BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

• Masonry • Columns
• Foundation • Beams
• Footing
Masonry
• Building with units of various or manufactured
products, such as stone, brick, or concrete block

Concrete Hollow Block (CHB)

core
Standard sizes in the Philippines:
web

40cm (length) X 20 cm (width) X 4 in (thickness) face

40cm (length) X 20 cm (width) X 5 in (thickness)
40cm (length) X 20 cm (width) X 6 in (thickness)
 Reinforced Concrete
• Concrete in which steel reinforcement is
embedded in such a manner that the two
materials act together in resisting forces

*All slabs, beams and girders, some columns and walls are subject to compressive and tensile load
1. Bending- will cause unreinforced concrete beams or
slabs to crack at the bottom and collapse

2. Shrinkage- Decrease in the initial volume

3. Temperature Changes

4. Diagonal Tension- Shear forces

Punching Shear
• A term referring to the diagonal tension acting on a
column or other support
Purpose of Concrete Reinforcement
• Concrete resists compression forces
• Steel Bars resist tensile forces
Reinforcing Bars

A steel bar for reinforcing concrete, usually

specified by a number equivalent to its diameter in
eighths of an inch.

Deformed Bar

A reinforcing bar with surface deformations to

develop a greater bond with concrete
Construction Site

The geographic location of a construction

project, usually defined by legal boundaries

YARD R1 R2-R3 R4 R5

FRONT 4.50 3.00 - 8.00 4.50 6.00

Setback
SIDE 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00

REAR 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00

The minimum required distance from every
structure to the property lines of a lot, RROW FRONT SIDE REAR
established by a zoning ordinance to provide
30m above 8 5 5
air, light, solar access and privacy
25 – 29 6 3 3

20 – 24 5 3 3

10 – 19 5 2 2

Below 10 5 2 2
Property line

• Also called a lot line

• One of the legally defined and recorded

boundaries of a parcel of land

• Defined by the lot title/ TCT (Transfer

certificate of title
• Location
• Bearing
• Area
• owner
Property/ Lot line

Building line
Staking out

• Laying out the building

• The process of relocation the point of

boundaries and property line of the site
where the building is to be constructed
Excavation

• Is the digging and removal of earth from its

natural position
Foundation

• The lowest division of a building or other

construction, partly or wholly below the
surface of the ground, designed to
support and anchor the superstructure
and transmit its loads directly to the
earth
Footing
• the base of the foundation, column, or
wall used to distribute the load over the
subgrade

Subgrade
• an earth surface upon which another
material, such as concrete, is placed
 FOUNDATIONS
Shallow Deep
Isolated Footing
Strip Footing
Piles
Continuous Footing
Combined Footing
Mat
Ribbed Mat
Cellular Mat
Piers
Stepped Footing
Cantileverd/ Strap
 Types of Footings

Isolated Footing Strip Footing

• A single spread • The continuous

footing spread footing
supporting a of a foundation
freestanding wall
column on pier

Shallow Foundation
 Types of Footings

Continuous Combined Footing

Footing
• A reinforced
• A reinforced concrete footing for
concrete footing a perimeter column
extended to or foundation wall
support a row of extended to
columns support an interior
column load

Shallow Foundation
 Types of Footings
Mat Footing Ribbed Mat
Footing
• A thick, slab like
footing of • A mat
reinforced foundation
concrete reinforced by a
supporting a grid of ribs
number of above or below
columns or an the slab
entire building

Shallow Foundation
 Types of Footings

Cellular Mat Stepped Footing

Footing
• Used to
• A composite accommodate a
structure of sloping grade
reinforced concrete
slabs and basement
walls serving as a
mat foundation

Shallow Foundation
 Types of Footings

Cantilevered/ Strap Footing

• A reinforced concrete footing

connected by a tie beam to another
footing in order to balance an
asymmetrically imposed load, as at
the perimeter of a building site

Shallow Foundation
Deep Foundations

• These are employed when the soil

underlying a shallow foundation is
unstable or too soft

• They extend down to where the

earth is hard enough

Deep Foundation
 Types of Footings
Pile Foundation

• A system of piles, pile caps, and

tie beams for transferring
building loads down to a suitable
bearing stratum, used especially
when the soil mass directly
below the construction is not
suitable for the direct bearing of
footings

Deep Foundation
 Types of Footings

Piers/ Caisson

• A cast in place concrete

foundation formed by bonding
with a large auger or excavating
by hand a shaft in the earth to a
suitable bearing stratum and
filling the shaft with concrete

Deep Foundation
Column

structural element that transmits,

through compression, the weight of
the structure above to other structural
elements below.
 Stone Reinforced
Wood Posts Steel
columns/ Pillar Concrete

Tied
solid latticed
columns

Spiral
Built- up H columns
columns

spaced Composite Built up

Lally Battened
Wood Posts
 Reinforced Concrete Column
Tied Column

These are columns with

Spiral Column
longitudinal bars and
lateral ties Columns with
longitudinal bars and
closely spaced
continuous spiral
hooping
 Reinforced Concrete Column
Lally Column
Composite
Column • Fabricated steel pipes
provided with flat
• Structural steel steel plates which
column are holds a girder
embedded into the
concrete core of a • Filled with grout or
spiral column concrete to prevent
corrosion
 Steel Column

Latticed H columns Built up

• Made up of channels • Formed by a
or angles connected combination of
by lattice bars plates and angles
 Steel Column

Battened

• Two component
parts of the column
are connected by
batten plates
Beams

• a rigid structural member designed

to carry and transfer transverse
loads across space to supporting
elements

Girders

• A large principal beam designed to

support concentrated loads at
isolated points along its length.
Joists

• any series of small, parallel beams

designed to support floors, ceilings,
or flat roofs.
 Classification of Beams

Cantilevered Continuous
Simple Beams Beams Beams
Single span with Supported at one end
support at each end Beams resting on more
only; projecting beyond
than two supports
one of its supports