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SBA1B Ans e
SBA1B Ans e
2 Nostrilsnasal cavitypharynxlarynx
tracheabronchibronchioles
air sacs(in lungs)
4 It closes the entrance to the larynx during swallowing, thereby preventing choking.
3 Air.
4 The lungs tissue floats in water because the air in the air sacs gives the lung tissue a low
density.
2 The large number of air sacs provides a large surface area for gas exchange. The
epithelium of the air sac is only one-cell thick. This provides a short distance for rapid
diffusion of gases. The moist inner surface allows gases to dissolve in the water film for
diffusion across the epithelium. The air sacs are richly supplied with blood. This allows
rapid transport of gases to and from the air sacs so that a steep concentration gradient can
be maintained for rapid diffusion.
exhaled air
Results (p. 7-11)
Inhaled air Exhaled air
Burning time of candle(s) 14 10
Final colour of hydrogencarbonate indicator Red / orange Yellow
2 Some oxygen in the inhaled air diffuses from the air sacs into the capillaries. Therefore,
less oxygen is found in the exhaled air.
3 The exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide than inhaled air. The colour of
hydrogencarbonate indicator turns yellow.
4 Some carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries to the air sacs. Therefore, more carbon
dioxide is found in the exhaled air.
5 Lime water. The colour of lime water changes from colourless to milky.
Ch 8 Transport in humans
2
Red blood cell White blood cell Blood platelet
Shape Biconcave Irregular shape Irregular shape
disc shape
Nucleus No nucleus Round or lobed No nucleus
Relative size Medium Large Small
Relative number Abundant Rare Occasional
2 a It is biconcave disc shape. This provides a large surface area to volume ratio to
facilitate the diffusion of gases.
2
Artery Vein
Thickness of wall Thicker Thinner
Size of lumen Smaller Larger
2 There are valves in veins but not in arteries (except in pulmonary artery and aorta).
2 White blood cells can change their shape, so they can move along the narrower capillaries.
2
Water run into What happens
venae cavae Water comes out from the pulmonary arteries.
pulmonary artery Water cannot enter and no water comes out from any vessels.
aorta Water cannot enter and no water comes out from any vessels.
3
A Anterior vena cava
B Right atrium
C Posterior vena cava
D Tricuspid valve
E Right ventricle
F Septum
G Pulmonary artery
H Aorta
I Pulmonary vein
J Semilunar valve
K Left atrium
L Bicuspid
M Heart tendon
N Left ventricle
2 The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle. It is because the left
ventricle has to provide a greater force to pump blood to all parts of the body (except the
lungs), whereas the right ventricle pumps blood only for a short distance to the lungs.
3 The ventricles have a thicker muscular wall. It is because the ventricles have to provide a
greater force to pump blood to the lungs or other parts of the body, whereas the atria only
pump blood to the nearby ventricles.
4 1 The ventricles have a thicker muscular wall to pump blood to all parts of the body.
2 Valves are present to prevent backflow of blood.
3 Heart tendons are present to prevent the valves from being turned inside-out when
the
ventricles contract.
5 The septum prevents the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. This ensures a
high oxygen content in the blood in the aorta for the body cells.
plant growth
2
Flask Appearance of seedlings
A Healthy growth of seedlings.
C Poor growth. Depending on the species, leaves may become dull green,
yellow or purple.
D Poor growth. Older leaves start to yellow at the edges, and then turn brown.
Leaves may curl and dead spots appear.
2 It ensures the roots get enough oxygen for respiration. Respiration can provide energy for
the root to absorb minerals by active transport.
3 All the major elements (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, etc.) and trace
elements (e.g. manganese, copper, zinc, etc.) needed by the plants.
4 It acts as a control to show that symptoms appear in the seedlings are due to the deficiency
of a particular mineral.
5 Seedlings cannot use atmospheric nitrogen directly. Seedlings obtain nitrogen only in
7 Older leaves. When the minerals are deficient, they are transported from the older leaves
to the actively growing young leaves.
8 Yes. For each nutrient solution in the experimental set-ups (flasks B to E), only one
variable (deficient in one mineral) is changed at a time, other variables are kept constant.
2 The epidermis consists of one layer of thin-walled cells only. It is not covered by cuticle.
Therefore, water and minerals can easily pass into them.
Numerous root branches and root hairs provide a large surface area for absorption of
water and minerals.
The root hairs are long and fine. They can easily grow between the soil particles to absorb
water and minerals around them.
A Identifying variables
Independent Dependent variable Controlled Control
variable (What will you variables (What is the control
(What will you measure?) (What will you keep in this experiment?)
change?) constant?)
(Answer varies with (Answer varies with (Answer varies with (Answer varies with
the design.) the design.) the design.) the design.)
C Collecting data
1 (Answer varies with the design.)
2 (Answer varies with Ss.)
Objective
To compare the distribution of stomata on both sides of a leaf.
Method 1: Method 2:
1 pair of forceps 1 pair of forceps
1 stop-watch 1 beaker of hot water
1 potted plant 1 freshly-picked leaf from a terrestrial plant
dry cobalt(II) chloride paper
Method 4:
sticky tape
1 microscope
Method 3:
2 microscope slides
1 vaseline 2 cover slips
1 electronic balance 1 pair of forceps
2 freshly-picked leaves of the same 1 microscope slide with a transparent grid
Procedure
Method 1: Method 4:
1 Use sticky tape to stick a piece of dry 1 Use a pair of forceps to peel off the lower
cobalt(II) chloride paper to the upper epidermis of a leaf. Put it on a slide.
side and underside of the leaf 2 Mount the epidermis with a drop of
respectively. distilled water.
2 Measure the time taken for the dry 3 Find a portion of the epidermis which
cobalt(II) chloride paper to reach the fills the microscope’s field of vision at
same colour as a piece of moist ×100 magnification.
cobalt(II) chloride paper used as a 4 Count the number of stomata in the field
control. of vision.
Method 2: 5 Repeat step 4 for 3 times and take the
average value.
1 Immerse a leaf from a terrestrial plant 6 Repeat steps 1 to 5 for the upper
quickly into a beaker of hot water. epidermis.
2 Observe carefully and compare the 7 Use a slide with a transparent grid of a
amount of bubbles coming out from stated grid size to estimate the
each side of the leaf. dimension of the field of vision.
Method 3: 8 Calculate the stomatal densities of the
upper and lower epidermis of the leaf
1 Smear vaseline to cover the upper side of stomatal density
one of the leaf. Smear vaseline to cover
the underside of the other leaf.
Weigh the leaves after one hour.
n u m b eorf s to m a ta
2 Compare the weight of the leaves. = a re ao f th em ic ro s c o' sp e
n m2 )
fie ldo f v is io (m
Results
Method 1:
The dry cobalt(II) chloride paper on the underside of the leaf changes to pink faster than the
one on the upper side.
Method 2:
Method 3:
The decrease in weight of the leaf with the upper side smeared with vaseline is larger than the
Method 4:
Area of the microscope’s Number of Stomatal density
field of vision at ×100 stomata (number of stomata/mm2)
magnification (mm2)
Upper epidermis
Lower epidermis
Conclusion
The upper side of a dicotyledonous leaf has fewer stomata than the underside.
indicator
2 a The colour changes in the indicator of tubes A and B show that carbon dioxide is
absorbed by leaves in bright or moderate light. Leaves in light carry out both
photosynthesis and respiration. Since photosynthesis proceeds at a much faster rate
than respiration, the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by photosynthesis is much
more than that released by respiration under the two conditions.
b The colour change in the indicator of tube D shows that carbon dioxide is released
by leaves in the dark. Leaves in the dark carry out respiration only.
3 a The larger increases in pressure show that more oxygen is released by leaves in
bright or moderate light. Leaves in light carry out both photosynthesis and
respiration. Since photosynthesis proceeds at a faster rate than respiration, the
amount of oxygen released by photosynthesis is more than that absorbed by
respiration under the two conditions.
b The decrease in pressure shows that oxygen is absorbed by leaves in the dark.
Leaves
in the dark carry out respiration only.
5 The volume of oxygen released per unit time. Oxygen is produced as a by-product in
photosynthesis. The volume of oxygen released per unit time can act as an indicator of
the rate of photosynthesis.
2 Water. (Water turns dry cobalt(II) chloride paper from blue to pink.)
4 No. Little or no transpiration will take place in plant A because the stomata are only
slightly open or even closed in the dark.
bubble potometer
Distance travelled by
(Results vary with Ss.)
the air bubble (cm)
Rate of movement of the
air bubble (cm / min)
2 When the plant transpires and absorbs water, water is drawn from the capillary tube.
The air bubble therefore moves towards the shoot along the tube.
3 No. The rate of movement of the air bubble indicates the rate of water uptake.
5 The movement of the air bubble may be affected by the friction between the air bubble
and the wall of the capillary tube.
2 (Answer varies with Ss. The amount of water absorbed is the difference between the water
levels in the burette before and after the practical.)
3 (Answer varies with Ss. The amount of water lost is the difference between the weights of
the whole set-up before and after the practical.)
4 The amount of water lost is slightly less than the amount of water absorbed. It is because
some of the absorbed water is used in photosynthesis and other metabolic activities.
5 No. As some water remains in the plant, the rate of water uptake is slightly higher than the
rate of transpiration.
6 Error: Water may be present on the leafy shoot when the plant is removed from water.
Improvement: Blot the plant with tissue paper before the experiment.
A Identifying variables
Independent Dependent variable Controlled Control
variable (What will you variables (What is the control
(What will you measure?) (What will you keep in this experiment?)
change?) constant?)
The environmental The weight of water The parameters and The potometer that is
factor being lost in a weight conditions other than put in normal
investigated. potometer, the the one being conditions.
distance travelled by investigated.
the air bubble in a
given time in a
bubble potometer,
etc.
C Collecting data
1 (Answer varies with Ss.)
2 Use a shoot with more leaves. / Use a capillary tube with a narrower bore in the bubble
potometer.
3 Allow a few minutes for the shoot to equilibrate before taking any readings or ignore the
first few readings. / Take the average of several readings under the same condition.
Objective
To investigate the effect of light intensity / temperature / relative humidity / air movement on
the rate of transpiration.
Hypothesis
Higher light intensity / higher temperature / lower relative humidity / higher wind speed
increases the rate of transpiration.
Procedure
1 Set up the apparatus as shown on the right.
2 Put the U-shaped potometer in one of the following
places, depending on the environmental factor being
investigated:
Light intensity – near a bench lamp
Temperature – near a heater
Relative humidity – near a dehumidifier
Air movement – near a blowing fan
3 Put the set-up in a laboratory with normal conditions to
act as the control.
4 Allow 5 minutes for equilibration.
5 Adjust the water levels in the glass tubing and the
pipette to the same level by raising or lowering
the2 arms of the U-shaped potometer.
6 Record the initial water level in the pipette.
7 Record the water level again after a certain time (e.g.
15 minutes).
8 Readjust the water levels and repeat with 2 more
readings.
Results
Condition Amount of water absorbed Rate of water uptake
in 15 minutes (cm3) (cm3 / min)
Under an environmental
condition being investigated
Conclusion
The rate of transpiration increases at higher light intensity / higher temperature / lower
relative humidity / in windy conditions.
dicotyledonous plant
2 The vascular tissues in the stem, the root and the leaf are found on the periphery, at the
centre and in the midrib vein respectively.
water transport