Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

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Results in Control and Optimization

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rico

The Fibonacci wavelets approach for the fractional

Rosenau–Hyman equations
Kumbinarasaiah S. ∗, Mallanagoud Mulimani
Department of Mathematics, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: In this study, a novel approach, called the Fibonacci wavelet collocation technique (FWCT), is
Fibonacci wavelets presented for the numerical solution of nonlinear fractional order partial differential equations
Collocation method (FPDEs). The chosen numerical strategy is based on the collocation method with the Fibonacci
Functional matrix of integration
wavelet and its functional integration matrix. The newly developed numerical approach for the
Rosenau–Hyman equation
nonlinear time-fractional Rosenau–Hyman equation is the focus of this paper. The corresponding
Caputo fractional derivative
Newton–Raphson technique
fractional order derivative is taken in the Caputo sense. This effective numerical approach
converts the nonlinear problem into a set of algebraic-type nonlinear equations. This nonlinear
system of equations is analyzed using the Newton–Raphson method to find the unknown
coefficients. We provide the different types of error analysis of the present technique. The exact
solution and the results obtained by the other literary methods are compared to the results
achieved. The numerical outcomes demonstrate that the current analysis offers a more accurate
approximation than the prior approaches. The result derived with the aid of this technique is in
good agreement and indicates that the approach is easy to implement and accurate. These results
reveal that the proposed method is computationally attractive, efficient, effective, reliable, and
robust for solving various physical models in science and engineering. We made all calculations
and plotted the graphs using Mathematica software.

1. Introduction

Partial differential equations (PDEs) were first studied in the 18th century by Lagrange, Euler, Laplace, and d’Alembert as a
necessary tool for describing the mechanics of continua and, more broadly, as the primary method of analytical investigation of
models in science and engineering. One of the primary concerns in developing PDEs is still the examination of physical models.
PDEs started to be used often in various areas of mathematics around the middle of the 19th century, mainly because of the
work of Riemann. This contrast has severely influenced the study of PDEs throughout the 19th and 20th centuries in perspectives.
An FPDE is a generalized variant of an integer order differential equation. An FPDE-based model is one alternative to integer
differential equations. These are random (non-integer) order generalizations of the partial differential equations. A point’s near
surroundings can be investigated using the integer-order derivative, whereas the whole interval can be examined using the fractional
derivative. They have attracted a lot of interest since they can replicate complex phenomena. At the end of the nineteenth century,
Liouville and Riemann developed the formulation of the fractional derivative. However, the non-integer derivative and integral
had already been addressed by Leibniz and L’Hospital in 1695. Riemann developed the Riemann–Liouville derivative idea in
1876. Since then, numerous fields of science and technology have demonstrated practical applications of the fractional derivatives
and integrals of this Riemann–Liouville type. A Caputo derivative is a unique fractional derivative proposed by Michele Caputo

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: kumbinarasaiah@gmail.com (Kumbinarasaiah S.).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rico.2023.100221
Received 28 December 2022; Received in revised form 19 February 2023; Accepted 5 March 2023
Available online 8 March 2023
2666-7207/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

concerning a Riemann–Liouville fractional integral during the beginning of the 20th century. The new non-singular fractional
operator from Caputo and Fabrizio was generalized by Atangana and Baleanu, who successfully used it to tackle a variety of
challenging phenomena, including biological ones. Numerous eminent mathematicians developed fractional calculus on formal
foundations, including Liouville, Grunwald, Riemann, Euler, Lagrange, Heaviside, Fourier, and Abel. Numerous of them put out novel
strategies arranged chronologically in [1]. Numerical solutions to FPDEs have drawn much interest because of their tremendous
potential and wide range of applications. There is a general framework for integer and fractional order differential equations
that can successfully describe any issue in real life. The study and use of fractional differential equations in science, engineering,
and other disciplines have received considerable interest [2,3]. The theory of fractional calculus has advanced quickly. It is now
widely employed in many fields, including mathematics, biology, physics, mechanics, chemistry, medicine, environmental science,
control theory, finance, signal and image processing, and other related fields [4–9]. The numerical analysis of the FPDEs has been
magnificently applied in many areas of research [10,11].
The Rosenau–Hyman equation is a particular case of the Gilson–Pickering equation. The Gilson–Pickering equation was presented
in 1995 by Gilson and Pickering. The Gilson–Pickering equation is a model of the nonlinear third-order PDE of the form [12]:

𝑊𝑡 − 𝜗𝑊𝑥𝑥𝑡 + 2𝛽𝑊𝑥 − 𝑊 𝑊𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑊 𝑊𝑥 − 𝜔𝑊𝑥 𝑊𝑥𝑥 = 0, (1.1)

where 𝜗, 𝛽, 𝜎, 𝜔 are nonzero constants. In the literature, Eq. (1.1) has three different special cases. When 𝜗 = 1, 𝛽 = 0.5, 𝜎 = −1, 𝜔 = 3,
then Eq. (1.1) becomes Fornberg–Whitham (FW) equation. When 𝜗 = 0, 𝛽 = 0, 𝜎 = 1, 𝜔 = 3, then Eq. (1.1) becomes Rosenau–Hyman
(RH) equation and when 𝜗 = 1, 𝛽 = 0, 𝜎 = −3, 𝜔 = 2, then Eq. (1.1) becomes Fuchssteiner–Fokas–Camassa–Holm (CH) equation.
This study takes into account the fractional Rosenau–Hyman equation, which has the following form:
𝜕𝛼 𝑊 𝜕3 𝑊 𝜕𝑊 𝜕𝑊 𝜕 2 𝑊
=𝑊 +𝑊 +3 , (1.2)
𝜕𝑡𝛼 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥2
where 𝑡 > 0 and 𝛼 is the order of the fractional derivative (0 < 𝛼 ≤ 1) in the Caputo sense. The authors of the compactons investigation
from 1993, Philip Rosenau and James M. Hyman, gave this equation their names. The Rosenau–Hyman equation was employed as
a streamlined model for analyzing nonlinear dispersion in pattern formation in liquid drops. It also has a variety of applications in
modeling numerous physics and engineering problems [13]. In applied sciences and mathematical physics, the compactons studies of
the Rosenau–Hyman equation are more helpful [14–16]. These applications encourage us to solve this equation and learn more about
their qualities. Various techniques solve the fractional Rosenau–Hyman equation. For insane, q-Homotopy Analysis Method [17],
variational iteration method and the homotopy perturbation method [18], q-homotopy analysis transform technique and reduced
differential transform approach [19], residual power series method and perturbation-iteration algorithm [20], Genocchi wavelets
method [21], Laplace-Homotopy Analysis Method [22].
Fourier analysis studies the general functions that decompose a function into oscillatory components. The Fourier Transform
has the significant drawback of capturing global frequency information or frequencies present throughout the entire signal. Not all
applications may benefit from this type of signal decomposition. The Wavelet Transform is an alternate method that breaks down
a function into a collection of wavelets. The primary distinction is that while the conventional Fourier transform is only localized
in frequency, wavelets are localized in both time and frequency. Wavelet analysis is the most efficient tool for image processing
and signal analysis. For multiresolution analysis, the image discontinuities are detected by a mother wavelet by changing the width
with low- and high-frequency bases. For the time–frequency analysis of an image, a filter bank is built using a specific rigid mother
wavelet. To build wavelet bases directly from the data in an image, the wavelet transform is essential for the spatial–spectral analysis
of an image. Although wavelet analysis’ mathematical foundations have been around for almost a century, most of its applications
in signal processing, feature recognition, and data compression have only recently been created. In contrast to the majority of
traditional signal analysis methods, the ability to detect and evaluate nonstationarity in signals makes wavelet analysis a beneficial
tool for studying physiological systems. Wavelet-based numerical techniques are an efficient tool for solving PDEs. Some numerical
schemes based on wavelets have been successfully solved in the literature, such as the Fibonacci wavelet collocation method [23],
Taylor wavelets-based collocation technique [24], Hermite wavelet method [25], Euler wavelet collocation technique [26], Laguerre
wavelet method [27], Haar wavelet method [28], Legendre wavelet collocation method [29], Chebyshev wavelets based numerical
technique [30].
Fibonacci wavelets produced by Fibonacci polynomials are a new accumulation to the field of wavelet families. The famed
Fibonacci numbers and the golden ratio are used in various applications in applied sciences. The characteristics, advantages, uses,
and several other generalizations of Fibonacci polynomials are intensely discussed in the book [31]. Fibonacci wavelets attracted
the attention of numerous scholars because of their exceptional qualities and advantages over other wavelets. Such as [32],

• The Fibonacci polynomials 𝑄𝑚 (𝑥) have fewer terms than the Legendre polynomials 𝐿𝑚 (𝑥). As an illustration, 𝐿5 (𝑥) has six
terms compared to three terms in 𝑄5 (𝑥). When 𝑚 increases, Legendre polynomials become lengthier. It aids in cutting down
on CPU time for Fibonacci polynomials.
• Fibonacci polynomials have a lower error than Legendre polynomials in the functional matrix of integration that represents
them.
• Individual term coefficients in Fibonacci polynomials 𝑄𝑚 (𝑥) are lower than those in the Legendre polynomials 𝐿𝑚 (𝑥). This
characteristic allows for the reduction of computation errors.
• Fibonacci wavelets are a unique class of wavelets that are not based on orthogonal polynomials but can be defined in terms
of some orthogonal polynomials, such as the second kind of Chebyshev polynomials.

2
Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

• Using computer tools like the ‘Fibonacci[m,t]’ command in Mathematica to obtain Fibonacci polynomials, it is pretty simple
to find the coefficients of the Fibonacci polynomial.
• Some semi-analytical approaches depend on controlling parameters to work, but this FWCT is controlling parameter-free.
• This FWCT is easy to implement and consumes less time executing the programs.

The key features of the FWCT are as follows:

• The Fibonacci wavelet is a function that may be defined at various scales and has a wide range of uses because of characteristics
including compact support and vanishing moment.
• Wavelets are mathematical functions that cut data into different frequency components and then study each component with
a resolution matched to its scale.
• They have advantages over traditional Fourier methods in analyzing physical situations where the signal contains discontinu-
ities and sharp spikes.
• The suggested approach works best for studying solutions with discontinuities and sharp edges. To use this method to learn
more about a function, we first create a window for it (at the point of discontinuity and sharp edges).
• Presently, we have not found any numerical techniques like our proposed new method.
• The FWCT is used to study the nonlinear higher-order partial differential equation.
• This approach does not appear to have any significant weaknesses. But this approach only works in a limited domain, not a
broad one. We require the employment of transformations to operate throughout the wide domain.

Due to its superior properties and benefits over different wavelets, many scholars have been drawn to the study of Fibonacci wavelets.
The suggested wavelet-based numerical method is easy to implement, computationally attractive, efficient, and computationally
appealing. As a consequence, the researchers used this polynomial-based wavelet method to solve some of the equations, such
as telegraph equations in a fractional sense with Dirichlet boundary conditions [32], fractional optimum control problems with
bibliometric analysis [33], time fractional bioheat transfer model [34], two types of time-varying delay problems [35], category
of nonlinear differential equation systems [36], Penne’s bioheat transfer equation [37], higher order linear Fredholm integral
differential-difference equations [38], fractional partial differential equations arising in the financial market [39], distributed-order
fractional optimal control problems [40]. We study more papers on different concepts in the literature to construct this paper
[41–64]. The fractional Rosenau–Hyman equation is not examined by anyone from Fibonacci wavelets, which inspires us to develop
a numerical method based on the Fibonacci wavelets. Here, we generated a new operational integration matrix via the Fibonacci
wavelet and developed the Fibonacci wavelet collocation technique (FWCT). Our literature survey has not found any research article
on this model through a Fibonacci wavelet. This impetus us to propose the Fibonacci wavelet method for solving the Fractional
Rosenau–Hyman (RH) equation. The outcome process of FWCT shows the competence of FWCT, which is seen in the tables and
figures. The computed solution via this technique is very close to the exact solution. Moreover, FWCT is more capable than any
numerical method of solving this type of model.
According to the following description, the paper is organized. The Fibonacci wavelets, fractional derivative definition, and
result on wavelets are covered in Section 2. Section 3, the operational integration matrix, is discussed. The proposed wavelet-based
numerical method is described in Section 4. Application of the anticipated technique is carried out in Section 5. Finally, Section 6
completes this paper by providing a conclusion.

2. Preliminaries of wavelets and Functional matrix of integration

Caputo fractional derivative

The Caputo fractional derivative of 𝑓 (𝑡) ∈ 𝐶𝜇 is defined as [25],
𝑡
𝜕 𝛿 𝑓 (𝑡) 1 𝜕 𝑚 𝑓 (𝑥)
= (𝑡 − 𝑥)𝑚−𝛿−1 𝑑𝑥, (2.1)
𝜕𝑡 𝛿 𝛤 (𝑚 − 𝛿) ∫0 𝜕𝑥𝑚
for 𝑚 − 1 < 𝛿 ≤ 𝑚, where 𝑚 = ⌈𝛿⌉ is any positive integer, 𝑡 > 0, 𝑓 (𝑡) ∈ 𝐶𝜇𝑚 , 𝜇 ≥ −1.
Fibonacci wavelets
The definition of the Fibonacci wavelets is [23],
𝑘−1
2 2 ( ) 𝑛̂ 𝑛̂ + 1
√ 𝛹𝑚 2𝑘−1 𝑥 − 𝑛̂ , ≤𝑥< ,
w𝑚 2𝑘−1 2𝑘−1
𝛩𝑛,𝑚 (𝑥) = (2.2)
0, Otherwise,
with
1 ( )2
w𝑚 = 𝛹𝑚 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, (2.3)
∫0

where the translation parameter 𝑛 = 1, 2, … , 2𝑘−1 , 𝑘 represents the level of resolution 𝑘 = 1, 2, …, Fibonacci polynomial 𝛹𝑚 (𝑥) of
degree 𝑚 = 0, 1, … , 𝑀 − 1, and the coefficient √ 1w is a normalization factor. According to the recurrence relation for each 𝑥 ∈ R+ ,
𝑚

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Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

the Fibonacci polynomials are defined as follows [23]:

𝛹𝑚+2 (𝑥) = 𝑥𝛹𝑚+1 (𝑥) + 𝛹𝑚 (𝑥) , ∀𝑚 ≥ 0, (2.4)

with initial conditions 𝛹0 (𝑥) = 1, 𝛹1 (𝑥) = 𝑥. The Fibonacci polynomials have the following general formula [23]:

⎧
⎪1, 𝑚 = 0,
⎪
𝛹𝑚 (𝑥) = ⎨𝑥, 𝑚 = 1, (2.5)
⎪
⎪𝑥𝛹𝑚−1 (𝑥) + 𝛹𝑚−2 (𝑥) , 𝑚 > 1,
⎩
Additionally, as shown in [23], the Fibonacci polynomials are represented in power form as follows:
⌊ ⌋
𝑚
( )
∑
2
𝑚 − 𝑖 𝑚−2𝑖
𝛹𝑚 (𝑥) = 𝑥 , ∀𝑚 ≥ 0, (2.6)
𝑖=0
𝑖

where, ⌊.⌋ be a floor function.

Theorem 1 ([23]). Let 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) in 𝐿2 (R × R) be a continuous bounded function defined on [0, 1] × [0, 1], then Fibonacci wavelet expansion
of 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) is uniformly converges to it.

Proof. Let 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) in 𝐿2 (R×R) be a continuous function defined on [0, 1]×[0, 1] and bounded by a real number 𝜇. The approximation
of 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) is;
∞ ∑
∑ ∞
𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑎𝑖,𝑗 𝛩𝑖,𝑗 (𝑥) 𝛩𝑖,𝑗 (𝑡),
𝑖=1 𝑗=0
⟨ ⟩
where, 𝑎𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) , 𝛩𝑖,𝑗 (𝑥)𝛩𝑖,𝑗 (𝑡) , and ⟨, ⟩ represents inner product. Since 𝛩𝑖,𝑗 (𝑥)𝛩𝑖,𝑗 (𝑡) are orthogonal functions on [0, 1]. Then,
1 1
𝑎𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝛩𝑖,𝑗 (𝑥)𝛩𝑖,𝑗 (𝑡)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑡,
∫0 ∫0
1 𝑘−1
2 2
𝑎𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) √ 𝛹𝑚 (2𝑘−1 𝑥 − 𝑛 + 1)𝛩𝑖,𝑗 (𝑡)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑡,
∫0 ∫𝐼 w𝑚
[ ]
𝑛−1
where 𝐼 = , 𝑛
2𝑘−1 2𝑘−1
. Put 2𝑘−1 𝑥 − 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑟 then,

𝑘−1 1 ) 1 (
2 2 𝑟−1+𝑛 𝑑𝑟
𝑎𝑖,𝑗 = √ , 𝑡 𝛹𝑚 (𝑟) 𝑊 𝛩𝑖,𝑗 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡,
w𝑚 ∫0 ∫0 2𝑘−1 2𝑘−1
( ) [ ]
− 𝑘−1 1 1 ( )
2 2 𝑟−1+𝑛
𝑎𝑖,𝑗 = √ 𝑊 , 𝑡 𝛹𝑚 (𝑟) 𝑑𝑟 𝛩𝑖,𝑗 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡,
w𝑚 ∫0 ∫0 2𝑘−1

By generalized mean value theorem for integrals,

( ) [ ]
− 𝑘−1 1 ( ) 1
2 2 𝜉−1+𝑛
𝑎𝑖,𝑗 = √ 𝑊 , 𝑡 𝛩𝑖,𝑗 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝛹 (𝑟)𝑑𝑟 ,
w𝑚 ∫0 2𝑘−1 ∫0 𝑚

1
where 𝜉 ∈ (0, 1) and choose ∫0 𝛹𝑚 (𝑟) 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐴,
( )
− 𝑘−1 ) 𝑘−1
𝑛 (
𝐴2 2 𝜉−1+𝑛 2 2
2𝑘−1
𝑎𝑖,𝑗 = √ ,𝑡 √ 𝑊𝛹𝑚 (2𝑘−1 𝑡 − 𝑛 + 1)𝑑𝑡,
w𝑚 ∫ 𝑛−1 2𝑘−1 w 𝑚
2𝑘−1
𝑛 ( )
𝐴 2𝑘−1 𝜉−1+𝑛 ( )
𝑎𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑊 , 𝑡 𝛹𝑚 2𝑘−1 𝑡 − 𝑛 + 1 𝑑𝑡,
w𝑚 ∫ 𝑛−1 2𝑘−1
𝑘−1 2

Put 2𝑘−1 𝑡 − 𝑛 + 1 = s then,

1 ( )
𝐴 𝜉 − 1 + 𝑛 s− 1 + 𝑛 𝑑s
𝑎𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑊 , 𝛹𝑚 (s) ,
w𝑚 ∫0 2 𝑘−1 2 𝑘−1 2𝑘−1
1 ( )
𝐴2−𝑘+1 𝜉 − 1 + 𝑛 s− 1 + 𝑛
𝑎𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑊 , 𝛹𝑚 (s) 𝑑s,
w𝑚 ∫0 2𝑘−1 2𝑘−1

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Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

By generalized mean value theorem for integrals,

( ) 1
𝐴2−𝑘+1 𝜉 − 1 + 𝑛 𝜉1 − 1 + 𝑛
𝑎𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑊 , 𝛹 (s) 𝑑s,
w𝑚 2𝑘−1 2𝑘−1 ∫0 𝑚
1
where, 𝜉1 ∈ (0, 1) and ∫0 𝛹𝑚 (s)𝑑s = 𝐵 then
( )
𝐴𝐵2−𝑘+1 𝜉 − 1 + 𝑛 𝜉1 − 1 + 𝑛
𝑎𝑖,𝑗 = 𝑊 , ∀𝜉, 𝜉1 ∈ (0, 1) ,
w𝑚 2𝑘−1 2𝑘−1
Therefore,
| ( 𝜉 − 1 + 𝑛 𝜉 − 1 + 𝑛 )|
| | || 𝐴𝐵2−𝑘+1 || | |
|𝑎𝑖,𝑗 | = | | |𝑊 , 1 |,
| | | w𝑚 | | 2𝑘−1 2𝑘−1 |
| |
Since 𝑊 is bounded by 𝜇,
| |
|𝐴| |𝐵| |2−𝑘+1 | 𝜇
| | | | .
|𝑎𝑖,𝑗 | =
| | | w𝑚 |
| |
1( )2 ∑ ∑∞
where w𝑚 = ∫0 𝛹𝑚 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡. Therefore ∞
𝑖=1 𝑗=0 𝑎𝑖,𝑗 is convergent. Hence the Fibonacci wavelet expansion of 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) converges
uniformly.

Theorem 2 ([23]). Let the Fibonacci wavelet sequence {𝛩𝑛,𝑚 𝑘 (𝑥, 𝑡)}∞ which are continuous functions defined in 𝐿2 (R) in 𝑡 on [𝑎, 𝑏]
𝑘=1
converges to the function 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) in 𝐿2 (R) uniformly in 𝑡 on [𝑎, 𝑏]. Then 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) is continuous in 𝐿2 (R) in 𝑡 on [𝑎, 𝑏].

Theorem 3 ([23]). Let the Fibonacci wavelet sequence {𝛩𝑛,𝑚 𝑘 (𝑥, 𝑡)}∞ converges itself in 𝐿 (R) uniformly in 𝑡 on [𝑎, 𝑏]. Then there is a
𝑘=1 2
function 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) is continuous in 𝐿2 (R) in 𝑡 on [𝑎, 𝑏] and lim𝑘→∞ 𝛩𝑛,𝑚𝑘 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝛩
𝑛,𝑚 (𝑥, 𝑡) ∀𝑡 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏].

3. Functional matrix of integration

Here, we have condensed a few basis of the Fibonacci wavelets at 𝑘 = 1:

𝛩1,0 (𝑥) = 1,
√
𝛩1,1 (𝑥) = 3𝑥,
√
1 15
𝛩1,2 (𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥2 ),
2 7
√
105
𝛩1,3 (𝑥) = 𝑥(2 + 𝑥2 ),
239
√
35
𝛩1,4 (𝑥) = 3 (1 + 3𝑥2 + 𝑥4 ),
1943
√
3 385
𝛩1,5 (𝑥) = 𝑥(3 + 4𝑥2 + 𝑥4 ),
4 2582
√
5005
𝛩1,6 (𝑥) = 3 (1 + 6𝑥2 + 5𝑥4 + 𝑥6 ),
1268209
√
5005
𝛩1,7 (𝑥) = 3 𝑥(4 + 10𝑥2 + 6𝑥4 + 𝑥6 ),
2827883
√
3 85085
𝛩1,8 (𝑥) = (1 + 10𝑥2 + 15𝑥4 + 7𝑥6 + 𝑥8 ),
2 28195421
√
1616615
𝛩1,9 (𝑥) = 3 𝑥(5 + 20𝑥2 + 21𝑥4 + 8𝑥6 + 𝑥8 ),
5016284989
√
1616615
𝛩1,10 (𝑥) = 3 (1 + 15𝑥2 + 35𝑥4 + 28𝑥6 + 9𝑥8 + 𝑥10 ),
11941544471
√
3 37182145
𝛩1,11 (𝑥) = 𝑥(6 + 35𝑥2 + 56𝑥4 + 36𝑥6 + 10𝑥8 + 𝑥10 ).
8 10276002038
where,

𝛩10 (𝑥) = [𝛩1,0 (𝑥) , 𝛩1,1 (𝑥) , 𝛩1,2 (𝑥) , 𝛩1,3 (𝑥) , 𝛩1,4 (𝑥) , 𝛩1,5 (𝑥) , 𝛩1,6 (𝑥) , 𝛩1,7 (𝑥) , 𝛩1,8 (𝑥) , 𝛩1,9 (𝑥)]𝑇 .

5
Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

Integrate those mentioned above first ten basis concerning the 𝑥 limit between 0 and 𝑥 now, and then express as a linear combination
of Fibonacci wavelet basis as;
𝑥 [ 1 ]
𝛩1,0 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 √ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 𝛩 (𝑥) ,
10
∫0 3
√ √
𝑥 [ 3 7 ]
𝛩1,1 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 𝛩10 (𝑥) ,
∫0 2 5
√ √
𝑥 [ 5 239 ]
𝛩1,2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 √ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 𝛩 (𝑥) ,
∫0 42 10
√6 7 √
𝑥 [ 105 7 1943 ]
𝛩1,3 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − √ 0 √ 0 √ 0 0 0 0 0 𝛩 (𝑥) ,
10
∫0 2 239 2 239 4 717
√ √
𝑥 [ 717 4 2582 ]
𝛩1,4 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 0 0 √ 0 √ 0 0 0 0 𝛩 (𝑥) ,
∫0 10
5 1943 5 21373
√ √ √
𝑥 [ 385 21373 1268209 ]
𝛩1,5 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − √ 0 0 0 √ 0 √ 0 0 0 𝛩 (𝑥) ,
10
∫0 4 2582 24 2582 24 33566
√ √
𝑥 [ 4 33566 2827883 ]
𝛩1,6 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 0 0 0 0 √ 0 √ 0 0 𝛩 (𝑥) ,
∫0 10
7 1268209 7 1268209
√ √ √
𝑥 [ 3 5005 1268209 28195421 ]
𝛩1,7 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − √ 0 0 0 0 0 √ 0 √ 0 𝛩 (𝑥) ,
10
∫0 4 2827883 8 2827883 4 48074011
√ √
𝑥 [ 48074011 5016284989 ]
𝛩1,8 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 √ 0 √ 𝛩10 (𝑥) ,
∫0 18 28195421 18 535712999
√ √
𝑥 [ 323323 535712999 ]
𝛩1,9 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = −3 25081424945 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 √ 0 𝛩 (𝑥)
∫0 10
5 5016284989
√
11941544471
+ √ 𝛩1,10 (𝑥) .
10 5016284989

Hence,

𝑥
𝛩 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐵10×10 𝛩10 (𝑥) + 𝛩10 (𝑥),
∫0

where,

𝐵10×10 =
1
⎡ 0 √ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎤ 0
⎢ √ 3 √ ⎥
⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ 7 ⎥
− 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢ 2 √ 5 √ ⎥
⎢ 5 239 ⎥
⎢ 0 √ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 6 7 42 ⎥
⎢ √ √ ⎥
⎢ − √
105 7 1943 ⎥
⎢ 0 √ 0 √ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 2 239 2 239 √ 4 717 √ ⎥
⎢ 717 4 2582 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 √ 0 √ 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ √ 5 1943 √ 5 21373 √ ⎥
⎢ 385 21373 1268209 ⎥
⎢ − √ 0 0 0 √ 0 √ 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 4 2582 24 2582 24 33566 ⎥
⎢ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 4 33566 2827883 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 √ 0 √ 0 0 ⎥
⎢ √ 7 1268209 √ 7 1268209 √ ⎥
⎢ 3 5005 1268209 28195421 ⎥
⎢ − √ 0 0 0 0 0 √ 0 √ 0 ⎥
⎢ 4 2827883 8 2827883 4 48074011 √ ⎥
⎢ √ ⎥
⎢ 48074011 5016284989 ⎥
⎢
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 √ 0 √ ⎥
⎢ √ 18 28195421 √ 18 535712999 ⎥
⎢ 323323 535712999 ⎥
⎢−3 25081424945 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 √ 0 ⎥
⎣ 5 5016284989 ⎦

6
Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

and

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
𝛩10 (𝑥) = ⎢ ⎥.
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ √ ⎥
⎢ 11941544471 ⎥
⎢ √ 𝛩1,10 (𝑥)⎥
⎣ 10 5016284989 ⎦

Once again, integrating the above ten basis, we obtain the following;

√
𝑥 𝑥 [ 1 7 ]
𝛩1,0 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 𝛩10 (𝑥) ,
∫0 ∫0 2 15
√
𝑥 𝑥 [ 1 239 ]
𝛩1,1 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0 − 0 √ 0 0 0 0 0 0 𝛩 (𝑥) ,
∫0 ∫0 3 6 35 10
√ √
𝑥 𝑥 [ 5 1 1943 ]
𝛩1,2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − √ 0
4
0 √ 0 0 0 0 0 𝛩 (𝑥) ,
10
∫0 ∫0 2 21 168 3
√ √
𝑥 𝑥 [ 5 35 2 2582 ]
𝛩1,3 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0 − √ 0
15
0 √ 0 0 0 0 𝛩 (𝑥) ,
10
∫0 ∫0 12 239 5 7887
√ √ √
𝑥 𝑥 [ 35 7 3 1 1268209 ]
𝛩1,4 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − √ 0 √ 0
12
0 √ 0 0 0 𝛩 (𝑥) ,
10
∫0 ∫0 2 1943 10 1943 30 277849
√ √ √
𝑥 𝑥 [ 385 2629 2 2827883 ]
𝛩1,5 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0 − √ 0 √ 0
35
0 √ 0 0 𝛩 (𝑥) ,
10
∫0 ∫0 4 7746 40 7746 168 33566
√ √ √
𝑥 𝑥 [ 5005 277849 1 28195421 ]
𝛩1,6 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − √ 0 0 0 √ 0
24
0 √ 0 𝛩 (𝑥) ,
10
∫0 ∫0 4 1268209 42 1268209 28 21559553
√ √ √
𝑥 𝑥 [ 15015 16783 2 5016284989 ]
𝛩1,7 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0 − √ 0 0 0 √ 0
63
0 √ 𝛩10 (𝑥) ,
∫0 ∫0 4 2827883 7 5655766 72 913406209
𝑥 𝑥
𝛩1,8 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫0 ∫0 √ √
[ 3 17017 21559553 1 ]
= − √ 0 0 0 0 0 √ 0 0 𝛩 (𝑥)
8 140977105 144 28195421 40 10

√
11941544471
+ √ 𝛩1,10 (𝑥) ,
180 535712999
√ √
𝑥 𝑥 [ 969969 913406209 2]
𝛩1,9 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0 − 25081424945 0 0 0 0 0 √ 0 𝛩10 (𝑥)
∫0 ∫0 90 5016284989 99
√
4 10276002038
+ √ 𝛩1,11 (𝑥) .
55 115374554747

7
Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

Hence,

𝑥 𝑥 ′
′
𝛩 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝐵10×10 𝛩10 (𝑥) + 𝛩10 (𝑥) ,
∫0 ∫0

where

′
𝐵10×10 =
√
⎡ 1 7 ⎤
− 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎢ 2 15 ⎥
⎢ √ ⎥
⎢ 1 239 ⎥
⎢ 0 − 0 √ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 3 6 35 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 5 1 1943 ⎥
⎢ − √ 0 0 √ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
4
⎢ 2 21 168 3 ⎥
⎢ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 5 35 2 2582 ⎥
⎢ 0 − √ 0 0 √ 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 12 239 15 5 7887 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ √ √ √ ⎥
⎢ − 35 7 3 1 1268209 ⎥
⎢ √ 0 √ 0 0 √ 0 0 0 ⎥
2 1943 10 1943 12 30 277849
⎢ ⎥
⎢ √ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 385 2629 2 2827883 ⎥
⎢ 0 − √ 0 √ 0 0 √ 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 4 7746 40 7746 35 168 33566 ⎥
⎢ √ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 277849 28195421 ⎥
⎢ − √ 5005 0 0 0 √ 0
1
0 √ 0 ⎥
⎢ 4 1268209 42 1268209 24 28 21559553 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ √ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 15015 16783 2 5016284989 ⎥
⎢ 0 − √ 0 0 0 √ 0 0 √ ⎥
⎢ 4 2827883 7 5655766 63 72 913406209 ⎥
⎢ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 3 17017 21559553 1 ⎥
⎢− √ 0 0 0 0 0 √ 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 8 140977105 144 28195421 40 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 969969 913406209 2 ⎥
⎢ 0 − 0 0 0 0 0 √ 0 ⎥
⎣ 25081424945 90 5016284989 99 ⎦

and

⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
′
⎢ ⎥
𝛩10 (𝑥) = ⎢ 0 ⎥.
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ √ 0 ⎥
⎢ 11941544471 ⎥
⎢ √ 𝛩1,10 (𝑥) ⎥
⎢ 180 535712999 ⎥
⎢ √ ⎥
⎢ 4 10276002038 ⎥
⎢ √ 𝛩1,11 (𝑥)⎥
⎣ 55 115374554747 ⎦

The third integration can be expressed similarly as,

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 ′′
′′
𝛩 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝐵10×10 𝛩10 (𝑥) + 𝛩10 (𝑥) ,
∫0 ∫0 ∫0

8
Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

where
′′
𝐵10×10 =
√
1 239
⎡ 0 − √ 0 √ 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢ 3 3 6 35 ⎥
⎢ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 1 7 1943 ⎥
⎢ √ 0 − √ 0 √ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 4 3 4 5 24 105 ⎥
⎢ √ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 5 239 1291 ⎥
⎢ 0 − √ 0 0 √ 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 8 7 140 105 66 ⎥
⎢ √ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 105 49 1943 1268209 ⎥
⎢ √ 0 − √ 0 √ 0 √ 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 8 239 20 239 24 717 120 102531 ⎥
⎢ √ √ √ √ ⎥
⎢ − √
3 21 239 3 2582 2827883 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 √ 0 √ 0 √ 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 4 9715 10 5829 35 21373 210 277849 ⎥
⎢ √ √ √ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 3 385 133 11 21373 1268209 28195421 ⎥
⎢ √ 0 − √ 0 √ 0 √ 0 √ 0
⎥
⎢ 32 2582 80 7746 224 2582 320 33566 672 570622 ⎥
⎢ √ √ √ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 5005 34177 3 16783 2827883 5016284989 ⎥
0 − √ 0 √ 0 √ 0 √ 0 √
⎢ 4 3804627 70 3804627 35 2536418 126 1268209 504 409631507 ⎥⎥
⎢ √ √ √ √ √
⎢ 13 1001 7 429 277849 1268209 3 28195421 ⎥
⎢ √ 0 − √ 0 √ 0 √ 0 √ 0 ⎥
⎢ 8 14139415 4 2827883 336 2827883 144 2827883 280 48074011 ⎥
⎢ √ √ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 51051 285311 48074011 5016284989 ⎥
⎢ 0 − √ 0 0 0 √ 0 √ 0 √ ⎥
⎢ 8 140977105 126 56390842 420 28195421 528 535712999 ⎥
⎢ √ √ √ √ ⎥
⎢ 11 323323 7 138567 409631507 3 535712999 ⎥
⎢ √ 0 − √ 0 0 0 √ 0 √ 0 ⎥
⎣ 8 25081424945 5 5016284989 720 5016284989 440 5016284989 ⎦

and
⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
′′ ⎢ 0 ⎥
𝛩10 (𝑥) = ⎢ ⎥.
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ √ ⎥
⎢ 11941544471 ⎥
⎢ √ 𝛩 1,10 (𝑥) ⎥
⎢ 720 913406209 ⎥
⎢ √ ⎥
⎢ 2 10276002038 ⎥
⎢ √ 𝛩 1,11 (𝑥) ⎥
⎢ √ 495 12321398977
√ ⎥
⎢ 11941544471 7939564237061 ⎥
⎢ √ 𝛩1,10 (𝑥) + √ 𝛩1,12 (𝑥)⎥
⎣ 360 5016284989 1320 576872773735 ⎦

Similarly, we can make matrices for our convenience.

4. Fibonacci wavelets collocation technique

Let us consider the third-order nonlinear fractional PDE of the form:

( )
𝜕 𝛼 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕 3 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡)
= 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑡, 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡), , , , (4.1)
𝜕𝑡𝛼 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3
where 𝑊 is a dependent variable and 𝑥, 𝑡 are the independent variables. The physical conditions are given below.

𝑊 (𝑥, 0) = 𝐿1 (𝑥) , 𝑊 (0, 𝑡) = 𝐿2 (𝑡) , 𝑊 (𝑐, 𝑡) = 𝐿3 (𝑡) , 𝑊𝑥 (0, 𝑡) = 𝐿4 (𝑡) (4.2)

where 𝑐 be any constant, 𝐿1 (𝑥) , 𝐿2 (𝑡) , 𝐿3 (𝑡) and 𝐿4 (𝑡) be the continuous real-valued functions. Let us consider,
𝜕 4 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡)
≈ 𝛩𝑇 (𝑥) 𝐺𝛩 (𝑡) , (4.3)
𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑡
[ ] [ ]
where, 𝛩𝑇 (𝑥) = 𝛩1,0 (𝑥) , … , 𝛩1,𝑀−1 (𝑥) , … , 𝛩2𝑘−1 ,0 (𝑥), … , 𝛩2𝑘−1 ,𝑀−1 (𝑥) , 𝐺 = 𝑏𝑖,𝑗 be 2𝑘−1 𝑀 × 2𝑘−1 𝑀 unknown matrix, where
𝑖 = 1, … , 2𝑘−1 , 𝑗 = 0, … , 𝑀 − 1.
[ ]𝑇
𝛩 (𝑡) = 𝛩1,0 (𝑡) , … , 𝛩1,𝑀−1 (𝑡) , … , 𝛩2𝑘−1 ,0 (𝑡), … , 𝛩2𝑘−1 ,𝑀−1 (𝑡) ,

9
Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

Integrate (4.3) with respective 𝑡 from limit 0 to 𝑡.

𝜕 3 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕 3 𝑊 (𝑥, 0) [ ]
= + 𝛩𝑇 (𝑥) 𝐺 𝐵𝛩 (𝑡) + 𝛩(𝑡) , (4.4)
𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥3
Now integrate (4.4) thrice with respect 𝑥 from 0 to 𝑥.

𝜕 2 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑊 (0, 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑊 (𝑥, 0) 𝜕 2 𝑊 (0, 0) [ ]𝑇 [ ]

= + − + 𝐵𝛩 (𝑥) + 𝛩 (𝑥) 𝐺 𝐵𝛩 (𝑡) + 𝛩(𝑡) , (4.5)
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥2
[ 2 ] [ ]𝑇 [ ]
𝜕𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑊 (0, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑊 (𝑥, 0) 𝜕𝑊 (0, 0) 𝜕 𝑊 (0, 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑊 (0, 0)
= + − +𝑥 − + 𝐵 ′ 𝛩 (𝑥) + 𝛩 (𝑥)′ 𝐺 𝐵𝛩 (𝑡) + 𝛩(𝑡) (4.6)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥2
[ ] [ ]
𝜕𝑊 (0, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑊 (0, 0) 𝑥2 𝜕 2 𝑊 (0, 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑊 (0, 0)
𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑊 (0, 𝑡) + 𝑊 (𝑥, 0) − 𝑊 (0, 0) + 𝑥 − + − +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥2
[ ]𝑇 [ ]
𝐵 ′′ 𝛩 (𝑥) + 𝛩 (𝑥)′′ 𝐺 𝐵𝛩 (𝑡) + 𝛩(𝑡) , (4.7)

Put 𝑥 = 𝑐 on (4.7) along with the physical circumstances given in (4.2). We obtain,
[ ]
[ ] 𝑐 2 𝜕 2 𝑊 (0, 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑊 (0, 0)
𝐿3 (𝑡) = 𝐿2 (𝑡) + 𝐿1 (𝑐) − 𝐿1 (0) + 𝑐 𝐿4 (𝑡) − 𝐿4 (0) + −
2 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥2
[ ]𝑇 [ ]
′′ ′′
+ lim 𝐵 𝛩 (𝑥) + 𝛩 (𝑥) 𝐺 𝐵𝛩 (𝑡) + 𝛩(𝑡) ,
𝑥→𝑐
[ 2 ]
2
𝜕 𝑊 (0, 𝑡) 𝜕 𝑊 (0, 0) 2 [ [ ]
− = 𝐿3 (𝑡) − 𝐿2 (𝑡) − 𝐿1 (𝑐) + 𝐿1 (0) − 𝑐 𝐿4 (𝑡) − 𝐿4 (0) +
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥2 𝑐2
[ ]𝑇 [ ]]
lim 𝐵 ′′ 𝛩 (𝑥) + 𝛩 (𝑥)′′ 𝐺 𝐵𝛩 (𝑡) + 𝛩(𝑡) , (4.8)
𝑥→𝑐

Substitute (4.8) in (4.6) and (4.7)

𝜕𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑊 (𝑥, 0) 2𝑥 [ [ ]
= + 𝐿4 (𝑡) − 𝐿4 (0) + 𝐿3 (𝑡) − 𝐿2 (𝑡) − 𝐿1 (𝑐) + 𝐿1 (0) − 𝑐 𝐿4 (𝑡) − 𝐿4 (0) +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑐]2
[ ]𝑇 [ ] [ ]𝑇 [ ]
lim 𝐵 ′′ 𝛩 (𝑥) + 𝛩 (𝑥)′′ 𝐺 𝐵𝛩 (𝑡) + 𝛩(𝑡) + 𝐵 ′ 𝛩 (𝑥) + 𝛩 (𝑥)′ 𝐺 𝐵𝛩 (𝑡) + 𝛩(𝑡) , (4.9)
𝑥→𝑐
[ ] [
𝑥2
𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐿2 (𝑡) + 𝐿1 (𝑥) − 𝐿1 (0) + 𝑥 𝐿4 (𝑡) − 𝐿4 (0) + 𝐿3 (𝑡) − 𝐿2 (𝑡) − 𝐿1 (𝑐) +
𝑐2
[ ] [ ]𝑇 [ ]]
𝐿1 (0) − 𝑐 𝐿4 (𝑡) − 𝐿4 (0) + lim 𝐵 ′′ 𝛩 (𝑥) + 𝛩 (𝑥)′′ 𝐺 𝐵𝛩 (𝑡) + 𝛩(𝑡) +
𝑥→𝑐
[ ]𝑇 [ ]
′′ ′′
𝐵 𝛩 (𝑥) + 𝛩 (𝑥) 𝐺 𝐵𝛩 (𝑡) + 𝛩(𝑡) , (4.10)

Case I: If 𝛼 = 1 in (4.1), then differentiate (4.10) with respective to 𝑡. We get,

𝜕𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑 𝑑 [ ] 𝑥2 𝑑 [
= [𝐿2 (𝑡)] + 𝑥 𝐿4 (𝑡) − 𝐿4 (0) + 𝐿3 (𝑡) − 𝐿2 (𝑡) − 𝐿1 (𝑐) + 𝐿1 (0) −
𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐 2 𝑑𝑡
[ ] [ ] [ ]]
𝑇 𝑑 [[ ′′
𝑐 𝐿4 (𝑡) − 𝐿4 (0) + lim 𝐵 ′′ 𝛩 (𝑥) + 𝛩 (𝑥)′′ 𝐺 𝐵𝛩 (𝑡) + 𝛩(𝑡) + 𝐵 𝛩 (𝑥) +
𝑥→𝑐 𝑑𝑡
]𝑇 [ ]]
𝛩 (𝑥)′′ 𝐺 𝐵𝛩 (𝑡) + 𝛩(𝑡) , (4.11)

Now fit the 𝑊 , 𝑊𝑡 , 𝑊𝑥 , 𝑊𝑥𝑥 and 𝑊𝑥𝑥𝑥 into (4.1), and collocate with their respective collocation points.
2𝑖 − 1
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑡𝑖 = , 𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 2𝑘−1 [𝑀]2 . (4.12)
2𝑘 [𝑀]2
Using the Newton–Raphson method, we solve the nonlinear system of algebraic equations to determine the values of unknown
coefficients. Substitute the found values of the unknown coefficients in Eq. (4.10) that give the deserved solution based on the FWCT
for the given equation.
Case II: For the fractional order equation, differentiate (4.10) fractionally of order 𝛼 ∈ (0, 1) using the definition of Caputo
derivative (2.1). Then we get,

𝜕 𝛼 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝑑𝛼 𝑑𝛼 [ ] 𝑥2 𝑑 𝛼 [
𝛼
= 𝛼 𝐿2 (𝑡) + 𝑥 𝛼 𝐿4 (𝑡) − 𝐿4 (0) + 𝐿3 (𝑡) − 𝐿2 (𝑡) − 𝐿1 (𝑐) + 𝐿1 (0) −
𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐 2 𝑑𝑡𝛼
[ ] [ ] [ ]]
𝑇 𝑑 𝛼 [[
𝑐 𝐿4 (𝑡) − 𝐿4 (0) + lim 𝐵 ′′ 𝛩 (𝑥) + 𝛩 (𝑥)′′ 𝐺 𝐵𝛩 (𝑡) + 𝛩(𝑡) + 𝛼 𝐵 ′′ 𝛩 (𝑥) +
𝑥→𝑐 𝑑𝑡
]𝑇 [ ]]
𝛩 (𝑥)′′ 𝐺 𝐵𝛩 (𝑡) + 𝛩(𝑡) , (4.13)

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Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

Table 1
Comparison of the numerical results of the present method with the Genocchi wavelets method [21] solution at 𝛼 = 1, 𝑟 = 0.1, 𝑘 = 1,
and 𝑀 = 3.
𝑥 𝑡 Exact solution An absolute A relative An absolute A relative
error by error by error by error by
the method the method FWCT FWCT
in [21] in [21]
0.3 0.3 −0.2654535108 1.391 × 10−6 5.245 × 10−6 2.095 × 10−9 7.895 × 10−9
0.3 1.0 −0.2660005553 3.610 × 10−6 1.358 × 10−5 4.921 × 10−8 1.850 × 10−7
0.3 1.6 −0.2663401333 5.820 × 10−6 2.186 × 10−5 1.822 × 10−7 6.842 × 10−7
1.0 0.3 −0.2512899932 8.925 × 10−11 3.550 × 10−10 1.025 × 10−7 4.082 × 10−7
1.0 1.0 −0.2533929469 8.925 × 10−11 3.522 × 10−10 2.704 × 10−7 1.067 × 10−6
1.0 1.6 −0.2550785253 8.925 × 10−11 3.497 × 10−10 2.088 × 10−6 8.186 × 10−6
1.6 0.3 −0.2276517692 7.248 × 10−7 3.227 × 10−6 1.616 × 10−7 7.099 × 10−7
1.6 1.0 −0.2308918491 2.075 × 10−5 9.110 × 10−5 9.506 × 10−7 4.117 × 10−6
1.6 1.6 −0.2335740972 4.016 × 10−5 1.740 × 10−4 2.650 × 10−6 1.134 × 10−5

𝛼
(𝑥,𝑡)
Substitute 𝑊 , 𝜕 𝑊𝜕𝑡𝛼
, 𝑊𝑥 , 𝑊𝑥𝑥 and 𝑊𝑥𝑥𝑥 in (4.1) and collocate with the grid points 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑡𝑖 = 𝑘2𝑖−1 2 , 𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 2𝑘−1 [𝑀]2 .
2 [𝑀]
Solving obtained nonlinear system of algebraic equations by Newton–Raphson method to determine the unknown coefficients. Then
substitute the obtained values of the unknown coefficients in Eq. (4.10) that yield the Fibonacci wavelets numerical solution of the
fractional order Rosenau–Hyman equation.

5. Implementation of the FWCT to the time fractional Rosenau–Hyman equation

Consider the following three types of error norms for computing errors:
√ √
√ 𝑛 √ 𝑛 2
√∑ ( ) √∑ 𝑆𝑖
𝟐
𝑳 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = √ 𝑆𝑖 , 𝑳 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑖 , 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛 − 1, 𝑹𝑴𝑺𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = √
2 ∞
,
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛

where, 𝑆𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 (𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) − 𝑊𝑖 (𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛). Consider the time-fractional Rosenau–Hyman equation [21]
𝜕 𝛼 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕 3 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕 2 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡)
𝛼
= 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) +3 ,
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥2
where 0 < 𝛼 ≤ 1, 𝑡 > 0. with initial condition
( )
8𝑟 𝑥
𝑊 (𝑥, 0) = − cos2 ,
3 4
and boundary conditions,
( ) ( )
8𝑟 𝑟𝑡 8𝑟 1 − 𝑟𝑡
𝑊 (0, 𝑡) = − cos2 − , 𝑊 (1, 𝑡) = − cos2 ,
3 4 3 4
𝜕𝑊 (0, 𝑡) ( ) ( )
4𝑟 𝑟𝑡 𝑟𝑡
= − cos sin .
𝜕𝑥 3 4 4
( )
where 𝑟 is a random constant. In particular, when 𝛼 = 1, the exact solution is 𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 8𝑟
3
cos2 𝑥−𝑟𝑡
4
. The values of unknown
coefficients at 𝛼 = 1, 𝑘 = 1, 𝑀 = 2 and 𝑟 = 1 are as follows:

𝑏1,1 = 0.083345, 𝑏1,2 = −0.003494, 𝑏2,1 = 0.001652, 𝑏2,2 = −0.001884.

Corresponding the FW solution is given by:

4 𝑥2
𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − + 0.013890𝑡𝑥3 − 0.000504𝑡2 𝑥3 + 0.000119𝑡𝑥4
3 6
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
8 𝑡 1 𝑡 4 𝑥 2 𝑡
− 0.000117𝑡2 𝑥4 − cos2 + 𝑥2 cos − cos − 𝑥 sin .
3 4 6 2 3 2 3 2
Time fractional Rosenau–Hyman equation is solved by using the Fibonacci wavelet-based collocation method. From Table 1, we
observed the present method solution is compared with the Genocchi wavelets method solution [21] at 𝛼 = 1, 𝑟 = 0.1, 𝑘 = 1, and
𝑀 = 3. By comparing the absolute and relative errors of the Genocchi wavelets method (GWM) and the FWCT, we observe that the
present technique has good accuracy. Fig. 1 shows the graphical presentation of the projected method solution at different values
of 𝑟, 𝑘, and 𝑀 compared with the exact solution, and the error graph is also plotted at a fixed value of 𝛼 = 1. Table 2 compares the
current technique with non-wavelet methods, such as Differential transform and finite difference methods [65] and the Reduced
differential transform method (RDTM) [65] at different values of 𝑘. By observing the absolute errors of the Hybrid method, RDTM,
and FWCT, the present method has a better solution. Fig. 2 displays the graphical illustration of the projected technique solution
to varying the values of 𝛼. Table 3 explains the different error norms of the Genocchi wavelets method and the present method

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Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

Table 2
Comparison of the numerical results of the present method with the Hybrid Method [65] and RDTM [65] solutions at 𝛼 = 1, 𝑟 = 1,
and 𝑡 = 0.0001.
𝑥 Exact solution An absolute An absolute An absolute error An absolute error
error by the error by by FWCT at 𝑘 = 1 by FWCT at 𝑘 = 2
Hybrid method RDTM [65] and 𝑀 = 2 and 𝑀 = 2
[65]
0.0 −2.6666666649 2.5035 × 10−4 0.9000 × 10−8 0 0
0.1 −2.6650036774 2.5007 × 10−4 1.1114 × 10−5 1.5645 × 10−12 7.4296 × 10−13
0.2 −2.6600122076 2.4950 × 10−4 2.2173 × 10−5 2.6217 × 10−11 1.4585 × 10−12
0.3 −2.6517047314 2.4863 × 10−4 3.3144 × 10−5 1.4408 × 10−10 8.7761 × 10−11
0.4 −2.6401020134 2.4748 × 10−4 4.3981 × 10−5 4.9546 × 10−10 3.2151 × 10−10
0.5 −2.6252330542 2.4604 × 10−4 5.4646 × 10−5 1.3115 × 10−9 8.9277 × 10−10
0.6 −2.6071350185 2.4432 × 10−4 6.5094 × 10−5 2.9347 × 10−9 2.0746 × 10−9
0.7 −2.5858531420 2.4232 × 10−4 7.5284 × 10−5 5.8393 × 10−9 4.2567 × 10−9
0.8 −2.5614406183 2.4005 × 10−4 8.5181 × 10−5 1.0651 × 10−8 7.9650 × 10−9
0.9 −2.5339584660 2.3751 × 10−4 9.4741 × 10−5 1.8167 × 10−8 1.3882 × 10−8
1.0 −2.5034753760 2.3472 × 10−4 1.0393 × 10−4 2.9375 × 10−8 2.2865 × 10−8

Table 3
Comparison of error norms of the present method with the Genocchi wavelets method [21] at 𝛼 = 1 and 𝑟 = 0.5.
𝑘 𝑀 𝐿2 error by the 𝐿∞ error by 𝐿2 error 𝐿∞ error 𝑅𝑀𝑆 error
method in [21] the method in by FWCT by FWCT by FWCT
[21]
1 2 1.81 × 10−2 2.68 × 10−2 3.1260 × 10−4 1.6828 × 10−4 1.0420 × 10−4
1 3 2.68 × 10−2 1.69 × 10−3 1.8088 × 10−4 1.0522 × 10−4 6.3951 × 10−5
2 1 8.05 × 10−2 3.85 × 10−2 2.0862 × 10−4 8.7889 × 10−5 7.3759 × 10−5
3 1 1.75 × 10−2 2.68 × 10−2 1.2706 × 10−4 7.1959 × 10−5 4.8025 × 10−5

with distinct values of 𝑘 and 𝑀 for the 𝑥 and 𝑡 values taken in Table 1. A one-dimensional graph of the current method solution
for different 𝛼 values is shown in Fig. 3. For changed values of 𝛼 and 𝑟, the FWCT solution is given in Table 4. Figs. 4 and 5 are
the one-dimensional graphical illustrations of the FWCT solution at varying values of 𝑥 and 𝑡. Tables and figures show that the
projected technique gives a better approximate solution than the literature methods [21,65]. We used Matematica 11.3.0 version in
the laptop having configuration HP-i5, 11th generation, RAM: 4 GB, SSD:512 GB. The CPU time is taken to provide FWCT solution
by the Mathematica software as follows:

Parameters CPU time

𝑘=1 and 𝑀 =2 0.265 s
𝑘=1 and 𝑀 =4 0.768 s
𝑘=2 and 𝑀 =2 0.327 s
𝑘=2 and 𝑀 =4 0.852 s
𝑘=3 and 𝑀 =2 0.414 s
𝑘=3 and 𝑀 =4 0.983 s

This table shows that the FWCT solution is found in less time. Hence this method is required less time and is computationally
attractive.

6. Conclusion

The focus of this paper is successfully solving the time fractional Rosenau–Hyman equation using the Fibonacci wavelets-based
collocation approach. Our findings demonstrate the method’s efficiency in dealing with solutions of a class of third-order nonlinear
partial differential equations with fractional order. From the above results, we observed that this technique is more effective than the
other techniques in quick convergence. We compared FWCT results with other methods to test our projected approach’s efficiency.
From Tables 1–3, the FWCT solution is better than the Genocchi wavelets method [21], Differential transform and finite difference
methods [65], and Reduced differential transform method (RDTM) solution [65]. The tables and graphs are the witnesses to conclude
that this technique is effective, straightforward, requires less computing, and is computationally appealing. The current approach is
not restricted to PDEs; it can also extend to models having higher-order PDEs, higher-order fractional PDEs, time-delay PDEs, and
systems of PDEs with slight modifications in the method.

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Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

Fig. 1. Graphical illustration of the FWCT, Exact solution, and its absolute error at 𝛼 = 1.

13
Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

Fig. 2. Graphical representation of FWCT solution at different values of 𝛼.

14
Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

Fig. 3. One-dimensional representation of FWCT solution at different values of 𝛼.

Fig. 4. One-dimensional evaluation of FWCT solution at different values of 𝑥.

15
Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

Table 4
Numerical solution of the proposed method at different 𝛼 values for 𝑘 = 1, 𝑀 = 2, and 𝑡 = 0.1.
𝑟 𝑥 FWCT solution FWCT solution FWCT solution FWCT solution FWCT solution
at 𝛼 = 0.1 at 𝛼 = 0.3 at 𝛼 = 0.5 at 𝛼 = 0.7 at 𝛼 = 0.9
0.0 −0.0349058 −0.0585566 −0.0951529 −0.1489178 −0.2226515
0.1 −0.0348850 −0.0585147 −0.0950616 −0.1486822 −0.2223617
0.2 −0.0348180 −0.0583783 −0.0947599 −0.1478902 −0.2218755
0.3 −0.0347062 −0.0581486 −0.0942492 −0.1465432 −0.2206533
0.4 −0.0345515 −0.0578277 −0.0935315 −0.1446430 −0.2194928
0.1 0.5 −0.0343569 −0.0574186 −0.0926096 −0.1421927 −0.2179636
0.6 −0.0341261 −0.0569248 −0.0914874 −0.1391960 −0.2085746
0.7 −0.0338637 −0.0563510 −0.0901693 −0.1356573 −0.2070468
0.8 −0.0335749 −0.0557024 −0.0886607 −0.1315821 −0.2006769
0.9 −0.0332658 −0.0549852 −0.0869676 −0.1269763 −0.1912647
1.0 −0.0329434 −0.0542062 −0.0850970 −0.1218470 −0.1814201
0.0 −0.3489802 −0.5854087 −0.9512157 −1.4885618 −2.2253228
0.1 −0.3489899 −0.5854724 −0.9514197 −1.4890919 −2.2265522
0.2 −0.3485357 −0.5847620 −0.9503979 −1.4878067 −2.2253310
0.3 −0.3475434 −0.5831354 −0.9479191 −1.4844013 −2.2214062
0.4 −0.3458879 −0.5803416 −0.9435405 −1.4781901 −2.2138889
1.0 0.5 −0.3433936 −0.5760205 −0.9366073 −1.4681058 −2.2012543
0.6 −0.3398339 −0.5697034 −0.9262531 −1.4527001 −2.1813419
0.7 −0.3349313 −0.5608120 −0.9113994 −1.4301433 −2.1513549
0.8 −0.3283573 −0.5486594 −0.8907558 −1.3982242 −2.1078608
0.9 −0.3197323 −0.5324489 −0.8628195 −1.3543501 −2.0467906
1.0 −0.3086252 −0.5112746 −0.8258755 −1.2955463 −1.9634389

Fig. 5. One-dimensional illustration of FWCT solution at different values of 𝑡.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.

Data availability

No data was used for the research described in the article.

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Kumbinarasaiah S. and M. Mulimani Results in Control and Optimization 11 (2023) 100221

Acknowledgments

The author expresses thanks to the University Grants Commission (UGC), Govt. Of India for financial support under UGC-BSR
Research Start-Up Grant for 2021-2024:F.30-580/2021(BSR) Dated: 23rd Nov. 2021.

Appendix. Algorithm to obtain Fibonacci wavelet coefficients and solution:

Step 1: Compute Fibonacci wavelet basis using Eq. (2.2).

Step 2: Evaluate the functional matrix of integration for the desired order.
Step 3: Consider the Eq. (4.3) depending upon the order of the selected PDE (4.1).
Step 4: Integrate the Eq. (4.3) and obtain the required partial derivatives 𝑊 , 𝑊𝑡 , 𝑊𝑥 , 𝑊𝑥𝑥 and 𝑊𝑥𝑥𝑥 .
Step 5: Fit the obtained derivatives 𝑊 , 𝑊𝑡 , 𝑊𝑥 , 𝑊𝑥𝑥 and 𝑊𝑥𝑥𝑥 in Eq. (4.1) for integer order. For fractional order, substitute the
𝛼 (𝑥,𝑡)
obtained derivatives 𝑊 , 𝜕 𝑊𝜕𝑡𝛼
, 𝑊𝑥 , 𝑊𝑥𝑥 and 𝑊𝑥𝑥𝑥 in Eq. (4.1).
Step 6: Now, collocate Eq. (4.1) from the collocation points given in Eq. (4.12) and obtain the algebraic equations.
Step 7: Solve a set of algebraic equations using the Newton–Raphson method to obtain the unknown coefficients.
Step 8: Substitute the unknown coefficients in the Eq. (4.10) to find the FWCT solution.

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