EEE 311: Digital Signal Processing I

Lecture 05

Shaikh A. Fattah

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

BUET, Dhaka Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 1
 Quantization
The process of converting discrete-time continuous amplitude signal
into a digital signal by expressing each sample value as a finite
number of digits is called quantization.

Error introduced in this process is called Quantization Error or

Quantization Noise.

We can evaluate Quantization Error by quantizing xa(t) instead of

xa(nT). xa(t) is almost linear between quantization levels.

Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 2
 Quantization

Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 3
 Signal to Quantization noise Ratio (SQNR)

 denotes the time that xa(t) stays within quantization level

The mean-square error power

When dynamic range is fixed, increasing L results in decrease of step

size, quantization error decreases, accuracy of quantizer increases
Quantization causes loss of information—irreversible process Fattah
Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 4
 Signal to Quantization noise Ratio (SQNR)

The Quantizer has b bits

Quantizer covers entire range 2A

Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 5
 Signal to Quantization noise Ratio (SQNR)

SQNR increases approximately 6 dB for every bit added to the

word length for each doubling of the quantization levels.

Here it is derived for sinusoidal signal, but later we will show this
holds for all signal whose dynamic range spans the range of
quantizer.

Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 6
 Introduction

Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 7
 Quantization Steps

Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 8
 Quantization Types

Mid-Rise type: origin lies in the middle of a raising part of the stair-
case. The quantization levels are even in number.
Mid-tread: origin lies in the middle of a tread of the stair-case. The
quantization levels are odd in number.
Both uniform quantizers are symmetric about the origin.
Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 9
 Coding
In Binary coding,
each quantization
level is assigned a
unique binary
number.
If we use b bits to
represent a sample,
we can create 2b
different binary
numbers, i.e. 2b
different levels (L).
Hence, 2bL

Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 10
 Coding

b=?
Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 11
 Companding
Companding = compressing and expanding
Compressing signals before transmitting & expands when received.
During compression, it uses unequal steps in order to amplify the lower
values while attenuating the larger ones. Opposite at the receiver.
Consider the human speech---how often you shout!!!!
In companding, quantization intervals increase logarithmically with an
increase in the amplitude of the signal.
Two standard companding techniques: A-law and µ-law

Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 12
 Companding A-law and µ-law

Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 13
 A Law
European countries practice A-Law. A-Law compression for input signal x

Considering y as the companded signal, A-Law expanding is

A = 87.6 is the compression parameter defined by Consultative

Committee for International Telephony And Telegraphy (CCITT) G.711
Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 14
  Law
The µ-law companding technique is deployed in North America and Japan.
 Law Compression

 Law Expansion

µ = 255 is the compression parameter defined by CCITT G.711

Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 15
 A-law and µ-law

Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 16
 Introduction

Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 17
 Introduction

Fattah

Dr. Shaikh A. Fattah, Prof, Dept. of EEE, BUET Digital Signal Processing-I
Website: https://sites.google.com/site/drshaikhfattah/
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lecture-05 18