Indefinite Integration - Complete Theory, Part-2 E

Indefinite Integration- II
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
(a)Integrals of the form
1 1 1 1 1
 acos2 x  bsin2 x dx,  a  bsin2x dx,  a  bcos2 x dx,  (asinx  bcosx)2 dx,  a  bsin2 x  ccos2 x dx
n
To evaluate this type of integrals, divide numerator and denominator both by cos2 x,
ha
replace sec 2 x, if any in denominator by (1 + tan 2 x) and put tan x = t. So, that
sec2 x dx = dt.
au
1 sin x
Q. Evaluate (i)  4sin 2 x  9cos2 x dx (ii)  sin 3 x dx
dx
Ch
Sol. (i) I =  4sin 2 x  9cos 2 x dx
sec 2 x
Here, dividing Nr and Dr by cos2 x. We get I =  4 tan 2 x  9 dx
Put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt
S
BP
dt 1 dt 1 1  t  1  2 tan x 
I=  4t2  9  4  t2  (3/ 2)2  4 . 3/ 2 tan–1  3 / 2  + C, I=
6
tan–1 
 3 
+C
sinx sinx dx
(ii) Let I =  sin3x  3sinx  4sin3 x dx , I =
dx   3  4sin 2 x
By
sec2 xdx sec2 xdx

Dividing N and D by cos x. We get, I = 
3sec2 x  4tan 2 x  3(1  tan2 x)  4tan2 x
r r 2 
rt
sec 2 xdx
I= 
ka
3  tan 2 x
dt 1 3t 1 3  tan x
Let tan x = t sec2 x dx = dt  I=   log C, I= log C
hs
2 2
( 3)  (t ) 2 3 3t 2 3 3  tan x
1
 3  sin 2x dx
at
Q. Evaluate
1 sec 2 x
m
1
Sol. I =  3  sin2x dx =  3(sin2 x  cos2 x)  2sinxcosx dx , I =  3 tan 2 x  2 tan x  3 dx
[Dividing Nr and Dr by cos2 x]
Putting tan x = t and sec x dx = dt, we get
2
1
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dt 1 dt 1 dt
 I=  3t 2  2t  3  3  2 = 
3  1 2  2 2 2
t2  t 1
3  t     
 3   3 
 1
1 1 t  1  3t 1 
 I= tan 1
 3 C = tan1  C
32 2  2 2 2 2 2 2
   
n
 3   3 
ha
(b)Integrals of the Form
au
1 1 1 1
 asin x  bcos x dx ,  a  bsin x dx ,  a  bcosx dx ,  a sin x  bcos x  c dx
1  tan 2 x / 2
Ch
2 tan x / 2
To evaluate this type of integrals we put sin x = and cos x = and
1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
replace tan x / 2 = t, by performing these steps the integrals reduces to the form
1
 at 2  bt  c dt which can be evaluated by methods discussed earlier..
S
BP
dx
Q. Evaluate  2  sin x  cos x
2 tan x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2 dx
Sol. For this type we use sin x = , cos x = ,  2  sin x  cos x
By
1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
x
dx sec2 dx
Let I=  =  2
rt
2tan x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2 x x
2  2tan2  2tan  1  tan2
x
2 
1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2 2 2 2
ka
x
sec 2 dx x 1 x 2dt dt
I=  2 Put tan = t  sec2 dx = dt =  t 2  2t  3  t 2  2t  1  2
 2
hs
x x 2 2 2
tan 2  2 tan  3
2 2
at
dt 1  t 1   tan x / 2 1 
= 2 2 2
 2. tan1  2 tan1 
 C , I = C
(t 1)  ( 2) 2  2  2 
m
(c)Alternative Method to Evaluate the Integrals of the Form

1
 asinx  bcosx dx
2
To evaluate this type of integrals we substitute a = r cos , b = r sin  and so
r= a2  b2 ,  = tan–1  b   a sin x + b cos x = r sin(x + )

a
1 1 1
So,  asinx  bcosx r  sin(x  ) dx = 1r  cosec(x + ) dx = 1r log tan  x    + C
dx 
 2 2
n
 asinx  bcosx dx =
1
log tan   tan 1   C
x 1 b

ha
2
a b 2
2 2 a
1
Q. Evaluate  3sin x  cos x
dx
au

Sol. Let 3= r sin  and 1 = r cos . Then r = ( 3)2  (1)2  2 and tan  =  =
3
Ch
1 1 1 dx
I=  3sin x  cos x
dx =  rsin sin x  r cos cos x dx = r  cos(x   )
=
1
r  sec(x – )dx =
1
r
  x 
log tan      C
 4 2 2
S
BP
1   x  1 x 
= 2 log tan  4  2  6   C  2 log tan  2  12   C
   
By
(d)Integrals of the Form

pcosx  qsinx  r p cos x  q sin x
 acosx  bsinx c dx,  a cos x  b sin x dx
Rule for (i) In this integrals express numerator as, (denominator) + (diff. of denomina-
rt
tor) + . Find ,  and  by comparing coefficient of sin x, cos x and constant term and
ka
split the integral into sum of three integrals.

d.c.of (denominator) dx
  dx +   denominator dx + n  a sin x  b cos x  c
hs
Rule for (ii) Express numerator as (denominator) + (diff. of denominator) and find 
and  as above.
at
(2  3cos x)
 sin x  2cos x  3 dx
m
Q. Evaluate
Sol. Write the numerator = (denominator) + (d.c. of denominator) + 
 2 + 3 cos x = (sin x + 2cos x + 3) + (cos x – 2 sin x) + 
Comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant terms, we get
3
0 =  – 2, 3 = 2 + , 2 = 3 +    = 6/5,  = 3/5,  = – 8/5
6 3 cosx  2sinx 8 dx
Hence, I =
5 1dx  
5 sin x  2cosx  3
dx –
5  sin x  2cosx  3
6 3 8
= .x  log|sin x + 2 cos x + 3| – I .....(i)
5 5 5 1
dx dx
where I1 =  sin x  2cos x  3 = 
n
2 tan x / 2 2(1  tan 2 x / 2)
 3
1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
ha
x x
sec 2
dx sec 2 dx
=  2 2

au
= x x
x 2 x 2 x tan 2  2 tan  5
2 tan  2  2 tan  3  3 tan
2 2 2 2 2
Ch
1 x 2dt dt
 t2  2t  5  2 (t 1)2  22
x
let tan 2 = t  sec2 dx = dt =
2 2
  x
I1 = 2 .
1
2

. tan–1 
t 
 2 
1 


= tan–1 
tan  1 
2
2
 + C .....(ii) S
BP
 
 
 x 
6 3 8  tan  1 
from eq. (i) and (ii) I = x  log|sin x + 2 cos x + 3| – tan–1  2   C
By
5 5 5  2 
 
3sinx  2cosx
Q. Evaluate  3cosx  2sinx dx
rt
Sol. Write the numerator = (denominator) + (d.c of denominator)

ka
 3 sin x + 2 cosx =(3 cosx + 2 sin x)+(–3 sinx + 2 cos x)

Comparing the coefficient of sin x and cos x on both the sides, we get
hs
12 5
3 = 2 – 3 and 2 = 3 + 2   = and  = –
13 13
at
3sin x  2cos x 12 5
Hence, I =   dx   dx = (x) – log|3 cos x + 2 sin x| + C
3cos x  2sin x 13 13
m
cos x
Q.  8  sin 2x
dx
1 cosx  sinx cosx  sinx

Sol. 2 
8  2sinxcosx  8  2sinxcosx
 dx
4
Let sin x – cos x = t, sin x + cos x = u (cos x + sin x) dx = dt (cos x – sin x) dx = du

1

dt
2  8  (1  t 2 )

du 
8  (u 1) 
2
1
  
2
dt
 7  t
2

du 

9  u 
2

1
2
ln t   
7  t 2  sin 1
u
3


1
2

ln sinx  cosx  7  (sinx  cosx)2  sin 1 (sinx  cosx)
3
c
n
dx
Q.  cosecx  cos x
ha
dx 1 2sin x 1  sin x  cos x sin x  cos x 
Sol.  cos ecx  cos x 2  1 sin xcosx
 dx   
2  1  sin xcos x
dx   1  sin x cos x 
au
sin x – cos x = t – sin x – cos x = u
(cos x + sin x) dx = dt (– cos x + sin x) dx = du
Ch
 
 du  dt du
  
1 dt 1 2dt 2du 
 
2 1 t 2
  2
u 1  2 
 3  t 2

1 
 u 2

   3  t 2  1 u2

1 1
 2 2 
3t
S
BP
1 1 3  sin x  cos x
 log + tan–1 u + c , log + tan–1(– sin x – cos x) + c
2 3 3 t 2 3 3  sin x  cos x
cos x
Q.  10  sin 2x dx
By
cosx  sinx cosx  sinx 

dx  
1 2 cos x 1
Sol. 
2 10  sin 2x  
2  10  2sinxcosx 10  2sinxcosx  
rt
sin x – cos x = t sin x + cos x = u

ka
(cos x + sin x) dx = dt (cos x – sin x) dx = du

dt du dt du
  10 1 t2   10  (u2 1)   11  t 2   9  u 2
hs
1 11  t 1 1 u 1 11  (sin x  cos x) 1 1  sin x  cos x 

 ln  tan c   tan  c
at
ln
2 11 11  t 3 3 2 11 11  (sin x  cos x) 3  3 
Note : cos x + sin x or cos x – sin x is solving in the numerator if denominator contains a +
m
sin 2x or b  sin 2x . However if cos x + sin x or cos x – sin x appears in denominator and
sin 2x in numerator, then manipulate differently.
5
dx
Q.  cosecx  sec x
1 2sin xcosx 1 sin 2x 1 1  (cos x  sin x)2
2  cosx  sin x 2  cos x  sin x
Sol. 
2  cos x  sin x
dx  dx  dx
1 1 1
=    (cos x  sin x)dx
2 cos x  sin x 2
n
x
sec 2
1 2 1
1 1 1
  (sin x  cos x)
ha
2  1  tan 2 x
=  (sin x  cos x) = x
2 1  tan 2  2 tan x 2
x 2
2 tan 2 2
2 2
2 x 2 x
au
1  tan 1  tan
2 2
x x 1 2 1
let tan = t sec2 dx = 2dt =  dt  (sin x  cos x)
Ch
2
2 2 2 1  t  2t 2
1 1 1 t 1  2 1
=  2
dt  (sin x  cos x) =
2 log  (sinx  cosx)  C
(t  1)  ( 2) 2 2 2 t 1  2 2
x S
BP
1 2
tan
1 2 1
= log  (sin x  cos x)  C
x
2 2 tan  1  2 2
2
By
DPP 5
dx
rt
Q. Evaluate  2  sin x
ka
2dt
hs
dx 2 dt dt 2  2t 1 
Sol.    1 t  2 =  2
 tan1  c
2  sin x 2t t  t  1 2 3  3 
2  1  3
1 t2  t     
at
 2  2 
 x 
m
 2 tan  1 
2 2
= tan 1  c
3  3 
 
6
dx
Q. Evaluate the integral  3sinx  4cosx
2dt
dx 1 t2 dt
Sol. 
3sin x  4cos x

6t 4(1  t 2 )
=  3t  2t 2  2

1 t2 1 t2
n
3 5
ha
t  x
1 dt 1 1 2tan  1
4 4 1 4t  2 1
=   . ln  c = ln  c  ln 2 c
2  3 2  5 2 2  5  t  3  5 5 4t  8 5 2tan x  4
 t     2. 
au
 4  4  4 4 4 2
dx
Q. Evaluate the integral  2sin x  cos x  3
Ch
2dt
Sol. 
dx
2sin x  cos x  3

4t
1 t2
2
(1  t ) S x
when t = tan = 2
2
dt
4t  1  t 2  3  3t 2
BP
  3
1 t2 1 t 2
dt 1 dt 1 x
= 2 2
  2 2 = . 2 tan–1(2t + 1) + c = tan–1(2 tan + 1) + c
4t  4t  2 2  1   1  2 2
t    
By
 2  2
dx
Q. Evaluate  4sin x  5cosx
rt
ka
4 4
Sol. Here a = 4, b = – 5, tan = = tan–1 and r = 41
5 5
hs
dx 1 x 1 4
Therefore,  4sinx  5cosx  41
ln tan   tan1   c
2 2 5
at
dx
Q. Evaluate  a 2 cos 2 x  b2 sin 2 x
m
7
dx sec2 xdx dt
Sol.  a2 cos2 x  b2 sin2 x  a2  b2 tan2 x =
  a 2  b2 t2 where t = tan x
1 a  bt 1 a cos x  bsin x
= ln c  ln c
2ab a  bt 2ab a cos x  bsin x
Q. Column I Column II
dx 1 1
(A)  sin4 x  cos4 x (p) tan  
2 cot 2x  c
n
2
ha
dx
(B)  sin6 x  cos6 x (q)tan–1(2 cot 2x) + c
dx
au
1
(C)  3 cos2x (r) tan–1  2 tan x + c
2 2
dx 1 1 
Ch
(D)  5  4sin2x (s) –
3
tan–1  (sec2x  tan 2x) 
3 
Sol. (A)  (p), (B)  (q), (C)  (r), (D)  (s)
(A) dx dx
S
2dx dx
 sin 4 x  cos4 x   1  2sin 2 x cos 2 x =  2  sin2 2x  2 2(sin2 2x  cos2 2x)  sin2 2x
BP
dx 2 –1  1  1 1  1 
= 2  tan  tan 2x  + c = tan  tan2x c
2cos2 2x  sin 2 2x 2.1.2  2  2  2 
By
1 1
=
2
tan  
2cot 2x  c
dx dx 4 dx
 sin6 x  cos6 x   1 3sin2 xcos2 x =  4  3sin 2 2x dx = 4
rt
(B)
4(sin 2x  cos2 2x)  3sin2 2x
2
ka
dx 1 1 1  1   tan 2x 
= 4 = 4 . . tan  tan2x   c = tan  1    c = tan–1(2 cot 2x) + c
4cos2 2x  sin2 2x 2.1 2 2   2 
hs
dx dx dx 1  2 
(C)  3  cos2x   3(cos2 x  sin2 x)  (cos2 x  sin2 x) =  2 cos 2 x  4sin 2 x = tan1  tanx 
2 2  2 
at
=
1
tan1  
2 tan x  c
m
2 2
dx dx dt
(D)  5  4sin 2x    
=  5(sin2 t  cos2 t)  4(cos2 t sin2 t)
5  4cos   2x 
2 
8
 dt 1 1  1  1 1  1  
Where 2t = – 2x = –    tan  tant   c =  tan  tan   x   c
2 9cos2 t  sin2 t 3 3  3 3 4 
1 1  1 
=  tan  (sec2x  tan2x) 
3 3 
1
Q. Evaluate  2 sin 2 x  3sin x cos x  2 cos 2 x dx
n
ha
1 sec2 x
Sol. Let I = 
2sin x  3sin x cos x  2cos2 x
2
dx =  2 tan 2 x  3tan x  2 dx
au
dt 1  2 1  1 2t 1 1 2tan x 1
=  2t 2  3t  2 where t = tan x =     dt  log
5  2t 1 t  2  5 t2
 c = log
5 tan x  2
c
Ch
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
du
S 
If u and v are two functions of x, then  uv dx  u v dx     v dx dx
dx 
BP
i.e., The integral of product of two functions = (first function) × (integral of second
function) – integral of (differential of first function × integral of second function).
Proof For any two functions f(x) and g(x), we have
By
d d d
{f(x) . g(x)} = f(x) . {g(x)} + g(x) . {f(x)}
dx dx dx
 d d 
 dx
rt
  f(x). {g(x)} g(x). {f(x)} dx =  f(x) . g(x)dx or

dx 
ka
 d   d 
  f (x). dx {g(x)}dx    g(x). dx {f (x)} dx =  f(x) . g(x) dx
hs
 d   d 
or   f (x). dx {g(x)} dx =  f(x) . g(x) dx –  g(x). {f(x)} dx
 dx 
at
d
Let f(x) = u and {g(x)} = v So that g(x) =  v dx
m
dx
 du 
  uv dx = u .  v dx –   dx . v dx  .dx
Points to Consider
9
While applying the above rule, care has to be taken in the selection of first function (u)
and selection of second function (v). Normally we use the following methods :
1. If in the product of the two functions, one of the functions is not directly integrable (eg,
log|x|, sin–1 x, cos –1 x, tan –1 x,... etc.) The, we take it as the first function and the
remaining function is taken as the second function.
eg, In the integration of  x tan–1 x dx, tan–1 x is taken as the first function and x as the
second function.
2. If these is no other function, then unity is taken as the second function. eg., In the
n
integration of  tan–1 x dx, tan–1 x is taken as function and 1 as the second function.
3. If both of the function are directly integrable, then the first function is choosen in such a
ha
way that the derivative of the function thus obtained under integral sign is easily
integrable.
Usually we use the following preference order for selecting the first function. (Inverse,
au
Logarithmic, Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponent).
In above stated order, the function on the left is always chosen as the first function. This
rule is called as ILATE.
Ch
Q. Evaluate (i) I =  sin–1 x dx (ii)  loge|x| dx
Sol. (i) I =  sin–1 x dx =  sin–1 x . 1 dx S
BP
I II
Here, we know by definition if integration by parts that order of preference is taken
according to ILATE.
So, 'sin–1 x' should be taken as first and '1' as the second function to apply by parts.
By
Applying integration by parts, we get

1 1 dt
I = sin–1 x . (x) –  1 x2
. x dx = x . sin–1 x + 
2 t 1/ 2 let 1 – x = t –2x dx = dt
2
rt
1 t1/2 1
C
ka
= x sin –1
x+ . x dx = – dt
2 1/ 2 2
I = x sin–1 x + 1  x2  C  –1 –1 2
 sin x dx = x sin x + 1 x  C
hs
(ii) I =  loge |x| dx =  loge |x| . 1 dx

I II
at
1
Applying integration by parts, we get = log|x| . x –  x . x dx = x log|x| –  1 dx
m
I = x log|x| – x + C
Q. Evaluate (i)  x cos x dx (ii)  x2 cos x dx

Sol. (i)  x cos x dx
10
I =  x cos x dx
I II
d 
Applying integration by parts, I = x(  cos x dx) –   (x)  {  (cos x) dx} dx
 dx 
I = x sin x –  1 . sin x dx, I = x sin x + cos x + C
(ii) I =  x2 cos x dx
I II
n
d 
Applying integration by parts, I = x2(  cos x dx) –   {x2} . {  (cos x} dx
ha
 dx 
= x2sin x –  2x . (sin x)dx = x2 sin x – 2  x(sin x)dx
au
We again have to integrate  x sin x dx using integration by parts,
= x2 . sin x – 2  x . sin x dx
I II
Ch
  dx  
= x2 sin x – 2  x(  sin xdx)     (  sin x dx)dx 
  dx  
= x2 sin x – 2{–x cos x –  1 . (– cos x) dx}, I = x2 sin x + 2x cos x – 2 sin x + C
S
BP
sin 1 x  cos1 x
Q. Evaluate  1 dx
sin x  cos1 x
sin 1 x  cos1 x sin 1 x  (  / 2  sin 1 x )

By
Sol.  1
sin x  cos1 x
dx =  /2
dx
(Q sin–1  + cos–1  = /2)

 4
rt
I=  (2 sin–1 x – /2)dx, I = sin–1 x dx –  dx

  
ka
4
I= sin–1 x dx – x + C .....(i)
 
hs
sin 2 
Let x = sin , then dx = 2 sin  cos  d =
2
d
sin 2 
at
  sin–1 x dx =   . sin 2 d
m
I II
cos 2 1
Applying integration by parts,  sin–1 x dx = –  .   cos  d
2 2
11
 1 1. 1
= . cos 2 4 sin = . (1 – 2 sin2) + . sin  . 1  sin 2 
2 2 2
1 1
= sin–1 x (1 – 2x) + . x 1 x .....(ii)
2 2
From eq. (i) and (ii) we get
4 1 1 1  2
 (sin x)(1 2x)  x 1 x   x  C = { x  x – (1 – 2x)sin–1 x } – x + C
2
I=
 2 2  
n
Integral of the Form  ex{f(x) + f '(x)}dx
ha
 f(x) + f '(x) dx = xf(x) + C
Theorem Prove that  ex {f(x) + f '(x)}dx = exf(x) + C
au
Proof We have,  ex {f(x) + f '(x)} dx
=  ex . f(x) dx +  ex . f '(x) dx
Ch
II I
= f(x) . ex –  f '(x) . ex dx +  ex . f '(x) dx + C = f(x) . ex + C
Thus, to evaluate the integrals of the type  ex {f(x) + f '(x)} dx , we first express the
S
integral as the sum of two integrals  ex f(x) dx and  ex f '(x) dx and then integrate the
BP
integral involving ex f(x) as integrand by parts taking ex as second function.
Points to Consider
The above theorem is also true, if we have ekx in place of ex. i.e.,  ekx{f(kx) + f '(kx)} dx
By
= ekx f(kx) + C
General concept
 e {f(x) g'(x) + f '(x)} dx
g(x)
rt
g(x )
Proof I =  e{ (x) g{
f{ '(x ) dx +  eg(x) f '(x) dx
ka
II I II
= f(x) . eg(x)–  f '(x) . eg(x) dx +  eg(x) . f '(x) dx = f(x) . eg(x)

hs
Point to be Remember
When  eg(x){f(x) g'(x) + f '(x)} dx
at
then, 2nd term of by parts get cancelled

m
Q. Evaluate  ex   2  dx
1 1
x x 
 '
x1 1  1
Sol.  e   2  dx =
1 1
x
x x 
  x  x   dx = x ex + C
e 
 
12
x
Q. Evaluate  ex dx
(x 1)2
 '
x x 11 x 1  1  1
e   x  1  x  1   dx  x  1 ex + c
x
Sol.  e x
dx = dx = e 
(x  1)2 (x  1)2
 
 1  sin x

Q. Evaluate  ex   dx
 1  cos x 
n
ha
 x x
 1  2sin cos 
 1  sin x  2 2 dx x1 x x x
 dx =  e   e  2 cosec
2
Sol.  ex   cot  dx = –ex cot
x
x  = +c
 1  cos x   2sin 2  2 2 2
au
 2 
Q. Evaluate  {sin(log x) + cos(log x)}dx.
Ch
Sol. I =  {sin(log x) + cos(log x)}dx Let log x = t. Then x= et  dx = et dt
 I =  et(sin t + cos t)dt = et sin t + c = x sin(log x) + c
Q. Evaluate
log x
 (1  log x)2 dx S
BP
log
Sol. I =  (1  log x)2 dx Let log x = t. Then x = et  dx = et dt
By
t et t 1 1  et x
 I=  2
dt =  e    dt = c  c
(t  1)  (t 1) (t  1)2
 t  1 (log x  1)
rt
Integrals of the Form  eax sin bx dx,  eax cos bx dx

ka
Let I =  eax (sin bx) dx

Then, I =  sin bx . eax dx
I II
hs
 eax  e ax
I = sin bx .   –  b cos bx . dx
 a a
at
1 b  eax eax 
m
a 
I= sin bx . eax –  cosbx.  (bsinbx). dx
a a  a 
1 b b2
=
a
sin bx . e – 2 cos bx . e – 2
ax
a
ax
a  sin bx . eax dx
13
1 b b2 b2 1.eax
I= sin bx . e ax – 2 cos bx . eax – 2 I  I + 2 I = 2 . (a sin bx – b cos bx)
a a a a a
 a 2  b2  eax eax
 I   (a sin bx – b cos bx) or I = (a sin bx – b cos bx) + C
 a  a
2 2
a 2  b2
e ax
Thus,  eax sin bx dx = (a sin bx – b cos bx) + C
a 2  b2
n
eax
ha
Similarly,  e cos bx dx = 2 2 (a cos bx + b sin bx) + C
ax
a b
Aliter Use Euler's equation
au
Let P =  eax cos bx dx and Q =  eax sin bx dx
Hence, P + iQ =  eax . eibx dx =  e(a + ib)x dx
Ch
1 a  ib
P + iQ = e(a + ib)x = 2 2 eax (cos bx + i sin bx)
a  ib a b
(aeax cosbx  beax sinbx)  i(aeax sin bx  beax cosbx) eax (a cos bx  bsin bx)
=
a 2  b2 S P =
a 2  b2
BP
eax (asin bx  bcosbx)
Q=
a 2  b2
Q. Evaluate  e2x sin 3x dx.
By
2x
e2x e
Sol.  e sin 3x dx. = 2 2 (2 sin 3x – 3 cos 3x) + c =
2x
(2 sin 3x – 3 cos 3x) + c
2 3 13
rt
Q. Evaluate  sin(log x)dx

Sol. Let I =  sin(log x)dx, Let log x = t. Then x = et  dx = et dt
ka
et
 I =  sin t et dt = (sin t – cos t) + c
hs
2
x
Hence,  sin(log x)dx = 2
[sin(log x) – cos(log x)] + c
at
Q. Evaluate  ex cos2 x dx
1  cos 2x 
m
1 1
Sol. I =  ex . cos2 x dx =  ex .   dx, I =  ex dx + cos 2x . ex dx
 2  2 2 
1 x 1
I= e + I .....(i)
2 2 1
14
Where, I1 =  cos 2x . ex dx
I1 =  cos 2x . ex dx = cos 2x . ex –  – 2 sin 2x . ex dx
I II
= e . cos 2x + 2  sin 2x . ex dx
x
I II
= e . cos 2x + 2{sin 2x . e –  2 cos 2x . ex dx = ex . cos 2x + 2 sin 2x . ex – 4I1
x x
1 x
n
 I1 = {e cos 2x + 2 sin 2x ex} .....(ii)
5
ha
1 x 1 1
From eq. (i) and (ii), we get, I = e + . {ex cos 2x + 2 sin 2x . ex}
2 2 5
au
1 x 1 x
I= e + e {cos 2x + 2 sin 2x} + C
2 10
Ch
Q. Evaluate   
cos x
 log xsin x  dx
 x 
 cosx 
Sol.   
cos x
 log x sin x  dx =    log xsin x  dx
 x   x 
S
BP
cosx
= x
dx   sin x log xdx
= cos x log x –  – sin x log x dx –  sin x log xdx

(integration of 1st integral by parts) = cos x log x + c
By
 1 1
Q. Evaluate   3x tan  xsec  dx
2 2
 x x
rt
1 21
Sol.   3x2 tan  xsec2  dx =  3x tan dx   xsec dx
1 1 2
 x x x x
ka
1 3  2 1  1  1 1
= tan x    sec   2  x3 dx –  x sec2 dx = x3 tan +c
x  x  x  x x
hs
Q. (a)  ex (1 + x)  ln(xex) dx (Put xex = t) ; (b)  ln(1 + x)1+x dx ;

Sol. (a)  ex (1 + x)  ln(xex) dx put x . ex = t
at
ex(x + 1) dx = dt
m
 1II. ln t Idt
d 
ln t  dt –   dt ln t   dt  dt , t ln t –  dt, t ln t – t + c , x . e ln(x . e ) – x . e + c
x x x
(b)  ln(1 + x)1 + x dx   ln x dx = x ln x – x + c
15
I =  ln(1 + x) dx +  x ln (1 + x) dx
d 
I = (1 + x) ln (1 + x) – (1 + x) + ln (1 + x)  x dx –   ln(1  x)   xdx  dx
 dx 
ln(1 x)  x2 1 x2
= (1 + x) ln (1 + x) – ( 1 + x) 
2
  (1 x)  2 dx
x 2 ln(1  x) 1 x 2
 
n
 (1 + x) ln (1 + x) – ( 1 + x)  dx
2 2 1 x
ha
x 2 ln(1  x) 1  1 
 (1 + x) ln (1 + x) – ( 1 + x)     x 1   dx
2 2  x 1
au
x2 ln(1 x) (x 1)2 1
 (1 + x) ln (1 + x) – ( 1 + x)    ln(1 x) + c
2 4 2
Ch
1
Q.  cos 1 dx
x
1 1  d 
dx  cos–1  dx    cos 1   dx  dx
1
Sol.  1  cos 1
x x  dx  x
S 
BP
 
 
1  1  1   1 dx
 x cos–1  x cos–1  
x 
 .   2  x  dx
 1  1 
2
 x   x 1
2
    x 1  
 x  x
By
1 dx –1 1
 x cos–1 
x 
 x cos  ln x  x2 1  c
x 1
2
x
Q.  sin(ln x) dx
rt
Sol. I =  1 . sin(ln x) dx, I = sin (ln x)  dx –   d sin(ln x) dx  dx

ka
 dx 
hs
cos(ln x)
x sin (ln x) –  x
 x dx , x sin (ln x) –  1  cos(ln x ) dx
I = x sin (ln x) –  x cos(ln x)   sin(ln x)dx  , I = x sin (ln x) – x cos (ln x) – I

at
x  sin(ln x)  cos(ln x) 
m
I= c
2
e x (x 2  5x  7)
Q.  dx
(x  3) 2
16
x  x  5x  6 1 
2
 (x  2) 1 
Sol.   (x  3)2  (x  3)2  dx  e
x
e   2
dx
   x  3 (x  3) 
x  x2
  ex {f(x) + f '(x)}dx = exf(x) + C  e  c
 x 3
x 2ex
Q.  (x  2)2 dx
n
ha
2 2
x 2e x  x   x2 2  x 2 
2
Sol.  dx   e  x  2  dx    x  2 x  2  
x
e x
 dx  e 1  x  2  dx
(x  2)2
au
 4 4  x 4 4  4
  ex  1    dx   e 1   2 
dx  f(x) = 1 –
 (x  2) (x  2) 
2
 (x  2) (x  2)  x2
Ch
4  4 4   4 
 f '(x) = 0 + (x  2) 2 so  ex 1  2
dx  ex 1  + c
 (x  2) (x  2)   x2
Q. 
ex (1 x  x3 )
(1 x2 )3/2
dx S
BP
x  1 x  x  x 1 x(1 x2) 
3
e x (1  x  x 3 )
Sol. 
(1  x 2 ) 3/ 2
dx ,   (1  x 2 )3/2
e  dx ,

  (1 x2)3/2 (1 x2)3/2 dx
e 
By
x2
1 x 2
 1 x  x 1 x2
 e  x
 2 1/2 
dx  f(x) = 2 1/ 2  f '(x) =
 (1 x2 3/2
) (1 x )  (1  x ) (1  x 2 )
rt
1  1 x  x
ka
 f '(x) = So,  ex   2 1/2 

dx  ex c
(1  x )
2 3/2
 (1 x )
2 3/2
(1 x )  (1  x 2 )1/2
e x (1  sin x)
hs
Q.  1  cos x dx
 
at
2
x x  x x
2

x   sin  cos   sin cos
e (1  sin x) x 2 2  dx 1 x 
Sol.  1  cos x dx   
e
2 x 
 e  2
2   sin x sin x
2
 dx
m
 2sin  
 2   2 2 
  ex 1  cot  dx   ex 1 cot 2  2cot  dx   e x  cos ec 2  2 cot  dx

1 x 1 x x 1 x x
2  2 2  2 2 2  2 2
17
1 x x  x  x x
  
2 
e  2cot   cosec2   dx  f(x) = 2 cot
2  2  2
 f '(x) = – cosec2
2
1 x x  2 x  1 x x x  x
So,  
2 
e  2cot 
2 
  cosec 
2 
 dx  – 
2
e 2 cot   c – e  cot   c
2  2
 x 2 cos2 x  (x sin x  cos x) 

Q.  e(x sin xcos x)   dx
 x2 
n
 '
 x cos x  cos x    cos x   dx
ha
x sin x  cos x 
Sol.  e(xsin xcos x)  cos2 x  , e
(x sin x  cos x)
 dx   x   x 
 x2   
cos x
au
e(x sin x + cos x)  +C
x
 x3  x  1 
Q. Evaluate  e  x
Ch
2 2
 dx
 x 1 x 
 x3  x 1   1 x2 1 
x  x(x 1) 
2
1 1 x2
Sol.  e   dx =   2  = 
x
x
e  dx  e    dx ,f=
 x x2 1 x2  x
2
 x 1 x 
2 2 2 2
 x 1 x x 1 x 
S
BP
2x
x.  1 x2
2 1 x 2  x 2  (1  x 2 ) 1
f'= = 
x2 x 2
1 x 2
x 2
1 x2
 2  1 x2
=  ex  1  x  1
By
 dx = – e +C
x
  x x2 1  x 2  x
 1 1 x 
Q. Evaluate  ex   2  dx
rt
2
 (x ln x) x ln x 
ka
 1 1 x  x 1  (1  x)ln x  x  1  ln x 1  e x
Sol.  e  x
2
 2
 (x ln x) x ln x 
 dx =   x2 (ln x)2  =   (x 2 ln x)2 x ln x  x ln x  c
e dx e  dx 
hs
1  ln x  1
where f = ;f'= 2
x  ln x 
2
x ln x
at
 x  1  x 2 sin 1 x 
m
Q. Evaluate   2 2
 dx

 x 1 x 
18
 x  1  x 2 sin 1 x  1 sin 1 x
Sol.  
 2
x 1 x 2
 dx =
 x 1 x2
dx  
x2
dx
 
sin1 x sin1 x sin1 x sin  1

=   2 dx   2 dx = c
x x x x
1  1  x  x2 
Q. Evaluate  etan x  2 
dx
 1 x 
n
ha
tan 1 x  1 x  x2  1  x 
e e
tan x
Sol.   dx =  2
 1 dx
 1 x 
2
 1 x 
au
=  e tan x (x(tan–1x)' + (x)') dx = x . x+c where f = tan–1(x), g = x
1 1
e tan
DPP 6
Ch
 3 
 x  x  1
dx
3 
 (1  x 2 ) 2  S
BP
 3   
 x  x  1  x(x 2  1)  1   x 1 x
 dx  e x  c
Sol.  e    (1  x2 ) 1  x2  dx =   1 x2
x
x
3 
dx = e x
e  3
By
 (1  x ) 2     2 2 1 x2
2
(1  x ) 
  1  sin x
Q. Evaluate  e x   dx
 1  cos x 
rt
ka
  x x
 1  sinx   1
2sin cos 
2 2 dx 1 x x x
Sol.  ex   dx =  e   ex  cosec2  cot  dx = –ex cot
x
  = +c
hs
 1 cosx  x 2 x  2 2 2  2
 2sin 2 2sin 
 2 2 
at
x(sinx  cosx)  sinx 

Q. Evaluate  ex   dx
 x2 sin2 x
m
 x(sin x  cos x)  sin x  x 1  (xsinx)'  ex 1

Sol.  e  x
dx =  e    2 2  dx =  c where f =

2 2
x sin x 
 xsinx x sin x
 xsin x  x sin x 
19
 1 1 
Q. Evaluate I =    2
dx
 lnx (lnx) 
 1 1 
Sol. I =    2 
dx , Let ln x = t  x = et and dx = etdt
 ln x (ln x) 
1 1  et 1 x
=  e   2  dt =
t
+ c, where f = = c
n
t t  t t ln x
ha
2
 ln x  1 
Q. Evaluate   2  dx
 (ln x)  1 
au
2
 ln x  1  e t (t  1) 2
Ch
Sol.   2  dx =  (t 2  1) 2 dt , where t = ln x ; et = x ; etdt = dx
 (ln x)  1 
 t 2  1  2t  t 1 2t  et 1 x
=  et  2 
dt   e  2  2
dt = + c where f = 2  c
2
 (t  1) 
2
 t  1 (t  1) 
S 2
t 1 t  1 1  (ln x)2
BP
x  sin x
Q. Evaluate  1  cos x dx
 x x 
 x  2sin cos 
By
x  sin x 2 2 x x x
Sol.  dx =    dx =   2 sec
2
 tan  dx
1  cos x  x  2 2
2 cos 2
 2 
rt
 x x
= 
 x tan  dx = x tan +c
ka
2 2
Q. Evaluate  ex sec x tan2 x dx
hs
1
Sol.  ex sec x tan2 x dx = –  e sec x [1 – sec x – tan x]
x 2 2
2
at
1 1
=–  ex [sec x – (sec3 x + sec x tan2 x)]dx = – ex[sec x – sec x tan x] + c,
m
2 2
where f = sec x and f ' = sec x tan x. Therefore,
e x sec x
 e sec x tan x dx = [tan x – 1] + c
x 2
2
20
 x3  2x2  x  2 
 dx
 (x 1)3 
 x3  2x2  x  2 x  x(x  2x 1)  2

2
 x 2   x 1 
Sol.  ex   dx =  e 
(x 1)3  dx =  ex 


 3
dx = ex   2
+c
 x 1 (x 1) 
3
 (x 1)     x 1 (x 1) 
x 1 1 2 ex (x2  x 1)
n
where f =  1 , f'= , f '' =  c
x 1 x 1 (x  1) 2 (x 1)3 (x 1)2
ha
Q. Evaluate  e–2x[3 sec2 3x – 2 tan 3x]dx
au
Sol.  e–2x[3 sec2 3x – 2 tan 3x]dx =  e–2x[(tan 3x)' + (–2) tan 3x] dx = e–2x tan 3x + c
xe 2 x
 (2x  1) 2 dx
Ch
Q. Evaluate
t
xe 2x 1 te
dt where t = 2x ; dt = dx
Sol.  
(2x  1) 2
dx = 4 (t  1) 2
2 S
BP
1 t  t  1  1 1 t 1 1  1 et e 2x
=  
4   t  1 (1  t)2 
e 2
dt  e    dt =  c  c
4  (t  1)  4 1 t 4(2x  1)
Q.  cos x dx
By
1
Sol. Put x=t dx = dt dx = 2t dt   cos x dx =  2t cos t dt
rt
2 x
ka
= 2  t sin t  sin t dt  = 2t sin t + 2 cos t + C = 2[

 x sin x + cos x ] + C
hs
x sin 1 x
Q.  1 x 2
dx
at
1
Sol. Putting sin–1 x = t  dx = dt, we get
m
1 x2
x sin 1 x
 1 x 2
dx =  t sin t dt = – t cos t + sin t + C
21
= – sin–1 x cos(sin–1 x) + sin(sin–1 x) + C = x – sin–1 x 1 x2 + C
Q.  tan
1
x dx
1 1
Sol.  tan x .1dx
1
(tan–1 x )x – 1 x 2 x
x dx (integrating by parts)
1
= x tan–1 x  1  x dx = x tan–1 x  2  
n
x  tan 1 x   C
2 1 x 2 
ha
= x tan–1 x  x + tan–1 x + C = (x + 1)tan–1 x– x+C
Q.  ex (1 + tan x + tan2 x) dx
au
Sol.  ex (1 + tan x + tan2 x) dx =  ex(tan x + sec2 x)dx = ex tan x + C
Ch
1 x
Q.  tan 1 dx
1 x
Sol. I =  tan
1 1 x
1 x
S
dx Let x = cos 2  dx = –2 sin 2 d
BP
1  cos 2 
I=  tan
1
(– 2sin 2)d = – 2  tan–1(tan )sin 2 d
1  cos 2 
By
  cos2 cos2  sin 2

= – 2   sin 2 d = – 2   d =  cos 2 – +C
 2 2  2
rt
FORM
ka
 Quadratic dx
STANDARD FORMULAE
hs
x 2 a2
1.  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a  x 2  ln x  a 2  x 2  C
2
at
Proof : I =  a 2  x 2 dx =
d
a2  x2 1dx   
 dx
 a  x  1dx dx + C
2 2
m
x a 2  x2  a 2
= x a x 
2 2
xdx + C = x a  x   2 2
dx + C
a2  x2 a 2  x2
a2
= x a2  x2   a2  x2 dx   dx + C
a 2  x2
22
x 2 2 a2
 2I = x a 2  x2  a 2 ln x  a 2  x2  C  I = a  x  ln x  a 2  x2  C
2 2
x 2 2 a2
2.  x2  a2 dx 
2
x  a  ln x  x2  a2  C
2
x 2 2 a 2 1  x 
3.  a 2  x 2 dx 
2
a  x  sin    C
2 a
n
Q. Evaluate  5x 2  2x  3 dx
ha
 2  4.5.3  22 
2  1   14  
2 2

Sol. Here, 5x + 2x + 3 = 5  x   
2
 = 5  x      
 2.5  4.52   5   25  
 
au
 2
 14  
2
 1 
 5x  2x  3 dx  5   x       dx
2
Ch
Therefore,  5   25  
 
2 
 1 14 1 
2
1   14  
x  5
2
 1
2
 14  ln x    x      c
= 5
 2
 x    
 5
  25.2
 25 
5 
S5   25  

BP

5x  1 7
= 5x2  2x  3  ln 5x  1  5x 2  2x  3  c
2 5 5 5
By
Q. Evaluate  cos 2 x  sin x cos x dx

Sol. Let t = sin x then dt = cos x dx
 1 2 4.(1)  1
rt
Now,  cos x  sinx cos x dx =  1  t 2  t dt = 

2
(1)  t     dt
 2  4(1) 2 
ka
 1
2 t  
2
2
 5   1 2 5
 5  1  2
hs
=      t   dt =     t   
 2   2 5  2   2 8
2
at
2
1  5   1 2
ln t       t    c = 2t  1 t 2  t  1  5 ln|2t – 1 +
m
2 2 2 t 2  t  1 | + c
   5 8
(2sin x  1) 5
= sin x  cos2 x  ln|2 sinx – 1 + cos2 x  sin x | c
5 8
23
FORM
 Linear Quadratic dx
WORKING RULE
Substitute for Linear = m (Quadratic)' + n, where find m and n by comparing co-effi-
cient of x and constant term.
Q. Evaluate  (x  5) x 2  x dx
n
d
ha
Sol. Let (x – 5) =  (x2 + x) + . Then, x – 5 = (2x + 1) + 
dx
Comparing coefficient of like power of x, we get 1 = 2 and
au
1 11
 +  = – 5  = and  = 
2 2
 1  2 11 1 11
Ch
  (x  5) x 2  x dx =   (2x  1)   x  x dx =  (2x 1) x  x dx   x  x dx
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 11  1   1 
=  t dt    x      dx , where t = x2 + x
2 2  2  2
S
BP
1 t 3/2 11  1  1   1  
2 2 2 2 2
1  11  1  1 1
=   x    x      +   log  x     x       C
2 3/ 2 2  2  2  2  2  2 2  2  2  2
 
FORM
By
1 (Linear)1 (Linear)2
 (Linear) dx,  dx,
 dx
1 (Linear) 2 (Linear) 2 (Linear)1
WORKING RULE
rt
Substitute t2 for (Linear)2

ka
1
Q. Evaluate  (x 1) x 2
dx
hs
1
Sol. Let I =  (x  1) x  2 dx
Here, P and Q both are linear, so we put Q = t2 ie., x – 2 = t2 so that dx = 2t dt.
at
1 dt 1
tan–1   + C
t
 I=  (t 2  2  1) . 2t dt = 2  = 2 ×
m
2
t2 t 3 3  3
2  x2 
 I= tan 1  C
3  3 
24
FORM
1 1
 Linear Quadratic dx , Substitute for
t
= Linear
dx
Q.  (1  x)  1  x  x2
dx 1 1
n
Sol. Let I =  (1 x)  1  x  x2
put 1 – x =
t
 dx = 2 dt
t
ha
1/ t2dt dt dt
I=   =  2
au
2
 1  1 t2  t 1 2
 1  5
1/ t 1 1   1   t    
 t  t  2   2 
Ch
1  1 
2
1
= log | (t + 1/2) + t  t  1 | + C = log| (
2
+ 1/2) +    1 + C
1 x  1 x  1 x
Q. Evaluate  (x  1)
dx
S
BP
x2  x  1
dx 1 1
Sol. Let I =  (x 1) x2  x 1
Put x – 1 =
t
 dx = –
t2
dt
By
1/ t 2dx dt 1 dt
 I=  2
 
3t 2  3t  1
 
3
 2
1  1   1 1
1/ t   1    1  1 t   
t  t   2  12
rt
ka
2
 1 1
12    1
1  x 1 2 
(t 1/ 2)2 1/12 | + C , I =  log 
1 1 1
  log |(t + 1/2) +   C
3 3  x 1 2  12
hs
FORM
at
dx
 (ax 2  b)
m
cx 2  d
WORKING RULE
25
1 tdt
Substitute for x =
t
, then the integrand reduces to  (pt 2  q) rt 2  s
, and then substi-
tute u2 for rt2 + s.

dx
Q. Evaluate  .
(x2  x  2) x2  x  1
dx dx

n
Sol. I =  (x2  x  2) x2  x  1 (x  2)(x 1) x2  x 1
ha
1  1 1  1 1 1 1 
= 3   (x  2) (x  1)  2
 dx = 3 
 dx   (x 1) x2  x 1 
dx
au
 (x  2) x  x 1
2
  x  x 1 
1 1 1 1
put x–2= again x + 1 = dx = – dt dx = – du
Ch
t u t2 u2

 1 
 2 dt 1 
1 t  2 du
= 
3 1 1
  2
2
 1
  2

 1
_
 u
2
1 1  1  

 S
BP
 t  t  
 t

   1     1  1
u  u   u  

 
 
1  1 
By
1 1 dt dt 

5
 2 5
 
1
 
1
 2
 
=     
= 3 7 ln t t t ln u u u 1 
3 7  14 7 7 2 
3 
2 2
 5
2
 3   1
2
 
  t       u      
  14   14   2   2  
rt
substitute the value of t and u and get answer

ka
dx
Q. Evaluate  (1 x2 ) 1  x2
hs
dx 1
Sol. Let I =  (1 x2 ) 1  x2
Put x =
1
, so that dx = – 2 dt
t t
at
1/ t 2dt t dt
 I=  (11/ t2 )   Again, let t2 = u. So, that 2t dt = du
m
2 2 2
1 1/ t (t  1) t 1
1 du dx
=  
2 (u  1) u  1
which reduces to the form P Q
where both P and Q are linear so
26
that we put u – 1= z2 so that du = 2z dz
1 2zdz dz 1  z 
 I=  
2 (z  1  1) z
2 2
  2
(z  2)
, I =  tan–1 
2  2
+C
1 1  u 1  1  t2 1   2 
I =  tan 
1
  C = – tan    C = – 1 tan 1  1  x   C
2   2x 
2  2   2  2  
n
ax2  bx  c
Integrals of the form  (dx  e) dx
ha
fx2  gx  h
Here, we write ax2 + bx + c = A1(dx + e)(2fx + g) + B1(dx + e) + C1
au
Where A1, B1 and C1 are constants which can be obtained by comparing the coefficient
of like terms on both the sides.
Ch
2x 2  5x  9
Q. Evaluate  (x 1) x2  x 1
dx
Sol. Let 2x2 + 5x + 9 = A(x + 1)(2x + 1) + B(x + 1) + C

or 2x2 + 5x + 9 = x2(2A) + x(3A + B) + (A + B + C)  A = 1, B = 2, C = 6
S
BP
2x2  5x  9 (x 1)(2x 1) x 1 dx
Thus,  (x 1) dx =  (x 1) dx + 2  dx +6 
x2  x 1 x2  x 1 (x 1) x2  x 1 (x 1) x2  x 1
2x  1 dx dx
=  dx + 2  + 6
By
2 2
x  x 1 x  x 1 (x  1) x 2  x  1
du dx dt 1
=  u
 2
2
(x 1/ 2)  (3/ 4)
 6
2
t  t 1
where u = x2 + x + 1 and
t
=x+1
rt
dt
ka
= 2 x2  x 1 + 2 . 1 log|(x + 1/2) + x2  x 1| – 6  (t 1/ 2)2  3/ 4

hs
= 2 x2  x 1 + 2 log  x  1   x2  x  1 – 6 log  t    t 2  t  1  C
1
 2  2
at
1 x  x2  x 1
= 2 x  x 1 + 2 log  x    x 2  x  1 – 6 log
2 1 C
2 2(x  1)
 
m
dx
Integrals of the Form  (x  k)r ax2  bx  c
, where r  2 and r  I
27
1
Here, we substitute, x – k =
t
dx
Q. Evaluate  (x  3)3 x2  6x 10
1 1
Sol. Substitute (x – 3) =  dx = – dt
t t2
n
dx 1/ t 2 dt
 (x  3)3  1/ t3
ha
We get, =
x2  6x 10 (1/ t  3)2  6(1/ t  3) 10
t 2dt
au
dt t 1
=  2

2
  1  t 2 dt = log|t + 1 t2 | – 1  t 2  log |t + 1 t2 | + C
1 t 1 t 2 2
Ch
1 t 1  1 x2  6x 10 x2  6x 10 
2 2
= log |t + 1  t |  1  t  C = log  C
2 2 2 | x  3| | x  3|2 
 
FORM
 (ax2  bx  c)
dx
; put px + q = t2 ; S
BP
px  q
dx
Q.  (x2  5x  2) x 2
By
dx
Sol.  (x 2  5x  2) x2
Let x – 2 = t2  x = t2 + 2, dx = 2t dt
2t dt dt dt
rt
   2  2 4
 t  2  5(t  2)  2 t
2 2 2 4 22
t  4t  4  5t  12 t  9t 2  16
ka

 4  4  4  4 
1  1
hs
1 8 1  t 2   t 2 

1 1  2  1  2  
  4      2 
t
dt   
t  
4 t  9t 2  16 4 2
t 9
16 4  4  4
2 
t2   t    17  t    1
at
  t  t 
4 4  1  4
m
Again t – =u t+ =v  1  2  dt  du 1  2  dt  dv
t t  t   t 
1 du dv  1 1 u 
 4  2  2    1
tan  tan 1 v  c
 u  17 v  1 4  17 17 
28
 4 
 t
1 1
tan 1 t  tan t    c
1 4

 4  17 
17 t
 
DPP 7
n
Q. Evaluate  x 2  2x  5 dx
ha
Sol.  x2  2x  5 dx   (x 1)2  4 dx
au
1 1
= (x  1) (x  1)2  22 + .(2)2 log|(x + 1) + (x 1)2  22 | + C
2 2
Ch
1
= (x  1) x 2  2x  5 + 2 log |(x + 1) + x2  2x  5 | + C
2
1 x
Q. Evaluate  1 x
dx
S
BP
1 x 1 t
Sol. I =  1 x
dx Putting x = t2 and dx = 2t dt, we get I = 2
 1 t
t dt
By
t(1  t) 2t t 2 2t (1 t2 ) 1
 I = 2 dt , I =  1 t
dt + 2  dt , I =  1 t 2
dt  2
1 t 2
dt
1 t 2
1  t2
rt
2t 1
I =  dt  2 1 t2 dt  2 dt , I = 2 1 t 2  2 1 t 1 t 2  sin1 t  – 2sin–1 t + C
2  
ka
1 t 2 1 t2
I = 2 1  t 2  t 1 t 2 – sin–1 t + C, I = 1 x  
x  2 – sin –1 x + C
hs
1
Q. Evaluate  (x  3) x 1
dx
at
1 1 2t
m
Sol. Let I =  (x  3) x 1
dx . Let x + 1 = t 2 and dx = 2t dt  I =  (t2 1 3) t 2
dt
29
dt 1 t 2 1 x 1  2
 I = 2  2  log  C  I = log C
t 2  22 2(2) t2 2 x 1  2
1
Q. Evaluate  (x  1) x2 1
dx
1 1 1
Sol. Let I =  (x  1) dx Putting x + 1 = and dx = – 2 dt, we get
n
x2 1 t t
ha
1  1 dt
 I=  2   2  dt =  
 t  1  2t
   (1 – 2t)–1/2 dt
1 1 
 1 1
au
t t 
(1  2t)1/2 2 x 1
=–  C  1  2t  C = 1 C C
Ch
1 x 1 x 1
(2)  
2
1
Q. Evaluate  (1  x2 ) dx
1  x2
S
BP
 1
1 1   2  dt t dt
 t 
Sol. Putting x = and dx = – 2 dt, we get I =   
t t  1 1 (t 2  1) t 2  1
1  2  1  2
 t  t
By
Let t2 + 1 = u2, we get 2t dt = 2udu
du 1 u 2 1 t 2 1  2
I=–  u 2  ( 2 )2 =– log C = – log C
rt
2 2 u 2 2 2 t 2 1  2
ka
1
1  2
1 x2 1 1 x2  2x
=– log C =– log C
hs
2 2 1 2 2 2
1 x  2x
1  2
x2
at
1
Q.  (x  1) x2 1
dx
m
1 1 1
Sol. Let I =  (x  1) x2 1
dx Putting x + 1 =
t
and dx = – 2 dt, we get
t
30
1  1 dt
 I=  2
  2  dt = – 
 t  1 2t
  (1 2t)1/2 dt
1 1 
  1  1
t t 
(1  2t)1/2 2 x 1
=–  C  1 2t  C = 1 C C
1 x 1 x 1
(2)  
2
n
x 1
Q.  (x 1) dx
ha
x2
x 1
 (x 1)
au
Sol. I = dx Let x + 2 = t2  dx = 2t dt
x2
t 2 1 t2  3  2  2 
I=  2 = 2 2
Ch
2t dt dt = 2 1 2  dt
(t  3)t (t  3)  (t  3) 
2 t 3 2 x2 3
= 2t + log  C = 2 x  2  log C
3 t 3 3 x2 3
S
BP
x
Q.  (x2  4) x2  1
dx
x
 (x2  4)
By
Sol. I = dx Let x2 + 1 = t2  x dx = t dt
2
x 1
t dt 1 t 1 2
–1 x  1
I=  (t2  3)t = tan –1
+ C = tan C
rt
3 3 3 3
ka
x3
Q.  x2  1
dx
hs
x3 x  x2 dt x
Sol. I =  dx =  dx . Let t  1 x2 or 
at
x2  1 1 x2 dx 1  x2
  t3 t
 
1
 
m
 I= t 2  1 dt =  t  C  t2  3  C = 1 x2 x2  2  C
3 3 3
Q.  sec x dx
3
31
 sec 
3
Sol. Let I = x dx =  sec x sec2 x dx = 1 tan2 x sec2 x dx
Put tan x = z,  sec2 x dx = dz
z z2  1 1
I=  1  z 2 dz =
2
 log|z +
2
z2  1 | + C
tan xsec x 1 1
=  log(tan x + sec x) + C = [sec x tan x + log(sec x + tan x)] + C
2 2 2
n
ha
Integration of Rational Functions Using Partial Fraction
By now, you must have understood that in integration, there are few standard forms. By
expression the given integrand in the standard forms, we can reduce the given integrand
into integrable forms. Here, we are interested in integration of a 'rational functions'.
au
Some Basic Definitions
Ch
(a)Polynomials of degree n An expression of the type P(x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 + .... + an–1 x +
an where a0, a1, a2, ..... an are real numbers, a0  0 and n is positive integer is called a
polynomial of degree n.
A function of the form P/Q where P and Q are polynomials is called Rational func-
tion. Consider the rational function.
x7

1

1
(2x  3)(3x  4) 2x  3 3x  4
S
BP
The two fractions on the RHS are called the partial fractions.
(b)Proper and Improper functions Any rational algebraic function is called a proper
fraction, if the degree of numerator is less than that of its denominator, otherwise it is
called an improper fraction.
By
x2  x  2
For example is a proper fraction whereas
x 3  4x 2  7x  1
x4  9x2 10x  7  2 2x  3 
 (x  4x  2)  2  is improper fraction.
rt
2
x  4x  5  x  4x  5 
To integrate the rational function on the LHS, it is enough to integrate the two frac-
ka
tions on the RHS, which is easy. This is known as the method of partial fractions. Here,
we assume that the denominator can be fractionalised into linear or quadratic factors.
hs
Points to Consider
In using the method of partial fractions, we must have the degree of polynomial in
numerator (P(x)) always less than that of denominator (Q(x)). If it is not so, we carry out
at
the division of P(x) by Q(x) and reduce the degree of the numerator to make it less than
P(x ) P (x)
m
2
that of the denominator. i.e., Q(x ) = P1(x) + Q(x )
, where the degree of P2(x) < degree
P2 (x )
of Q(x). Then to integrate, we apply the method of partial fractions to
Q(x)
32
The partial fractions depend on the nature of the factors of Q(x). We have to deal with
the following different types when the factors of Q(x) are.
(i) Linear and non-repeated
(ii) Linear and repeated
(iii) Quadratic and non-repeated
(iv) Quadratic and repeated
Case I : When denominator is expressible as the product of non-repeated linear factors :
Let Q(x) = (x – a1)(x – a2)(x – a3) .... (x – an).
n
P(x) A1 A2 A3 An
Then we assume that Q(x)  (x  a )  (x  a )  (x  a )  ...  (x  a ) where A1, A2, ....., An are
ha
1 2 3 n
constants and can be determined by equating the numerator on RHS to numerator on

LHS and then substituting x = a1, a2, ...., an.
au
1
Q. Resolve into partial fractions.
(x 1)(x  2)(2x  3)
Ch
1 A B C
Sol. Let    , where A, B, C are constants.
(x 1)(x  2)(2x  3) x 1 x  2 2x  3
 1 = A(x + 2)(2x + 3) + B(x – 1)(2x + 3) + C(x – 1)(x + 2)
.....(i)
S
For finding A, let x – 1 = 0 or x = 1 in eq. (i) we get 1 = A(1 + 2)(2 + 3) + B(0) + C(0)
BP
1
 A=
15
Similarly, for getting B, let x + 2 = 0 or x = – 2 in eq. (i) we get
1
By
1 = A(0) + B(–2 –1)(–4 + 3) + C(0)  B =

3
For getting C, let 2x + 3 = 0 or x = – 3/2 in eq. (i) we get
  3  3 4
rt
1 = A(0) + B(0) + C   1   2   C = –

 2  2  5
ka
1 1 1 4
Hence, (x 1)(x  2)(2x  3)  15(x 1)  3(x  2)  5(2x  3)
hs
3x 3  2x 2  x  1
Q. Resolve (x  1)(x  2)
into partial fractions.
at
Sol. This is not a proper fraction. Hence by division process it is to be expressed as the
sum of an integral polynomial and a fraction.
m
Now, 3x3 + 2x2 + x + 1 = 3x(x2 + 3x + 2) – 7(x2 + 3x + 2) + (16x + 15)

3x 3  2x 2  x  1 (16x 15)
So, the given polynomial = (3x – 7) + (x 1)(x  2) .....(i)
(x  1)(x  2)
Now, the second term is proper fraction hence it can be expressed as a sum of partial
33
16x  15 A B
fractions. (x  1)(x  2)  x  1  x  2
To find A put x + 1 = 0, i.e., x = –1 in the fraction except in the factor (x + 1).
16(1)  15
 (1  2)
=A A=–1 .....(ii)
To find B put x + 2 = 0 i.e., x = – 2 in the fraction except in the factor (x + 2)
16(2)  15
 = B  B = 17 .....(iii)
n
( 2  1)
ha
1 17
 The given expression = (3x – 7) –  [using eq. (i), (ii) and (iii)]
x 1 x  2
au
Case II : When the denominator g(x) is expressible as the product of the linear factors
such that some of them are repeating. (Linear and Repeated)
Let Q(x) = (x – a)k(x – a1)(x – a2)....(x – ar).
Ch
Then, we assume that
P(x) A A2 Ak B1 B2 Br
 1  ....  
Q(x) (x  a) (x  a)2
(x a) (x  a1) (x  a2 ) + .... + (x  a r )
k +
Q. Expression
x5 S
has repeated (twice) linear factors in denominator, so find partial
BP
(x  2) 2
fractions.
x 5 A B
Sol. Let    (x + 5) = A(x – 2) + B
(x  2) 2
(x  2) (x  2)2
By
x 5 1 7
Comparing the like terms, A = 1, –2A + B = 5 or B = 7   
(x  2) (x  2) (x  2)2
2
rt
3x  2
ka
2
(x 1) (x 1)(x  2)
3x  2 A B C D
Sol. Let =   
hs
(x  1)2 (x  1)(x  2) (x 1) (x 1)2 (x 1) (x  2)

 3x – 2 = A(x – 1)(x + 1)(x + 2) + B(x + 1)(x + 2) + C(x–1)2 (x+2) + D(x – 1)2(x + 1)
at
Putting (x – 1) = 0 we get B = 1/6, Putting (x + 1) = 0 we get C = – 5/4

Putting (x + 2) = 0, we get D = 8/9
Now, equating the coefficient of x3 on both the sides,
m
5 8 13
we get 0 = A + C + D A=  
4 9 36
34
3x  2 13 1 5 8
   2 –

(x 1) (x 1)(x  2) 36(x 1) 6(x 1)
2
4(x  1) 9(x  2)
Case III : When some of the factors in denominator are quadratic but non-repeating. ( D
< 0)
Corresponding to each quadratic factor ax2 + bx + c, we assume the partial fraction of
Ax  B
the type , where A and B are constants to be determined by comparing
ax 2  bx  c
n
coefficients of similar powers of x in numerator of both the sides.
ha
2x  7
(x  1)(x 2  4)
au
2x  7 A Bx  C
Sol. Let =  2  2x + 7 = A(x2 + 4) + (Bx + C)(x + 1)
2
(x  1)(x  4) x 1 x  4
Put x = –1  5 = 5A or A = 1
Ch
Comparing the terms,0 = A + B  B = – 1, 7 = 4A + C  C = 3
2x  7 1 (x  3)
  
(x 1)(x  4) x 1 x2  4
2
Aliter To obtain values of A, B and C from S

BP
2x + 7 = A(x2 + 4) + (Bx + C)(x + 1) i.e., 2x + 7 = (A + B)x2 + (B + C)x + 4A + C
Equating the coefficients of identical powers of x, we get A + B = 0, B + C = 2 and 4A +
C = 7.
Solving, we get A = 1, B = –1, C = 3
By
2x 1
Q. Find the partial fraction
(3x  2)(4x2  5x  6)
2x 1 A Bx  C
Sol. Let =  , then
rt
(3x  2)(4x  5x  6) (3x  2) (4x 2  5x  6)

2
2x + 1 = A(4x2 + 5x + 6) + (Bx + C)(3x + 2) where A, B, C are constants.

ka
For A, let 3x + 2 = 0, i.e., x = – 2/3

 2  4 10   2 4  40  3
hs
2    + 1 = A 4.   6 + (B    + C) (0)   A   A=–

 3  9 3   3 3 9 10
Comparing coefficients of x2 and constant term on both the sides for B and C, we get
at
4 1 1  6A 29
4A + 3B = 0  B = – A B= and 6A + 2C = 1  C = C=
3 10 2 40
m
 29 
2x 1 3 x  
4
    2
(3x  2)(4x  5x  6) 40(3x  2) 10(4x  5x  6)
2
35
Case IV : When some of the factors of the denominator are quadratic and repeating. For
every quadratic factor of the type (ax2 + bx + c)k, we assume :
A1x  A2 A x  A4 A x  A2k
2
 23 2
 ....  2k2 1
ax  bx  c (ax  bx  c) (ax  bx  c)k
2x 4  2x 2  x  1
x(x 2  1)2
n
2x4  2x2  x 1 A Bx  C Dx  E
ha
Sol. Let =  2  2 2
x(x2 1)2 x x 1 (x 1)
or 2x4 + 2x2 + x + 1 = A(x2 + 1)2 + (Bx + C)x(x2 + 1) + (Dx + E)x
au
Comparing coefficients of x4, x3, x2, x and constant term
 A + B = 2, C = 0, 2A + D + B = 2, E = 1, A = 1
 we get A = 1, B = 1, C = 0, D = –1, E = 1
Ch
2x4  2x2  x 1 1 x 1 x
Hence, the partial fractions, 2 2
  
x(x 1) x 1 x (1 x2 )2
2
Q. Evaluate
2x  1
 (x 1)(x  2)(x  3) dx S
BP
Sol. Since all the factors in the denominator are linear, we have
2x 1  1 5 5 
 (x 1)(x  2)(x  3) dx =  (x 1)(3)(2)  (3)(x  2)(5)  (2)(5)(x 3)  dx
By
1 1 1
=– log|x – 1| – log|x + 2| + log|x – 3| + C
6 3 2
rt
2x
Q. Evaluate  (x2 1)(x2  2) dx
ka
2x
hs
Sol. Let I =  (x2 1)(x2  2) dx Putting x2 = t and 2x dx = dt, we get

dt  1 1 
at
I =  (t  1)(t  2)    t  1  t  2  dt = log|t + 1| – log|t + 2| + C = log|x2 + 1| – log|x2 + 2| + C

 
m
1
Q. Evaluate  sin x  sin 2x dx
36
1 1 1
Sol. I =  sin x  sin 2x dx =  (sin x  2sin xcosx) dx =  sin x(1  2cos x) dx
sinx sin x
=  sin2 x(1 2cosx) dx =  (1 cos2 x)(1 2cos x) dx
Putting cos x = t, and – sin x dx = dt or sin x dx = – dt, we get
dt 1  1 1 1 
I=  (1t2)(12t) =  (t 1)(1 t)(1 2t) dt =  (t 1)(2)(1) (2)(1 t)(3) (1/ 2)(3/ 2)(1 2t)  dt
 +
n
ha
1 1 2
=– log|1 – t| – log|1 + t| + log|1 – 2t| + C
2 6 3
au
1 1 2
=– log|1 – cos x| – log|1 + cos x| + log|1 – 2cos x| + C
2 6 3
1  cos x
Q. Evaluate  cos x(1  cos x) dx
Ch
1  cos x
Sol. Let I =  cos x(1  cos x) dx Let cos x = y..
1  cos x 1 y 1
Then, cos x(1  cos x)  y(1  y)  y  1  y =
2

cosx 1 cosx
1
S 2
BP
1 cosx 1 2
 I=  cosx(1 cosx) dx   cosx dx   1 cosx dx
2
By
 I =  sec x dx –  2cos2 x / 2 dx =  sec x –  sec2 x/2 dx

 I = log|sec x + tan x| – 2 tan x/2 + C
(x  1)(x  2)(x  3)
Q. Evaluate  (x  4)(x  5)(x  6) dx
rt
ka
(x  1)(x  2)(x  3)
Sol. Improper function I =  (x  4)(x  5)(x  6) dx
hs
 (x 1)(x  2)(x  3)  (x  4)(x  5)(x  6) 

Proper fraction =  1  dx (adding and subtracting 1)
 (x  4)(x  5)(x  6) 
at
 3 21 43 2 5 4  3 
=  1    dx
 (x  4)(1)(2) 1(x  5)(1) (2)(1)(x  6) 
m
= 1 + 3log|x – 4| – 24log|x – 5| + 30 log|x – 6| + C

x2
Q. Evaluate  2 dx
(x  1)(x 2  4)
37
x2 1  4 1  1 1 4 1
Sol.  (x2 1)(x2  4) dx = 3   x 2  4  x 2  1  dx =  3  x2 1 dx  3  x2  4 dx
1 4 1 x 1 2 x
=  tan–1 x +  tan–1   + C =  tan–1 x + tan–1   + C
3 3 2 2 3 3 2
1 xcosx
Q. Solve  x(1 x2e2sin x ) dx
n
Sol. Put (x esin x) = t Differentiating both the sides, we get
ha
(x esin x. cos x + esin x) dx = dt  esin x(x cos x + 1)dx = dt
1  x cos x dt dt
I=  x(1  x2e2sin x ) dx =  t(1  t 2 ) =  t(1  t)(1  t) using partial fraction, we get
au
1 1 1  1 1
=     dt = log| t | – log|1 – t| – log|1 + t| + C
 t 2(1 t) 2(1 t)  2 2
Ch
1
= log|x esin x| – log|1 – x2e2sin x| + C
2
Q. Evaluate
dx
 x(x2 1)3 S
BP
Sol. The denominator consists of a repeated quadratic factor. Putting x2 + 1 = y, we get
dx dy
 x(x2 1)3   2y3(y 1) In this new integrand we have linear factors in the denominator
By
1 A B C D
Let   2 3  1 = Ayy2(y – 1) + By(y – 1) + C(y – 1) + Dy3.
y (y 1) y y y y 1
3
rt
Putting y = 0, and 1, we get C = –1, D = 1

Equating the coefficients of y3 and y2, we get 0 = A + D, 0 = –A + B
ka
dy 1 1
 A = –1, B = –1.   y3 (y 1) = – log y +  2 + log(y – 1)
y 2y
hs
where y = x2 + 1 The process may now be easily completed

dx
 (x2 1)(x2  4) =
at
Q.
m
1 1 x 1 1 x
(A) tan–1 x – tan–1 + c (B) tan–1 x + tan–1 +c
3 3 2 3 3 2
1 1 x x
(C) tan–1 x – tan–1 + c (D) tan–1 x – 2 tan–1 +c
3 6 2 2
38
dx 1  dx dx  1  1 1 x 1 1 x
tan x  tan 1   c =
Sol.  (x 2  1)(x 2  4)  3  x 2  1   x 2  4  = 3 2 2 3
tan–1 x– tan–1 + c
6 2
dx
Q. If I =  sin 3 x  cos 3 x , then I equals
Sol. Using sin3 x + cos3 x = (sin x + cos x) (sin2 x + cos2 x – sin x cos x), we can write
sin x  cos x
I=  (sin x  cos x)2 (1  sin x cos x) dx Put sin x – cos x = t, so that
n
2dt 2  1 1 
ha
1 – 2 sin x cos x = t2, and I =  (2  t2 )(1 t2 )  3   2  t2  1 t2  dt
2 1 2t 
au
=  log  tan 1 (t)   C
3  2 2 2t 
Ch
x 4 dx
Q. Evaluate :  (x  1)(x  1) 2
Sol. Here degree of numerator is more than the degree of denominator so first we have
to divide it to reduce it to proper fraction.
x4
2 = (x – 1) +
2x 2  1
2 Put
2x 2  1

S A

B

C
BP
(x  1)(x  1) (x  1)(x  1) (x  1)(x  1) 2
(x  1) (x  1) (x  1) 2
 2x2 – 1 = A(x + 1)2 + B(x – 1)(x + 1) + C(x – 1)
1
Put x = 1, we get A = , Put x = – 1, we get C = – 1/2.
4
By
Comparing the coefficient of x2, we get 2 = A + B

7 1 dx 7 dx 1 dx
B=
4
, I =  (x – 1) dx +     
4 (x  1) 4 (x  1) 2 (x  2)2
rt
x2 1 7 1
= –x+ ln|x – 1| + ln|x + 1| + +C
ka
2 4 4 2(x  2)
hs
f (x)dx
Q. Suppose f (x) is a quadratic function such that f (0) = 1 and f(–1) = 4. If  x2 (x  1)2 is
at
a rational function, find the value of f(10).

f (x )dx A B C D 
m
Sol. g(x) =  x 2 (x  1) 2 ; now g(x) =      2

 x x x 1 (x 1) 
2
dx
B D
g(x) = A ln|x| – + C ln (x + 1) – +E
x x 1
39
f(x)dx B D 
since g(x) is a rational function here A = C = 0, g(x) =  x2 (x 1)2   x2  (x 1)2  dx
hence f (x) must of the form of, f (x) = B(x + 1)2 + Dx2, f (0) = 1  B = 1
f (–1) = 4, D = 4  f (x) = (x + 1)2 + 4x2
f (x) = 5x2 + 2x + 1  f (10) = 500 + 20 + 1 = 521
f (x)dx
Q. Let f (x) is a quadratic function such that f (0) = 1 and  x2 (x 1)3 is a rational function,
n
find the value of f ' (0).
ha
f(x) A B C D E
Sol. g(x) =   2  
x (x 1) x x (x 1) (x 1) (x 1)3
2 3 2
au
If g(x) function is rational function hence A = C = 0
f (x) B D E f (x) B(x  1)3  D(x  1)x2  Ex2
   
x 2 (x 1)3 x2 (x  1)2 (x 1)3 , x 2 (x  1)3
Ch
x 2 (x  1)3
f(x) = B(x + 1)3 + D(x + 1)x2 + Ex2
if f(x) is quadratic function then coefficient of x3 = 0, B + D = 0
B = – D then f(x) = B[(x + 1)3 – (x + 1)x2] + Ex2
 f(0) = 1, 1 = B then f(x) = (x + 1)3 – (x + 1)x2 + Ex2
f(x) = (x + 1)(2x + 1) + Ex2, f(x) = 2x2 + 3x + 1 + Ex2 S
BP
f '(x) = 4x + 3 + 0 + 2xE, f '(0) = 3
x3  3x  2
Q. Integrate  2 2 dx
(x  1) (x  1)
By
x3  3x  2 x3  x  2(x  1) x(x2 1)  2(x 1)

Sol.  2 2
(x 1) (x 1)
dx   (x2  1)2 (x  1) dx   (x2 1)2 (x 1) dx
rt
 
 x 2  1  x 1 1  1
   dx   2    dx  2 2 2 dx 
ka
 2
 
2 

 x  1  x  1 x 2  1 
 
2  x 1 x 1 (x 1)
hs
1  x 1 1  1 1 2x 1 1 1 1 1

2   x2  1 x 2  1 x  1 
    dx  2 (x2 1)2 dx , 
4 x2 1
dx  
2 x2 1
dx  
2 x 1
dx  2 (x2 1)2
dx
x2 + 1 = t, Let x = tan , 2x dx = dt, dx = sec2 d

at
Let
1 1 1 1 1 2sec2 d
4t
dt  tan x  ln(x 1)  
m
2 2 sec4 
1 1 1
ln(x2 + 1) + tan–1 x – ln(x + 1) +  2 cos2  d
4 2 2
40
1 1 1
4
ln(x2 + 1) + tan–1 x –
2 2
ln(x + 1) +  (1 + cos2 )d
1 1 1 sin 2
ln(x2 + 1) + tan–1 x – ln(x + 1) +  + +c
4 2 2 2
1 2
1 –1 1 –1 sin(2 tan 1 x)
ln(x + 1) + tan x– ln(x + 1) + tan x + +c
4 2 2 2
sin x
n
Q. Evaluate  sin 4x dx
ha
sin x sin x sin x
Sol. I =  sin 4x dx =  2sin 2xcos2x dx =  4sin x cos x cos 2x dx
au
1 1 1 cosx 1 cos x
= 4  cos xcos2x dx  4  2 dx =  dx
cos xcos2x 4 (1  sin 2 x)(1  2sin 2 x)
Ch
1 dt
Putting sin x = t and cos x dx = dt, we get I = 
4 (1  t )(1  2t 2 )
2
1  2 1  1 1 2 1
I=    2
dt =   dt   dt
S  
2
4 1  2t 1  t  4 1 t 2
4 1  2t 2
BP
1 1 1 t 1 1 1 2 t 1 1  sin x 1 1  2 sin x
=   log  . log  C =  log  log C
4 2 1 t 2 2 2 1 2 t 8 1  sin x 4 2 1  2sin x
By
DPP 8
1
Q. Evaluate  (x  1)(x  2) dx
rt
ka
1
Sol. First, split the rational expression into partial fractions.
(x  1)(x  2)
hs
1 a b a(x  2)  b(x 1)

   , 1 = a(x – 2) + b(x + 1)
(x 1)(x  2) x 1 x  2 (x 1)(x  2)
at
1 1
Now put x = 2, we get 2b = 1  b = and put x = – 1, we get –3a = 1 a =
m
2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Therefore,  
(x 1)(x  2) 3 x 1 2 x  2
  
. Thus, (x 1)(x  2) dx  3 x 1 dx  2 x  2 dx
41
1 1
= ln|x + 1| + ln|x – 2| + C
3 2
There are several ways to compute constants a, b. We can compute these values by
equating like powers of x in 1 = a(x – 2) + b(x + 1).
(x  1)dx
Q. Evaluate  (2x  1)(x  2)(x  3) dx
n
x 1 A B C
Sol. Let f(x) =   
ha
(2x 1)(x  2)(x  3) 2x 1 x  2 x  3
x 1  6 x 1  1 x 1  2
A=   , B =   , C =  
au
(x  2)(x  3)  x1 35 (2x  1)(x  3)  x 2 5 (2x  1)(x  2)  x 3 7
2
6 dx 1 dx 2 dx 3 1 2
Ch
 f(x)dx = 35  2x 1  5  x  2  7  x  3 =  35 ln|2x + 1| – 5 ln|x – 2| + 7 ln|x – 3| + C
cos xdx
Q. Evaluate  (1 sin x)(2  sin x) dx
S
BP
Sol. Put sin x = t  cos x dx = dt
dt dt dt 1  sin x
 (1  t)(2  t)   (1  t)   (2  t) = ln|(1 + t)| – ln|(2 + t)| + c = ln +c
2  sin x
By
1
Q. Evaluate  sin x(2  cosx  2sin x) dx
rt
x x 1 2 2
Sol. Put tan = t sec2 . dx = dt  dx = dt  dx = dt
ka
2 2 2 2 x 1 t2
sec
2
hs
2
1 t2 (1  t 2 )
then we have I =  2t  1  t 2 4t  dt =  2 dt
t(t  4t  3)
2  
at
1 t2  1  t2 1 t2 
1 t2
m
A B C
Expands into simple fractions   
t(t  3)(t 1) t t  3 t 1
1 5
After solve the coefficients, A = ,B= ,C=–1
3 3
42
1 dt 5 dt dt
Hence, I =    
3 t 3 t  3 t 1
1 5 1 x 5 x x
= ln|t| + ln|t – 3| – ln|t – 1| + c = ln tan  tan  3  ln tan 1  c
3 3 3 2 3 2 2
dx
Q. Evaluate  cosx(sinx  2) =
n
1 1 1
(A) log(1 – sin x) – log(1 + sin x) – log(sin x – 2) + c
ha
2 6 3
1 1 1
(B) log(1 – sin x) + log(1 + sin x) + log(sin x – 2) + c
au
2 6 3
(C) loge(sin x – 2) + c (D) none
Ch
dx cos x.dx
Sol.  cos x(sin x  2) =  (1  sin x)(1  sin x)(sin x  2)
Put sin x = t and use partial fraction.
Q. Evaluate
dx
 x3  1 S
BP
1 1 1 A Bx  C
Sol. Let f(x) =  , f(x) =   2
3 2
x 1 (x 1)(x  x  1) (x  1)(x  x  1) x  1 x  x  1
2
By
 1 = A(x2 – x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x + 1)

Comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constants 0 = A + B, 0 = –A + B + C, 1 = A + C
1 x 2
rt
 
3  3 3
 A = 1/3, B = – 1/3 & C = 2/3  f(x) =
ka
x  1 x2  x  1
1 2
 x
1 dx 1 2x
hs
1 1
Let I1 =   log|x + 1| + C1, Let I2 =  23 3  dx  2 dx
3 x 1 3 3 x  x 1 3 x  x 1
Express the numerator in terms of derivative of denominator
at
1 2x  4 1 2x 1 1 dx
 I2 = – 
6 x2  x 1
dx  I =   2
6 x  x 1
dx   2
2 x  x 1
m
1 1 dx
 I2 =  log|x2 – x + 1| +  2
6 2 x  x 1
43
1 1 dx
 I2 =  log|x2 – x + 1| +
6 
2  2
1 3
x   
 2 4
 1
x
1 1 1  2  1 1  2x 1 
 I2=  log|x –x+1| +
2 tan    C2  I2 =  log|x2 – x + 1| + tan1    C2
6 3  3  6 3  3 
 
n
 2 
ha
dx 1 1 1  2x 1 
  x3  1   f(x) dx = I 1
+ I2 =
3
log|x + 1| – log|x2 – x + 1| +
6 3
tan–1 
 3 
+ C
au
1 x 1 1 1  2x 1 
= 3 log 2  tan  C
x  x 1 3  3 
Ch
x2  1
Q. Evaluate  dx
(x  1)2 (x  3)
Sol. E = 
x2 1
dx Let
x2 1 S A B C
 (x 1)2(x  3)  x 1  (x 1)2  x  3 .....(i)
BP
(x  1)2 (x  3)
 x2 + 1 = A(x – 1)(x + 3) + B(x + 3) + C(x – 1)2 .....(ii)
1
Putting x – 1 = 0, i.e., x = 1 in eq. (ii), we get 2 = 4B  B =
By
2
5
Putting x + 3 = 0, i.e., x = – 3 in eq. (ii), we get 10 = 16C  C =
8
rt
Equating the coefficient of x on both sides of the identity of equation (ii), we get 1 = A
2
5 3
ka
+C  A=1–C=1– 
8 8
x 2 1 3 1 1 1 5
hs
Substituting the values of A, B in eq. (i), we get    (x + 3)

(x 1) (x  3) 8 x 1 2 (x 1) 8
2 2
at
3 1 1 1 5 1 3 1 5
I= 
8 x 1
dx  
2 (x 1)2
dx  
8 x 3
dx I = log|x – 1| –
8
 log|x + 3| + C
2(x  1) 8
m
x
Q. Evaluate  (x 1)(x2  4) dx
44
x x A Bx  C
Sol.  (x 1)(x2  4) dx Let  
(x 1)(x  4) x 1 x2  4
2 .....(i)
 x = A(x2 + 4) + (Bx + C)(x – 1) .....(ii)

Putting x = 1 in eq. (ii), we get 1 = 5A. Putting x = 0 in eq. (ii), we get 0 = 4A – C
Putting x = – 1 in eq. (ii), we get –1 = 5A + 2B – 2C
1 1 4
Solving these equations, we obtain A = , B = – and C =
5 5 5
n
Substituting the values of A, B and C in eq. (i), we obtain
ha
1 4
 x 1 1 (x  4)
x 1 5 5 = 
 
(x 1)(x2  4) 5(x 1) x2  4 5(x 1) 5 (x2  4)
au
1 1 1 x 4 1 1 1 2x 4 1
I= 
5 x 1
dx   2 dx = 
5 x 4 5 x 1
dx   2
10 x  4
dx   2
5 x 4
dx
Ch
1 1 4 1 x
= log|x – 1| – log(x2 + 4) +  tan–1 + C
5 10 5 2 2
=
1
5
log|x –1| –
1
10
2 x
log(x2 + 4) + tan–1   + C
5 2 S
BP
dx
Q.  sinx(3  cos2 x)
By
dx sin xdx sinxdx

Sol.  sin x(3  cos2 x) =  sin2 x(3  cos2 x) =  (1 cos2 x)(3  cos2 x)
1  1 1  1 y 1 1 y
rt
dy
=
(y 1)(y2  3)
2 (Putting cos x = y) =   2  2  dy = log
4  y 1 y  3  4

y 1 4 3
tan1  C
3
ka
cos2xsin 4xdx
Q.  cos4 x(1 cos2 2x)
hs
cos 2xsin 4xdx 2 cos 2 2x sin 2dx

 cos4 x(1  cos2 2x) =
at
Sol.   1  cos 2x  2
2
  (1  cos 2x)
 2 
m
Let cos 2x = t  dt = – 2 sin 2x dx
45
t 2dt t 2dt
=  = 4
1 t 
2
2 (1  t)2 (1  t 2 )
  (1  t )
 2 
t2 A B Ct  D
Now,   
(1 t) (1 t ) 1 t (1 t)
2 2 2
1 t2
t2 = A(1 + t)(1 + t2) + B(1 + t2) + (Ct + D)(1 + t)2 Put t = –1  B = 1/2
Put t = 0  0 = A + 1/2 + D .....(i)
n
Put t = 1  1 = 4A + 1 + 4C + 4D
ha
A+C+D=0 .....(ii)
From eq. (i) and (ii), C = –1/2
Compare co-efficient of t3, A + C = 0 ....(iii)
au
 A = 1/2 From eq. (ii) and (iii), D = 0
 1/ 2 1/ 2 (1/ 2)t  1 1 1
Hence, I =     2 
dt = log| t | –  log(1 + t2) + C
Ch
 1 t (1 t) 1 t 
2
2 2(1  t) 4
1 1 1
= log| t | –  log(1 + t2) + C, where t = cos 2x
2 2(1  t) 4
Q.
x2  1
 x(x2 1) dx S
BP
x2  1 x2  1  1 1 1 
Sol.  x(x2 1) dx =  x(x 1)(x 1) dx =   x  x 1  x 1 dx
By
x2 1
= log|x – 1| + log|x + 1| – log|x| + C = log +C
x
rt
ka
Introduction of Reduction Formulae Over Indefinite Integrals

Reduction formulae makes it possible to reduce an integral depending on the index n >
0, called the order of the integral, to an integral of the same type with smaller index.
hs
(i.e,. To reduce the integral into similar integrals of order less than or greater than given
integral). Application of reduction formula is given with the help of some examples.
at
Reduction Formula for  sinn x dx

Let In =  sinn x dx =  sinn–1 x sin x dx
m
I II
= – sin x cos x +  (n – 1)sinn–2 x cos2 xdx
n–1
= –sinn–1 x cos x + (n – 1)  sinn–2 x(1 – sin2 x)dx

= –sinn–1 x cos x + (n – 1)  (sinn–2 x – sinn x)dx
46
= –sinn–1 x cos x + (n – 1)ln–2 – (n – 1)In
sinn1 xcosx n 1
 n In = –sinn–1 x cos x + (n – 1)In–2 In = –  I
n n n–2
sinn1 xcosx n 1
Thus,  sin x dx =
n   sinn–2 x dx
n n
Reduction Formula for  cosn x dx
n
Let In =  cosn x dx =  cosn–1 x cos x dx
ha
I II
= cos x sin x +  (n – 1)cosn–2 x sin2 x dx
n–1
= cosn–1 x sin x + (n – 1)  cosn–2 x(1 – cos2 x)dx
au
= cosn–1 x sin x + (n – 1)In–2 – (n – 1)In
cos n 1 x sin x n  1
 nIn = cosn–1 x sin x + (n – 1) In–2 or  cosn x dx =   cos
n–2
x dx
Ch
n n
Reduction Formula for  tann x dx

Let In =  tann x dx
S
 In =  tann–2 x tan2 x dx =  tann–2 x (sec2 x – 1)dx
BP
=  tann–2 x sec2 x – In–2 =  tn–2 dt – In–2 where, tan x = t
t n 1 tan n 1 x
 sec x dx = dt ,
2
In = – In–2 , In = – In–2
n 1 n 1
By
tan n 1 x
  tann x dx = –  tann–2 x dx
n 1
Reduction Formula for  cosecn x dx

rt
Let In =  cosecn x dx =  cosecn–2 x cosec2 x dx

ka
I II
= cosec x(– cot x) –  (n – 2)cosecn–2 x(cosec2 x – 1) dx
n–2
hs
= –cosecn–2 x cot x – (n – 2)  (cosecn x – cosecn–2 x)dx

= –cosecn–2 x cot x – (n – 2) In + (n – 2) In–2
at
cosecn 2 x cot x n  2
 (n – 1)In = – cosecn–2 x cot x + (n – 2) In–2 or In = –  I
n 1 n  1 n–2
m
cosecn2 xcot x n  2
  cosecn x dx = – + n 1  cosecn–2 x dx
n 1
Reduction Formula for  secn x dx
47
Let In =  secn x dx =  secn–2 x sec2 x dx
I II
= sec x tan x –  (n – 2)secn–3 x sec x tan x . tan x dx
n–2
= secn–2 x tan x – (n – 2)  secn–2 x (sec2 x – 1) dx

= secn–2 x tan x – (n – 2) In + (n – 2) In–2
sec n 2 x tan x (n  2)
 (n – 1) In = secn–2 x tan x + (n – 2) In–2 or In = (n  1)

(n  1)
In–2
n
secn2 x tan x (n  2)
ha
  sec x dx =
n  secn–2 x dx
(n  1) (n 1) 
Reduction Formula for  cotn x dx
au
Let In =  cotn x dx =  cotn–2 x cot2 x dx =  cotn–2 x(cosec2 x – 1)dx
=  cotn–2 x cosec2 x dx –  cotn–2 x dx =  tn–2 dt – In–2, where t = cot x
Ch
co t n 1 x cot n 1 x
In = – – In–2   cot x dx = –
n
–  cotn–2 x dx
n 1 n 1
Reduction Formula for  sinm x cosn x dx S

BP
Let A = sinm–1 x cosn+1 x
dA
 = (m – 1)sinm–2 x cosn+2 x – (n + 1)sinm x cosnx
dx
= (m – 1)sinm–2 x cosn x(1 – sin2 x) – (n + 1)sinm x cosn x
By
= (m – 1) sinm–2 x cosn x – (m – 1 + n + 1)sinm x cosn x

dA
 = (m – 1)sinm–2 x cosn x – (m + n) sinm x cosn x
dx
rt
Integrating with respect to x on both the sides, we get

A = (m – 1)  sinm–2 x cosn x dx – (m + n)  sinm x cosn x dx
ka
 (m + n)  sinm x cosn x dx = (m – 1)  sinm–2 x cosn x dx – P

(m  1) sin m1 x cos n 1 x
hs
  sinm x cosn x dx =  sin x cos x dx –

m–2 n
(m  n) mn
(m  1) sin m1 x cosn 1 x

at
or Im, n = (m  n) Im–2, n –
mn
m
sin n x
Q. Derive reduction formulae for I(n, m) =  dx
cos m x
Sol. Using Integration by parts for I(n, m) we get
48
sin x
I(n, m) =  sinn–1 x dx
cos m x
I II
(cosx)m1 (cos x)  m 1
= sinn–1x  – (n – 1)sinn–2x  cos x  dx
(m 1) (m  1)
1 sinn1 x (n 1) sinn2 x 1 sin n 1 x (n  1)

= . m1  .  m2 dx , In, m = . m1  I
m 1 cos x (m 1) cos x (m  1) cos x (m  1) (n–2, m–2)
n
is required reduction formula.
ha
dx
Q. Evaluate In = 
(x  a 2 )n
2
au
dx 1
Sol. Here, In =  2
2 n
  2 2 n .1 dx Applying Integration by parts, we get
(x  a ) (x  a )
Ch
1 (2x) x x2 x x2  a2  a2
= 2 2 n  2 2 n1 . (–n) . (x) dx= 2 2 n
(x  a )
.x 
(x  a ) (x  a )
 2n  (x2  a2 )n1 = (x2  a2)n  (x2  a2)n1 dx
dx  2n
x 1 dx x
In =  2n 2 2 n dx – 2a2n  2 2 n1 , In = 2 2 + 2nIn – 2n a2In+1
2 2 n
(x  a ) (x  a ) (x  a ) (x  a )
S
BP
x 1 x (2n 1) 1
 2n a2In+1 = (x 2  a 2 ) n + (2n – 1) In or In + 1 = .  . In
2na2 (x2  a2 )n 2n a 2
e ax
 e sin(bx + c) dx = {a sin (bx + c) – b cos(bx + c)} + k
ax
a 2  b2
By
eax
 e cos(bx + c) dx = {a cos(bx + c) + b sin(bx + c)} + k
ax
a 2  b2
rt
Integration Using Differentiation

ka
In dx dx dx
 (a  bcosx)2 ,  (a  bsinx)2 ,  (sinx  asecx)2 ,
hs
a  bsin x
 (b  a sin x)2 dx, ... we follow the following method.
at
eax (a sin(bx)  bcos(bx) eax (acos(bx)  bsin(bx)

 e sin bx dx = and  e cos(bx) dx =
ax ax
a 2  b2 a 2  b2
m
sin x cos x
1. Let A = or A = according as the integral to evaluated is of the form.
a  bcos x a  b sin x
dx dx
 (a  bcos x)2 or  (a  bsin x)2
49
dA 1 1
2. Find and express it in terms of or as the case may be.
dx a  bcosx a  b sin x
3. Integrate both the sides of the expression obtained in step 2 to obtain the value of the
required integral.
Q.  x2 e3x dx
e3x 2x e3x 2 e
3x
2  e3x e3x  e3x 2 3x 2e3x
Sol.  x e dx  x
2 3x  2
dx  x   x   dx   x 2  xe 
3 3 3 3 3 3  3 9 27
n
Q.  (x3 + 3x + 1) e3x dx
ha
ex e3x
Sol.  (x3 + 3x + 1) e3x dx (x3 + 3x + 1)   (3x 2  3) dx
3 3
au
e3x 1  2 e3x e 3x 
 (x + 3x + 3 
3 
1) 3 3  (3x  3)  6x dx 
 3x 
Ch
e3x 1  2 e3x  e3x e3x 
 (x + 3x + 1) 3  3 (3x  3) 3  2 x 3   3 dx
3
  
e3x e3x 2 2 e 3x
(x3 + 3x + 1)
3
– (x2 + 1)
3
 x e3x –
9 9 3 S
c
BP
Q.  sin x  ln(sec x + tan x) dx
Sol.  sin x  ln(sec x + tan x) dx
d
ln(sec x + tan x)  sin x dx +  ln (sec x + tan x)  cos x dx
By
dx
sec x tan x  sec2 x

 – cos x ln(sec x + tan x) +  cos x dx
sec x  tan x
rt
– cos x ln(sec x + tan x) +  sec x  cos x dx

ka
 – cos x ln(sec x + tan x) +  dx  – cos x ln(sec x + tan x) + x + c

hs
dx
Q. Evaluate  (5  4cos x)2
at
sin x dA (5  4cosx)(cosx)  sinx(4sinx)

Sol. Here, A = , then dx  (5  4cosx)2
5  4cos x
m
5 25
(4cosx  5)  4 
dA 5cosx  4 4 4
  2
 2
dx (5  4cosx) (5  4cosx)
50
dA 5 1 9 1
  .  .
dx 4 (5  4cos x) 4 (5  4cos x)2
5 dx 9 dx
Integrating both the sides w.r.t. 'x' we get A =   
4 5  4cos x 4 (5  4cos x)2
9 dx 5 dx 5 dx sin x
    A =  
4 (5  4cosx) 4 5  4cosx
2
4 (1  tan x / 2) (5  4cos x)
2
5 4
(1  tan 2 x / 2)
n
dx 5 1  tan2 x / 2 4 sin x dx 5 2dt 4 sin x
ha
    dx  .     .
2 2
(5  4cos x) 9 9  tan x / 2 9 5  4cosx (5  4cos x) 9 9  t 2 9 5  4cos x
2
(where tan x/2 = t)
au
dx 10 1 1 t  4 sin x dx 10 1  tanx / 2 4  sinx 
  (5  4cosx)2  9 . 3 tan   .
 3  9 5  4cosx
  (5  4cosx)2  27 tan 
 3
  C
 9  5  4cosx 
Ch
dx
Q. Evaluate  (sinx  asecx)2 when | a | > 1/2.
dx cos 2 xdx cos2 xdx

Sol. Here, I = 
(sin x  asecx)2
,I=
S
 (sin x cos x  a)2 , I =  a2  2a sin xcos x  sin2 x cos2 x
BP
cos2 xdx 4cos2 xdx (1 cos2x)dx dx cos2xdx
I= 2 1 , I=  2 2
 2 2 = 2  2
a  asin2x  sin2 2x (4a  4asin2x  sin 2x) (2a  sin2x) (2a  sin2x)2
(2a  sin2x)2
4
By
dt
 I = 2I1 +  [where (2a + sin 2x) = t, (2 cos 2x) dx = dt]
t2
1 dx
 I = 2I1 –
(2a  sin 2x)
C where I1 =  (2a  sin2x)2 dx ....(i)
rt
dA (2a  sin2x)(2sin2x)  cos2x(2cos2x)

ka
cos 2 x
PutA =  
2a  sin 2 x dx (2a  sin2x)2
dA 4a sin 2x  2 (8a 2  2)

hs
dA 4a(sin 2x  2a)  2  8a 2 dA 4a
       
dx (2a  sin 2x) 2 dx (2a  sin 2x)2 dx (2a  sin 2x) (2a  sin 2x)2
dx
at
Integrating both the sides w.r.t. 'x' we get  A = – 4a  + (8a2 – 2)I1

(2a  sin 2x)
m
sec2 xdx
 (8a2 – 2)I1 = A + 4a 
2a  2tan x  2a tan 2 x
51
4a dt dt (2a)  (2at  1) 
=A+ 
2a t 2  t  1
=A+ 2

2
1   1 
=A+2
4a 2 1
tan1 
 4a 2 1 

a t    1  2 
 2a   4a 
cos 2x 4a 
–1 (2a tan x  1)

 (8a2 – 2)I1 =  tan   .....(ii)
2a  sin 2x 4a 2  1 
 4a 2 1 
1 cos2x 4a  
from eq. (i) and (ii) I = .  2 3/2 , tan–1  2a tan x  1   1
C
n
(4a 1) (2a  sin 2x) (4a 1)
2  
 4a 1  (2a  sin 2x)
2
ha
INEGRALS OF THE FORM  xm  a  bxn  dx , where m, n and p are rational numbers.
p
au
to evaluate this type of integrals, we follow the following steps ;
Step I : Obtain p. If p is an integer, the integral reduces to the integral of a rational
function by using the substitution x = ts, where s is the l.c.m. of the denominators of the
Ch
fractions m and n. If p is not an integer, go to step II.
m 1 m 1
Step II : Compute . If is an integer, says, then make the substitution a + bxn
n n
m 1 S
BP
= ts, where s =
n
m 1
If is not an integer, then go to step III.
n
By
m 1 m 1
Step III : Compute + p. If + p is an integer, then substitute ax–n + b = ts,
n n
where s is the denominator of the fraction p.
rt
Following examples will illustrate the above procedure.

Q. Evaluate  x1/3(2 + x1/2)2 dx
ka
Sol. I =  x1/3(2 + x1/2)2 dx. Since P is natural number

 I =  x1/3(4 + x + 4x1/2) dx =  (4x1/3 + x4/3 + 4x5/6)dx
hs
4x4/3 x7/3 4x11/6 3 7/3 24 11/6

=    C = 3x4/3 + x + x +C
at
4 / 3 7 / 3 11/ 6 7 11
Q. Evaluate  x–2/3(1 + x2/3)–1 dx

m
Sol. If we substitute x = t3 (as we know P  negative integer)

Let x = t , where k is the LCM of m and n. x = t3  dx = 3t2 dt
k
52
3t 2 dt
or I =  2 dt = 3  2 = 3 tan–1(t) + C  I = 3 tan–1(x1/3) + C
2
t (1  t ) t 1
Q. Evaluate  x (1 + x1/3)4 dx
1 1
Sol. Here, m = and n = Put x = t6  dx = 6t5 dt  I =  t3(1 + t2)4 6t5 dt
2 3
 I = 6  t8(1 + 4t2 + 6t4 + 4t6 + t8)dt = 6  (t8 + 4t10 + 6t12 + 4t14 + t16)dt
n
 t 4t 6t13 4t15 t17   3/2 4 6 417/6  1
ha
9 11
11/6 13/6 5/2
= 6     C, I = 6 x  11 x  13 x  15 x  17 x  + C
 9 11 13 15 17   
au
Q. Evaluate  x–11(1 + x4)–1/2 dx
 m 1   111 1 
Sol. Here,  n  p    4  2   3
Ch
   
1 4
If we substitute (1 + x4) = t2 x4, then 1 + 4 = t and
2
dx = 2t dt
x x5
 I=
dx dx
 x11(1 x4)1/2   x11.x2 (11/ x4 )1/2 = S dx 1 2t dt
 x13 (1 1/ x4 )1/2   4  x8 t
BP
1 1 1  t 5 2t 3  1
= –  (t – 1) dt = –  (t – 2t + 1) dt = – 2  5  3  t   C where t =
2 2 4 2 1
2 2   x4
By
1
Q. Evaluate  3 x  4 x dx
1
rt
Sol. Let I =  3 x  4 x dx
ka
Put x1/12 = t,  x = t and dx = 12t dt

8
1 t8 (y  1)
dt again put (t + 1) = y dt = dy = 12 
hs
 I =  4 3 . 12t11 dt = 12  dy
t t t 1 y
(y8 8y7  28y6 56y5  70y4 56y3  28y2 8y 1)

at
= 12  dy (using binomial)
y
m
= 12  (y7–8y6 + 28y5 – 56y4 + 70y3 – 56y2 + 28y – 8 + 1/y)dy = 12

 y8 8y7 28y6 56y5 70y4 56y3 28y2 
        8y  log| y|  + C where y = x1/12 + 1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2  1
53
KUTURPUTUR
While solving such problem we take common highest power out of root sign.
dx
Q.  x11 1  x4
dx dx x 8dx
Sol.  x11 1  x4

13 1
  1
x 1 4 x5 1 
n
x x4
ha
1 1 1 (t 2 1)2 t dt
Let 1 + = t2 – 4x–5 dx = 2t dt, x–5 dx = – t dt   
x4 2 2 t2
au
1 1  1  2  1   1 
5 3
1  t 5 2t  
1
2
 
   t4  2t2 1 dt      t   c    1 4   1 4   1 4   c
2 5 3  2  5  x  3  x   x 
Ch
dx
Q. Evaluate  (x 1)3/4 (x  2)5/4
dx
Sol. Let I =  (x 1)3/4 (x  2)5/4 = 
dx
S
 (x  1) 
(x  2) 2 
3/4
BP

 (x  2) 
x 1 3 dt 1 –3/4 1 t1/4
4  x 1 
1/4
Let = t. So that, (x  2)2 dx = dt  I=  3/4   t dt = .  C    C
x2 3t 3 3 1/ 4 3 x  2 
By
5x 4  4x5
Q. Evaluate  5 dx
(x  x  1)2
rt
5x4  4x5 x4 (5  4x) 5 / x 6  4 / x5

Sol. Here, I =  5 dx =  dx =  dx
ka
2
(x  x 1)2 10  1 1 1 1 
2
x 1 4  5  1  4  5 
 x x   x x 
hs
1 1
   5  6  dx = dt
4 5
Put 1 +  =t
x 4 x5  x x 
at
dt 1 1 x5
=   +C= 1 1
+C= 5 +C
t2 t 1 4  5 x  x 1
m
x x
(1  x 2 )dx
Q. Evaluate  (1  x 2 ) 1  x2  x4
54
 1 
2 x 2  1  2  dx
(1  x )dx  x  (11/ x2 )dx
Sol. Let I =  (1  x2 ) =  = 

1  x2  x4 1  1 2 (x 1/ x) (x 1/ x)2  3
x   x  x 2 1 x
x  x
1  1 dt
Put x – = t  1 2  dx = dt =  2
x  x  t t 3
n
sds ds 1
Again put t2 + 3 = s2  2t dt = 2s ds=  2
  2   log s  3
+C
s(s  3) s  ( 3)2
2 3 s 3
ha
2 1
(x 1/ x) 3  3 x 2  1  3
au
1 t 3  3 2 1 1 x
=  log 2 + C =  log =  log C
2 3 t 3  3 2 3 (x 1/ x)2 3  3 2 3 2 1
x  2 1  3
x
Ch
1  x2
Q.  (1 x2 ) 1  x4
dx is equal to
(A) 2 sin 1 
 2x 
  C (B)
1  2x  1 S
 2x 
sin 1  2  (C) sin1  2  + C (D) none of these
BP
 x  1  x  1
2
 x  1 2 2
1
1
1 x2 x 2
Sol. (B) Let I =  (1  x 2 ) 1  x 4 dx    1  2 1 dx
By
x   x  2
 x x
 1
1  x  1  2x 
1  1
rt
I =  d x   , I = cosec–1  x  + C = sin–1  2  + C
 x 2  2  2  x 1
2
 1  1 2
 x    x    ( 2)
ka
 
 x  x
hs
DPP 9
dx
at
Q. Evaluate  (16  9 sin x ) 2

m
cos x
Sol. Let A = .....(i)
16  9 sin x
55
dA (16  9sin x)(sin x)  cosx(9cos x) dA 16sin x  9
   
dx (16  9sin x)2
dx (16  9sin x)2
16 256
 (9sin x  16)  9 dA 16 1 175
dA
  9 9   .  .....(ii)
dx (16  9sin x)2 dx 9 (16  9sinx) 9(16  9sin x)2
16 dx 175 dx
Integrating both the sides eq. (ii) w.r.t. 'x' we get A =    
9 16  9sinx 9 (16  9sinx)2
n
175 dx 16 (1 tan2 x/ 2)dx
ha
9  (16 9sinx)2 9 16 16tan2 x/ 2 18tanx/ 2
  A 
175 dx 16 2dt
   A  2
au
2 (where tan x/2 = t)
9 (16  9sin x) 9 16t  18t  16
175 dx 2 dt 2 dt 2 16  16t  9 
   A  =A+   tan1 
Ch
2 = A + 
9 (16  9sin x) 2
9 t2  9 t 1 9  9   175 
2 9 175  175 
8  t     
 16   16 
dx 9 cosx 2  16 tan x / 2  9 
 (16  9sinx)2  175. (16  9sin x)
 +
(175) 3/2
S
tan 1 
 175
C

BP
Q. Evaluate  x–2/3(1 + x1/3)1/2 dx.
1
Sol. It we substitute 1 + x1/3 = t2, then dx = 2t dt
3x 2/3
By
t.6t dt
I=  1
 6 t2 dt = 2t3 + C or I = 2(1 + x1/3)3/2 + C
Q. Evaluate  x5(1 + x3)2/3 dx.

rt
ka
2
Sol. Here,  x5(1 + x3)2/3 dx have m = 5, n = 3 and p =
3
hs
m 1 6
  =2 (an integer)
n 3
So, we substitute 1 + x3 = t2 and 3x2 dx = 2t dt
at
2
  x5(1 + x3)2/3 dx =  x3(1 + x3)2/3 x2 dx =  (t2 – 1)(t2)2/3 t dt
3
m
2 2 16/3 10/3 2 3 3 
=  (t – 1) t dt = 3  (t – t ) dt = 3 16 t  10 t   C
2 7/3 13/3 7/3
3
56
1 1
= (1 + x3)8/3 – (1 + x3)5/3 + C
8 5
dx
Q. Evaluate  x2 1  x2
 2 
1  3 
dx dt
 
dx 1 x 
n
Sol. I =  x2 1  x2
=  1
let t = 1 
x2

dx 1
x3 1  2 1 2
ha
x2 x
dx t dt 1 1
 3 = – t dt  I =

au
= – t + C = – 1 2 + C = – 1 x2 + C
x t x x
(x  x3)1/3
Q. Evaluate  dx 7
Ch
x4
1/3
1 
3 1/3
Sol. I =  (x  x4 )
 2 1
dx   
x
3
 dx S
Putting
1
x 2 = t,
1
x 3 dx = –
dt
2
, we get
BP
x x
4/3
1 3 3 1 
I =   t1/3 dt = – t4/3 + C = –  2  1 C
2 8 8 x 
By
log(x  1  x2 )
Q. Evaluate  1 x2
dx
rt
1
t
ka
Sol. Put log(x + 1 x2 ) = dx = dt, then

1 x2
log(x  1 x 2 )
hs
2
1 2 
 1  x2
dx =
 t dt  2 log(x  1 x )  c
at
sin x
Q. Evaluate  2  sin 2x dx
m
sin x 1 sinx  cosx  (cosx  sinx)

 2  sin 2x dx 2
Sol. = dx
2  sin2x
57
1 sinx  cosx 1 cosx  sinx 1 sin x  cosx 1 cosx  sin x
= 
2 2  sin2x
dx  
2 2  sin2x
dx = 
2 3  (sinx  cosx)2
dx  
2 1  (sin x  cosx)2
dx
1 dt 1 du  where t  sin x  cos x  1 1 3t 1

= 
2 3 t 2
 
2 1 u2

 and u  sin x  cos x 
 =
22 3
log 
3t 2
tan–1u + c
1 3  (sin x  cos x) 1
= log – tan–1(sin x + cos x) + c
4 3 3  (sin x  cos x) 2
n
ha
au
Ch
S
BP
By
rt
ka
hs
at
m
58

Indefinite Integration - Complete Theory, Part-2 E

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Indefinite Integration - Complete Theory, Part-2 E

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Indefinite Integration- II

sec2 xdx sec2 xdx

(c)Alternative Method to Evaluate the Integrals of the Form

r= a2  b2 ,  = tan–1  b   a sin x + b cos x = r sin(x + )

(d)Integrals of the Form

split the integral into sum of three integrals.

Sol. Write the numerator = (denominator) + (d.c of denominator)

 3 sin x + 2 cosx =(3 cosx + 2 sin x)+(–3 sinx + 2 cos x)

1 cosx  sinx cosx  sinx

cosx  sinx cosx  sinx 

sin x – cos x = t sin x + cos x = u

(cos x + sin x) dx = dt (cos x – sin x) dx = du

1 11  t 1 1 u 1 11  (sin x  cos x) 1 1  sin x  cos x 

Sol. (A)  (p), (B)  (q), (C)  (r), (D)  (s)

  f(x). {g(x)} g(x). {f(x)} dx =  f(x) . g(x)dx or

Applying integration by parts, we get

(ii) I =  loge |x| dx =  loge |x| . 1 dx

Q. Evaluate (i)  x cos x dx (ii)  x2 cos x dx

sin 1 x  cos1 x sin 1 x  (  / 2  sin 1 x )

(Q sin–1  + cos–1  = /2)

I=  (2 sin–1 x – /2)dx, I = sin–1 x dx –  dx

= f(x) . eg(x)–  f '(x) . eg(x) dx +  eg(x) . f '(x) dx = f(x) . eg(x)

then, 2nd term of by parts get cancelled

Q. Evaluate  {sin(log x) + cos(log x)}dx.

Integrals of the Form  eax sin bx dx,  eax cos bx dx

Let I =  eax (sin bx) dx

Q. Evaluate  sin(log x)dx

= cos x log x –  – sin x log x dx –  sin x log xdx

Q. (a)  ex (1 + x)  ln(xex) dx (Put xex = t) ; (b)  ln(1 + x)1+x dx ;

(b)  ln(1 + x)1 + x dx   ln x dx = x ln x – x + c

Sol. I =  1 . sin(ln x) dx, I = sin (ln x)  dx –   d sin(ln x) dx  dx

I = x sin (ln x) –  x cos(ln x)   sin(ln x)dx  , I = x sin (ln x) – x cos (ln x) – I

 f '(x) = So,  ex   2 1/2 

  ex 1  cot  dx   ex 1 cot 2  2cot  dx   e x  cos ec 2  2 cot  dx

 x 2 cos2 x  (x sin x  cos x) 

sin1 x sin1 x sin1 x sin  1

x(sinx  cosx)  sinx 

 x(sin x  cos x)  sin x  x 1  (xsinx)'  ex 1

 x3  2x2  x  2 x  x(x  2x 1)  2

= 2  t sin t  sin t dt  = 2t sin t + 2 cos t + C = 2[

  cos2 cos2  sin 2

Q. Evaluate  cos 2 x  sin x cos x dx

Now,  cos x  sinx cos x dx =  1  t 2  t dt = 

Substitute t2 for (Linear)2

tute u2 for rt2 + s.

substitute the value of t and u and get answer

Sol. Let 2x2 + 5x + 9 = A(x + 1)(2x + 1) + B(x + 1) + C

= 2 x2  x 1 + 2 . 1 log|(x + 1/2) + x2  x 1| – 6  (t 1/ 2)2  3/ 4

Let t2 + 1 = u2, we get 2t dt = 2udu

constants and can be determined by equating the numerator on RHS to numerator on

1 = A(0) + B(–2 –1)(–4 + 3) + C(0)  B =

1 = A(0) + B(0) + C   1   2   C = –

Now, 3x3 + 2x2 + x + 1 = 3x(x2 + 3x + 2) – 7(x2 + 3x + 2) + (16x + 15)

(x  1)2 (x  1)(x  2) (x 1) (x 1)2 (x 1) (x  2)

Putting (x – 1) = 0 we get B = 1/6, Putting (x + 1) = 0 we get C = – 5/4

Aliter To obtain values of A, B and C from S

(3x  2)(4x  5x  6) (3x  2) (4x 2  5x  6)

2x + 1 = A(4x2 + 5x + 6) + (Bx + C)(3x + 2) where A, B, C are constants.

For A, let 3x + 2 = 0, i.e., x = – 2/3

2    + 1 = A 4.   6 + (B    + C) (0)   A   A=–

Sol. Let I =  (x2 1)(x2  2) dx Putting x2 = t and 2x dx = dt, we get

I =  (t  1)(t  2)    t  1  t  2  dt = log|t + 1| – log|t + 2| + C = log|x2 + 1| – log|x2 + 2| + C