defi-
ciencies should be corrected.
Insulating link sticks should be used
between the cable and the ladder when-
ever possible to facilitate the dielectric-
current testing and to improve the insulating
quality of the setup.
5.9.2.3.2 General Requirements
The equipment being used as the lift device
should have both power raise and power
lowering facilities. Brake-type lowering
should not be used.
When workers are on the ladder, all move-
ments of the lifting device should be directed
or controlled from aloft.
One person capable of operating all con-
trols should be near the lifting device when
workers are on the ladder to warn other
persons not to walk under the work area
and to keep them clear from the lifting
device when the ladder is elevated.
Link sticks or ladders should be solidly at-
tached to the lifting cable; open-load hooks
should not be used.
5.9.2.3.3 Minimum Clearance. Noninsulat-
ing portions of the equipment should not be
closer to energized devices than the distances
indicated in Tables 2 and 3. Depending on the
work location, additional distances may be speci-
fied by the person in charge to ensure that min-
imum distances are not violated.
5.9.3 Insulating Platforms for Barehand Work
5.9.3.1 General Precautions
( 1 ) Before the platform is elevated, the out-
riggers on the unit should be extended and

METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES
adjusted to stabilize and level the unit.
The body of the unit should be properly
grounded when required. Grounding through
the outriggers is not sufficient.
Before moving the insulating platform into
the work position, all controls both a t
ground level and on the support platform
should be checked.
For scissors-type platforms with hydraulic
lines to the controls at the support plat-
form level, all arms supporting the plat-
form should be raised to their maximum
height and left in the raised position for
5 min.
Workers in the vicinity of a support plat-
form, in contact with or near energized
lines, should avoid making contact with the
support platform.
Bond cables should use break-away clamps
or have a break-away section that allows
for separation from the energized conduc-
tor in an emergency situation.
5.9.3.2 General Requirements
(1) One person capable of operating the over-
riding controls should be near the unit
when workers are on the support platform.
(2) Before workers are sent aloft, the insulat-
ing members of the platform should be
electrically tested by making contact with
the line to be worked on. When the dielec-
tric arm current is being measured, all base
arms of a scissors-type platform should be
bonded together at the metering point.
(3) Bonding cables used to connect the plat-
form to the energized device should remain
firmly a t t a c h e d throughout t h e work
operation.
(4) Insulating members of support platforms
should be clean.
5.9.3.3 Minimum Clearance
The distance between the top of the insu-
lating platform and grounded parts should
not be less than those indicated in Tables 2
and 3.
No portion of the insulating section of the
equipment should be permitted to contact
a grounded part or a conductor having a
different potential.
No portion of a person, tool, or the plat-
form should be less than the minimum
phase-to-phase clearance from energized
conductors.
No portion of the grounded section of the
equipment should be less than the min-
41
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
imum phase-to-ground clearance from an
energized conductor.
5.9.4 Insulating Tower Boom for Live Line-
Work
5.9.4.1 General Precautions
(1) The tower boom should be erected a t an
appropriate location on the structure to
facilitate moving the worker or equipment
to the desired location.
(2) The specific support platform to be used
should be properly attached to the tower
boom and all component parts should have
an adequate factor of safety for the load to
be carried.
5.9.4.2 Minimum Clearance
(1) The minimum insulation distance specified
in Tables 2 and 3 plus additional distance
for inadvertent movement should be main-
t a j n e d between t h e worker a n d a n y
grounded part.
(2) No portion of a person or tools should be
less than t h e minimum phase-to-phase
clearance from another energized conduc-
tor.
5.9.5 Conductor Cart
5.9.5.1 General Precautions
(1) A worker using a conductor cart should
not make contact with the cart during its
installation on the conductor until it is at
the same potential as he/she is. This can be
done either by allowing the cart to be
pulled against the conductor to which the
worker is bonded or by the worker reach-
ing out and hooking it with his bonding
wand.
(2) A nonconductive-rope tag line should be
tied to the cart to control its motion during
hoisting.
(3) After the trolley wheels are on the conduc-
tor, safety slings should be installed across
the wheel attachment to prevent the cart
from dropping if a wheel should jump off
the conductor.
(4) When transferring from an insulating lad-
der to a cart attached to the conductor,
the worker should make sure that his/her
safety strap, which is fastened to the ladder,
and his/her conductive clothing bond are
of sufficient length to permit his/her trans-
fer from the ladder to the cart.
(5) When the cart is being mounted on bundled
conductors, the rigid side of the cart sup-
port should be mounted on the conductor
away from the worker on the insulating
ladder, and the hinged side of the cart
ANSI/IEEE
Std 516-1987
support then mounted on the conductor
near the worker.
5.9.5.2 General Requirements
(1) Appropriate bonding and shielding should
be observed.
(2) For carts propelled by internal-combustion
engines, care should be exercised in han-
dling fuel.
5.9.5.3 Minimum Clearance
(1) Care should be exercised during installa-
tion of the cart on the conductor so that
the minimum distances indicated in Tables
2 and 3 are not violated.
(2) The weight of the cart and the worker
should be such that when installed on the
conductor they do not alter the sag of the
conductor to the extent that they violate
the distances indicated in Tables 4 and 5.
5.9.6 Helicopters
5.9.6.1 General Requirements. When per-
forming barehand live-line techniques with a
helicopter:
(1) The pilot and the worker shall be checked
out on the particular job to be done
(2) All applicable work clearances shall be
discussed
(3) Constant communications between pilot
and worker should be provided
(4) The pilot and worker should be dressed in
equivalent conductive clothing
(5) The pilot, in consultation with the worker,
shall be responsible for all decisions regard-
ing safe flying conditions
(6) A regulatory approved work platform shall
be provided for the worker
(7) Pull-away bonding clamps should be used
(8) The worker shall be fastened to the helic-
opter or work platform, or both, by an
approved safety harness and lanyard
6. Work in the Vicinity of
Energized Lines and Devices
6.1 Introduction. This section concerns itself with
suggesting ways to provide protection for workers
during energized-line maintenance or while work-
ing in the vicinity of other energized lines.
6.2 Scope. This section determines the minimum
safe working clearances for grounded bodies or
equipment operating and moving in the vicinity of
energized lines or energized components, or both,
in station yards while performing work on ener-
gized circuits or devices.
42
IEEE GUIDE FOR MAINTENANCE
I
This includes mobile work equipment, such as
aerial lifts used as work platforms, radial boom
derricks, aerial ladders, and live-line insulator
washing equipment. Step-and-touch potentials are
also considered.
6.3 Approach Distance
6.3.1 Absolute Limit of Approach
(1) The absolute limit of approach is th,eshort-
est permissible distance between energized
electrical apparatus and the position of the
worker's body or tools and the materials
he/she may be handling.
(2) The distances indicated in Table 4 do not
allow for accidental or unplanned move-
ments and should be used only to establish
minimum distances. They must never be
encroached upon unless protection is pro-
vided in the form of approved protective
devices.
6.3.2 Working Limit of Approach. The work-
ing limit of approach is the shortest permissible
distance between live electrical apparatus and
the closest part of the worker's body or any con-
ducting tool or material that he/she may be han-
dling, taking into consideration an allowance for
inadvertent mouement. This distance could vary
depending on the work operation.
6.4 Determination of Working Clearance
6.4.1 General Precautions
(1) The following factors are among those that
should be considered when establishing the
working clearance for a particular work
operation:
(a) The potential hazards of the work;
electrical, mechanical, or physical, or
both
(b) The skills and knowledge of the worker
doing the work
(c) The possible use of protective cover-
up equipment
(d) The fact that the live equipment may
be the energized conductor or device
itself, any hardware attached to it, any
conducting tool or material touching
it, or the metal component at the end
of an energized-line tool.
(2) Extreme care shall be taken to ensure the
safety of all workers.
(3) When conductive shoes or boots are worn
while working in the vicinity of switchgear,
circuit breakers, intrument transformers,
and arresters to eliminate the annoying
 ANSI/IEEE
METHODS ON ENERGIZED POWER-LINES Std 516-1987

although harmless discharging of the body 100 7

capacitive charge to the grounded struc- 90 ..

tures, extreme care should be taken by the g
worker not to make contact with a source
of low-voltage potential.
6.4.2 General Requirements
(1) The working clearance should be obtained
by adding to the distances indicated in
Table 2 a distance to cover accidental or
unplanned movement of the worker’s body
or tools and material he/she may be
handling.
(2) At no time should the distance between a
grounded body or tool be less than the dis-
tances shown in Table 2.
(3) Conductive clothing should be worn by 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

workers at ground level and on any DISTANCE FROM ROD ( f t )

grounded structure of an extra-high-voltage
(ehv) switchyard or transformer station
Fig 8
whenever field strengths are sufficient to
require them. Typical Voltage-Gradient Distribution Curve

6.5 Step and Touch Potentials

6.5.1 Introduction. When a ground fault

4
occurs on a transmission line, the potential rise of TOUCH
the transmission-linetower with respect to ground
may present a hazard through excessive touch or
step potentials. The degree of the hazard depends
upon the magnitude of the fault current and the
time of exposure. While the probability of a line-
to-ground fault has increased only very little in
recent years, the magnitude of fault current has
in many cases increased appreciably with the
result that the hazard from step and touch poten-
tials should no longer be considered as negligible.
6.5.2 Voltage-Gradient Distribution
(1) The dissipation of the voltage or voltage Fig 9
drop from the ground electrode is called Step and Touch Potential
the ground potential gradient or simply the
voltage gradient. The voltage drops are
known as ground potentials.
Figure 8 is a typical voltage-gradient dis- 6.5.3 Protection of the Worker from Ground
tribution curve and shows that the voltage Potential Gradients
decreases rapidly with the distance from (1) The use of a metal mat connected to the
the electrode and that most of the voltage electrode will protect a worker standing on
is concentrated near the electrode. The it from any step or touch potential. How-
graph assumes soil of uniform texture. ever, if the worker is standing with one foot
(2) Step and touch potentials are illustrated in on the conducting mat and one foot on the
Fig 9. ground, he/she will be exposed to a step
Transferred voltages may occur on any potential, at least equivalent to the touch
metal component connected to station potential, as illustrated in Fig 10.
grounds in the event of a fault to ground, (2) Workers on the ground should minimize
including station fences, cable sheaths, their contact with structures in the per-
pipes, and rails. formance of the work operation.

43
ANWIEEE
Std 516-1987

6.6.2 General Requirements

STEP /i -'
Fig 10
Protection of the Worker from
Ground-PotentialGradients
6.6 Vehicles in the Vicinity of Energized Lines
and Devices
6.6.1 General Precautions
(1) Vehicles equipped with any type of aerial
equipment working in the vicinity of ener-
gized conductors or apparatus should be
grounded or isolated.
(2) Persons standing on the ground should not
be in contact with a vehicle while the boom
or aerial device is being moved in the vicin-
ity of energized conductors or apparatus.
(1) If it becomes necessary to make contact
with attachments or load during minor
controlled adjustments of the boom or
winch so as to connect, disconnect, or align
the attachment or load, care should be
taken to make sure that safe methods for
controlling loads are employed. In addition
(a) Appropriate safe working clearances
must exist between the boom, attach-
ments and load, and the energized
conductors or devices.
(b) The minor controlled adjustments of
the boom or winch must not encroach
on the appropriate, safe workmg clear-
ance, and the boom, attachments, and
load must be protected from the ener-
gized conductors or devices.
(2) When it is necessary to operate the con-
trols at ground or vehicle level, the opera-
tor should protect himseWherselfby one of
the following methods:
(a) By standing on an operator's metal
platform installed for this specific
purpose
(b) By standing on the deck of the vehicle
(c) By standing on a portable conductive
mat electrically attached to the vehicle
(d) By standing on an insulated platform
6.6.4 Insulator Cleaning. Cleaning contami-
nated insulators on energized lines can be done by
using various methods [30]. See IEEE Std
957-1987 [29].

44